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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medical histology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_histology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical histology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_histology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Occupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sample preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_and_trimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_trimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selection and trimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_trimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Embedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paraffin_wax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraffin_wax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Paraffin wax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraffin_wax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sectioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light_microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Light microscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historadiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historadiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Historadiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historadiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunohistochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunohistochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Immunohistochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunohistochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Electron microscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Specialized techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cryosectioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryosectioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Cryosectioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryosectioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultramicrotomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultramicrotomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Ultramicrotomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultramicrotomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future directions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_directions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future directions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_vivo_histology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vivo_histology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>In vivo</i> histology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vivo_histology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Histology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="علم الأنسجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأنسجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoloch%C3%ADa" title="Histolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Histolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolox%C3%ADa" title="Histoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Histoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologiya" title="Histologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Histologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="هیستولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیستولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="কলাস্থানবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাস্থানবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%CD%98-chit-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Cho͘-chit-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cho͘-chit-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гистология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гистология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гісталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хистология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хистология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Histologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologiija" title="Histologiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Histologiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoloogia" title="Histoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Histoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolog%C3%ADa" title="Histología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Histología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologio" title="Histologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Histologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بافت‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بافت‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histeola%C3%ADocht" title="Histeolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Histeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolox%C3%ADa" title="Histoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Histoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81%ED%95%99" title="조직학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조직학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հյուսվածաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսվածաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ऊतकविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊतकविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Histologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologio" title="Histologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Histologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istologia" title="Istologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಂಗಾಂಶಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಗಾಂಶಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰისტოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰისტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гистология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гистология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolojia" title="Histolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Histolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гистология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гистология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolo%C4%A3ija" title="Histoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Histoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Histologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vettan" title="Szövettan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хистологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хистологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിസ്റ്റോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിസ്റ്റോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰისტოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰისტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="हिस्टोलोजी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिस्टोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%A6" title="組織学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="組織学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istologia" title="Istologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gistologiya" title="Gistologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gistologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ووبپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ووبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Histologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гистология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гистология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologjia" title="Histologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Histologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology" title="Histology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Histology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histol%C3%B3gia" title="Histológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Histológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Histologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شانەناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хистологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хистологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologija" title="Histologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Histologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologia" title="Histologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Histologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Histologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolohiya" title="Histolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Histolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இழையவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இழையவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гистология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гистология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="มิญชวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิญชวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoloji" title="Histoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Histoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гістологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гістологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نسیجیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسیجیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Mô học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histolohiya" title="Histolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Histolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="组织学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8" title="組織學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="組織學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="组织学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Histography" redirects here. For the study of history as a science, see <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg/300px-Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg/450px-Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg/600px-Slide_under_a_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>Histologic specimen being placed on the stage of an <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg/300px-Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg/450px-Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Human <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> tissue stained with <a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin">hematoxylin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a> as seen under a microscope.