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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ACT_UP_New_York_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ACT_UP_New_York_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ACT UP New York actions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ACT_UP_New_York_actions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ACT UP New York actions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ACT_UP_New_York_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall_Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wall Street</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Post_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Post_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>General Post Office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Post_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmopolitan_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmopolitan_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Cosmopolitan</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmopolitan_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_the_CDC's_AIDS_Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_the_CDC's_AIDS_Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Women and the CDC's AIDS Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_the_CDC's_AIDS_Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FDA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FDA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>FDA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FDA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Stop_the_Church"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Stop_the_Church""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>"Stop the Church"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Stop_the_Church"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Vincent's_Catholic_Medical_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Vincent's_Catholic_Medical_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Vincent's_Catholic_Medical_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storm_the_NIH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storm_the_NIH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Storm the NIH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storm_the_NIH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_of_Desperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_of_Desperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Day of Desperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_of_Desperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seattle_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seattle_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Seattle schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seattle_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macy's_Herald_Square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macy's_Herald_Square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Macy's Herald Square</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macy's_Herald_Square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boston_and_New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boston_and_New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boston and New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boston_and_New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_Angeles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Angeles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Los Angeles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Los_Angeles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Los Angeles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Los_Angeles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_Caucus_ACT_UP/LA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_Caucus_ACT_UP/LA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Women's Caucus ACT UP/LA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_Caucus_ACT_UP/LA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_D.C." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_D.C."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Washington D.C.</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Washington_D.C.-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Washington D.C. subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Washington_D.C.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giant_condom_over_Senator's_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giant_condom_over_Senator's_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Giant condom over Senator's home</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giant_condom_over_Senator's_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashes_Actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashes_Actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ashes Actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashes_Actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canada subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vancouver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vancouver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vancouver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vancouver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Montreal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montreal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halifax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Halifax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>England and Scotland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England_and_Scotland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England and Scotland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England_and_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edinburgh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edinburgh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Edinburgh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edinburgh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Leeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_ACT_UP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_ACT_UP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Structure of ACT UP</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_of_ACT_UP-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure of ACT UP subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_ACT_UP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gran_Fury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gran_Fury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gran Fury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gran_Fury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DIVA-TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DIVA-TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>DIVA-TV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DIVA-TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Institutional independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factionalism_in_San_Francisco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factionalism_in_San_Francisco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Factionalism in San Francisco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factionalism_in_San_Francisco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ACT UP</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A1%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%85" title="액트 업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="액트 업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_Up" title="Act Up – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Act Up" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ACT UP" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International AIDS activism, direct action and advocacy group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the City Girls song, see <a href="/wiki/Act_Up_(song)" title="Act Up (song)">Act Up (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ACT_UP_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ACT_UP_logo.png/220px-ACT_UP_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/ACT_UP_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ACT UP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">March 12, 1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-03-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ActUp/RI" title="ActUp/RI">ActUp/RI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actupny.com">actupny<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power</b> (<b>ACT UP</b>) is an international, <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> political group working to end the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS pandemic">AIDS pandemic</a>. The group works to improve the lives of <a href="/wiki/People_with_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="People with AIDS">people with AIDS</a> through <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, medical research, treatment and advocacy, and working to change legislation and public policies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACT UP was formed on March 12, 1987, at the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual_and_Transgender_Community_Services_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Services Center">Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-founder <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> was asked to speak as part of a rotating speaker series, and his well-attended speech focused on action to fight AIDS. Kramer spoke out against the state of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a> (GMHC), which he perceived as politically impotent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kramer had co-founded the GMHC but had resigned from its board of directors in 1983. According to <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Crimp" title="Douglas Crimp">Douglas Crimp</a>, Kramer posed a question to the audience: "Do we want to start a new organization devoted to political action?" The answer was "a resounding yes." Approximately 300 people met two days later to form ACT UP.