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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Användningsområden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Användningsområden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reflexivitet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 12 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="انعكاسية (النظرية الاجتماعية) – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انعكاسية (النظرية الاجتماعية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivitat_(teoria_social)" title="Reflexivitat (teoria social) – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reflexivitat (teoria social)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivita_(sociologie)" title="Reflexivita (sociologie) – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reflexivita (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksivitet" title="Refleksivitet – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Refleksivitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory) – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reflexivity (social theory)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexividad_(teor%C3%ADa_social)" title="Reflexividad (teoría social) – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reflexividad (teoría social)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بازاندیشی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازاندیشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9flexivit%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)" title="Réflexivité (sciences sociales) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réflexivité (sciences sociales)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivit%C3%A1s_(k%C3%B6zgazdas%C3%A1gtan)" title="Reflexivitás (közgazdaságtan) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reflexivitás (közgazdaságtan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksivitet" title="Refleksivitet – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Refleksivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksiflik" title="Refleksiflik – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Refleksiflik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%BA%AB%E6%80%A7" title="反身性 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反身性" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r51224235">.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fbfbfb;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox th.ambox-text,.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-text{padding:.25em .5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-image{padding:2px 0 2px .5em;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-imageright{padding:2px 4px 2px 0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete,.mw-parser-output table.ambox-serious{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .messagebox{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f8f9fa;width:80%;margin:0 auto 1em auto;padding:.2em}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.merge{border:1px solid #c0b8cc;background-color:#f0e5ff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.cleanup{border:1px solid #9f9fff;background-color:#efefff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.nested-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;width:100%;margin:2px 4px}</style><table class="metadata ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/40px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/60px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/80px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här artikeln <b>behöver fler eller bättre <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källhänvisningar</a> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a>.</b> <small>(2014-09)</small> <br /><small>Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">gärna som fotnoter</a>). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan <a href="/wiki/Mall:K%C3%A4lla_beh%C3%B6vs" title="Mall:Källa behövs">ifrågasättas</a> och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Reflexivitet" title="Diskussion:Reflexivitet">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Reflexivitet</b> är en term som används för att beskriva när något refererar till sig självt via något utanför sig självt. Genom att iaktta sig själv i förhållande till omvärlden, skapar människan en identitet, och förhåller sig till omvärldens krav. Möjligheten till självreferens kan således även tillämpas samhälleliga system och organisationer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi">Etymologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Etymologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Etymologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Begreppet kommer närmast från <i>reflexiv</i> som har sin härledning ur <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinets</a> <i>reflecto</i> "böja bakåt", "vrida på", "kröka sig bakåt", "omvända"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Principen om reflexivitet förkunnades kanske först av sociologen William Thomas (1923, 1928) i hans Thomas teorem: "Om människor definierar situationer som verkliga blir de verkliga till sina konsekvenser." <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Användningsområden"><span id="Anv.C3.A4ndningsomr.C3.A5den"></span>Användningsområden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Användningsområden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Användningsområden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflexivitet definieras på tre olika sätt inom <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llsvetenskap" title="Samhällsvetenskap">samhällsvetenskap</a>: <i>beskrivande</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metodologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Metodologi">metodologiskt</a></i> och <i><a href="/wiki/Kunskapsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunskapsteori">kunskapsteoretiskt</a></i>. </p><p>På individnivån är reflexiviteten en process där vi, genom att jämföra oss med andra förstår både oss själva och de andra och skapar ett jag. Detta har myntats av den tyske ungdomsforskaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ziehe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ziehe [inte skriven än]">Thomas Ziehe</a>. Så här formulerar sig Lalander-Johansson i boken <i>Ungdomsgrupper i teori och praktik</i>: </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">"Reflexivitet är individens möjlighet till <i>självreferenser</i>, att ständigt analysera och tematisera den egna identiteten mot bakgrund av det <i>vetande</i> samhället inbegriper. Denna process är tydlig i ungdomars jakt efter identitet, eller en forskares relation till sitt forskningsobjekt. </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4em;text-align:right;font-size:smaller">– Lalander-Johansson i boken <i>Ungdomsgrupper i teori och praktik</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Termen kan även referera till problematiken för forskare att vara neutrala i forskning avseende andra kulturer och folkgrupper med tanke på forskarens egen tillhörighet till en viss kultur. Denna bakgrund kan ge honom ett kulturbundet tankemönster som påverkar bedömningen av sitt forskningsobjekt. Här refererar begreppet även till <a href="/wiki/Socialkonstruktivism" title="Socialkonstruktivism">socialkonstruktivism</a>. </p><p>Självreflexiviteten kan vara det som utmärker den västerländska medelklassen genom det ständigt skapande och återskapande av "jaget". Ett modernt exempel på denna typ av skapande av identitet är sättet folk skapar bilder av sig själva via sociala medier, något som Jonas Frykman refererar till som "konsten att skapa sig själv" [Ljusnande framtid]. </p><p>Enligt Ulrich Bech främjar det moderna reflexiva samhället <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistiska</a> tankesätt och okritisk självsyn: Först när inåtvändhet är för dominerande i ens identitetsutveckling, finns det anledning att oroa sig, eftersom man tappar kontakten med omvärlden. Man kan dock argumentera emot det påståendet, då självhjälpsrörelser är en modern form av reflexivitet som motverkar "okritisk självsyn" och den formen av narcissism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="Detta behöver förtydligas (2014-09)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivt_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Reflexivt samhälle">Reflexivt samhälle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvreferens" title="Självreferens">Självreferens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturanalys" title="Kulturanalys">Kulturanalys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>, uppslagsord: Reflexivitet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">The child in America: Behavior problems and programs. W.I. Thomas and D.S. Thomas. New York: Knopf, 1928: 571-572</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com">Sociology Encyclopedia</a>, uppslagsord: reflexivity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivitet&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ungdomsgrupper i teori och praktik; <i>P. Lalander, T Johansson Studentlitteratur, <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> s. 102</i></li> <li>Graf, Heike: ”Reflexivitet“, i: Peter Berglez / Ulrika Olausson (red): Mediesamhället: Centrala begrepp, Lund: Studentlitteratur: 2009</li> <li>Ziehe, Thomas (1994). Kulturanalyser : ungdom, utbildning, modernitet: essäer. Stockholm: Symposion</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ziehe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ziehe [inte skriven än]">Ziehe, Thomas</a> (2000). Adjö till sjuttiotalet!. I Berg, Jens (red). Pedagogik : en grundbok. Stockholm: Liber. 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