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Jacob S. Coxey Sr. - Wikipedia
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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jacob S. Coxey Sr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_S._Coxey,_Sr._(The_Coxey_Plan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png/220px-Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png/330px-Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png/440px-Jacob_S._Coxey%2C_Sr._%28The_Coxey_Plan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Coxey in 1914</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1931 – December 31, 1931</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jacob Sechler Coxey</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-04-16</span>)</span>April 16, 1854<br /><a href="/wiki/Selinsgrove,_Pennsylvania" title="Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania">Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 18, 1951<span style="display:none">(1951-05-18)</span> (aged 97)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874–89)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891–1908)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1912)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–26)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926–32)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–36)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–42)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Businessman, landowner, political activist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacob Sechler Coxey Sr.</b> (April 16, 1854 – May 18, 1951), sometimes known as <b>General Coxey</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a>, was an American politician who ran for office several times in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. Twice, in 1894 and 1914, he led "<a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a>", a group of unemployed men who marched to Washington, D.C., to present a "Petition in Boots" demanding that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> allocate funds to create jobs for the unemployed. Although the marches failed, Coxey's Army was an early attempt to arouse political interest in an issue that grew in importance until the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> of 1935 encouraged the establishment of state unemployment insurance programs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacob Sechler Coxey was born on April 16, 1854, in <a href="/wiki/Selinsgrove,_Pennsylvania" title="Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania">Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania</a>, the son of the former Mary Ann Sechler and Thomas Coxey.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father worked in a sawmill at the time Jacob was born, but the family pulled up stakes to move to industrially thriving <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Pennsylvania" title="Danville, Pennsylvania">Danville, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1860, with Jacob's father taking a job working in an iron mill.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known as Jake, Coxey excelled in school, attending local <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a> and at least one additional year in a <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private academy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before leaving to take his first job at the age of 16 as a water boy in the mill where his father worked.<sup id="cite_ref-Odyssey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coxey spent eight years at the iron mill, advancing through the ranks from water boy to machine oiler, boiler tender, and finally to stationary engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coxey left the mill in 1878 to establish a business partnership with an uncle in a <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> scrap-iron business.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, Coxey went on a scrap iron buying trip to the town of <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon</a>, located 325 miles to the west, in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coxey liked the town so much that he decided to stay, cashing out of the scrap iron business and using the proceeds to purchase a large farm and establish a quarry producing <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> sand for the manufacture of glass and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coxey was a passionate equestrian, who bred blooded horses and raced or sold them across the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Study_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse racing was among the most popular spectator sports in the United States and Coxey's horse-breeding enterprise was prosperous, but he fell into gambling on racing, which contributed to the end of his first marriage in 1888, after 14 years and four children.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander8_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coxey would remarry in 1891, siring two more children, including a son named "Legal Tender" in honor of his father's quirky monetary obsessions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_political_interests">First political interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First political interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coxey was born to parents who supported the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and he entered politics under this banner. With the coming of the economic crisis of 1877, Coxey became a partisan of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Greenback Party">United States Greenback Party</a>, which ascribed the nations economic woes to faulty economic principles which led to a severe contraction of the money supply in the years after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Prosperity could be restored, Greenbackers believed, by the issuance of sufficient quantities of paper money.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a> emerged at the start of the 1890s, it earned the support of Coxey and most other Greenbackers and he shifted his allegiance to that political organization. </p><p>Coxey had experience as a laborer and an employer; he was also aware of the agricultural situation. He was a reformer who was willing to spend time and money to promote his plans for the betterment of the social order.<sup id="cite_ref-Study_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coxey was regarded by many contemporary observers as convincingly earnest. One reporter wrote, "He seems to be profoundly impressed with the suffering of mankind and with a belief that there is a deep-laid plan of monopolist to crush the poor to the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-Study_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was often branded as a crank for challenging the economic system that made him so prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-Odyssey_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coxey's_Army"><span id="Coxey.27s_Army"></span>Coxey's Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coxey's Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1893 a severe <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> swept the United States – a crisis remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. Unemployment skyrocketed,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bank_runs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank runs">bank runs</a> paralyzed the local financial system, and credit dried up, while a protracted period of <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> put negative pressure on wages, prompting widespread <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lockouts</a> and strikes. </p><p>Never one to be short of either self-confidence or political ambition, Coxey believed that he had a cure for the nation's economic woes and began espousing a plan of <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a>, specifically road improvement, to be financed through the issuance of $500 million in paper money, backed by government bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expenditure would in one swoop improve infrastructure, put unemployed workers to work, and loosen the strangled credit situation, Coxey believed.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accompany his novel and controversial economic program, organized around the slogan "Good Roads",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coxey and his close political associate <a href="/wiki/Carl_Browne" title="Carl Browne">Carl Browne</a> devised a novel political strategy designed to force the United States government into action.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than attempt to form a conventional political organization to capture decision-making offices, Coxey decided upon a course of what would later be known as <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> — the assembly of a mass of unemployed workers who would boldly march on Washington, D.C., to demand immediate satisfaction of their needs by Congress. This plan began to take shape early in the spring of 1894, to the point that by March the managing editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Record">Chicago Record</a></i> would assign young reporter <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</a> to cover the "queer chap down there in Massillon" who was "getting up an army of the unemployed to march on Washington."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many members of Coxey's family were opposed to his involvement in <a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a>. His father refused to talk to reporters and called his son "stiff necked", "cranky", and "pig-headed".<sup id="cite_ref-Odyssey_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Coxey's sisters called him an embarrassment. </p><p>He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> circa 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coxey lived to be 97 years old. When asked his secret to longevity, he told reporters an array of reasons from elixirs to not resisting temptation.