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It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of [[Mindanao]] such as the cities of [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Davao City|Davao]], [[General Santos]], and [[Cagayan de Oro]], and the provinces of [[North Cotabato]], [[Sultan Kudarat]], [[South Cotabato]], [[Sarangani]], [[Zamboanga del Sur]], [[Zamboanga Sibugay]], [[Davao del Sur]], [[Davao Occidental]], [[Bukidnon]] as well as [[Metro Manila]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the ninth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 365,032 households still speaking the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing) {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority {{!}} Republic of the Philippines |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/tagalog-most-widely-spoken-language-home-2020-census-population-and-housing |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref> ==History== The Maguindanaon language is the native language of the Maguindanaon people of the province of Maguindanao located in the west of Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines. It was the language of the [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], which lasted until near the end of the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. The earliest works on the language by a European were carried out by Jacinto Juanmartí, a Catalan priest of the [[Society of Jesus]] who worked in the Philippines in the second half of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Juanmartí, Jacinto, S. I. (1833-1897) |url=https://www.bvfe.es/es/component/mtree/autor/10002-juanmarti-jacinto.html |access-date=2020-10-10 |website=Biblioteca Virtual de la Filología Española |language=es}}</ref><ref name= "Aguilera Fernández 2018" >{{Cite journal |last=Aguilera Fernández |first=María |date=2018 |title=Literatura misional y hagiografía en el siglo XIX: Jacinto Juanmartí, un misionero jesuita en Filipinas (1833–1897) |trans-title=Missionary literature and hagiography in the 19th century: Jacinto Juanmartí, a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines (1833–1897) |journal=Hispania Sacra |language=es |volume=70 |issue=141 |pages=321 |doi=10.3989/hs.2018.024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Aside from a number of Christian religious works in the language,{{refn|such as a Maguindanao–Spanish bilingual "sacred history", with a short wordlist, in 1888,<ref name="Compendio de historia universal">i.e., {{Cite book |url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000067807 |title=Compendio de historia universal desde la creación del mundo hasta la venida de Jesucristo y un breve vocabulario en castellano y en moro maguindanao |publisher=Koh Yew Hean |year=1888 |location=Singapore |language=Maguindanao, Spanish |trans-title=Compendium of universal history from the creation of the world to the coming of Jesus Christ and a brief vocabulary in Spanish and Moro-Maguindanao}}</ref><ref name= "Aguilera Fernández 2018" /> in which Maguindanao was written in both Arabic characters and the Latin alphabet}} Juanmartí also published a Maguindanao–Spanish/Spanish–Maguindanao dictionary and reference grammar in 1892.<ref>i.e., {{harvp|Juanmartí|1892a}} and {{harvp|Juanmartí|1892b}}</ref> Shortly after sovereignty over the Philippines was [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898]] as a result of the [[Spanish–American War]], the American administration began publishing a number of works on the language in English, such as a brief primer and vocabulary in 1903,<ref>i.e., {{harvp|Porter|1903}}</ref> and a translation of Juanmartí's reference grammar into English in 1906.<ref>i.e., {{harvp|Juanmartí|1906}}</ref> A number of works about and in the language have since been published by Filipino and foreign authors. [[File:Maguindanaoseal.png|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Maguindanao language in Arabic script on Maguindanao royal seal from the 18th century]] == Distribution == Maguindanao has 3 major dialects: Ilud, Laya, and Biwangen. Maguindanao dialects are: *'''Ilud''' dialect: is spoken in [[Cotabato City]], municipalities of [[Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte|Sultan Kudarat]], [[Parang, Maguindanao del Norte|Parang]], [[Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao del Norte|Datu Odin