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Histology</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-help_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-help-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>help 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>microscopic anatomy</b> or <b>microanatomy</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> that studies the microscopic <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of biological <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_histology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_histology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Defined_terms_histology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defined_terms_histology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maximow_and_Bloom,_1957_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maximow_and_Bloom,_1957-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Histology is the microscopic counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">gross anatomy</a>, which looks at larger structures visible without a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stedman's_medical_dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although one may divide microscopic anatomy into <i>organology</i>, the study of organs, <i>histology</i>, the study of tissues, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a></i>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, modern usage places all of these topics under the field of histology.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stedman's_medical_dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Padian_and_Lamm,_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padian_and_Lamm,_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canoville_and_Chinsamy,_2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canoville_and_Chinsamy,_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_tissues">Biological tissues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biological tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_tissue_classification">Animal tissue classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animal tissue classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomy#Animal_tissues" title="Anatomy">Anatomy § Animal tissues</a></div> <p>There are four basic types of animal tissues: <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial tissue">epithelial tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All animal tissues are considered to be subtypes of these four principal tissue types (for example, blood is classified as connective tissue, since the blood cells are suspended in an <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelium</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple epithelium">Simple epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">Simple squamous epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">Simple cuboidal epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">Simple columnar epithelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</a></li> <li>Stratified epithelium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">Stratified squamous epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">Stratified cuboidal epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">Stratified columnar epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional epithelium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multicellular glands</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></b> <ul><li>General connective tissue <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose connective tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">Dense connective tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li>Special connective tissue <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopoietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemopoietic">Hemopoietic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous tissue</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">Peripheral nervous system</a></li> <li>Special receptors</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_tissue_classification">Plant tissue classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plant tissue classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliaria_petiolata,_stalk,_cross_section,_Etzold_green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg/300px-Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg/450px-Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg/600px-Alliaria_petiolata%2C_stalk%2C_cross_section%2C_Etzold_green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Histologic section of a plant stem (<i><a href="/wiki/Alliaria_petiolata" title="Alliaria petiolata">Alliaria petiolata</a></i>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_Anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Anatomy">Plant Anatomy</a></div> <p>For plants, the study of their tissues falls under the field of <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">plant anatomy</a>, with the following four main types: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Dermal tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristematic_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meristematic tissue">Meristematic tissue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_histology">Medical histology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical histology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a> is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stedman's_medical_dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">anatomical pathology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">surgical pathology</a>, as accurate diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and other diseases often requires histopathological examination of tissue samples.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosai,_2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosai,_2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trained physicians, frequently licensed <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologists</a>, perform histopathological examination and provide diagnostic information based on their observations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupations">Occupations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occupations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of histology that includes the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination is known as histotechnology. Job titles for the trained personnel who prepare histological specimens for examination are numerous and include histotechnicians, histotechnologists,<sup id="cite_ref-Titford_and_Bowman,_2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titford_and_Bowman,_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> histology technicians and technologists, <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical laboratory assistant">medical laboratory technicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_scientist" title="Biomedical scientist">biomedical scientists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_preparation">Sample preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sample preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most histological samples need preparation before microscopic observation; these methods depend on the specimen and method of observation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixation">Fixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">Fixation (histology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg/300px-Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg/450px-Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg/600px-Stigmatella_personata_thin_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Histologic section of a fossilized invertebrate. <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoan">bryozoan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chemical <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixatives</a> are used to preserve and maintain the structure of tissues and cells; fixation also hardens tissues which aids in cutting the thin sections of tissue needed for observation under the microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fixatives generally preserve tissues (and cells) by irreversibly cross-linking proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely used fixative for light microscopy is 10% neutral buffered <a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">formalin</a>, or NBF (4% <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_buffered_saline" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate buffered saline">phosphate buffered saline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For electron microscopy, the most commonly used fixative is <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>, usually as a 2.5% solution in <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_buffered_saline" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate buffered saline">phosphate buffered saline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fixatives used for electron microscopy are <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">uranyl acetate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main action of these <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a> fixatives is to cross-link amino groups in proteins through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Methylene_bridge" title="Methylene bridge">methylene bridges</a> (-CH<sub>2</sub>-), in the case of formaldehyde, or by C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub> cross-links in the case of glutaraldehyde. This process, while preserving the structural integrity of the cells and tissue can damage the biological functionality of proteins, particularly <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>. </p><p>Formalin fixation leads to degradation of mRNA, miRNA, and DNA as well as denaturation and modification of proteins in tissues. However, extraction and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is possible using appropriate protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_et_al.,_2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss_et_al.,_2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennike_et_al.,_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennike_et_al.,_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_trimming">Selection and trimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selection and trimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biopsy_wrap,_biopsy_sponge,_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg/220px-Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg/330px-Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg/440px-Biopsy_wrap%2C_biopsy_sponge%2C_tissue_processing_cassette_and_biopsy_bag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4681" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>Items used for submitting specimens: (Biopsy) wrap, (biopsy) sponge, (tissue processing) cassette and (biopsy) bag.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Selection</i> is the choice of relevant tissue in cases where it is not necessary to put the entire original tissue mass through further processing. The remainder may remain fixed in case it needs to be examined at a later time. </p><p><i>Trimming</i> is the cutting of tissue samples in order to expose the relevant surfaces for later sectioning. It also creates tissue samples of appropriate size to fit into cassettes.<sup id="cite_ref-SlaouiFiette2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SlaouiFiette2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedding">Embedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Embedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tissues are embedded in a harder medium both as a support and to allow the cutting of thin tissue slices.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, water must first be removed from tissues (dehydration) and replaced with a medium that either solidifies directly, or with an intermediary fluid (clearing) that is miscible with the embedding media.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraffin_wax">Paraffin wax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paraffin wax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg/300px-Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg/450px-Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg/600px-Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Histologic sample being embedded in paraffin wax (tissue is held at the bottom of a metal mold, and more molten paraffin is poured over it to fill it).</figcaption></figure> <p>For light microscopy, <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> is the most frequently used embedding material.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paraffin is immiscible with water, the main constituent of biological tissue, so it must first be removed in a series of dehydration steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samples are transferred through a series of progressively more concentrated <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> baths, up to 100% ethanol to remove remaining traces of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dehydration is followed by a <i>clearing agent</i> (typically <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other environmental safe substitutes are in use<sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which removes the alcohol and is <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with the wax, finally melted paraffin wax is added to replace the xylene and infiltrate the tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most histology, or histopathology laboratories the dehydration, clearing, and wax infiltration are carried out in <i>tissue processors</i> which automate this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once infiltrated in paraffin, tissues are oriented in molds which are filled with wax; once positioned, the wax is cooled, solidifying the block and tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Wick,_2019_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick,_2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paraffin wax does not always provide a sufficiently hard matrix for cutting very thin sections (which are especially important for electron microscopy).<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paraffin wax may also be too soft in relation to the tissue, the heat of the melted wax may alter the tissue in undesirable ways, or the dehydrating or clearing chemicals may harm the tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatives to paraffin wax include, <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">acrylic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micro_technique#Celloidin_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro technique">celloidin</a>, and other types of waxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drury_and_Wallington,_1980_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drury_and_Wallington,_1980-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In electron microscopy epoxy resins are the most commonly employed embedding media,<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but acrylic resins are also used, particularly where <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> is required. </p><p>For tissues to be cut in a frozen state, tissues are placed in a water-based embedding medium. Pre-frozen tissues are placed into molds with the liquid embedding material, usually a water-based glycol, <a href="/wiki/Optimal_cutting_temperature_compound" title="Optimal cutting temperature compound">OCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tris-buffered_saline" title="Tris-buffered saline">TBS</a>, Cryogen, or resin, which is then frozen to form hardened blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectioning">Sectioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sectioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg/300px-Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg/450px-Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg/600px-Tissue_processing_-_Microtome_is_used_to_cut_a_ribbon_of_5-micron-thick_sections_from_the_paraffin_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Histologic sample being cut on a microtome.</figcaption></figure> <p>For light microscopy, a knife mounted in a microtome is used to cut tissue sections (typically between 5-15 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> thick) which are mounted on a glass <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a diamond or glass knife mounted in an <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramicrotome">ultramicrotome</a> is used to cut between 50 and 150 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometer</a> thick tissue sections.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A limited number of manufacturers are recognized for their production of microtomes, including vibrating microtomes commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Vibratome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibratome">vibratomes</a>, primarily for research and clinical studies. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Leica_Biosystems" title="Leica Biosystems">Leica Biosystems</a> is known for its production of products related to light microscopy in the context of research and clinical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staining">Staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a></div> <p>Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Drury_and_Wallington,_1980_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drury_and_Wallington,_1980-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a> is employed to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. When the stain is used to target a specific chemical component of the tissue (and not the general structure), the term <a href="/wiki/Histochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Histochemistry">histochemistry</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_microscopy">Light microscopy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Light microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg/300px-Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg/450px-Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg/600px-Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_on_rat%27s_trachea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Masson's trichrome">Masson's trichrome</a> staining on rat <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin">Hematoxylin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>) is one of the most commonly used stains in histology to show the general structure of the tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dapson_and_Horobin,_2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dapson_and_Horobin,_2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hematoxylin stains cell <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a> blue; eosin, an <a href="/wiki/Acid_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid (chemistry)">acidic</a> dye, stains the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> and other tissues in different stains of pink.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to H&E, which is used as a general stain, there are many techniques that more selectively stain cells, cellular components, and specific substances.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commonly performed histochemical technique that targets a specific chemical is the <a href="/wiki/Perls%27_Prussian_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Perls' Prussian blue">Perls' Prussian blue</a> reaction, used to demonstrate iron deposits<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in diseases like <a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nissl_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissl method">Nissl method</a> for Nissl substance and <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a> (and related <a href="/wiki/Silver_stains" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver stains">silver stains</a>) are useful in identifying <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> are other examples of more specific stains.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historadiography">Historadiography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historadiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historadiography" title="Historadiography">historadiography</a>, a slide (sometimes stained histochemically) is X-rayed. More commonly, <a href="/wiki/Autoradiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoradiography">autoradiography</a> is used in visualizing the locations to which a radioactive substance has been transported within the body, such as cells in <a href="/wiki/S_phase" title="S phase">S phase</a> (undergoing <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a>) which incorporate tritiated <a href="/wiki/Thymidine" title="Thymidine">thymidine</a>, or sites to which radiolabeled <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> probes bind in <a href="/wiki/In_situ_hybridization" title="In situ hybridization">in situ hybridization</a>. For autoradiography on a microscopic level, the slide is typically dipped into liquid nuclear tract emulsion, which dries to form the exposure film. Individual silver grains in the film are visualized with <a href="/wiki/Dark_field_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark field microscopy">dark field microscopy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Immunohistochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a></div> <p>Recently, <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> have been used to specifically visualize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. This process is called <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>, or when the stain is a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> molecule, <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence</a>. This technique has greatly increased the ability to identify categories of cells under a microscope. Other advanced techniques, such as nonradioactive <i>in situ</i> hybridization, can be combined with immunochemistry to identify specific DNA or RNA molecules with fluorescent probes or tags that can be used for immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked fluorescence amplification (especially <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a> and tyramide signal amplification). <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence microscopy">Fluorescence microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">confocal microscopy</a> are used to detect fluorescent signals with good intracellular detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electron_microscopy">Electron microscopy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electron microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope#Sample_preparation" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscope § Sample preparation</a></div> <p>For electron microscopy <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> are typically used to stain tissue sections.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">Uranyl acetate</a> and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_techniques">Specialized techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specialized techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cryosectioning">Cryosectioning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cryosectioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frozen_section_procedure" title="Frozen section procedure">Frozen section procedure</a></div> <p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_section_procedure" title="Frozen section procedure">frozen section procedure</a> employed in medicine, <b>cryosectioning</b> is a method to rapidly freeze, cut, and mount sections of tissue for histology. The tissue is usually sectioned on a <a href="/wiki/Cryostat" title="Cryostat">cryostat</a> or freezing microtome.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frozen sections are mounted on a glass slide and may be stained to enhance the contrast between different tissues. Unfixed frozen sections can be used for studies requiring enzyme localization in tissues and cells. Tissue fixation is required for certain procedures such as antibody-linked <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence</a> staining. Frozen sections are often prepared during surgical removal of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a> to allow rapid identification of tumor margins, as in <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a>, or determination of tumor malignancy, when a tumor is discovered incidentally during surgery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultramicrotomy">Ultramicrotomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ultramicrotomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg/300px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg/450px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg/600px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">Green algae</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">Transmission electron microscope</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotomy" title="Ultramicrotomy">Ultramicrotomy</a></div> <p>Ultramicrotomy is a method of preparing extremely thin sections for <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a> (TEM) analysis. Tissues are commonly embedded in <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> or other plastic resin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_and_Pawlina,_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very thin sections (less than 0.1 micrometer in thickness) are cut using diamond or glass knives on an <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramicrotome">ultramicrotome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artifacts are structures or features in tissue that interfere with normal histological examination. Artifacts interfere with histology by changing the tissues appearance and hiding structures. Tissue processing artifacts can include pigments formed by fixatives,<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shrinkage, washing out of cellular components, color changes in different tissues types and alterations of the structures in the tissue. An example is mercury pigment left behind after using <a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_fixative" title="Zenker's fixative">Zenker's fixative</a> to fix a section.