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The objective of is to create a seat arrangement model for public reading spaces that enable free arrangement without disturbing the users. Through a subjective perception scale, this study explored whether distance between seats and direction of seats influence individual subjective perceptions in a public reading space. This study also involves analysis of user subjective perceptions when reading in the settings on 3 seats at different directions and with 5 distances between seats. The results may be applied to public chair design. This study investigated that (a) whether different directions of seats and distances between seats influence individual subjective perceptions and (b) the acceptable personal space between 2 strangers in a public reading space. The results are shown as follows: (a) the directions of seats and distances between seats influenced individual subjective perceptions. (b) subjective evaluation scores were higher for back-to-back seat directions with Distances A (10 cm) and B (62 cm) compared with face-to-face and side-by-side seat directions; however, when the seat distance exceeded 114 cm (Distance C), no difference existed among the directions of seats. (c) regarding reading in public spaces, when the distance between seats is 10 cm only, we recommend arranging the seats in a back-to-back fashion to increase user comfort and arrangement of face-to-face and side- by-side seat directions should be avoided. When the seat arrangement is limited to face-to-face design, the distance between seats should be increased to at least 62 cm. Moreover, the distance between seats should be increased to at least 114 cm for side- by-side seats to elevate user comfort. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=individual%20subjective%20perceptions" title="individual subjective perceptions">individual subjective perceptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20space" title=" personal space"> personal space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement" title=" seat arrangement"> seat arrangement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direction" title=" direction"> direction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distances" title=" distances"> distances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8520/influence-of-the-seat-arrangement-in-public-reading-spaces-on-individual-subjective-perceptions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">599</span> Road Traffic Psychology: A Survey of Seat Belt Usage among Drivers in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20T.%20Adebayo">I. T. Adebayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20R.%20Aworemi"> J. R. Aworemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20A.%20Ogundele"> V. A. Ogundele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20J.%20Babalola"> O. J. Babalola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20O.%20Ajayi"> J. O. Ajayi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The behavior of road users is a critical element in road safety. However, despite the proven effectiveness of the seat belt in reducing injury severity, some drivers still do not use the seat belt. The study, therefore, examined seat belt usage among drivers in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Face-to-face surveys were conducted to elicit data on seat belt usage and road behaviors on 54,038 drivers plying the General-Lautech Road in Ogbomoso over a period of six months. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that seat belt usage was moderate among private car drivers in the morning (52.75 percent) and much lower in the evening (37.67 percent), while less than 30 percent of the commercial bus/taxi drivers used the seat during both periods. The paired T-test revealed a significant difference in seat belt usage by all the drivers in the morning and in the evening, as indicated with a T value of 113.977 and the level of significance p < 0.05. The study concluded that there is a significant difference in the usage of the seat belt by both private car and commercial bus/taxi drivers in Ogbomoso as most drivers made use of the seat belt, especially in the morning, to avoid being delayed when flagged down and fined for non-compliance with seat belt usage by the road traffic law enforcement agents. However, most of the drivers cited inadequate/lack of enforcement of compulsory use of seat belts by the relevant agencies and discomfort as the major reasons for not using the seat belt while driving. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drivers" title="drivers">drivers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road" title=" road "> road </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20belt" title=" seat belt"> seat belt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20psychology" title=" traffic psychology"> traffic psychology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136647/road-traffic-psychology-a-survey-of-seat-belt-usage-among-drivers-in-ogbomoso-oyo-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">598</span> Ballistics of Main Seat Ejection Cartridges for Aircraft Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20A.%20Parate">B. A. Parate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20D.%20Deodhar"> K. D. Deodhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Dixit"> V. K. Dixit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20V.%20Rao"> V. V. Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article outlines the ballistics of main seat ejection cartridges for aircraft application. The ballistics of main seat ejection cartridges plays a vital role during the ejection of the pilot in an emergency. The ballistic parameters such as maximum pressure, time is taken to reach the maximum pressure, and time required to reach half the maximum pressure contributes to the spinal injury of the pilot. Therefore, the evaluations of these parameters are very critical during various stages of development. Elaborate testing was carried out for main seat ejection cartridges on seat ejection tower (SET) at different operating temperatures considering physiological limits. As these trials are cumbersome in nature, a vented vessel (VV) testing facility was devised to lay down the performance parameters at hot and cold temperature conditions. Single base (SB) propellant having hepta-tubular configuration is selected as the main filling. Gun powder plays the role of a booster based on ballistic requirements. The evaluation methodology of various performance parameters of main seat ejection cartridges is explained in this paper. Physiological parameters such as maximum seat ejection velocity, acceleration, and rate of rising of acceleration are also experimentally determined on seat ejection tower. All the parameters are observed well within physiological limits. This paper addresses the internal ballistic of main seat ejection cartridges, propellant selection, its calculation, and evaluation of various performance parameters for an aircraft application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ballistics%20of%20seat%20ejection" title="ballistics of seat ejection">ballistics of seat ejection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ejection%20seat" title=" ejection seat"> ejection seat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20generator" title=" gas generator"> gas generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gun%20propulsion" title=" gun propulsion"> gun propulsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=main%20seat%20ejection%20cartridges" title=" main seat ejection cartridges"> main seat ejection cartridges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20pressure" title=" maximum pressure"> maximum pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20parameters" title=" performance parameters"> performance parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propellant" title=" propellant"> propellant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=progressive%20burning%20and%20vented%20vessel" title=" progressive burning and vented vessel"> progressive burning and vented vessel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131210/ballistics-of-main-seat-ejection-cartridges-for-aircraft-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">597</span> Electromyographic Analysis of Trunk Muscle Activity of Healthy Individuals While Catching a Ball on Three Different Seating Surfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20H.