Sinsuat]], [[South Upi]], [[North Upi]], [[Kabuntalan]], [[Datu Piang, Maguindanao del Sur|Datu Piang]], [[Datu Unsay]], [[Shariff Aguak]], [[Ampatuan, Maguindanao del Sur|Ampatuan]], [[Mamasapano]], [[Guindulungan]], [[Sultan sa Barongis]], [[Pagalungan]], [[Pagagawan]], [[Talitay]] and [[Talayan]]. From the province of [[North Cotabato]], the municipalities of [[Pigcawayan]], [[Libungan]], [[Midsayap]], [[Aleosan]], [[Alamada]], [[Banisilan]], [[Carmen]], [[Pikit]], [[Midsayap]], [[Kabacan]], [[Matalam]], [[Kidapawan]] and [[Mlang]]. The speech of the municipalities of Pikit, Matalam, Pagalungan and Pagagawan differs in pronunciation and intonation from the ilud dialect, but is similar in vocabulary. *'''Laya''' dialect: is spoken in municipalities of [[Buluan]], [[Datu Paglas]], [[General Salipada K. Pendatun]], and [[Paglat]], all in the province of [[Maguindanao del Sur]], and [[Tulunan]] in the province of [[North Cotabato]]; the municipalities of [[Lambayong]], [[Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat|Esperanza]], [[Isulan]], [[Senator Ninoy Aquino, Sultan Kudarat|Senator Ninoy Aquino]], [[Bagumbayan, Sultan Kudarat|Bagumbayan]], [[Tacurong]], [[President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat|President Quirino]], [[Columbio]] and [[Lutayan]], all in the province of [[Sultan Kudarat]]; the municipalities of [[Sto. Nino, South Cotabato|Sto. Nino]], [[Surallah]], [[Norala]], [[Banga, South Cotabato|Banga]], [[Lake Sebu, South Cotabato|Lake Sebu]], [[Koronadal]], [[Tantangan]], [[Polomolok]], [[Tampakan]] and [[Tupi, South Cotabato|Tupi]], all in the province of [[South Cotabato]] as well as some other parts of [[Davao City]], [[Davao del Sur]], [[Davao del Norte]], [[Davao Oriental]] and [[Bukidnon]]. *'''Biwangen''' dialect: is spoken in [[General Santos]], [[Sarangani]], the coastal municipalities of [[Sultan Kudarat]] ([[Palimbang]], [[Kalamansig]] and [[Lebak]]), the coastal municipalities of [[Zamboanga del Sur]] and [[Zamboanga Sibugay]], some municipalities in [[Zamboanga del Norte]] and in [[Pagadian]]. == Phonology == === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Maguindanaon vowels ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ! [[Central vowel|Central]] ! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- align="center" ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPA link|i}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɨ}} ~ {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] | ({{IPA link|e̞|e}}) | ({{IPA link|o̞|o}}) |- align="center" ![[Open vowel|Open]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} The vowels {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} only occur in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Maguindanaon consonants ! colspan="2" | ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]] !<small>voiceless</small> | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | {{IPA link|k}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} |({{IPA link|dʒ}}) | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | | {{IPA link|s}} ({{IPA link|z}}) | | | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]] | | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | {{IPA link|w}} | | {{IPA link|j}} | | |} The phonemes {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} only appear in loanwords. The sound {{IPA|[dʒ]}} also appears an allophonic realization for the sequences {{IPA|/d + s/}} (e.g. {{IPA|[dʒaɭumˈani ka]|lang=mdh}} {{IPA|/(ə)dsalumani ka/|lang=mdh}} 'repeat that!') and {{IPA|/d + i/}} (only before another vowel before vowel, e.g. {{IPA|[ˈmidʒas]|lang=mdh}} {{IPA|/midias/|lang=mdh}} 'stockings'); the sound {{IPA|[z]}} also appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can also be trilled {{IPAblink|r}}. [[Intervocalic consonant|Intervocalic]] {{IPA|/d/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.<ref name=Eck/><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Racman|first1=Tenex|url=https://zorc.net/publications/128=MaguindanaonDialogs&Drills[sample].pdf|title=Maguindanaon: Dialogs and Drills|last2=Zorc|first2=R. David|publisher=Dunwoody Press|year=2009}}</ref> {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are interchangeable in words which include a written ''l'', and the prevalence by which it is used or is dominant denotes the local dialects of Maguindanaon. {{IPA|/l/}} may also be heard as a retroflex {{IPA|[ɭ]}} in intervocalic positions.