CINXE.COM

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href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s" title="Trailblazers from the 1970s">Trailblazers from the 1970s</a><ul class="site-map-menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/caron-wishart">Caron Wishart</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/christine-kates">Christine Kates</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/christine-riddolls-anderson">Christine Riddolls Anderson</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/dianne-caldwell">Dianne Caldwell</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/dr-margaret-ann-wilkinson">Dr. Margaret-Ann Wilkinson</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/elinore-richardson">Elinore Richardson</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/elizabeth-mcintyre">Elizabeth McIntyre</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/ella-m-yeti-agnew">Ella M. (Yeti) Agnew</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-bonnie-croll">Hon. Bonnie Croll</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-elizabeth-stewart">Hon. Elizabeth Stewart</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-gloria-epstein">Hon. Gloria Epstein</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-kathryn-n-feldman">Hon. Kathryn N. Feldman</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-margaret-eberhard">Hon. Margaret Eberhard</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/hon-ruth-mesbur">Hon. Ruth Mesbur</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/janet-minor">Janet Minor</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/katharine-rounthwaite">Katharine Rounthwaite</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/linda-gehrke">Linda Gehrke</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/lisa-m-weinstein">Lisa M. Weinstein</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/louise-barrington">Louise Barrington</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/lynda-c-etanaka">Lynda C. E.Tanaka</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/margaret-dawn-mcconnell">Margaret Dawn McConnell</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/maureen-simpson">Maureen Simpson</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/patricia-conway">Patricia Conway</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/priscilla-healy">Priscilla Healy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/priscilla-platt">Priscilla Platt</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/rebecca-hunter">Rebecca Hunter</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/shanon-grauer">Shanon Grauer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/sherry-l-martin">Sherry L. Martin</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s/susan-grundy">Susan Grundy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades" title="Women in Law Through the Decades">Women in Law Through the Decades</a><ul class="site-map-menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades/1950">Before 1950</a><ul class="site-map-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades/1950/ivy-lawrence-maynier-45">Ivy Lawrence Maynier '45</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades/1950s">1950s</a><ul class="site-map-menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades/1950s/anna-bacon-ker-52">Anna Bacon Ker '52</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades/1960s">1960s</a></li> <li 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<li class="leaf"><a href="/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact the Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/comments-or-questions">Comments or Questions?</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="site-map-taxonomys"> <div class="site-map-box-terms site-map-box-terms-2 site-map-box"><h2 class="title">Focus Area</h2><div class="content"> <ul> <li><a href="/focus-area/aboriginal-law" title="The Faculty of Law&nbsp;has long been dedicated to enhancing the presence of Indigenous scholars and ideas at the law school.&nbsp;Through recruiting Indigenous students to the Faculty, offering innovative courses in Aboriginal and Indigenous law, or providing students with opportunities to put their legal knowledge to work on behalf of Indigenous communities, the Faculty has worked to enhance the Native voice in our educational community.&nbsp;">Aboriginal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/animal-law" title="Animals and the Law (LAW253H1F)This course will analyze the history of the legal treatment of these different kinds of nonhuman animals, asking throughout about the limits of a sentient or living property concept when its objects are also subjects with some (albeit weak) legal rights. Topics to be explored will include federal anti-cruelty protection and provincial welfare legislation in Canada, the persons v. property debate and emerging alternatives to it, Indigenous perspectives on nonhuman animals and how a history of conflict with the animal rights movement can be recreated in cooperative terms, wild animals (in and not in captivity), fish and other aquatic animals given the special considerations they raise, recent “ag gag” legislation in Canada, and “clean meat” and other game-changers that will make it possible to move away from relying on nonhuman animals for food.The course has been offered every fall from 2021 to 2024 in a large group format, with a practicum component added in 2024.Additional courses:&nbsp;Directed Research Program&nbsp;(LAW291H1F)Directed Research Program&nbsp;(LAW291Y1Y)Directed Research Program&nbsp;(LAW291H1S)">Animal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/business-law" title="Located downtown in the global financial centre of Toronto, the Faculty engages lawyers, business executives and policymakers in its activities, bringing real-life deals and cases to the classroom.&nbsp; With active scholarly workshops, joint JD/MBA and other degrees, a new Global Professional LLM in Business Law, and collaboration with the Rotman School of Management, the University of Toronto Faculty of Law is the premier place for learning about how law and regulation impact business here in Canada and around the world.The Faculty of Law has built a robust community around the study and practice of business law.&nbsp; Our scholars are doing cutting-edge research on issues like the regulation of capital markets, corporate governance, bankruptcy and restructuring, deal-making, and more.&nbsp; Students have the opportunity to concentrate on corporate law or pursue a joint degree in business administration, and to participate in hands-on clinics and a variety of other activities.