%20%20ALQahtani">Hanan H. ALQahtani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Jones"> Karen Jones</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catching a ball during sitting is a functional exercise commonly used in rehabilitation to enhance trunk muscle activity. To progress this exercise, physiotherapists incorporate a Swiss ball or change seat height. However, no study has assessed the effect of different seating surfaces on trunk muscle activity while catching a ball. Objective: To investigate the effect of catching a ball during sitting on a Swiss ball, a low seat and a high seat on trunk muscle activity. Method: A repeated-measures, counterbalanced design was used. A total of 26 healthy participants (15 female and 11 male) performed three repetitions of catching a ball on each seating surface. Using surface electromyography (sEMG), the activity of the bilateral transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), rectus abdominis (RA), erector spinae (ES) and lumbar multifidus (MF) was recorded. Trunk muscle activity was normalized using maximum voluntary isometric contraction and analyzed. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ .05. Results: No significant differences were observed in the activity of RA, TrA/IO, ES or MF between a low seat and a Swiss ball. However, the activity of the right and left ES on a low seat was significantly greater than on a high seat (p = .017 and p = .017, respectively). Conversely, the activity of the right and left RA on a high seat was significantly greater than on a low seat (p = .007 and p = .004, respectively). Conclusion: This study suggests that replacing a low seat with a Swiss ball while catching a ball is insufficient to increase trunk muscle activity, whereas changing the seat height could induce different trunk muscle activities. However, research conducted on patients is needed before translating these results into clinical settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catching" title="catching">catching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromyography" title=" electromyography"> electromyography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seating" title=" seating"> seating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trunk" title=" trunk"> trunk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140046/electromyographic-analysis-of-trunk-muscle-activity-of-healthy-individuals-while-catching-a-ball-on-three-different-seating-surfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">596</span> Vibration Control of a Tracked Vehicle Driver Seat via Magnetorheological Damper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20Ata">Wael Ata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tracked vehicles are exposed to severe operating conditions during their battlefield. The suspension system of such vehicles plays a crucial role in the mitigation of vibration transmitted from unevenness to vehicle hull and consequently to the crew. When the vehicles are crossing the road with high speeds, the driver is subjected to a high magnitude of vibration dose. This is because of the passive suspension system of the tracked vehicle lack the effectiveness to withstand induced vibration from irregular terrains. This paper presents vibration control of a semi-active seat suspension incorporating Magnetorheological (MR) damper fitted to a driver seat of an amphibious tracked vehicle (BMP-1). A half vehicle model featuring the proposed semi-active seat suspension is developed and its governing equations are derived. Two controllers namely; skyhook and fuzzy logic skyhook based to suppress the vibration dose at driver’s seat are formulated. The results show that the controlled MR suspension seat along with the vehicle model has substantially suppressed vibration levels at the driver’s seat under bump and sinusoidal excitations <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracked%20Vehicles" title="Tracked Vehicles">Tracked Vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MR%20dampers" title=" MR dampers"> MR dampers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Skyhook%20%20controller" title=" Skyhook controller"> Skyhook controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic%20controller" title=" fuzzy logic controller"> fuzzy logic controller</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118209/vibration-control-of-a-tracked-vehicle-driver-seat-via-magnetorheological-damper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">595</span> Women's Parliamentary Representation in Uganda: A Relative Analysis of the Pathways of Women on the Open vs. Affirmative Action Seat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doreen%20Chemutai">Doreen Chemutai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While women's parliamentary representation has increased over the years, most women contest the affirmative action seat (A.A). There is a lack of knowledge on why women prefer the affirmative seat vis- a- vis the open seat. This study argues that comparing women's path on the reserved and open seat to parliamentary representation enables us to pass judgment on why this trend continues. This paper provides a narrative analysis of women members of parliament's (MPs) trajectory in the open seat and Affirmative Action seat to parliamentary representation. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from the Northern Uganda districts of Kitgum, Pader, Oyam, Agago, and Gulu. The eight women MPs chosen for the study completed in-depth interviews exploring their qualifications, careers, and experiences before joining the political office, their party affiliation, and the kind of seat they currently occupy in the 10th parliament. Findings revealed similarities between women on the open and reserved to include; women generally irrespective of the seat they choose to contest for find it difficult to win elections because voters doubt women's effectiveness as leaders. All women as incumbents find it difficult to be re-elected because their evaluation is harsher than that for men. Findings also revealed that women representatives are motivated by their personal lived experiences, community work, educational leadership, and local leadership. The study establishes that the popularity of the party in a given geographical location and the opponents' quality will determine the success of the parliamentary candidate in question irrespective of whether one is contesting on the open or Affirmative seat. However, the study revealed differences between MPs' experiences in the quest for the parliamentary seat, females on the open seat are subjected to gender discrimination in elections by party leadership, stereotyped, and are victims of propaganda in the initial contesting stages. Women who win elections in the open seat have to be superior to their male opponents. In other circumstances where a woman emerges successful, she may be voted for due to other reasons beyond capability, such as physical appearance or sociability. On the other hand, MPs' revelations on affirmative action seats show that the political terrain is smoother despite larger constituencies. Findings show that women on the Affirmative Action seat do not move to the open seat because of the comfort associated with the seat and maintain consistency, since the constituencies doubt the motives of representatives who change from one seat to another. The study concludes that women MPs who contest on the open seat are likely to suffer structural barriers such as gender discrimination and political recruitment bias instead of women on the affirmative seat. This explains why the majority of women contest on the affirmative seat. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affirmative%20action%20seats" title="affirmative action seats">affirmative action seats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20seats" title=" open seats"> open seats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parliamentary%20representation" title=" parliamentary representation"> parliamentary representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathways" title=" pathways "> pathways </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135054/womens-parliamentary-representation-in-uganda-a-relative-analysis-of-the-pathways-of-women-on-the-open-vs-affirmative-action-seat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">594</span> Rear Seat Belt Use in Developing Countries: A Case Study from the United Arab Emirates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salaheddine%20Bendak">Salaheddine Bendak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20S.