<ref name=Eck>{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Jerry |title=Sketch of Magindanaon phonology |publisher=Nasuli, Malaybalay, Bukidnon: SIL. |year=1972}}</ref> The Laya (Raya) or lowland dialect of Maguindanaon, spoken in and around Cotabato City, prefers the flapped ''r'' over ''l'', while the more conservative upland variety spoken in Datu Piang and inland areas favors ''l''. ==Grammar== === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== As in the [[Maranao language]], Maguindanaon pronouns can be also free or bound to the word/morpheme before it. {| class="wikitable" |+ Maguindanaon free and bound pronouns<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allison |first=E. Joe |title=Papers in Philippine Linguistics No. 10 |date=1979 |publisher=The Australian National University |editor-last=Gallman |editor-first=Andrew F. |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 55 |location=Canberra |pages=53–112 |chapter=Proto-Danaw: A Comparative Study of Maranaw, Magindanaw and Iranun |doi=10.15144/PL-A55.53 |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first2=E. Joe |editor-last3=Harmon |editor-first3=Carol W. |editor-last4=Witucki |editor-first4=Jeannette |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! !Nominative<br/>(free) !Nominative<br/>(bound) !Genitive/Ergative<br/>(bound) !Oblique<br/>(free) |- |I |{{transliteration|mdh|saki}} |{{transliteration|mdh|aku}} |{{transliteration|mdh|ku}} |{{transliteration|mdh|laki}} |- |you (singular) |{{transliteration|mdh|seka}} |{{transliteration|mdh|ka}} |{{transliteration|mdh|'engka}} ~ {{transliteration|mdh|nengka}} |{{transliteration|mdh|leka}} |- |he/she/it |{{transliteration|mdh|sekanin}} |{{transliteration|mdh|sekanin}} |{{transliteration|mdh|nin}} |{{transliteration|mdh|lekanin}} |- |we (dual) |{{transliteration|mdh|sekita}} |{{transliteration|mdh|ta}} |{{transliteration|mdh|ta}} |{{transliteration|mdh|lekita}} |- |we (including you) |{{transliteration|mdh|sekitanu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|tanu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|tanu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|lekitanu}} |- |we (excluding you) |{{transliteration|mdh|sekami}} |{{transliteration|mdh|kami}} |{{transliteration|mdh|nami}} |{{transliteration|mdh|lekami}} |- |you (plural) |{{transliteration|mdh|sekanu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|kanu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|nu}} |{{transliteration|mdh|lekanu}} |- |{{transliteration|mdh|they}} |{{transliteration|mdh|silan}} |{{transliteration|mdh|silan}} |{{transliteration|mdh|nilan}} |{{transliteration|mdh|kanilan}} |} ===Numbers=== Maguindanaon numerals: {| class="wikitable" ! !Maguindanaon |- ! 1 | {{transliteration|mdh|isa}}/{{transliteration|mdh|sa}} |- ! 2 | {{transliteration|mdh|dua}} |- ! 3 | {{transliteration|mdh|telu}} |- ! 4 | {{transliteration|mdh|pat}} |- ! 5 | {{transliteration|mdh|lima}} |- ! 6 | {{transliteration|mdh|nem}} |- ! 7 | {{transliteration|mdh|pitu}} |- ! 8 | {{transliteration|mdh|walu}} |- ! 9 | {{transliteration|mdh|siaw}} |- ! 10 | {{transliteration|mdh|sapulu}} |- ! 20 | {{transliteration|mdh|dua pulu}} |- ! 30 | {{transliteration|mdh|telu pulu}} |- ! 40 | {{transliteration|mdh|pat pulu}} |- ! 50 | {{transliteration|mdh|lima pulu}} |- ! 60 | {{transliteration|mdh|nem pulu}} |- ! 70 | {{transliteration|mdh|pitu pulu}} |- ! 80 | {{transliteration|mdh|walu pulu}} |- ! 90 | {{transliteration|mdh|siaw pulu}} |- ! 100 | {{transliteration|mdh|magatus}} |- ! 1,000 | {{transliteration|mdh|sangibu}} |} === Colors === {| class="wikitable" !English !Maguindanaon |- |black |{{transliteration|mdh|maitem}} |- |white |{{transliteration|mdh|maputi}} |- |red |{{transliteration|mdh|maliga}} |- |orange |{{transliteration|mdh|kulit}} |- |yellow |{{transliteration|mdh|binaning}} |- |green |{{transliteration|mdh|gadung}} |- |blue |{{transliteration|mdh|bilu}} |- |purple |{{transliteration|mdh|lambayung}} |- |pink |{{transliteration|mdh|kasumba}} |- |gray |{{transliteration|mdh|kaumbi}} |- |brown |{{transliteration|mdh|malalag}} |} ==Phrases== {| class="wikitable" "border=1" ! English !! Maguindanaon !! English !! Maguindanaon |- |How are you? || {{transliteration|mdh|Ngin i betad engka?