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formalin fixation can also leave a brown to black pigment under acidic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_13-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal-va.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/300px-Cajal-va.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/450px-Cajal-va.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> in his laboratory.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century the Italian <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> used microscopes to study tiny biological entities; some regard him as the founder of the fields of histology and microscopic pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdle,_1977_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdle,_1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motta_1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motta_1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi analyzed several parts of the organs of bats, frogs and other animals under the microscope. While studying the structure of the lung, Malpighi noticed its membranous alveoli and the hair-like connections between veins and arteries, which he named capillaries. His discovery established how the oxygen breathed in enters the blood stream and serves the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelmann_and_Malpighi,_1966_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelmann_and_Malpighi,_1966-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century histology was an academic discipline in its own right. The French anatomist <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bichat" title="Xavier Bichat">Xavier Bichat</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> in anatomy in 1801,<sup id="cite_ref-Bichat,_1801_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bichat,_1801-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term "histology" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Histologie</i>), coined to denote the "study of tissues", first appeared in a book by <a href="/wiki/August_Franz_Josef_Karl_Mayer" title="August Franz Josef Karl Mayer">Karl Meyer</a> in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer,_1891_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer,_1891-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bock_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bock-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdle,_1977_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdle,_1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bichat described twenty-one human tissues, which can be subsumed under the four categories currently accepted by histologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Rather,_1978_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rather,_1978-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of illustrations in histology, deemed as useless by Bichat, was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruveilhier" title="Jean Cruveilhier">Jean Cruveilhier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1830s <a href="/wiki/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%C4%9B" title="Jan Evangelista Purkyně">Purkynĕ</a> invented a microtome with high precision.<sup id="cite_ref-bock_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bock-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century many <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixation</a> techniques were developed by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Hannover" title="Adolph Hannover">Adolph Hannover</a> (solutions of <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">chromates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid">chromic acid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eilhard_Schulze" title="Franz Eilhard Schulze">Franz Schulze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Schultze" title="Max Schultze">Max Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmic acid">osmic acid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butlerov" title="Alexander Butlerov">Alexander Butlerov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Stilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedikt Stilling">Benedikt Stilling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frozen_section_procedure" title="Frozen section procedure">freezing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bock_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bock-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide#Mounting" title="Microscope slide">Mounting</a> techniques were developed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Heidenhain" title="Rudolf Heidenhain">Rudolf Heidenhain</a> (1824–1898), who introduced <a href="/wiki/Gum_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum Arabic">gum Arabic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Stricker" title="Salomon Stricker">Salomon Stricker</a> (1834–1898), who advocated a mixture of wax and oil; and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pritchard" title="Andrew Pritchard">Andrew Pritchard</a> (1804–1884) who, in 1832, used a gum/<a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">isinglass</a> mixture. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Canada_balsam" title="Canada balsam">Canada balsam</a> appeared on the scene, and in 1869 <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Klebs" title="Edwin Klebs">Edwin Klebs</a> (1834–1913) reported that he had for some years embedded his specimens in paraffin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to histologists <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal">Santiago Ramon y Cajal</a>. They had conflicting interpretations of the neural structure of the brain based on differing interpretations of the same images. Ramón y Cajal won the prize for his correct theory, and Golgi for the <a href="/wiki/Silver_staining" title="Silver staining">silver-staining</a> <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">technique</a> that he invented to make it possible.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize1906_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize1906-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_directions">Future directions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Future directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vivo_histology"><i>In vivo</i> histology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In vivo histology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is interest in developing techniques for <i>in vivo</i> histology (predominantly using <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>), which would enable doctors to non-invasively gather information about healthy and diseased tissues in living patients, rather than from fixed tissue samples.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Histotechnology" title="National Society for Histotechnology">National Society for Histotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_preparation" title="Slice preparation">Slice preparation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-help-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-help_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>histology</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">combining forms</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/histo-#Prefix" class="extiw" title="wikt:histo-">histo-</a></i> + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logy#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-logy">-logy</a></i>, yielding "tissue study", from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ἱστός">ἱστός</a></span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">histos</i></span>, "tissue", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-λογία">-λογία</a></span></span>, "study".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/microanatomy">"Microanatomy definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Microanatomy+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmicroanatomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_histology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_histology_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/histology">"Histology | physiology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Histology+%7C+physiology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fhistology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defined_terms_histology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Defined_terms_histology_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191818/https://definedterm.com/histology">"DefinedTerm: Histology"</a>. <i>Defined Term</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definedterm.com/histology">the original</a> on 2018-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defined+Term&rft.atitle=DefinedTerm%3A+Histology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinedterm.com%2Fhistology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maximow_and_Bloom,_1957-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maximow_and_Bloom,_1957_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximowBloom1957" class="citation book cs1">Maximow, Alexander A.; Bloom, William (1957). <i>A textbook of Histology</i> (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+textbook+of+Histology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=W.