<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Second_National_March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian_and_Gay_Rights" title="Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights">Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights</a>, in October 1987, ACT UP New York made their debut on the national stage, as an active and visible presence in both the march, the main rally, and at the <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a> the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by this new approach to radical, direct action, other participants in these events returned home to multiple cities and formed local ACT UP chapters in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Rhode Island, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northeastern_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northeastern-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT UP spread internationally. In many countries separate movements arose based on the American model. For example, the famous gay rights activist <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a> co-founded ACT UP in Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ACT_UP_New_York_actions">ACT UP New York actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: ACT UP New York actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP,_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP%2C_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP%2C_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_%27Silence%3DDeath%27_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_%3D_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP%2C_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4396" data-file-height="6556" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death</a>" poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the documentation chronicling ACT UP's history is drawn from Douglas Crimp's history of ACT UP, the ACT UP Oral History Project,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the online Capsule History of ACT UP, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall_Street">Wall Street</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wall Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 24, 1987, 250 ACT UP members demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and Broadway to demand greater access to experimental AIDS drugs and for a coordinated national policy to fight the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An op-ed article by Larry Kramer published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> the previous day described some of the issues ACT UP was concerned with.<sup id="cite_ref-kramer1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramer1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen ACT UP members were arrested during this <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 24, 1988, ACT UP returned to Wall Street for a larger demonstration in which over 100 people were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 14, 1989, seven ACT UP members infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> and chained themselves to the VIP balcony to protest the high price of the only approved AIDS drug, <a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">AZT</a>. The group displayed a banner that read, "SELL WELLCOME" referring to the pharmaceutical sponsor of AZT, <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Wellcome" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs Wellcome">Burroughs Wellcome</a>, which had set a price of approximately $10,000 per patient per year for the drug, well out of reach of nearly all <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> positive persons. Several days following this demonstration, Burroughs Wellcome lowered the price of AZT to $6,400 per patient per year.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Post_Office">General Post Office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General Post Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACT UP held their next action at the New York City General Post Office on the night of April 15, 1987, to an audience of people filing last minute tax returns. This event also marked the beginning of the conflation of ACT UP with the <a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a>, which created a poster consisting of a right side up <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a> (an upside-down pink triangle was used to mark gays in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>) on a black background with the text "SILENCE = DEATH." Douglas Crimp said this demonstration showed the "media savvy" of ACT UP because the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">television media</a> "routinely do stories about down-to-the-wire tax return filers." As such, ACT UP was virtually guaranteed media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmopolitan_magazine"><i>Cosmopolitan</i> magazine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cosmopolitan magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1988, <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a></i> magazine published an article by <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Gould" title="Robert E. Gould">Robert E. Gould</a>, a psychiatrist, entitled "Reassuring News About AIDS: A Doctor Tells Why You May Not Be At Risk."<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main contention of the article was that in unprotected vaginal sex between a man and a woman who both had "healthy genitals" the risk of HIV transmission was negligible, even if the male partner was infected. Women from ACT UP who had been having informal "dyke dinners" met with Gould in person, questioning him about several misleading facts (that penis to vagina transmission is impossible, for example) and questionable journalistic methods (no <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, bibliographic information, failing to disclose that he was a psychiatrist and not a practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>), and demanded a retraction and apology.<sup id="cite_ref-maggenti1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maggenti1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he refused, in the words of Maria Maggenti, they decided that they "had to shut down Cosmo." According to those who were involved in organizing the action, it was significant in that it was the first time the women in ACT UP organized separately from the main body of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-carlomusto1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlomusto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, filming the action itself, the preparation and the aftermath were all consciously planned and resulted in a video short directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carlomusto" title="Jean Carlomusto">Jean Carlomusto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Maggenti" title="Maria Maggenti">Maria Maggenti</a>, titled, "Doctor, Liars, and Women: AIDS Activists Say No To Cosmo." The action consisted of approximately 150 activists protesting in front of the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Hearst Tower (Manhattan)">Hearst Building</a> (parent company of <i>Cosmopolitan</i>) chanting "Say no to Cosmo!" and holding signs with slogans such as "Yes, the Cosmo Girl CAN get AIDS!"<sup id="cite_ref-crimp1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the action did not result in any arrests, it brought significant television media attention to the controversy surrounding the article. <a href="/wiki/Phil_Donahue" title="Phil Donahue">Phil Donahue</a>, <i>Nightline</i>, and a local talk show called "People Are Talking" all hosted discussions of the article. On the latter, two women, Chris Norwood and Denise Ribble took the stage after the host, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bey" title="Richard Bey">Richard Bey</a>, cut Norwood off during an exchange about whether heterosexual women are at risk from AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_the_CDC's_AIDS_Definition"><span id="Women_and_the_CDC.27s_AIDS_Definition"></span>Women and the CDC's AIDS Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women and the CDC's AIDS Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following their participation in the Cosmopolitan protest, ACT UP's Women's Caucus targeted the Center for Disease Control for its narrow definition of what constituted HIV/AIDS. While causes of HIV transmission, like unprotected vaginal or anal sex, were similar among both men and women, the symptoms of the virus varied greatly. As historian Jennifer Brier noted, "for men, full-blown AIDS often caused <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, while women experienced bacterial pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, and cervical cancer." Since the CDC's definition did not account for such symptoms as a result of AIDS, American women in the 1980s were often diagnosed with AIDS Related Complex (or ARC) or HIV. "In this process," Brier explained, "these women effectively were denied the Social Security benefits that men with AIDS had fought hard to secure, and won, in the late 1980s."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1990, attorney Theresa McGovern filed suit representing 19 New Yorkers who claimed they were unfairly denied disability benefits because of the CDC's narrow definition of AIDS. At an October 2, 1990, protest to raise attention for McGovern's lawsuit, two hundred ACT UP protesters gathered in Washington and chanted "How many more have to die before you say they qualify," and carried posters to the rally with the tagline "Women Don't Get AIDS/ They Just Die From It."<sup id="cite_ref-brier174_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brier174-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC's initial reaction to calls of the revising the AIDS definition included setting the threshold of AIDS for both men and women at a T cell count of under 200. However, McGovern dismissed this suggestion. "Lots of women who show up at hospitals don't get T cells taken. No one knows they have HIV. I knew how many of our clients were dying of AIDS and not counted." Rather, McGovern, along with the ACLU and the New Jersey Women and AIDS Network, called for adding fifteen conditions to the list of the CDC's surveillance case definition, which was eventually adopted in January 1993. Six months later, the Clinton administration revised federal criteria for evaluating HIV status and making it easier for women with AIDS to secure Social Security benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Women's Caucus's role in altering the CDC's definition helped to not only drastically increase availability of federal benefits to American women, but helped uncover a more accurate number of HIV/AIDS infected women in the United States; "under the new model, the number of women with AIDS in the United States increased almost 50 percent."<sup id="cite_ref-brier174_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brier174-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the ACT UP Women's Caucus collectively authored a handbook for two teach-ins held prior to the 1989 CDC demonstration, where ACT UP members learned about issues motivating the action. The handbook, edited by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Maggenti" title="Maria Maggenti">Maria Maggenti</a>, formed the basis for the ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group's book titled Women, AIDS and Activism, edited by Cynthia Chris and Monica Pearl, and assembled by Marion Banzhaf, Kim Christensen, Alexis Danzig, Risa Denenberg, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Leonard" title="Zoe Leonard">Zoe Leonard</a>, Deb Levine, Rachel (Sam) Lurie, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gund" title="Catherine Gund">Catherine Saalfield (Gund)</a>, Polly Thistlethwaite, Judith Walker, and Brigitte Weil.