%20Alnaqbi"> Sara S. Alnaqbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The seat belt is a vital tool in improving traffic safety conditions and minimising injuries due to traffic accidents. Most developing countries are facing a big problems associated with the human and financial losses due to traffic accidents. One way to minimise these losses is the use of seat belts by passengers both in the front and rear seats of a vehicle; however, at the same time, close to nothing is known about the rates of seat belt utilisation among rear seat passengers in many developing countries. Therefore, there is a need to estimate these rates in order to know the extent of this problem and how people interact with traffic safety measures like seat belts and find demographic characteristics that contribute to wearing or non-wearing of seat belts with the aim of finding solutions to improve wearing rates. In this paper, an observational study was done to gather data on restraints use in motor vehicle rear seats in eight observational stations in a rapidly developing country, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and estimate a use rate for the whole country. Also, a questionnaire was used in order to study demographic characteristics affecting the wearing of seatbelts in rear seats. Results of the observational study showed that the overall wearing/usage rate was 12.3%, which is considered very low when compared to other countries. Survey results show that single, male, less educated passengers from Arab and South Asian backgrounds use seat belts reportedly less than others. Finally, solutions are put forward to improve this wearing rate based on the results of this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seat%20belts" title="Seat belts">Seat belts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crashes" title=" traffic crashes"> traffic crashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20Arab%20Emirates" title=" United Arab Emirates"> United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rear%20seats" title=" rear seats"> rear seats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75027/rear-seat-belt-use-in-developing-countries-a-case-study-from-the-united-arab-emirates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">593</span> BROTHERS: World-class Ergonomic Sofa Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminur%20Rahman">Aminur Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Unique feature of BROTHERS Furniture sofa stands in ergonomic Design, skilled hand work and art work. Present world market is passing through a contentious competitive situation that is rapidly and dramatic. Competitive strategy concerns how to create competitive advantage in upholstery businesses. In order to competitive advantage in upholstery sofa market, Design and develop a sofa that have to ergonomic features. Design an ergonomic upholstery sofa knowing and understanding the appropriate seat depth, seat height, angle between Seat & back, back height which is concurrent market demand, world class sofa has to incorporate ergonomic factors. The study the relationships between human, seat and context variables comfort and discomfort. We must have conduct market survey among users whose are need and use sofa. Health & safety factors should be examined from a variety of angle. An attractive design and meet customer requirements, ergonomically fit should be considered for sofa development. This paper will explain how to design & develop sofa’s as per standard specifications which have ergonomic features for users all over the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomics" title="ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=angle%20between%20seat%20%26%20back" title=" angle between seat & back"> angle between seat & back</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20dimension" title=" standard dimension"> standard dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20comfort" title=" seat comfort"> seat comfort</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145628/brothers-world-class-ergonomic-sofa-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">592</span> Normally Closed Thermoplastic Microfluidic Valves with Microstructured Valve Seats: A Strategy to Avoid Permanently Bonded Valves during Channel Sealing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kebin%20Li">Kebin Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keith%20Morton"> Keith Morton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Shiu"> Matthew Shiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karine%20Turcotte"> Karine Turcotte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luke%20Lukic"> Luke Lukic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teodor%20Veres"> Teodor Veres</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a normally closed thermoplastic microfluidic valve design that uses microstructured valve seats to locally prevent the membrane from bonding to the valve seat during microfluidic channel sealing. The microstructured valve seat reduces the adhesion force between the contact surfaces of the valve seat and the membrane locally, allowing valve open and close operations while simultaneously providing a permanent and robust bond elsewhere to cover and seal the microfluidic channel network. Dynamic valve operation including opening and closing times can be tuned by changing the valve seat diameter as well as the density of the microstructures on the valve seats. The influence of the microstructured valve seat on the general flow behavior through the microfluidic devices was also studied. A design window for the fabrication of valve structure is identified and discussed to minimize the fabrication complexity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-embossing" title="hot-embossing">hot-embossing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20molding" title=" injection molding"> injection molding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfabrication" title=" microfabrication"> microfabrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidics" title=" microfluidics"> microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microvalves" title=" microvalves"> microvalves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic%20elastomer" title=" thermoplastic elastomer"> thermoplastic elastomer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104819/normally-closed-thermoplastic-microfluidic-valves-with-microstructured-valve-seats-a-strategy-to-avoid-permanently-bonded-valves-during-channel-sealing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">591</span> Effect of Superabsorbent for the Improvement of Car Seat's Thermal Comfort</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Funda%20Buyuk%20Mazari">Funda Buyuk Mazari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Mazari"> Adnan Mazari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonin%20Havelka"> Antonin Havelka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakub%20Wiener"> Jakub Wiener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawad%20Naeem"> Jawad Naeem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of super absorbent polymers (SAP) for moisture absorption and comfort is still unexplored. In this research the efficiency of different SAP fibrous webs are determined under different moisture percentage to examine the sorption and desorption efficiency. The SAP fibrous web with low thickness and high moisture absorption are tested with multilayer sandwich structure of car seat cover to determine the moisture absorption through cover material. Sweating guarded hot plate (SGHP) from company Atlas is used to determine the moisture permeability of different car seat cover with superabsorbent layer closed with impermeable polyurethane foam. It is observed that the SAP fibrous layers are very effective in absorbing and desorbing water vapor under extreme high and low moisture percentages respectively. In extreme humid condition (95 %RH) the 20g of SAP layer absorbs nearly 3g of water vapor per hour and reaches the maximum absorption capacity in 6 hours. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20seat" title="car seat">car seat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comfort" title=" comfort"> comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAF" title=" SAF"> SAF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superabsorbent" title=" superabsorbent"> superabsorbent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43231/effect-of-superabsorbent-for-the-improvement-of-car-seats-thermal-comfort" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">590</span> From Comfort to Safety: Assessing the Influence of Car Seat Design on Driver Reaction and Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabariah%20Mohd%20Yusoff">Sabariah Mohd Yusoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qamaruddin%20Adzeem%20Muhamad%20Murad"> Qamaruddin Adzeem Muhamad Murad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research explores the influence of car seat design on driver response time, addressing a significant knowledge gap regarding the effects of ergonomic features on performance and safety. Controlled driving experiments involved 14 participants (11 males and 3 females) at three distinct locations, strategically selected based on varying traffic conditions to assess differences in driver alertness. Participants engaged with different seat designs during driving tasks, with key metrics such as braking and steering response times recorded in detail. Advanced statistical analyses, including regression models and t-tests, were utilized to identify seat design factors significantly