&nbsp; The Faculty’s activities in business law have benefited from its traditional strengths in the area of law &amp; economics – a scholarly approach that applies economic methods and tools to all aspects of law.">Business Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/constitutional-law" title="The study of constitutional law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law combines a wide range of approaches, including theory, history, doctrine and practice.Constitutional law provides one of the basic components of every lawyer's training and becomes the foundation of many other law school courses. The first year course focuses on the development of Canadian federalism, the Charter and Aboriginal issues. Students in upper years can choose from a rich array of elective courses that offer the opportunity for more intensive study of substantive issues (such as aboriginal rights, freedom of expression and equality), practice (such as Advanced Criminal Evidence and Constitutional Litigation) as well as theory and history.The course offerings in constitutional law are complemented by the Constitutional Roundtable.&nbsp; Organized by the David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights, the Roundtable provides an important forum for Canadian and foreign scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners to come to&nbsp;the Faculty to examine a wide array of constitutional questions from&nbsp; inter-disciplinary, comparative, theoretical and practice perspectives.">Constitutional Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/criminal-law" title="Criminal law at the University of Toronto is a multifaceted subject that sits at the intersection of several academic disciplines and cuts to the core of fundamental matters of public policy and social justice, domestically and internationally.For students or potential students interested in focusing on criminal law during their studies at U of T Law, see also the Criminal Law Career Explorer page.">Criminal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/environmental-law" title="The University of Toronto Faculty of Law offers a unique setting for the study of environmental law. Our faculty counts leading experts in the subject among its ranks, including the endowed Metcalf Chair in Environmental Law. The city of Toronto is a centre of environmental activity, as the home of many environmental groups and environmental law practices.Our environmental law curriculum builds upon the core areas of legal education in first year, many of which intersect with environmental law, and draws on the wide range of course offerings in the upper years to create opportunities for individualized programs of study.&nbsp;">Environmental Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/health-law-and-policy" title="Health Law and Policy FacultyHealth Law and Policy includes faculty members who are among the leading scholars in Canada on a variety of health care issues. See the faculty.Career ExplorerFor students or potential students interested in focusing on Health Law during their studies at U of T Law, see the Health Law Career Explorer page.International&nbsp;Reproductive and Sexual Health Law ProgrammeThe International&nbsp;Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Programme&nbsp;aims to improve protection and promotion of rights relating to reproductive and sexual health.Health Law and Policy Seminar SeriesThe&nbsp;Health Law, Ethics and Policy Series brings guest speakers to the Faculty of Law to&nbsp;stimulate the discussion&nbsp;of issues related to the intersection of law with health care and related ethical and social issues. For some years, the workshops are available to be viewed in video.Interdisciplinary RelationshipsHealth Law and Policy is nourished by associations with other academic departments, programs, institutions and research centres at the University of Toronto, such as the International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Programme, the Collaborative Programme in Global Health, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Governance, Accountability and Transparency in the Pharmaceutical Sector, the Institute of Health Management, Policy and Evaluation, the Joint Centre for Bioethics., and the David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights.Projects and ConferencesHealth Law and Policy faculty have organized and implemented numerous projects and conferences exploring health law and policy.The proceedings of the conference Reference Re Assisted Human Reproduction Act: Implications of the Supreme Court’s Decision were gathered into a book:Regulating Creation: The Law, Ethics, and Policy of Assisted Human ReproductionTrudo Lemmens, Andrew Flavelle Martin, Cheryl Milne, and Ian B. Lee, editorsIn 2004, the Assisted Human Reproduction Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada. However, a 2010 Supreme Court of Canada decision ruled that key parts of the act were invalid. Regulating Creation is a collection of essays built around the 2010 ruling.Publisher's web page">Health Law and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/innovation-law" title="The University of Toronto serves as crucial focal point for legal and policy education and collaborations on innovation law. The Faculty of Law prepares our law graduates for practicing law in today’s world of rapid innovation and technological advances. The Faculty also strives to bring together the Canadian judiciary, scholars, policy-makers, practitioners, and entrepreneurs by offering programming in emerging legal issues related to intellectual property, technology, and privacy, in areas ranging from biotechnology and health to patent and anticompetition law within Canada and internationally.">Innovation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/international-law-and-policy" title="The Faculty of Law stands at the forefront of the exciting and rapidly changing area of international law and policy. Our faculty members include leading academics in international, comparative, and transnational legal studies who are developing concrete and comprehensive responses to the challenges of globalization. We offer our students an extensive array of opportunities to immerse themselves in the study of global legal issues through coursework, clinical experiences, internships, journals, student groups, joint programs, workshops, moot competitions, and international exchanges. We welcome you to explore this page for more information.">International Law and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/law-and-economics" title="The Michael J. Trebilcock Law and Economics program is a long-standing