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was published in Spanish in 1993 titled La Mujer, el SIDA, y el Activismo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the original Women and AIDS Handbook Group included Amy (Jamie) Bauer, Heidi Dorow, Ellen Neipris, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Northrop" title="Ann Northrop">Ann Northrop</a>, Sydney Pokorney, Karen Ramspacher, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Wolfe" title="Maxine Wolfe">Maxine Wolfe</a>, and Brian Zabcik.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FDA">FDA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FDA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 11, 1988, ACT UP had one of its most successful demonstrations (both in terms of size and in terms of national media coverage) when it successfully shut down the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for a day.<sup id="cite_ref-LAFDA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAFDA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticFDA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticFDA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media reported that it was the largest such demonstration since demonstrations against the Vietnam War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The AIDS activists shut down the large facility by blocking doors, walkways and a road as FDA workers reported to work. Police told some workers to go home rather than wade through the throng. </p><p>"Hey, hey, FDA, how many people have you killed today?" chanted the crowd, estimated by protest organizers at between 1,100 and 1,500. The protesters hoisted a black banner that read "Federal Death Administration." </p><p>Police officers, wearing surgical gloves and helmets, started rounding up the hundreds of demonstrators and herding them into buses shortly after 8:30 a.m. Some protesters blocked the buses from leaving for 20 minutes. </p><p> Authorities arrested at least 120 protesters, and demonstration leaders said they were aiming for 300 arrests by day's end.<sup id="cite_ref-LAFDA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAFDA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Among the protestors was artist <a href="/wiki/David_Wojnarowicz" title="David Wojnarowicz">David Wojnarowicz</a>, then HIV/AIDS positive, wearing painted jean jacket that read: "If I die of AIDS—forget burial—just drop my body on the steps of the F.D.A."— a nascent meme.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this action, and via their campaigning in general, activists demonstrated their thorough knowledge of the FDA drug approval process.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT UP presented precise demands for changes that would make experimental drugs available more quickly, and more fairly. "The success of SEIZE CONTROL OF THE FDA can perhaps best be measured by what ensued in the year following the action. Government agencies dealing with AIDS, particularly the FDA and NIH, began to listen to us, to include us in decision-making, even to ask for our input."<sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticFDA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticFDA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Stop_the_Church""><span id=".22Stop_the_Church.22"></span><span class="anchor"></span>"Stop the Church"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Stop the Church""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Church" title="Stop the Church">Stop the Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Anti-Catholicism in the United States</a></div> <p>ACT UP disagreed with Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(cardinal)" title="John O'Connor (cardinal)">John Joseph O'Connor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Roman Catholic Archdiocese</a>'s public stand against <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> education in New York City Public Schools, <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> distribution, the Cardinal's public condemnation of homosexuality, as well as the Church's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. This led to the first Stop the Church protest on December 10, 1989, at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pose_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pose-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crouch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crouch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the plan was just to be a "die-in" during the homily but it descended into "pandemonium."<sup id="cite_ref-pose_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pose-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few dozen activists interrupted Mass, chanted slogans, blew whistles, "kept up a banchee screech," chained themselves to pews, threw condoms in the air, waved their fists, and lay down in the aisles to stage a "die-in."<sup id="cite_ref-Wages_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wages-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015433–435_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015433–435-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pose_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pose-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plague1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While O'Connor went on with mass, activists stood up and announced why they were protesting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One protester, "in a gesture large enough for all to see,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434–435_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman2015434–435-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">desecrated the Eucharist</a> by spitting it out of his mouth, crumbling it into pieces, and dropping them to the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-rude_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rude-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keane_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keane-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACTUPNY_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACTUPNY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wages_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wages-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scalia_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalia-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carroll_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plague1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2022)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One hundred and eleven protesters were arrested, including 43 inside the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Sindelar_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindelar-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some who refused to move had to be carried out of the church on stretchers.<sup id="cite_ref-pose_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pose-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests were widely condemned by public and church officials, members of the public, the mainstream media, and some in the gay community.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Vincent's_Catholic_Medical_Center"><span id="Saint_Vincent.27s_Catholic_Medical_Center"></span>Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, as the gay population of Greenwich Village and New York began succumbing to the AIDS virus, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent%27s_Catholic_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center">Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center</a> established the first AIDS Ward on the East Coast and second only to one in San Francisco, and soon became "Ground Zero" for the AIDS-afflicted in NYC.<sup id="cite_ref-boynton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boynton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital "became synonymous" with care for AIDS patients in the 1980s, particularly poor gay men and drug users.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became one of the best hospitals in the state for AIDS care with a large research facility and dozens of doctors and nurses working on it.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACT UP protested the hospital one night in the 1980s due to its Catholic nature.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took over the emergency room and covered crucifixes with condoms.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their intent was both to raise awareness and offend Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of pressing charges, the sisters who ran the hospital decided to meet with the protesters to better understand their concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-plague2_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plague2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storm_the_NIH">Storm the NIH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Storm the NIH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_(14358485404).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg/220px-Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg/330px-Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg/440px-Demonstrators_at_the_%22Storm_the_NIH%22_Event_%2814358485404%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators at the "Storm the NIH" Event</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 21, 1990, around 1000 ACT UP members initiated a choreographed demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, splitting into sub-groups across the campus. The protest was in part directed at <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease</a> and its director, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>. Activists were angered by what they felt was slow progress on promised research and treatment efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kramer, this was their best demonstration, but was almost completely ignored by the media because of a large fire in Washington, D.C., on the same day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_of_Desperation">Day of Desperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Day of Desperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 22, 1991, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, ACT UP activist John Weir and two other activists entered the studio of the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a> at the beginning of the broadcast. They shouted "AIDS is news. Fight AIDS, not Arabs!" and Weir stepped in front of the camera before the control room cut to a commercial break. The same night ACT UP demonstrated at the studios of the <a href="/wiki/MacNeil/Lehrer_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour">MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour</a>. The next day activists displayed banners in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> that said "Money for AIDS, not for war" and "One AIDS death every 8 minutes." One of the banners was handheld and displayed across the train timetable and the other attached to bundles of balloons that lifted it up to the ceiling of the station's enormous main room. These actions were part of a coordinated protest called "Day of Desperation."