+B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Maximow&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson_and_Leeson,_1981_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeesonLeeson1981" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Thomas S.; Leeson, C. Roland (1981). <i>Histology</i> (Fourth ed.). W. B. Saunders Company. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0721657042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0721657042"><bdi>978-0721657042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histology&rft.pages=600&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=W.+B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0721657042&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Leeson%2C+C.+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stedman's_medical_dictionary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stedman's_medical_dictionary_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3"><i>Stedman's medical dictionary</i></a> (27th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0683400076" title="Special:BookSources/978-0683400076"><bdi>978-0683400076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stedman%27s+medical+dictionary.&rft.edition=27th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0683400076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstedmansmedicald00sted_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padian_and_Lamm,_2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padian_and_Lamm,_2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadianLamm2013" class="citation book cs1">Padian, Kevin; Lamm, Ellen-Thérèse, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+development+of+histology+up+to+the+end+of+the+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1283&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13070%2Frs.en.2.1283&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Ortwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labome.org%2Fresearch%2FA-history-of-the-development-of-histology-up-to-the-end-of-the-nineteenth-century.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rather,_1978-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rather,_1978_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRather1978" class="citation book cs1">Rather LJ (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisofcancers0000rath"><i>The Genesis of Cancer: A Study in the History of Ideas</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801821035" title="Special:BookSources/9780801821035"><bdi>9780801821035</bdi></a>. <q>Most of Bichat's twenty-one tissues can be subsumed under the four categories generally accepted by contemporary histologists; epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nerve. Four of Bichat's tissues fall under the heading of epithelium (epidermoid, mucous, serous, and synovial); six under connective tissue (dermoid, fibrous, fibrocartilaginous, cartilaginous, osseous, and cellular); two under muscle; and two under nerve — the distinction between nervous governing "animal" life and nervous governing "organic" life corresponds with that between the voluntary and involuntary nervous systems. The arteries and the veins, long sources of contention, are classified today as compound tissues. The absorbents and the exhalants (which Bichat thought to be open-ended vessels) have dropped out or been replaced by the lymphatics. His medullary system has no counterpart among the present-day tissues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Cancer%3A+A+Study+in+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780801821035&rft.aulast=Rather&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisofcancers0000rath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeli2017" class="citation book cs1">Meli DB (2017). <i>Visualizing disease: the art and history of pathological illustrations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+development+of+histology+up+to+the+end+of+the+nineteenth+century&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Ortwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labome.org%2Fresearch%2FA-history-of-the-development-of-histology-up-to-the-end-of-the-nineteenth-century.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrize1906-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize1906_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1906/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F1906%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominiettoRudin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dominietto, Marco; Rudin, Markus (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888945">"Could magnetic resonance provide in vivo histology?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>4</b>: 298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00298">10.3389/fgene.2013.00298</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888945">3888945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24454320">24454320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Could+magnetic+resonance+provide+in+vivo+histology%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=298&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3888945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24454320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00298&rft.aulast=Dominietto&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Rudin%2C+Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3888945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelnoijvan_SuylenCleutjensSchalla2009" class="citation journal cs1">Delnoij, Thijs; van Suylen, Robert Jan; Cleutjens, Jack P.M.; Schalla, Simon; Bekkers, Sebastiaan C.A.M. 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(January 2013). "Toward in vivo histology: A comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2⁎-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength". <i>NeuroImage</i>. <b>65</b>: 299–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2012.09.055">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23036448">23036448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140122831">140122831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=Toward+in+vivo+histology%3A+A+comparison+of+quantitative+susceptibility+mapping+%28QSM%29+with+magnitude-%2C+phase-%2C+and+R2%E2%81%8E-imaging+at+ultra-high+magnetic+field+strength&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=299-314&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140122831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23036448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2012.09.055&rft.aulast=Deistung&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Schweser%2C+Ferdinand&rft.au=Biedermann%2C+Uta&rft.au=Turner%2C+Robert&rft.au=Reichenbach%2C+J%C3%BCrgen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Histology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Histology">Histology</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epithelial_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Template:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Template talk:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epithelial_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial</a> tissue</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelial cell">Squamous </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboidal_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuboidal epithelial cell">Cuboidal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelial cell">Columnar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simple" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">Simple squamous epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">Mesothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">Simple cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">Simple columnar epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">stratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">Stratified squamous epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">Stratified cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">Stratified columnar epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">Respiratory epithelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">Urothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merocrine" title="Merocrine">Merocrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">Eccrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">Apocrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocrine" title="Holocrine">Holocrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">Sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_gland" title="Tubular gland">Tubular gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gland" title="Alveolar gland">Alveolar gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">Serous glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucous glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cell" title="Myoepithelial cell">Myoepithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_demilune" title="Serous demilune">Serous demilune</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">Ducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intralobular_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralobular duct">Intralobular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated duct">Striated </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated duct">Intercalated </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acinus" title="Acinus">Acinus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_nav" title="Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_nav" title="Template talk:Biology nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Introduction (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form <br /> and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form <br />and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research <br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory <br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li>Histology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connective_tissues" title="Template:Connective tissues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connective_tissues" title="Template talk:Connective tissues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connective_tissues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connective tissues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connective_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">Fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">Scarring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix#Cell_types_involved_in_ECM_formation" title="Extracellular matrix">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">Fibroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocyte" title="Fibrocyte">Fibrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_cell" title="Reticular cell">Reticular cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_cell" title="Tendon cell">Tendon cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">Adipocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">Melanocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wandering_cell" title="Wandering cell">Wandering cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">Extracellular <br /> matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_substance" title="Ground substance">Ground substance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">Tissue fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix#Fibers" title="Extracellular matrix">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">Collagen fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_fiber" title="Reticular fiber">Reticular fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collagen,_type_III,_alpha_1" title="Collagen, type III, alpha 1">COL3A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">Elastic fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">Elastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">Fibrillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBN1" class="mw-redirect" title="FBN1">FBN1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">FBN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillin" title="Fibrillin">FBN3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMILIN1" title="EMILIN1">EMILIN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaunin" title="Elaunin">Elaunin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue proper">Proper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_connective_tissue" title="Reticular connective tissue">Reticular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_adipose_tissue" title="White adipose tissue">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">Dense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_irregular_connective_tissue" title="Dense irregular connective tissue">Dense irregular connective tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense_regular_connective_tissue" title="Dense regular connective tissue">Dense regular connective tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">Aponeurosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue#Embryonic_connective_tissues" title="Connective tissue">Embryonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucoid_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoid connective tissue">Mucoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">Mesenchymal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue#Specialized_connective_tissues" title="Connective tissue">Specialized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscle_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscle_tissue" title="Template:Muscle tissue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscle_tissue" title="Template talk:Muscle tissue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscle_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">Smooth<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">Calmodulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">Vascular smooth muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">Striated<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal striated muscle">Skeletal<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costamere" title="Costamere">Costamere</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein_complex" title="Dystrophin-associated protein complex">DAPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membrane/<br />extracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DAP:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein" title="Dystrophin-associated protein">DAP</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoglycan" title="Sarcoglycan">Sarcoglycan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SGCA" title="SGCA">SGCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCB" title="SGCB">SGCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sarcoglycan" title="Delta-sarcoglycan">SGCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCE" title="SGCE">SGCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCG" title="SGCG">SGCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCZ" title="SGCZ">SGCZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">Dystroglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcospan" title="Sarcospan">Sarcospan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminin, alpha 2">Laminin, alpha 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">Dystrophin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystrobrevin" title="Dystrobrevin">Dystrobrevin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DTNA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTNB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTNB">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntrophin" title="Syntrophin">Syntrophin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syntrophin,_alpha_1" title="Syntrophin, alpha 1">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTB1" title="SNTB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTB2" title="SNTB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTG1" title="SNTG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTG2" title="SNTG2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncoilin" title="Syncoilin">Syncoilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbindin" title="Dysbindin">Dysbindin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synemin" title="Synemin">Synemin/desmuslin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>related:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveolin_3" title="Caveolin 3">Caveolin 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">Sarcomere</a>/<br />(a, i, and h bands;<br />z and m lines)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">thin filament/actin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">thick filament/myosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">elastic filament/titin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulin" title="Nebulin">nebulin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin" title="Tropomyosin">Tropomyosin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">Troponin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_T" title="Troponin T">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_I" title="Troponin I">I</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimysium" title="Epimysium">Epimysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_fascicle" title="Muscle fascicle">Fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimysium" title="Perimysium">Perimysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomysium" title="Endomysium">Endomysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_in_skeletal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue in skeletal muscle">Connective tissue in skeletal muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_unit" title="Motor unit">Motor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitation%E2%80%93contraction_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitation–contraction coupling">Excitation–contraction coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_filament_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding filament mechanism">Sliding filament mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalated_disc" title="Intercalated disc">Intercalated disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulette" title="Nebulette">Nebulette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Muscle fiber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiber" title="Intrafusal muscle fiber">intrafusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrafusal_muscle_fiber" title="Extrafusal muscle