}} || Good morning || {{transliteration|mdh|Mapia mapita}} |- |Good noon || {{transliteration|mdh|Mapia maudtu}} || Good afternoon || {{transliteration|mdh|Mapia malulem}} |- |Good day || {{transliteration|mdh|Mapia gay}} || Good evening || {{transliteration|mdh|Mapia magabi}} |- |I will go now || {{transliteration|mdh|Lemu aku den}} || Until next time || {{transliteration|mdh|Sampay sa tundug a kutika}} |- |You're so diligent || {{transliteration|mdh|Sangat i katulanged nengka / Matulanged ka a benal}} || You're so kind || {{transliteration|mdh|Sangat i kalimu nengka / Malimu ka a benal}} |- |You're so beautiful || {{transliteration|mdh|Sangat i kanisan nengka / Manisan ka a benal}} || Thanks! || {{transliteration|mdh|Sukran!}} |- |Thank you! || {{transliteration|mdh|Sukran sa leka!}} || Thank you very much!|| {{transliteration|mdh|Sukran a benal!}} |- | You're welcome || {{transliteration|mdh|Afwan}} || Welcome!|| {{transliteration|mdh|Talus ka!}} |- | Yes || {{transliteration|mdh|Uway}} || No|| {{transliteration|mdh|Di}} |- | None || {{transliteration|mdh|Da}} || Not|| {{transliteration|mdh|Kena}} |- | Who? || {{transliteration|mdh|Entain?}} || What?|| {{transliteration|mdh|Ngin?}} |- | Where? || {{transliteration|mdh|Endaw?}} || Which? || {{transliteration|mdh|Endaw san?}} |- | When? || {{transliteration|mdh|Kanu?}} || How? || {{transliteration|mdh|Panun?}} |- | Why? || {{transliteration|mdh|Enduken?}} || This || {{transliteration|mdh|Inia}} |- | That || {{transliteration|mdh|Intu/Nan}} || There || {{transliteration|mdh|San}} |- | Here || {{transliteration|mdh|Sia}} || In || {{transliteration|mdh|Lu}} |} ==Signs== {{Gallery|title=Street sign samples|width=170|height=120|align=center |File:MDH-No Smoking.png|No smoking|File:MDH-No Littering.png|No littering|File:MDH-No Spitting.png|No spitting|File:MDH-Do not Urinate here.png|Do not urinate here}} ==Writing system== Maguindanao is written with the Latin script, and used to be written with the [[Jawi script]]. Among works on the language published by Jacinto Juanmartí, his sacred history {{Lang|es|Compendio de historia universal}} contains Maguindanao texts in both Jawi and the Latin script.<ref name="Compendio de historia universal" /> ===Latin=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+ Maguindanaon alphabet – Latin script |- !Letter !Name !Sound |- |A |a |{{IPA|[a]}} |- |B |ba |{{IPA|[b]}} |- |D |da |{{IPA|[d]}} |- |E |e |{{IPA|[ə]}} |- |G |ga |{{IPA|[g]}} |- |H |ha |{{IPA|[h]}} |- |I |i |{{IPA|[i/e]}} |- |J |ja |{{IPA|[ʒ]}} |- |K |ka |{{IPA|[k]}} |- |L |la |{{IPA|[l]}} |- |M |ma |{{IPA|[m]}} |- |N |na |{{IPA|[n]}} |- |Ng |nga |{{IPA|[ŋ]}} |- |P |pa |{{IPA|[p]}} |- |R |ra |{{IPA|[ɾ/r]}} |- |S |sa |{{IPA|[s]}} |- |T |ta |{{IPA|[t]}} |- |U |u |{{IPA|[u/o]}} |- |W |wa |{{IPA|[w]}} |- |Y |ya |{{IPA|[j]}} |- |Z |za |{{IPA|[z]}} |} ===Jawi=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Maguindanaon alphabet – Jawi script |- style="font-size:small" ! Character !! Name |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ا}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|alip}} |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ب}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ba}} |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ت}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ta}} |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ث}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|t̲a}} |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ج}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|jim}} |- | {{Lang|mdh-arab|ح}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ḥa}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|خ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|xo}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|د}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|dal}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ذ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ḏal}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ر}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ro}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ز}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|zai}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|س}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|sin}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ش}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|šin}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ص}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ṣod}