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seattle_schools">Seattle schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seattle schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1991, ACT UP's Seattle chapter distributed over 500 safer-sex packets outside Seattle high schools. The packets contained a pamphlet titled "How to Fuck Safely," which was photographically illustrated and included two men performing fellatio. The Washington state legislature subsequently passed a "Harmful to Minors" law making it illegal to distribute sexually explicit material to underage persons.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macy's_Herald_Square"><span id="Macy.27s_Herald_Square"></span>Macy's Herald Square</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Macy's Herald Square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 29, 1991, the Black Friday shopping day, ACT UP activists dressed in Santa Claus costumes chained themselves inside Macy's flagship Herald Square department store to protest the store's decision not to rehire an HIV-positive Santa, Mark Woodley. They sang protest Christmas songs with lyrics such as, <i>"Santa Claus has HIV, fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la/Macy's won't rehire he, fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la."</i> Nineteen activists were arrested at the action.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boston_and_New_England">Boston and New England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boston and New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In January 1988, [ACT UP/Boston] held its first protest at the Boston offices of the Department of Health and Human Services, regarding delays and red tape surrounding approval of AIDS treatment drugs. ACT UP/Boston's agenda included demands for a compassionate and comprehensive national policy on AIDS; a national emergency AIDS project; intensified drug testing, research, and treatment efforts; and a full-scale national educational program within reach of all. The organization held die-ins and sleep-ins, provided freshman orientation for Harvard Medical School students, negotiated successfully with a major pharmaceutical corporation, affected state and national AIDS policies, pressured health care insurers to provide coverage for people with AIDS, influenced the thinking of some of the nation's most influential researchers, served on the Massachusetts committee that created the nation's first online registry of clinical trials for AIDS treatments, distributed information and condoms to the congregation at Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law" title="Bernard Francis Law">Bernard Francis Law</a>'s Confirmation Sunday services at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Boston)" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)">Holy Cross Cathedral in Boston</a>, and made aerosolized <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a> an accessible treatment in New England."<sup id="cite_ref-Northeastern_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northeastern-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1988 ACT UP Boston, in collaboration with ACT UP New York, Mass ACT OUT, and Cure Aids Now demonstrated at both the <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican</a> presidential debates and primaries in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and at other events during the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">presidential race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northeastern2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northeastern2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an ordination of priests in Boston in 1990, ACT UP and the Massachusetts Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights chanted and protested outside during the service.<sup id="cite_ref-law_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilot_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crimson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters marched, chanted, blew whistles, and sounded airhorns to disrupt the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-law_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also threw condoms at people as they left the ordination and were forced to stay back behind police and police barricades.<sup id="cite_ref-law_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One man was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-assails_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assails-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstration was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_P._Zakim" title="Leonard P. Zakim">Leonard P. Zakim</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-assails_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assails-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Los_Angeles">Los Angeles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Los Angeles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACT UP Los Angeles (ACT UP/LA) was founded December 4, 1987, and continued holding demonstrations until the early 2000s. During their run they tackled healthcare access, political issues related to LGBTQ civil rights, and supported national ACT UP campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-B_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-B-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of their more local work focused on policy regarding the migration of HIV-positive people into the U.S., pushing for AIDS clinical trials, promoting needle exchange programs for intravenous drug users, and surveying speaking out against discrimination by health care and insurance providers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were effective in distributing their research on Antiviral Therapy (AZT), local and international actions, and updates on the different caucuses through their ACT UP/LA newsletter. The newsletter also served as both an educational outreach and fundraising tool.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Memorable actions by ACT UP/LA are the protests and demonstrations in county-based locations such as the USC county hospital, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, and the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT UP/LA and about fifteen other organizations formed an "Alternative Budget Coalition," rented the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors' meeting room, and held a mock hearing on the county's $10+ billion budget, saying it spent too little on fighting AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-49_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-49-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent activists in this period included <a href="/wiki/Connie_Norman" title="Connie Norman">Connie Norman</a>, one of the people who led ACT UP's push for a bill (AB101) to protect workers from being fired because of their sexuality, California governor <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>'s veto of which led to the <a href="/wiki/AB101_Veto_Riot" title="AB101 Veto Riot">AB101 Veto Riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-65_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-65-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT UP/LA and its associated Women's Caucus put on a “Week of Outrage” in conjunction with the national organization, which consisted of demonstrations, a teach-in, safe-sex vending event.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_Caucus_ACT_UP/LA"><span id="Women.27s_Caucus_ACT_UP.2FLA"></span>Women's Caucus ACT UP/LA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Women's Caucus ACT UP/LA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Women's Caucus (WC) of ACT UP/LA served an important collaboration between men and women who were being affected by HIV and AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-oac.cdlib.org_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oac.cdlib.org-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WC within the ACT UP/LA organization was unique because in this chapter they had a significant amount of control over how they included women's issues into the organizations larger gay male actions. Men were present in the WC, but only as allies, which harvested a collaboration for effective actions, rallies, and any acts of resistance for the whole organization as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the collaboration was not always perfect, at the end it created a stronger force against discrimination of HIV+ people in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the work that the WC did was distribute statistical information about women who are HIV+, the lack of appropriate screening and health care access, information about safer sex practices (in English and Spanish), as well as acts of action to push for better. Lauren Leary was an integral in the organization because her work revolved around gathering existing research about HIV and AIDS in women and men and current treatment options. An ACT UP national collective of women came together to create the “Women's Treatment and Research Agenda” in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-oac.cdlib.org_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oac.cdlib.org-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Washington_D.C.">Washington D.C.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Washington D.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giant_condom_over_Senator's_home"><span id="Giant_condom_over_Senator.27s_home"></span>Giant condom over Senator's home</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Giant condom over Senator's home"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Staley" title="Peter Staley">Peter Staley</a> and other activists affiliated with ACT-UP wrapped the <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a> home of Senator <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> in a 15-foot condom on September 5, 1991. The protest condemned the <a href="/wiki/Helms_AIDS_Amendments" title="Helms AIDS Amendments">Helms AIDS Amendments</a>, which continued to block funding for education, as well as his ongoing opposition to <a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS</a>, including numerous homophobic falsehoods about HIV and AIDS. Helms had actively passed laws stigmatizing the disease, and his staunch attempts to block federal funding for, and education about, HIV and AIDS had significantly increased the death toll. Some of the harmful legislation he enacted is still in place.