example of the Faculty of Law’s belief in interdisciplinary approaches to the study of law, and the law school is one of the leading global centres for research in this field.">Law and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/law-and-history" title="FacultySeveral faculty members at U of T Law work on diverse aspects of legal history.See the list of faculty members working on Law and HistoryOsgoode Society Legal History WorkshopThe Osgoode Society Legal History Workshop is hosted at U of T Law and sponsored by the Osgoode Society. Participants in this informal evening seminar&nbsp; are graduate students and faculty in law and history from U of T, York, McMaster and other institutions, as well as law students. All law students with an interest in legal history are welcome.Special Features Prof. Angela Fernandez is an Executive Committee Member of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Legal History.Wright Lecture: Robert W. Gordon, "Caesar” Wright’s Legacy:&nbsp; The Necessarily Uneasy Relation Between Legal Education and Legal Practice"Wright Lecture: Martti Koskenniemi, "Empire and International Law: The Spanish Contribution"Nexus magazine: The Wright stuff - The Faculty of Law’s Dean Cecil ‘Caesar’ Wright had a transformative vision for law school that still reverberates todayProf. Martin Friedland: 'The Enigmatic W.P.M. Kennedy': Prof. Martin Friedland writes about the law school's first deanExcerpt from Prof. Friedland's Introduction to W.P.M. Kennedy's 1922 classic 'The Constitution of Canada'">Law and History</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/law-and-literature" title="Law is a part of culture. There are deep connections between legal procedures for resolving disputes, the kinds of harms that a court will recognize and the remedies it will provide, and the rules that govern the admission and evaluation of evidence, for example, and the ways that a culture imagines the forms of life it includes and the techniques for representing them. Law and literature have much in common, too, as rhetorical activities based on narrative.&nbsp; Both attempt to shape reality by using language to persuade the reader or listener. This program is dedicated to exploring the relations between law and literature as a conversation in which both aspects of a larger culture have an ongoing and dynamic influence on each other.">Law and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/law-and-philosophy" title="The Law and Philosophy group at the University of Toronto is widely regarded as one of the most important cadres of legal philosophers in North America.&nbsp;The&nbsp;work&nbsp;of these scholars&nbsp;affects a wide range of issues in the law and in many&nbsp;other disciplines.">Law and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/public-interest-and-diversity" title="We believe that an outstanding educational institution is also a socially responsible one. Our school’s engagement with the pursuit of social justice and commitment to diversity are essential components of our educational program.Programs and OpportunitiesLegal ClinicsInternational Human RightsPro Bono Students CanadaHuman Rights&nbsp;InternshipsJD/Master of Social WorkJD/Certificate in Sexual Diversity StudiesLAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)June Callwood Program in Aboriginal LawCareers in Public Interest LawDavid Asper Centre for Constitutional RightsCareer Explorer&nbsp;Student GroupsBlack Law Students' AssociationJewish Law Students' AssociationMandate For Public Interest LawMuslim Law Students' AssociationAboriginal Law Students' AssociationOut In LawSouth Asian Law Students' AssociationWomen and the LawJournals and ResourcesIndigenous Law JournalJournal of Law and EqualityWomen's Human Rights Resources">Public Interest and Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/focus-area/women-law-and-social-change" title="Women in Law Through the DecadesIt’s been&nbsp;over 100&nbsp;years since the first female barrister in Canada – in fact, the entire British Empire – graduated from U of T with an LLB, yet a mere 30 years since women started entering the profession in any significant numbers. Read more.Meet our&nbsp;Female FacultyOur female faculty members, numbering over 20 in total, are among the leading scholars nationally and internationally on a wide range of subjects, including many that have particular significance for women. See a directory of our female faculty.Women and the Law Student GroupFeminist Law Students' AssociationThis student organization addresses the ways in which women and the law intersect: women at the law school, women in the legal profession, women affected by the law. Read more.This student organization's goal is to recognize and promote the discussion of gender inequalities within both the law school community and society at large. Read More.Women's Human Rights ResourcesLegal ClinicThe Women's Human Rights Resources (WHRR) web site is is a free, accessible on-line bibliography and library of international women's rights law. Read more.Faculty of Law&nbsp;students can participate&nbsp;in the&nbsp;The Barbra Schlifer Memoral Clinic for women victims of violence.International Programme on Reproductive and Sexual Health LawThe International Programme on Reproductive and Sexual Health Law aims to improve protection and promotion of rights relating to reproductive and sexual health. Read more.The Women's Court of CanadaProf. Denise Réaume is one of the founders of the Women's Court of Canada. She describes the project in an article in the 2008 issue of Nexus. The Court was launched in May 2008 with the conference "Rewriting Equality", held jointly between the University of Toronto Faculty of Law and Osgoode Hall Law School. The conference can be viewed in a webcast.">Women in Law and Social Change</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="footer-wrapper"> <div id="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-top"> <div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block"> <h2>Social media</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="social-media"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/uoftlaw" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/UofTLaw" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li> <li class="linked-in"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/university-of-toronto-faculty-of-law" target="_blank">Linked In</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/UTorontoLaw/" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/UofTLaw/" target="_blank">Instagram</a></li> <li class="tumblr"><a href="http://84queenspark.tumblr.com/" 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