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ض}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ḍod}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ط}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ṭo}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ظ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ẓo}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ع}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|'ain}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|غ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ǧain}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ڠ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|nga}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ف}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|fa}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ڨ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|pa}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ق}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|qaf}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ک}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|kaf}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ڬ}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|gaf}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ل}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|lam}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|م}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|mim}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ن}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|nun}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|و}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|wau}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ه}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ha}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ء}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|hamza}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ي}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ya}} |- |{{Lang|mdh-arab|ى}}|| style="font-size: small;" | {{transliteration|mdh|ye}} |} ==See also== {{Portal|Philippines|Language}} *[[Languages of the Philippines]] *[[Danao languages]] *[[Maranao language]] *[[Iranun language]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{Cite book |last=Juanmartí |first=Jacinto |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AQJ8028.0001.001 |title=Diccionario moro-maguindanao-español|publisher=Tipografía «Amigos del País» |year=1892a |location=Manila |language=es |trans-title=Moro-Maguindanao-Spanish dictionary}} * {{Cite book |last=Juanmartí |first=Jacinto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4NBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gramática de la lengua de maguindanao según se habla en el centro y en la costa sur de la isla de Mindanao |publisher=Tipografía «Amigos del País» |year=1892b |location=Manila |language=es |trans-title=A grammar of the Maguindanao tongue according to the manner of speaking it in the interior and on the south coast of the island of Mindanao}} * {{Cite book |last=Juanmartí |first=Jacinto |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AEG8707.0001.001 |title=A Grammar of the Maguindanao Tongue According to the Manner of Speaking It in the Interior and on the South Coast of the Island of Mindanao |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1906 |location=Washington |translator-last=Smith |translator-first=C. C. |orig-year=First published in Spanish 1892}} * {{Cite book |last=Porter |first=R. S. |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/APL0138.0001.001 |title=A Primer and Vocabulary of the Moro Dialect (Magindanau) |date=1903 |publisher=Government Printing Office for the Bureau of Insular Affairs |location=Washington}} ==External links== {{incubator|mdh}} *[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Maguindanao_language Maguindanao at Wiktionary] *[http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/mdh/ Bansa.org Maguindanao Dictionary] *[http://sealang.net/maguindanao/ SEAlang Library Maguindanao Resources] {{Languages of the Philippines}} {{Philippine languages}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Danao languages]] [[Category:Languages of Maguindanao del Norte]] [[Category:Languages of Maguindanao del Sur]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> 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