<sup id="cite_ref-yt2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condom was inflated and the message on it read: "A CONDOM TO PREVENT UNSAFE POLITICS. HELMS IS DEADLIER THAN A VIRUS." The event was captured live on the news.<sup id="cite_ref-yt1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first action of the affinity ACT group TAG (Treatment Action Guerillas).<sup id="cite_ref-helms1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helms1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the police were called, no one was arrested, and the group was allowed to take the condom down, though they did receive a parking ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-helms1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helms1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yt2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was dramatized, with fictionalized characters, in a 2019 episode of the FX television series <i><a href="/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)" title="Pose (TV series)">POSE</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashes_Actions">Ashes Actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ashes Actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1992 and October 1996, during displays of the <a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt</a> and just before presidential elections, ACT UP activists held two Ashes Actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by a passage in <a href="/wiki/David_Wojnarowicz" title="David Wojnarowicz">David Wojnarowicz</a>'s 1991 memoir <i>Close to the Knives</i>, these actions scattered the ashes of people who had died of AIDS, including Wojnarowicz and activist Connie Norman, on the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> lawn, in protest of the federal government's inadequate response to AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vancouver">Vancouver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vancouver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed in 1989, ACT UP <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> began at a public meeting to determine how to respond to the government's inaction on the AIDS crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and focused their activism on the provincial political crises surrounding AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ACT UP event took place in <a href="/wiki/Robson_Square" title="Robson Square">Robson Square</a> as a public display of art in which three mummies wrapped in linen hung upside down to depict the inaction and neglect of the provincial government on those affected by AIDS. They organized and participated in various protests, including the Les Misérables at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Theatre" title="Queen Elizabeth Theatre">Queen Elizabeth Theater</a>. They protested against the Premier of British Columbia <a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Bill Vander Zalm</a> who was in favor of enacting quarantine legislation (Bill 34). There was a diverse range of activist groups from the community who protested against Bill 34, there were many members from ACT UP, support from the First Nations community, and politically left-leaning people.<sup id="cite_ref-AAHP_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAHP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its impact, the organization eventually dissolved around 1991, following their State of the Province protest.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated their dissolution was not due to a lack of commitment from members, but rather a lack of expertise and negative press stemming from arrests, which led to other organizations distancing themselves from ACT UP.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the arrested members, John Kozachenko, was accused of vehicle damage, though he asserted his innocence and the charges were later dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members felt the incident interfered with the groups's ability to initiate reforms in conservative <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montreal">Montreal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Montreal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AIDS crisis in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> was very pronounced and is often underrepresented in discussion about the pandemic. ACT UP worked to end the AIDS pandemic and to combat the extreme homophobia that gay men faced as a result of stigma and stereotypes. ACT UP NYC protested the Fifth <a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a> in 1989 and inspired the creation of ACT UP MTL. They also confronted Montreal prisons about their high rates of HIV, which they suggested were due to condoms not being available to prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACT UP MTL was formed in March 1990. Despite discouragement by the provincial government and Minister of Health, who felt that public information about <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> prevention would encourage <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and drug use, ACT UP MTL was responsible for translating English <a href="/wiki/AIDS_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS prevention">AIDS prevention</a> resources into French and creating their own informational flyers that were accessible to Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">Francophone</a> population. The chapter was also responsible for several demonstrations in a Montreal city park to raise awareness about those living with AIDS and those lost to <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> complications. In 1994, the park was officially named <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_l%27Espoir" class="extiw" title="fr:Parc de l'Espoir">Le Parc de l’Espoir</a> and an AIDS memorial monument was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halifax">Halifax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Halifax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of ACT UP <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> is credited to Dan Hart, an activist and leader of the queer movement in Halifax in the 1980s who even hosted many of ACT UP's events in his own home.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this branch of ACT UP is less known in comparison to the larger cities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, it has made some notable actions during its time. On <a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">December 1st</a>, 1990 a protest march was held on <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Street" title="Barrington Street">Barrington Street</a>. What made this march different was the attendance of Pedro the Donkey, brought by the protestors to be used as a disruption method during the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro held true to his purpose and refused to move when protesters were asked to vacate the street. This allowed Halifax's ACT UP group to <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">peacefully protest</a> while staying within the confines of the law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Scotland">England and Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: England and Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed in January 1989, by Rob Archer and Rae Trewartha, ACT UP [London] was the first ACT UP chapter in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_Gay_367_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital_Gay_367-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its first action was at Wellcome's annual shareholder meeting, the parent company of Burroughs Wellcome, the makers of <a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">AZT</a>, the first treatment that targeted HIV directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_Gay_367_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital_Gay_367-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was quickly followed by a protest at Pentonville Prison, where condoms were floated over the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next action was to highlight employment discrimination. It was at Texaco's UK headquarters.  It was the first of a serious of protests against Texaco.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later targeted YHA employment discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next action blocked traffic at Elephant and Castle, South London's busiest road junction. It called on the government to end the 6 month delay for social security benefits for newly diagnosed people living with AIDS, and to improve the rate. A follow up in October, saw the first arrests in the UK. Three people were arrested including Kenny Lieske from Edinburgh ACT UP.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1990, members of ACT UP London chained themselves to the gates of Downing Street on budget day. </p><p>ACT UP London's last protest was a march in Kennington on World AIDS Day (1 December 1993). This was on cuts to social security benefits for disability benefits. </p><p>The group was revived by Dan Glass in 2014. The second incarnation came about to campaign for PreP to be made freely available on the NHS. Prep is a pill that if taken regularly prevents HIV infection and transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Edinburgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed in October 1989, by Kenny Lieske, Rob Archer and Tim Hopkins. Edinburgh had the highest number of HIV cases in Europe, most cases being among drug users. </p><p>Edinburgh ACT UP's first protest was on 1 December 1989, World AIDS Day  After a march along Princes Street ending in a rally where balloons were released. One black balloon was released for each person who had died in Scotland, and one white balloon for each person alive living with AIDS. </p><p>Edinburgh ACT UP's next action was actually in London, inside Wellcome's annual shareholders' meeting a year after ACT UP London's protest. It got extensive positive coverage in the Scottish print media (before<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the action) and likewise with the English quality newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edinburgh ACT UP's most successful campaign was to change how the government funded AIDS in Scotland. The AIDS budget was poorly allocated often not spent on AIDS services at all. The campaign was to target the funding where it was most needed prioritising regions with the most people with HIV. Edinburgh ACT UP's biggest protest blocked traffic outside of the Scottish Office. It attracted MPs and received extensive media coverage. Within a few months the government had capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leeds">Leeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Leeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was one of the more active chapters in the UK. It successfully changed Leeds Hospital Fund pay out policy to include people with AIDS. Other ACT UPs include Manchester, Glasgow<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Norwich.