influencing driver response times. Subjective feedback was collected using detailed questionnaires focusing on driving experience and response time knowledge, complemented by in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis of qualitative data provided valuable insights into driver comfort and usability preferences. The study aims to pinpoint critical seat design features affecting driver response time while offering deeper insights into driver comfort and usability preferences. The findings are anticipated to guide evidence-based recommendations for optimizing car seat design, thereby improving driver performance and safety. This research provides meaningful implications for automotive manufacturers and designers, supporting the creation of car seats that enhance driver response time and overall road safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20seat%20design" title="car seat design">car seat design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driver%20response%20time" title=" driver response time"> driver response time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20driving" title=" cognitive driving"> cognitive driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomics%20optimization" title=" ergonomics optimization"> ergonomics optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190738/from-comfort-to-safety-assessing-the-influence-of-car-seat-design-on-driver-reaction-and-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">589</span> Analysis of Train Passenger Seat Using Ergonomic Function Deployment Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robertoes%20K.%20K.%20Wibowo">Robertoes K. K. Wibowo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siswoyo%20Soekarno"> Siswoyo Soekarno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irma%20Puspitasari"> Irma Puspitasari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesian people use trains for their transportation, especially they use economy class train transportation because it is cheaper and has a more precise schedule than any other ground transportation. Nevertheless, the economy class passenger seat raises some inconvenience issues for passengers. This is due to the design of the chair on the economic class of trains that did not adjusted to the shape of anthropometry of Indonesian people. Thus, research needs to be conducted on the design of the seats in the economic class of trains. The purpose of this research is to make the design of economy class passenger seats ergonomic. This research method uses questionnaires and anthropometry measurements. The data obtained is processed using House of Quality of Ergonomic Function Development. From the results of analysis and data processing were obtained important changes from the original design. Ergonomic chair design according to the analysis is a stainless steel frame, seat height 390 mm, with a seat width for each passenger of 400 mm and a depth of 400 mm. Design of the backrest has a height of 840 mm, width of 430 mm and length of 300 mm that can move at the angle of 105-115 degrees. The width of the footrest is 42 mm and 400 mm length. The thickness of the seat cushion is 100 mm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chair" title="chair">chair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomics" title=" ergonomics"> ergonomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=function%20development" title=" function development"> function development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=train%20passenger" title=" train passenger"> train passenger</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78448/analysis-of-train-passenger-seat-using-ergonomic-function-deployment-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">588</span> Experimental Study on Bending and Torsional Strength of Bulk Molding Compound Seat Back Frame Part</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Yong%20Kang">Hee Yong Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyeon%20Ho%20Shin"> Hyeon Ho Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%20Cheol%20Yoo"> Jung Cheol Yoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Il%20Taek%20Lee"> Il Taek Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Mo%20Yang"> Sung Mo Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lightweight technology using composites is being developed for vehicle seat structures, and its design must meet the safety requirements. According to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 207 seating systems test procedure, the back moment load is applied to the seat back frame structure for the safety evaluation of the vehicle seat. The seat back frame using the composites is divided into three parts: upper part frame, and left- and right-side frame parts following the manufacturing process. When a rear moment load is applied to the seat back frame, the side frame receives the bending load and the torsional load at the same time. This results in the largest loaded strength. Therefore, strength test of the component unit is required. In this study, a component test method based on the FMVSS 207 seating systems test procedure was proposed for the strength analysis of bending load and torsional load of the automotive Bulk Molding Compound (BMC) Seat Back Side Frame. Moreover, strength evaluation according to the carbon band reinforcement was performed. The back-side frame parts of the seat that are applied to the test were manufactured through BMC that is composed of vinyl ester Matrix and short carbon fiber. Then, two kinds of reinforced and non-reinforced parts of carbon band were formed through a high-temperature compression molding process. In addition, the structure that is applied to the component test was constructed by referring to the FMVSS 207. Then, the bending load and the torsional load were applied through the displacement control to perform the strength test for four load conditions. The results of each test are shown through the load-displacement curves of the specimen. The failure strength of the parts caused by the reinforcement of the carbon band was analyzed. Additionally, the fracture characteristics of the parts for four strength tests were evaluated, and the weakness structure of the back-side frame of the seat structure was confirmed according to the test conditions. Through the bending and torsional strength test methods, we confirmed the strength and fracture characteristics of BMC Seat Back Side Frame according to the carbon band reinforcement. And we proposed a method of testing the part strength of a seat back frame for vehicles that can meet the FMVSS 207. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20back%20frame" title="seat back frame">seat back frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20and%20torsional%20strength" title=" bending and torsional strength"> bending and torsional strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BMC%20%28Bulk%20Molding%20Compound%29" title=" BMC (Bulk Molding Compound)"> BMC (Bulk Molding Compound)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FMVSS%20207%20seating%20systems" title=" FMVSS 207 seating systems"> FMVSS 207 seating systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92200/experimental-study-on-bending-and-torsional-strength-of-bulk-molding-compound-seat-back-frame-part" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">587</span> Seat Assignment Model for Student Admissions Process at Saudi Higher Education Institutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Salem%20Alzahrani">Mohammed Salem Alzahrani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, student admission process is studied to optimize the assignment of vacant seats with three main objectives. Utilizing all vacant seats, satisfying all program of study admission requirements and maintaining fairness among all candidates are the three main objectives of the optimization model. Seat Assignment Method (SAM) is used to build the model and solve the optimization problem with help of Northwest Coroner Method and Least Cost Method. A closed formula is derived for applying the priority of assigning seat to candidate based on SAM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=admission%20process%20model" title="admission process model">admission process model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assignment%20problem" title=" assignment problem"> assignment problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hungarian%20Method" title=" Hungarian Method"> Hungarian Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Least%20Cost%20Method" title=" Least Cost Method"> Least Cost Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Northwest%20Corner%20Method" title=" Northwest Corner Method"> Northwest Corner Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SAM" title=" SAM"> SAM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13925/seat-assignment-model-for-student-admissions-process-at-saudi-higher-education-institutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">586</span> The Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Performance