<sup id="cite_ref-Odyssey_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_timeline">Political career timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political career timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1885: Ran as the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a> for a seat in the Ohio State Senate but lost in his first attempt at public office. </p><p>1894: Led <a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a>, a march that started in Ohio, and passed through Pittsburgh in April.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in the march dwindled in mid May.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coxey was concerned with the lack of meaningful work, and thus demanded that the federal government provide such for the unemployed. Coxey, his wife, and his son, Legal Tender Coxey, rode in a carriage ahead of some 400 protesters towards Washington D.C. He was arrested for walking on the grass and his army peacefully dispersed. Although it didn't seem to have much effect, the march on Washington and the growing threat of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> at this time struck fear into the hearts of many. </p><p>1894: Nominated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States People's Party">People's Party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Election_Results,_U.S._Representative_from_Ohio,_18th_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Results, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 18th District">18th District</a> seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. </p><p>1895: Nominated by People's Party for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a>. </p><p>1897: Nominated by People's Party for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a>. </p><p>1916: Unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. </p><p>1922: Ran as an independent for the U.S. House in the <a href="/wiki/Election_Results,_U.S._Representative_from_Ohio,_18th_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Results, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 18th District">18th District</a> against incumbent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/B._Frank_Murphy" title="B. Frank Murphy">B. Franklin Murphy</a> and lost. </p><p>1924: Ran as an independent for the U.S. House against <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> incumbent <a href="/wiki/John_McSweeney_(Ohio_politician)" title="John McSweeney (Ohio politician)">John McSweeney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Election_Results,_U.S._Representative_from_Ohio,_16th_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Results, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 16th District">16th District</a>, losing again. </p><p>1926: Ran for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican Party's</a> nomination for the 16th District seat and lost in the primary election. </p><p>1928: Again tried unsuccessfully to get the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate in the primary. In the general election, he ran as an independent for the U.S. House in the <a href="/wiki/Election_Results,_U.S._Representative_from_Ohio,_16th_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Results, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 16th District">16th District</a>, against McSweeney again (who lost his seat to the Republican challenger <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._McClintock" title="Charles B. McClintock">Charles B. McClintock</a>). He also received two votes in the race for Frank Murphy's seat. He also ran for President as the candidate of the Interracial Independent Political Party with Simon P. W. Drew as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1930: Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee in the 16th District U.S. House primary. </p><p>1931: Elected as mayor of Massillon. </p><p>1932: Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee in the 16th District U.S. House primary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>: Unsuccessfully ran for the office of President of the United States on the ticket of the <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">United States Farmer-Labor Party</a>. </p><p>1934: Again lost the contest to be the Republican nominee in the 16th District U.S. House primary. </p><p>1936: Again challenged Democratic incumbent <a href="/wiki/William_R._Thom" title="William R. Thom">William R. Thom</a>, the successor to McSweeney and McClintock in the 16th U.S. House District, this time under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Union Party">Union Party</a>, and again losing. </p><p>1938: Contested for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party's</a> nomination in the 16th District primaries and lost. </p><p>1941: Unsuccessfully tried to get the Democratic nomination for mayor of Massillon after losing his seat in 1933. </p><p>1942: Contested for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party's</a> nomination in the 16th District primaries and lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_21st_congressional_district#Election_results" title="Ohio's 21st congressional district">Ohio's 21st congressional district#Election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_18th_congressional_district#Election_results" title="Ohio's 18th congressional district">Ohio's 18th congressional district#Election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district#Election_results" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">Ohio's 16th congressional district#Election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_S._Coxey_Sr.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com.au/genealogy/records/jacob-sechler-coxey_26998765">"Jacob Sechler Coxey"</a>, www.ancestry.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander5_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander5_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin F. Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army: Popular Protest in the Gilded Age.</i> Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015; p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odyssey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odyssey_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odyssey_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odyssey_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odyssey_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwantes, Carlos A. Coxey's army: an American odyssey. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander8_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander8_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander8_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Study-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Study_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Study_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Study_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald L. McMurry, <i>Coxey's Army: A Study of the Industrial Army Movement of 1894.</i> Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1968; p. ???</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman Tower Sargent, <i>Extremism in America</i>. New York: University of New York Press, 1995; p. ???</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although statistics of the day are incomplete, some estimates peg the unemployment rate at nearly 20%. See, for instance, Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald L. McMurry, <i>Coxey's Army: A Study in Industrial Unrest, 1893–1898.</i> Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1929; pp. 32–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Alexander, <i>Coxey's Army</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Oakley C. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MarxismUSHistoryBeforeRussianRev">Marxism In United States History Before the Russian Revolution (1876–1917)</a></i>. New York: Humanities Press. 1974. p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/04/06/106901442.pdf">"Coxey has a new commissary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i> (April 6). 1894<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coxey+has+a+new+commissary&rft.issue=April+6&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F04%2F06%2F106901442.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+S.+Coxey+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/05/11/106904393.pdf">"Coxey's Army Dwindling Away"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i> (May 11). 1894<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coxey%27s+Army+Dwindling+Away&rft.issue=May+11&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F05%2F11%2F106904393.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+S.+Coxey+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050309235702/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,787279,00.html">"Fifth Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. June 18, 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,787279,00.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Fifth+Party&rft.date=1928-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C787279%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+S.+Coxey+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328113358/http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/farmer_l.htm">"Profile of the Farmer-Labor Party"</a>. <i>cresswellslist.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/farmer_l.htm">the original</a> on March 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cresswellslist.com&rft.atitle=Profile+of+the+Farmer-Labor+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresswellslist.com%2Fballots2%2Ffarmer_l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+S.+Coxey+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacob_S._Coxey,_Sr." class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jacob S. 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