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_ACT_UP">Structure of ACT UP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Structure of ACT UP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/220px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/330px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/440px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>ACT UP protests in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> against <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Bill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>ACT UP was organized as effectively leaderless; there was a formal committee structure. Bill Bahlman recalls there were initially two main committees. There was the Issues Committee that scrupulously studied the issues surrounding an advancement the group wanted to achieve and the Actions Committee that would plan a Zap or Demonstration to achieve that particular goal. This was intentional on Larry Kramer's part: he describes it as "democratic to a fault."<sup id="cite_ref-kramer1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramer1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It followed a committee structure with each committee reporting to a coordinating committee meeting once a week. Actions and proposals were generally brought to the coordinating committee and then to the floor for a vote, but this was not required - any motion could be brought to a vote at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-carlomusto1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlomusto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Bordowitz" title="Gregg Bordowitz">Gregg Bordowitz</a>, an early member, said of the process: </p> <blockquote><p>This is how grassroots, democratic politics work. To a certain extent, this is how democratic politics is supposed to work in general. You convince people of the validity of your ideas. You have to go out there and convince people.<sup id="cite_ref-bordowitz1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordowitz1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is not to say that it was in practice purely anarchic or democratic. Bordowitz and others admit that certain people were able to communicate and defend their ideas more effectively than others. Although Larry Kramer is often labeled the first "leader" of ACT UP, as the group matured, those people that regularly attended meetings and made their voice heard became conduits through which smaller "affinity groups" would present and organize their ideas. Leadership changed hands frequently and suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-bordowitz1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bordowitz1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Some of the Committees were:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>Issues Committee</li> <li>Action Committee</li> <li>Finance Committee</li> <li>Outreach Committee</li> <li>Treatment and Data Committee</li> <li>Media Committee</li> <li>Graphics Committee</li> <li>Housing Committee</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Note: As ACT UP had no formal organizing plan, the titles of these committees are somewhat variable and some members remember them differently than others. </p><p>In addition to Committees, there were also Caucuses, bodies set up by members of particular communities to create space to pursue their needs. Among those active in the late 1980s and/or early 1990s were the Women's Caucus (sometimes referred to as the Women's Committee)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Latino/Latina Caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with committees and caucuses, ACT UP New York relied heavily on "affinity groups." These groups often had no formal structure, but were centered on specific advocacy issues and personal connections, often within larger committees. Affinity groups supported overall solidarity in larger, more complex political actions through the mutual support provided to members of the group. Affinity groups often organized to perform smaller actions within the scope of a larger political action, such as the "Day of Desperation," when the Needle Exchange group presented NY City Health Department officials with thousands of used syringes they had collected through their exchange (contained in water cooler bottles).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gran_Fury">Gran Fury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gran Fury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gran_Fury" title="Gran Fury">Gran Fury</a> functioned as the anonymous art collective that produced all of the artistic media for ACT UP. The group remained anonymous because it allowed the collective to function as a cohesive unit without any one voice being singled out. The mission of the group was to bring an end to the AIDS Crisis by making reference to the issues plaguing society at large, especially homophobia and the lack of public investment in the AIDS epidemic, through bringing art works into the public sphere in order to reach the maximum audience. The group often faced censorship in their proceedings, including being rejected for public billboard space and being threatened with censorship in art exhibitions. When faced with this censorship, Gran Fury often posted their work illegally on the walls of the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DIVA-TV">DIVA-TV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: DIVA-TV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diva_TV_(video_collective)" title="Diva TV (video collective)">DIVA-TV</a>, an acronym for "Damned Interfering Video Activist Television," was an affinity group within ACT UP that videotaped and documented <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> activism. Its founding members are <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gund" title="Catherine Gund">Catherine Gund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Navarro" title="Ray Navarro">Ray Navarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Spiro" title="Ellen Spiro">Ellen Spiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Bordowitz" title="Gregg Bordowitz">Gregg Bordowitz</a>, Robert Beck, Costa Pappas, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carlomusto" title="Jean Carlomusto">Jean Carlomusto</a>, Rob Kurilla, George Plagianos.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their early works is "Like a Prayer" (1991), documenting the 1989 ACT UP protests at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> against New York <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(cardinal)" title="John O'Connor (cardinal)">Cardinal O'Connor</a>'s position on AIDS and <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>. In the video, Ray Navarro, an ACT UP/DIVA TV activist,<sup id="cite_ref-Leap_Into_the_Void_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leap_Into_the_Void-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serves as the narrator, dressed up as <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus</a>. The documentary aims to show mass media bias as it juxtaposes original protest footage with those images shown on the nightly news. </p><p>Although less as a "collective" after 1990, DIVA TV continued documenting (over 700 camera hours) the direct actions of ACT UP, activists, and the community responses to HIV/AIDS, producing over 160 video programs for public access television channels - as the weekly series "AIDS Community Television" from 1991 to 1996<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1994 to 96 the weekly call-in public access series "ACT UP Live"; film festival screenings; and continuing on-line documentation and streaming internet webcasts. The video activism of DIVA TV ultimately switched media in 1997 with the establishing and continuing development of the ACT UP (New York) website. The most recent DIVA TV-genre video program documenting the history and activism of ACT UP (New York) is the feature-length documentary: "Fight Back, Fight AIDS: 15 Years of ACT UP" (2002), screened at the Berlin Film Festival and exhibited worldwide. DIVA TV programs and camera-original videotapes are currently re-mastered, archived and preserved, and publicly accessible in the collection of the "AIDS Video Activist Video Preservation Project" at the New York Public Library.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_independence">Institutional independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Institutional independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACT UP had an early debate about whether to register the organization as a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit in order to allow contributors <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemptions</a>. Eventually they decided against it, because as Maria Maggenti said, "they didn't want to have anything to do with the government."<sup id="cite_ref-maggenti1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maggenti1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of uncompromising ethos characterized the group in its early stages;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (August 2021)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> eventually it led to a split between those in the group who wanted to remain wholly independent and those who saw opportunities for compromise and progress by "going inside [the institutions and systems they were fighting against]."<sup id="cite_ref-harrington1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Existrans_2017_(37599463410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg/220px-Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg/330px-Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg/440px-Existrans_2017_%2837599463410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Change of civil status, free and <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">liberated</a>, ACTUP <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">trans march</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>ACT UP, while extremely prolific and certainly effective at its peak, suffered from extreme internal pressures over the direction of the group and of the AIDS crisis. After the action at NIH, these tensions resulted in an effective severing of the Action Committee and the Treatment and Data Committee, which reformed itself as the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Group" title="Treatment Action Group">Treatment Action Group</a> (TAG).