Driver Seat’s Localised Cooling and Heating in Standard Car Air Conditioning System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Ates">Ali Ates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sad%C4%B1k%20Ata"> Sadık Ata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevser%20Dincer"> Kevser Dincer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, performance of the driver seat‘s localized cooling and heating in a standard car air conditioning system was experimentally investigated and modeled with Rule-Based Mamdani-Type Fuzzy (RBMTF) modeling technique. Climate function at automobile is an important variable for thermal comfort. In the experimental study localized heating and cooling performances have been examined with the aid of a mechanism established to a vehicle. The equipment’s used in the experimental setup/mechanism have been provided and assembled. During the measurement, the status of the performance level has been determined. Input parameters revolutions per minute and time; output parameters car seat cooling temperature, car back cooling temperature, car seat heating temperature, car back heating temperature were described by RBMTF if-the rules. Numerical parameters of input and output variables were fuzzificated as linguistic variables: Very Very Low (L1), Very Low (L2), Low (L3), Negative Medium (L4), Medium (L5), High (L7), Very High (L8) and Very Very High (L9) linguistic classes. The comparison between experimental data and RBMTF is done by using statistical methods like absolute fraction of variance (R2). The actual values and RBMTF results indicated that RBMTF could be successfully used in standard car air conditioning system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20conditioning%20system" title="air conditioning system">air conditioning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling-heating" title=" cooling-heating"> cooling-heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RMBTF%20modelling" title=" RMBTF modelling"> RMBTF modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=car%20seat" title=" car seat"> car seat</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39821/the-fuzzy-logic-modeling-of-performance-driver-seats-localised-cooling-and-heating-in-standard-car-air-conditioning-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">585</span> Significance of Bike-Frame Geometric Factors for Cycling Efficiency and Muscle Activation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luen%20Chow%20Chan">Luen Chow Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the advocacy of green transportation and green traveling, cycling has become increasingly popular nowadays. Physiology and bike design are key factors for the influence of cycling efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the significance of bike-frame geometric factors on cycling efficiency and muscle activation for different body sizes of non-professional Asian male cyclists. Participants who represented various body sizes, as measured by leg and back lengths, carried out cycling tests using a tailor-assembled road bike with different ergonomic design configurations including seat-height adjustments (i.e., 96%, 100%, and 104% of trochanteric height) and bike frame sizes (i.e., small and medium frames) for an assessable distance of 1 km. A specific power meter and self-developed adaptable surface electromyography (sEMG) were used to measure average pedaling power and cadence generated and muscle activation, respectively. The results showed that changing the seat height was far more significant than the body and bike frame sizes. The sEMG data evidently provided a better understanding of muscle activation as a function of different seat heights. Therefore, the interpretation of this study is that the major bike ergonomic design factor dominating the cycling efficiency of Asian participants with different body sizes was the seat height. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bike%20frame%20sizes" title="bike frame sizes">bike frame sizes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadence%20rate" title=" cadence rate"> cadence rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedaling%20power" title=" pedaling power"> pedaling power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20height" title=" seat height"> seat height</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121431/significance-of-bike-frame-geometric-factors-for-cycling-efficiency-and-muscle-activation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">584</span> The Design Process of an Interactive Seat for Improving Workplace Productivity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Ferreira">Carlos Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Freitas"> Paulo Freitas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentim%20Freitas"> Valentim Freitas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Creative industries’ workers are becoming more prominent as countries move towards intellectual-based economies. Consequently, the nature and essence of the workplace needs to be reconfigured so that creativity and productivity can be better promoted at these spaces. Using a multidisciplinary approach and a user-centered methodology, combining product design, electronic engineering, software and human-computer interaction, we have designed and developed a new seat that uses embedded sensors and actuators to increase the overall well-being of its users, their productivity and their creativity. Our contribution focuses on the parameters that most affect the user’s work on these kinds of spaces, which are, according to our study, noise and temperature. We describe the design process for a new interactive seat targeted at improving workspace productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-computer%20interaction" title="human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usability" title=" usability"> usability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20interface" title=" user interface"> user interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creativity" title=" creativity"> creativity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomics" title=" ergonomics"> ergonomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83453/the-design-process-of-an-interactive-seat-for-improving-workplace-productivity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">583</span> Improved Thermal Comfort in Cabin Aircraft with in-Seat Microclimate Conditioning Module</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathieu%20Le%20Cam">Mathieu Le Cam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tejaswinee%20Darure"> Tejaswinee Darure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mateusz%20Pawlucki"> Mateusz Pawlucki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate control of cabin aircraft is traditionally conditioned as a single unit by the environmental control system. Cabin temperature is controlled by the crew while passengers of the aircraft have control on the gaspers providing fresh air from the above head area. The small nozzles are difficult to reach and adjust to meet the passenger’s needs in terms of flow and direction. More dedicated control over the near environment of each passenger can be beneficial in many situations. The European project COCOON, funded under Clean Sky 2, aims at developing and demonstrating a microclimate conditioning module (MCM) integrated into a standard economy 3-seat row. The system developed will lead to improved passenger comfort with more control on their personal thermal area. This study focuses on the assessment of thermal comfort of passengers in the cabin aircraft through simulation on the TAITherm modelling platform. A first analysis investigates thermal comfort and sensation of passengers in varying cabin environmental conditions: from cold to very hot scenarios, with and without MCM installed in the seats. The modelling platform is also used to evaluate the impact of different physiologies of passengers on their thermal comfort as well as different seat locations. Under the current cabin conditions, a passenger of a 50th percentile body size is feeling uncomfortably cool due to the high velocity cabin air ventilation. The simulation shows that the in-seat MCM developed in COCOON project improves the thermal comfort of the passenger. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cabin%20aircraft" title="cabin aircraft">cabin aircraft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-seat%20HVAC" title=" in-seat HVAC"> in-seat HVAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microclimate%20conditioning%20module" title=" microclimate conditioning module"> microclimate conditioning module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132315/improved-thermal-comfort-in-cabin-aircraft-with-in-seat-microclimate-conditioning-module" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">582</span> Improving Seat Comfort by Semi-Active Control of Magnetorheological Damper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karel%20%C5%A0ebesta">Karel Šebesta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20%C5%BD%C3%A1%C4%8Dek"> Jiří Žáček</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matu%C5%A1%20Salva"> Matuš Salva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Housam"> Mohammad Housam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drivers of agricultural vehicles are exposed to continuous vibration caused by driving over rough terrain. The long-term effects of these vibrations could start with a decreased level of vigilance at work and could reach the level of several health problems. Therefore, eliminating the vibration to maximize the comfort of the driver is essential for better/longer performance. One of the modern damping systems, which can deal with this problem is the Semi-active (S/A) suspension system featuring a Magnetorheological (MR) damper. With this damper, the damping level can be adjusted using varying currents through the coil. Adjustments of the damping force can be carried out continuously based on the evaluated data (position and acceleration of seat) by the control algorithm. The advantage of this system is the wide dynamic range and the high speed of force response time. Compared to other S/A or active systems, the MR damper does not need as much electrical power, and the system is much simpler. This paper aims to prove the effectiveness of this damping system used in the tractor seat. The vibration testing stand was designed and manufactured specifically for this type of research, which is used to simulate vibrations with constant amplitude at variable frequency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetorheological%20damper" title="magnetorheological damper">magnetorheological damper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-active%20suspension" title=" semi-active suspension"> semi-active suspension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20scissor%20mechanism" title=" seat scissor mechanism"> seat scissor mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sky-hook" title=" sky-hook"> sky-hook</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155257/improving-seat-comfort-by-semi-active-control-of-magnetorheological-damper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">581</span> Numerical Simulation of Multiple Arrays Arrangement of Micro Hydro Power Turbines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20At-Tasneem">M. A. At-Tasneem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20T.%20Rao"> N. T. Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20M.%20Y.%20S.%20Tuan%20Ya"> T. M. Y. S. Tuan Ya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Idris"> M. S. Idris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ammar"> M. Ammar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> River flow over micro hydro power (MHP) turbines of multiple arrays arrangement is simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to obtain the flow characteristics. In this paper, CFD software is used to simulate the water flow over MHP turbines as they are placed in a river. Multiple arrays arrangement of MHP turbines lead to generate large amount of power. In this study, a river model is created and simulated in CFD software to obtain the water flow characteristic. The process then continued by simulating different types of arrays arrangement in the river model. A MHP turbine model consists of a turbine outer body and static propeller blade in it. Five types of arrangements are used which are parallel, series, triangular, square and rhombus with different spacing sizes. The velocity profiles on each MHP turbines are identified at the mouth of each turbine bodies. This study is required to obtain the arrangement with increasing spacing sizes that can produce highest power density through the water flow variation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20hydro%20power" title="micro hydro power">micro hydro power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arrays%20arrangement" title=" arrays arrangement"> arrays arrangement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacing%20sizes" title=" spacing sizes"> spacing sizes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20profile" title=" velocity profile"> velocity profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5348/numerical-simulation-of-multiple-arrays-arrangement-of-micro-hydro-power-turbines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">580</span> Cadaveric Study of Lung Anatomy: A Surgical Overview</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthi%20Ganapathy">Arthi Ganapathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rati%20Tandon"> Rati Tandon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saroj%20Kaler"> Saroj Kaler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: A thorough knowledge of variations in lung anatomy is of prime significance during surgical procedures like lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and segmentectomy of lungs. The arrangement of structures in the lung hilum act as a guide in performing such procedures. The normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures in the right lung is eparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus and pulmonary veins from above downwards. In the left lung, it is pulmonary artery, principal bronchus and pulmonary vein from above downwards. The arrangement of hilar structures from anterior to posterior in both the lungs is pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, and principal bronchus. The bronchial arteries are very small and usually the posterior most structures in the hilum of lungs. Aim: The present study aims at reporting the variations in hilar anatomy (arrangement and number) of lungs. Methodology: 75 adult formalin fixed cadaveric lungs from the department of Anatomy AIIMS New Delhi were observed for variations in the lobar anatomy. Arrangement of pulmonary hilar structures was meticulously observed, and any deviation in the pattern of presentation was recorded. Results: Among the 75 adult lung specimens observed 36 specimens were of right lung and the rest of left lung. Seven right lung specimens showed only 2 lobes with an oblique fissure dividing them and one left lung showed 3 lobes. The normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures was seen in 22 right lungs and 23 left lungs. Rest of the lung specimens (14 right and 16 left) showed a varied pattern of arrangement of hilar structures. Some of them showed alterations in the sequence of arrangement of pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchus, and others in the number of these structures. Conclusion: Alterations in the pattern of arrangement of structures in the lung hilum are quite frequent. A compromise in knowledge of such variations will result in inadvertent complications like intraoperative bleeding during surgical procedures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fissures" title="fissures">fissures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hilum" title=" hilum"> hilum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lobes" title=" lobes"> lobes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulmonary" title=" pulmonary"> pulmonary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77925/cadaveric-study-of-lung-anatomy-a-surgical-overview" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">579</span> 3D Numerical Simulation on Annular Diffuser Temperature Distribution Enhancement by Different Twist Arrangement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehan%20Sabah%20Shukri">Ehan Sabah Shukri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wirachman%20Wisnoe"> Wirachman Wisnoe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of twist arrangement on the temperature distribution in an annular diffuser fitted with twisted rectangular hub is investigated. Different pitches (Y = 120 mm, 100 mm, 80 mm, and 60 mm) for the twist arrangements are simulated to be compared. The geometry of the annular diffuser and the inlet condition for the hub arrangements are kept constant. The result reveals that using twisted rectangular hub insert with different pitches will force the temperature to distribute in a circular direction. However, temperature distribution will be enhanced with the length pitch increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title="numerical simulation">numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twist%20arrangement" title=" twist arrangement"> twist arrangement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annular%20diffuser" title=" annular diffuser"> annular diffuser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20distribution" title=" temperature distribution"> temperature distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swirl%20flow" title=" swirl flow"> swirl flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitches" title=" pitches"> pitches</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12978/3d-numerical-simulation-on-annular-diffuser-temperature-distribution-enhancement-by-different-twist-arrangement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12978.