fiber">extrafusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofibril" title="Myofibril">Myofibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">Microfilament</a>/<a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">Sarcomere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoblast">Myoblast</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">Muscle cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosatellite_cell" title="Myosatellite cell">Myosatellite cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">Desmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasm" title="Sarcoplasm">Sarcoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolemma" title="Sarcolemma">Sarcolemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-tubule" title="T-tubule">T-tubule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">Sarcoplasmic reticulum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/<br />ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myotilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotilin">Myotilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telethonin" title="Telethonin">Telethonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysferlin" title="Dysferlin">Dysferlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukutin" title="Fukutin">Fukutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukutin-related_protein" title="Fukutin-related protein">Fukutin-related protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nervous_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nervous_tissue" title="Template:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nervous_tissue" title="Template talk:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nervous tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nervous_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projection_fiber" title="Projection fiber">Projection fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_fiber" title="Association fiber">Association fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissural_fiber" title="Commissural fiber">Commissural fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">Lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">Nerve tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decussation" title="Decussation">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropil" title="Neuropil">Neuropil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_cell" title="Pyramidal cell">Pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron" title="Von Economo neuron">Von Economo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">Medium spiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">Glial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">Astrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ependyma" title="Ependyma">Ependymal cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanycyte" title="Tanycyte">Tanycyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell" title="Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell">Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">Oligodendrocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">PNS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Dorsal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">Ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Ventral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral root of spinal nerve">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Ventral ramus of spinal nerve">Ramus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramus_communicans" title="Ramus communicans">Ramus communicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_ramus_communicans" title="Gray ramus communicans">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ramus_communicans" title="White ramus communicans">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_ganglion" title="Autonomic ganglion">Autonomic ganglion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Preganglionic nerve fibers">Preganglionic nerve fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Postganglionic nerve fibers">Postganglionic nerve fibers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">Nerve fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funiculus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Funiculus (neuroanatomy)">Funiculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epineurium" title="Epineurium">Epineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineurium" title="Perineurium">Perineurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoneurium" title="Endoneurium">Endoneurium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">Neuroglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">Myelination</a>: <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurilemma" title="Neurilemma">Neurilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_incisure" title="Myelin incisure">Myelin incisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_of_Ranvier" title="Node of Ranvier">Node of Ranvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internodal_segment" title="Internodal segment">Internodal segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_glial_cell" title="Satellite glial cell">Satellite glial cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neurons</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber">nerve fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">Soma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axon_hillock" title="Axon hillock">Axon hillock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">Axon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telodendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Telodendron">Telodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon_terminal" title="Axon terminal">Axon terminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axoplasm" title="Axoplasm">Axoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axolemma" title="Axolemma">Axolemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">Neurofibril/neurofilament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">Dendrite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nissl_body" title="Nissl body">Nissl body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">Dendritic spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dendrite" title="Apical dendrite">Apical dendrite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basal_dendrite" title="Basal dendrite">Basal dendrite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">Bipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_neuron" title="Unipolar neuron">Unipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudounipolar_neuron" title="Pseudounipolar neuron">Pseudounipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipolar_neuron" title="Multipolar neuron">Multipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renshaw_cell" title="Renshaw cell">Renshaw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">Afferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral afferent fibers">GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special somatic afferent">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral afferent">SVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axon#types" title="Axon">fibers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_sensory_fiber" title="Type Ia sensory fiber">Ia or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Ib or Golgi or Aα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_sensory_fiber" title="Type II sensory fiber">II or Aβ and Aγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_nerve_fiber" title="Group A nerve fiber">III or Aδ or fast pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">IV or C or slow pain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">Efferent nerve fiber</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">Motor neuron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">Upper motor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">Lower motor neuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">α motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_motor_neuron" title="Beta motor neuron">β motorneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">γ motorneuron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">Synapse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">Electrical synapse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">Synaptic vesicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_zone" title="Active zone">Active zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsynaptic_density" title="Postsynaptic density">Postsynaptic density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapse" title="Autapse">Autapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_synapse" title="Ribbon synapse">Ribbon synapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">Sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Ruffini ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">Olfactory receptor neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Histologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119582173">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571456">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="histologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph167625&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000075937&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560551805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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