<sup id="cite_ref-harrington1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several members describe this as a "severing of the dual nature of ACT UP." </p><p>In 2000, ACT UP/Chicago was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Gay_and_Lesbian_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame">Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACT UP chapters continue to meet and protest, albeit with a smaller membership. ACT UP/NY and ACT UP/Philadelphia are particularly robust, with other chapters active elsewhere. Activists from this group started giving out syringes illegally as <a href="/wiki/Prevention_Point_Philadelphia" title="Prevention Point Philadelphia">Prevention Point Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Housing_Works" title="Housing Works">Housing Works</a>, New York's largest AIDS service organization and Health GAP, which fights to expand treatment for people with AIDS throughout the world, are direct outgrowths of ACT UP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factionalism_in_San_Francisco">Factionalism in San Francisco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Factionalism in San Francisco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/ACT_UP/Golden_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT UP/Golden Gate">ACT UP/Golden Gate</a> changed its name to Survive AIDS, to avoid confusion with ACT UP/San Francisco (ACT UP/SF). The two had previously split apart in 1990, but continued to share the same essential philosophy. In 1994, ACT UP/SF began <a href="/wiki/AIDS_denialism" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS denialism">rejecting the scientific consensus</a> regarding the cause of AIDS and the connection to HIV, and the two groups became openly hostile to each other, with mainstream gay and AIDS organizations also condemning ACT UP/SF.<sup id="cite_ref-Vicious_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vicious-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT UP/SF would link up with <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)</a> against animal research into AIDS cures.<sup id="cite_ref-Vicious_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vicious-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restraining orders have been granted after ACT UP/SF members physically attacked AIDS charities that help HIV-positive patients,<sup id="cite_ref-ChronOrder_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChronOrder-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and activists associated with the chapter have been found guilty of misdemeanor charges laid after threatening phone calls to journalists and public health officials.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Organizations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActUp/RI" title="ActUp/RI">ActUp/RI</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> chapter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_Back!" title="Bash Back!">Bash Back!</a>: group of "radical queers" influenced by ACT UP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_Up_Queers" title="Fed Up Queers">Fed Up Queers</a>: group founded through ACT UP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fierce_Pussy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fierce Pussy">Fierce Pussy</a>: NYC lesbian feminist art collective involved with ACT UP promotion and AIDS awareness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Fury" title="Gran Fury">Gran Fury</a>: AIDS activist artist collective associated with ACT UP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Works" title="Housing Works">Housing Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Avengers" title="Lesbian Avengers">Lesbian Avengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a>: group founded after meetings between members of ACT UP NYC and MassActOut</li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bartlett_(activist)" title="Chris Bartlett (activist)">Chris Bartlett (activist)</a>: member of ACT UP Philadelphia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Quinn_Brisben" title="J. Quinn Brisben">J. Quinn Brisben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cox_(activist)" title="Spencer Cox (activist)">Spencer Cox</a>: member of ACT UP New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Feinberg" title="David B. Feinberg">David B. Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Finkelstein" title="Avram Finkelstein">Avram Finkelstein</a>: founding member of ACT UP New York and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Garcia_(AIDS_activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Garcia (AIDS activist) (page does not exist)">Robert Garcia</a>: member of ACT UP New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Gonsalves" title="Gregg Gonsalves">Gregg Gonsalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall veteran</a>, participant in meetings and actions with ACT UP New York, Boston, MassActOut, and what would become the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Petrelis#ACT_UP_Presidential_Project" title="Michael Petrelis">ACT UP Presidential Project</a> in New Hampshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a>: playwright, founding member of <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a>, early member of ACT UP New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kuromiya" title="Kiyoshi Kuromiya">Kiyoshi Kuromiya</a>: member of ACT UP Philadelphia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Lestrade" title="Didier Lestrade">Didier Lestrade</a>: ACT UP Paris co-founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Montgomery" title="Luke Montgomery">Luke Montgomery</a>: member of ACT UP Seattle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Maggenti" title="Maria Maggenti">Maria Maggenti</a>: member of ACT UP New York, filmmaker and documentarian, director of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibly_True_Adventure_of_Two_Girls_in_Love" title="The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love">The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love</a></i>, participant in the <i>ACT UP</i> Oral History Project<sup id="cite_ref-maggenti1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maggenti1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Patten" title="Mary Patten">Mary Patten</a>: member of ACT UP Chicago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Petrelis" title="Michael Petrelis">Michael Petrelis</a>: co-founding member of ACT UP New York, helped organize chapters in several cities nationwide, including the ACT UP Presidential Project; founding member of <a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Reynolds" title="Hunter Reynolds">Hunter Reynolds</a>: member of ACT UP New York, co-founded ART + Positive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Schaffauser" title="Thierry Schaffauser">Thierry Schaffauser</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex worker</a> activist and writer, former member of ACT UP Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Schulman" title="Sarah Schulman">Sarah Schulman</a>: member of ACT UP New York, director of the <i>ACT UP Oral History Project</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a>: helped found ACT UP London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatzi_Weisberger" title="Shatzi Weisberger">Shatzi Weisberger</a>: member of ACT UP New York</li></ul> <p><b>Media and Research</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Survive_a_Plague" title="How to Survive a Plague">How to Survive a Plague</a></i>: documentary, 2012</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_in_Anger:_A_History_of_ACT_UP" title="United in Anger: A History of ACT UP">United in Anger: A History of ACT UP</a></i>: documentary, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401233400/https://smalltownrage.com/">Small Town Rage: Fighting Back in the Deep South</a>: documentary, 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(Beats_per_Minute)" title="BPM (Beats per Minute)">BPM (Beats per Minute)</a><i>:</i> film (about ACT UP Paris), 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaidsactivistproject.org">the AIDS activist project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921021837/https://theaidsactivistproject.org/">Archived</a> 2022-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: documentary book, 2018</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Record_Show:_A_Political_History_of_ACT_UP_New_York,_1987-1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Let the Record Show: A Political History of ACT UP New York, 1987-1993">Let the Record Show: A Political History of ACT UP New York, 1987-1993</a></i>, book by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Schulman" title="Sarah Schulman">Sarah Schulman</a>, 2020</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9781469661339/to-make-the-wounded-whole/">To Make the Wounded Whole: The African American Struggle Against HIV/AIDS</a></i>, book by Dan Royles with material on ACT UP Philadelphia, 2020</li> <li>Deborah B. Gould, <i>Moving Politics. Emotion and Act Up's Fight Against AIDS</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actupny.org/">"ACT UP new york"</a>. <i>actupny.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=actupny.org&rft.atitle=ACT+UP+new+york&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actupny.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimp1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimp1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrimp1990" class="citation book cs1">Crimp, Douglas (1990). <i>AIDS Demographics</i>. Bay Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+Demographics&rft.pub=Bay+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Crimp&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span> (Comprehensive early history of ACT UP, discussion of the various signs and symbols used by ACT UP).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlotcher2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blotcher, Jay (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XS_SnVPixE8C">"ACT UP"</a>. In Gerstner, David A. (ed.). <i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415306515" title="Special:BookSources/9780415306515"><bdi>9780415306515</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ACT+UP&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Queer+Culture&rft.pages=3-7&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415306515&rft.aulast=Blotcher&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXS_SnVPixE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafir2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zafir, Lindsay (2019). "Act Up". In Chiang, Howard; Arondekar, Anjali; Epprecht, Marc; Evans, Jennifer (eds.). <i>Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History</i>. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Act+Up&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopedia+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Transgender%2C+and+Queer+%28LGBTQ%29+History&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zafir&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeland2017" class="citation news cs1">Leland, John (May 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/nyregion/larry-kramer-and-the-birth-of-aids-activism.html">"Twilight of a Difficult Man: Larry Kramer and the Birth of AIDS Activism (Published 2017)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Twilight+of+a+Difficult+Man%3A+Larry+Kramer+and+the+Birth+of+AIDS+Activism+%28Published+2017%29&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F19%2Fnyregion%2Flarry-kramer-and-the-birth-of-aids-activism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2013" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Marc (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/march-on-washington/exhibit/by-marc-stein">"Memories of the 1987 March on Washington"</a>. <i>OutHistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OutHistory.org&rft.atitle=Memories+of+the+1987+March+on+Washington&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fouthistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fmarch-on-washington%2Fexhibit%2Fby-marc-stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northeastern-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northeastern_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northeastern_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297047">"ACT UP/Boston Historical Records"</a>. Northeastern University Libraries Archives. January 2008. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2047%2FD20297047">2047/D20297047</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Interview with Sarah Schulman and Jim Hubbard. ACTUP Oral History Project. February 16, 2005. MIX: The New York Lesbian & Gay Experimental Film Festival. 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The New York Lesbian & Gay Experimental Film Festival, Inc. February 24, 2015. pp. 20–21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actuporalhistory.org/interviews/images/keane.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2018</span>. <q>I put my hands out, and suddenly I have the Communion wafer in my hands, and the priest says, "This is the body of Christ," and I say, "Opposing safe-sex education is murder." Then I sort of—I didn't really know what to do, and I think in some sense, some part of me was sort of saying, "Well, fine. You guys think you can tell us that you reject us, that we don't belong, so I'm going to reject you." 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San Francisco Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfweekly.com/content/printVersion/306128">the original</a> on January 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Men+Behaving+Viciously%3B+How+ACT+UP+San+Francisco+spreads+spit%2C+fake+blood%2C+used+cat+litter%2C+and+potentially+deadly+misinformation+through+the+AIDS+community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfweekly.com%2Fcontent%2FprintVersion%2F306128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronOrder-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChronOrder_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeredia2010" class="citation news cs1">Heredia, Christopher (September 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/11/11/MN113803.DTL">"S.F.'s ACT UP Ordered to Back Off"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S.F.%27s+ACT+UP+Ordered+to+Back+Off&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.aulast=Heredia&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2000%2F11%2F11%2FMN113803.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308204209/http://gay.com/news/article.html?2003%2F08%2F06%2F1">"Activists sentenced for misdemeanors"</a>. Gay.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gay.com/news/article.html?2003/08/06/1">the original</a> on March 8, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Activists+sentenced+for+misdemeanors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgay.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.html%3F2003%2F08%2F06%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2009" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Deborah B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226305318.001.0001"><i>Moving Politics</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226305318.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226305318.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30530-1"><bdi>978-0-226-30530-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+Politics&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226305318.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30530-1&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Deborah+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226305318.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group (1990). "Women, AIDS, and Activism." South End Press.</li> <li>ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group (1993). "La Mujer, el SIDA, y el Activismo." South End Press.</li> <li>Brier, Jennifer (2009). "Infectious Ideas: U.S. Political Responses to the AIDS Crisis." University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Laurence, Leslie (1997). "Outrageous Practices: How Gender Bias Threatens Women's Health." Rutgers University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman2015" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lillian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eT8jBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Gay Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451694130" title="Special:BookSources/9781451694130"><bdi>9781451694130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gay+Revolution&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781451694130&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeT8jBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACT+UP" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297079">ACT UP/Boston (David Stitt) collection, 1986-1994</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297047">ACT UP / Boston (Raymond Schmidt and Stephen Skuce) collection, 1987-2007 (bulk 1988-1995)</a> are housed at the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/3622">AIDS Activist Videotape Collection, 1983-2000</a> (630 VHS tapes) is housed at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> Manuscripts and Archives Division.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM07574.html">Robert Garcia Papers, 1988-1993</a> (9 cubic feet) are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/3376">Women's Action Coalition Records, 1991-1997</a> (8 linear feet) are housed at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> Manuscripts and Archives Division.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/archivalcollections/pdf/actupny_0.pdf">ACT UP New York records, 1969, 1982-1997</a>, Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/archives/70436">Photographs and film regarding ACT UP New York and The Costas, 1987-1991, 2008</a>, Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/ead/human/mssroyal/">AIDS Activist Videotape Collection at the New York Public Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220011614/http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/ead/human/mssroyal/">Archived</a> 2017-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actupny.org/video/index.html">Documentary "ACT UP, Fight Back, Fight AIDS: 15 Years of ACT UP" (2002)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedinanger.com/">Documentary, "UNITED IN ANGER: A History of ACT UP" (2012), by Jim Hubbard & Sarah Schulman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outweek.net/">OutWeek Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/fales/bytsura/">Bill Bytsura ACT UP Photography Collection at The Fales Library & Special Collections of NYU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/fales/klein/index.html">Alan Klein papers at The Fales Library & Special Collections of NYU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/fales/blotcher/index.html">Jay Blotcher papers at The Fales Library & Special Collections of NYU</a></li> <li>"The Making of an AIDS Activist: Larry Kramer" and "ACT UP", pp. 162–166, Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221073017/http://williamapercy.com/pub-Outing.htm"><i>Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence.</i></a> New York and London: Haworth Press, 1994.</li> <li>"AIDS Assaults Courts Controversy with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cornell_Robinson" title="Andrew Cornell Robinson">Andrew Cornell Robinson</a>'s Obscene Ceramics", SOWEBO, ACT UP Exhibition, Baltimore, MD. 1991 Group Show & ACT UP benefit courts controversy, Harry Newspaper, Baltimore, MD, July 1991, Vol 2, p. 1</li> <li>Curley, Mallory. <i>A Cookie Mueller Encyclopedia</i>, Randy Press, 2010.</li> <li>Lowery, Jack. <i>It Was Vulgar and It Was Beautiful: How AIDS Activists Used Art to Fight a Pandemic</i>. New York: Bold Type Books, 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT_UP&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actupny.org/">ACT UP New York</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.kramer" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.kramer">Larry Kramer Papers</a>. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template talk:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACT UP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Larry_Kramer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Larry_Kramer" title="Template:Larry Kramer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Larry_Kramer" title="Template talk:Larry Kramer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Larry_Kramer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Larry Kramer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Larry_Kramer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Normal_Heart" title="The Normal Heart">The Normal Heart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No_(play)" title="Just Say No (play)">Just Say No</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destiny_of_Me" title="The Destiny of Me">The Destiny of Me</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Faggots_(novel)" title="Faggots (novel)">Faggots</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Love_(film)" title="Women in Love (film)">Women in Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Horizon_(1973_film)" title="Lost Horizon (1973 film)">Lost Horizon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Normal_Heart_(film)" title="The Normal Heart (film)">The Normal Heart</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACT UP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Today%27s_Gays" title="The Tragedy of Today's Gays">The Tragedy of Today's Gays</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kramer" title="Arthur Kramer">Arthur Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125948024">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31164294782708410728">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/804159474356727662935">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ACT UP (Organization)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90640141">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352274805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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