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">578</span> An Architecture Framework for Design of Assembly Expert System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chee%20Fai%20Tan">Chee Fai Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20S.%20Wahidin"> L. S. Wahidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Khalil"> S. N. Khalil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, manufacturing cost is one of the important factors that will affect the product cost as well as company profit. There are many methods that have been used to reduce the manufacturing cost in order for a company to stay competitive. One of the factors that effect manufacturing cost is the time. Expert system can be used as a method to reduce the manufacturing time. The purpose of the expert system is to diagnose and solve the problem of design of assembly. The paper describes an architecture framework for design of assembly expert system that focuses on commercial vehicle seat manufacturing industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20of%20assembly" title="design of assembly">design of assembly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20system" title=" expert system"> expert system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20seat" title=" vehicle seat"> vehicle seat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20engineering" title=" mechanical engineering"> mechanical engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7387/an-architecture-framework-for-design-of-assembly-expert-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">577</span> Analytical Modelling of the Moment-Rotation Behavior of Top and Seat Angle Connection with Stiffeners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merve%20Sagiroglu">Merve Sagiroglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The earthquake-resistant steel structure design is required taking into account the behavior of beam-column connections besides the basic properties of the structure such as material and geometry. Beam-column connections play an important role in the behavior of frame systems. Taking into account the behaviour of connection in analysis and design of steel frames is important due to presenting the actual behavior of frames. So, the behavior of the connections should be well known. The most important force which transmitted by connections in the structural system is the moment. The rotational deformation is customarily expressed as a function of the moment in the connection. So, the moment-rotation curves are the best expression of behaviour of the beam-to-column connections. The designed connections form various moment-rotation curves according to the elements of connection and the shape of placement. The only way to achieve this curve is with real-scale experiments. The experiments of some connections have been carried out partially and are formed in the databank. It has been formed the models using this databank to express the behavior of connection. In this study, theoretical studies have been carried out to model a real behavior of the top and seat angles connections with angles. Two stiffeners in the top and seat angle to increase the stiffness of the connection, and two stiffeners in the beam web to prevent local buckling are used in this beam-to-column connection. Mathematical models have been performed using the database of the beam-to-column connection experiments previously by authors. Using the data of the tests, it has been aimed that analytical expressions have been developed to obtain the moment-rotation curve for the connection details whose test data are not available. The connection has been dimensioned in various shapes and the effect of the dimensions of the connection elements on the behavior has been examined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top%20and%20seat%20angle%20connection" title="top and seat angle connection">top and seat angle connection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffener" title=" stiffener"> stiffener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moment-rotation%20curves" title=" moment-rotation curves"> moment-rotation curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20study" title=" analytical study"> analytical study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91563/analytical-modelling-of-the-moment-rotation-behavior-of-top-and-seat-angle-connection-with-stiffeners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">576</span> Modelling of a Biomechanical Vertebral System for Seat Ejection in Aircrafts Using Lumped Mass Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Unnikrishnan">R. Unnikrishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Shankar"> K. Shankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the case of high-speed fighter aircrafts, seat ejection is designed mainly for the safety of the pilot in case of an emergency. Strong windblast due to the high velocity of flight is one main difficulty in clearing the tail of the aircraft. Excessive G-forces generated, immobilizes the pilot from escape. In most of the cases, seats are ejected out of the aircrafts by explosives or by rocket motors attached to the bottom of the seat. Ejection forces are primarily in the vertical direction with the objective of attaining the maximum possible velocity in a specified period of time. The safe ejection parameters are studied to estimate the critical time of ejection for various geometries and velocities of flight. An equivalent analytical 2-dimensional biomechanical model of the human spine has been modelled consisting of vertebrae and intervertebral discs with a lumped mass approach. The 24 vertebrae, which consists of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions, in addition to the head mass and the pelvis has been designed as 26 rigid structures and the intervertebral discs are assumed as 25 flexible joint structures. The rigid structures are modelled as mass elements and the flexible joints as spring and damper elements. Here, the motions are restricted only in the mid-sagittal plane to form a 26 degree of freedom system. The equations of motions are derived for translational movement of the spinal column. An ejection force with a linearly increasing acceleration profile is applied as vertical base excitation on to the pelvis. The dynamic vibrational response of each vertebra in time-domain is estimated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanical%20model" title="biomechanical model">biomechanical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lumped%20mass" title=" lumped mass"> lumped mass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20ejection" title=" seat ejection"> seat ejection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibrational%20response" title=" vibrational response"> vibrational response</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56135/modelling-of-a-biomechanical-vertebral-system-for-seat-ejection-in-aircrafts-using-lumped-mass-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">575</span> Determination of Flow Arrangement for Optimum Performance in Heat Exchangers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Salisu%20Atiku">Ahmed Salisu Atiku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This task involves the determination of the flow arrangement for optimum performance and the calculation of total heat transfer of two identical double pipe heat exchangers in series. The inner pipe contains the cold water stream at 27°C, whilst the outer pipe contains the two hot stream of water at 50°C and 90 °C which can be mixed in any way desired. The analysis was carried out using counter flow arrangement due to its good heat transfer ability. The best way of heating this cold stream was found out to be passing the 90°C hot stream through the two heat exchangers. The outlet temperature of the cold stream was found to be 39.6°C and overall heat transfer of 131.3 kW. Though starting with 50°C hot stream in the first heat exchanger followed by 90°C hot stream in the second heat exchanger gives an outlet temperature almost the same as 90°C hot stream alone, but the heat transfer is low. The reason for the low heat transfer was that only the heat transfer in the second heat exchanger is considered. Whilst the reason behind high outlet temperature was that the cold stream was already preheated by the first stream. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20stream" title="cold stream">cold stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20arrangement" title=" flow arrangement"> flow arrangement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20exchanger" title=" heat exchanger"> heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20stream" title=" hot stream"> hot stream</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51973/determination-of-flow-arrangement-for-optimum-performance-in-heat-exchangers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51973.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">574</span> Use of Numerical Tools Dedicated to Fire Safety Engineering for the Rolling Stock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillaume%20Craveur">Guillaume Craveur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study shows the opportunity to use numerical tools dedicated to Fire Safety Engineering for the Rolling Stock. Indeed, some lawful requirements can now be demonstrated by using numerical tools. The first part of this study presents the use of modelling evacuation tool to satisfy the criteria of evacuation time for the rolling stock. The buildingEXODUS software is used to model and simulate the evacuation of rolling stock. Firstly, in order to demonstrate the reliability of this tool to calculate the complete evacuation time, a comparative study was achieved between a real test and simulations done with buildingEXODUS. Multiple simulations are performed to capture the stochastic variations in egress times. Then, a new study is done to calculate the complete evacuation time of a train with the same geometry but with a different interior architecture. The second part of this study shows some applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics. This work presents the approach of a multi scales validation of numerical simulations of standardized tests with Fire Dynamics Simulations software developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This work highlights in first the cone calorimeter test, described in the standard ISO 5660, in order to characterize the fire reaction of materials. The aim of this process is to readjust measurement results from the cone calorimeter test in order to create a data set usable at the seat scale. In the second step, the modelisation concerns the fire seat test described in the standard EN 45545-2. The data set obtained thanks to the validation of the cone calorimeter test was set up in the fire seat test. To conclude with the third step, after controlled the data obtained for the seat from the cone calorimeter test, a larger scale simulation with a real part of train is achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20engineering" title="fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20tools" title=" numerical tools"> numerical tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rolling%20stock" title=" rolling stock"> rolling stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-scales%20validation" title=" multi-scales validation"> multi-scales validation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72044/use-of-numerical-tools-dedicated-to-fire-safety-engineering-for-the-rolling-stock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">573</span> Numerical Simulation of Two-Dimensional Porous Cylinder Flow in In-Line Arrangement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamad%20Alhajeri">Hamad Alhajeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Almutairi"> Abdulrahman Almutairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Alenezi"> A. H. Alenezi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Alhajeri"> M. H. Alhajeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayedh%20Alajmi"> Ayedh Alajmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The flow around three porous cylinders in inline arrangement is investigated in this paper computationally using the commercial code FLUENT. The arrangement generally operates with the dirty gases passing through the porous cylinders, the particulate material being deposited on the outside of the cylinders. However, in a combined cycle power plant, filtration is required to allow the hot exhaust gases to be fed to a turbine without causing any physical damage to the turbine blades. Three cylinder elements are placed in a two-dimensional rectangle duct with fixed face velocity and varying the velocity ratio between the approach and face velocity. Particle trajectories are obtained for a number of particle diameters and different inlet (approach) velocity to face filtration velocity ratios to investigate the behavior of particles around the cylinder. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20cylinders" title="porous cylinders">porous cylinders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20flow" title=" fluid flow"> fluid flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filtration" title=" filtration"> filtration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82446/numerical-simulation-of-two-dimensional-porous-cylinder-flow-in-in-line-arrangement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">572</span> Investigation of the Trunk Inclination Positioning Angle on Swallowing and Respiratory Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Yi%20Kathy%20Cheng">Hsin-Yi Kathy Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan-Ying%20JU"> Yan-Ying JU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wann-Yun%20Shieh"> Wann-Yun Shieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin-Man%20Wang"> Chin-Man Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although the coordination of swallowing and respiration has been discussed widely, the influence of the positioning angle on swallowing and respiration during feeding has rarely been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the timing and coordination of swallowing and respiration in different seat inclination angles, with liquid and bolus, to provide suggestions and guidelines for the design and develop a feedback-controlled seat angle adjustment device for the back-adjustable wheelchair. Twenty-six participants aged between 15-30 years old without any signs of swallowing difficulty were included. The combination of seat inclinations and food types was randomly assigned, with three repetitions in each combination. The trunk inclination angle was adjusted by a commercialized positioning wheelchair. A total of 36 swallows were done, with at least 30 seconds of rest between each swallow. We used a self-developed wearable device to measure the submandibular muscle surface EMG, the movement of the thyroid cartilage, and the respiratory status of the nasal cavity. Our program auto-analyzed the onset and offset of duration, and the excursion and strength of thyroid cartilage when it was moving, coordination between breathing and swallowing were also included. Variables measured include the EMG duration (DsEMG), swallowing apnea duration (SAD), total excursion time (TET), duration of 2nd deflection, FSR amplitude, Onset latency, DsEMG onset, DsEMG offset, FSR onset, and FSR offset. These measurements were done in four-seat inclination angles (5。, 15。, 30。, 45。) and three food contents (1ml water, 10ml water, and 5ml pudding bolus) for each subject. The data collected between different contents were compared. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the basic features of the data. Repeated measure ANOVAs were used to analyze the differences for the dependent variables in different seat inclination and food content combinations. The results indicated significant differences in seat inclination, mostly between 5。 and 45。, in all variables except FSR amplitude. It also indicated significant differences in food contents almost among all variables. Significant interactions between seat inclination and food contents were only found in FSR offsets. The same protocol will be applied to participants with disabilities. The results of this study would serve as clinical guidance for proper feeding positions with different food contents. The ergonomic data would also provide references for assistive technology professionals and practitioners in device design and development. In summary, the current results indicated that it is easier for a subject to lean backward during swallowing than when sitting upright and swallowing water is easier than swallowing pudding. The results of this study would serve as the clinical guidance for proper feeding position (such as wheelchair back angle adjustment) with different food contents. The same protocol can be applied to elderly participants or participants with physical disabilities. The ergonomic data would also provide references for assistive technology professionals and practitioners in device design and development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swallowing" title="swallowing">swallowing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positioning" title=" positioning"> positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assistive%20device" title=" assistive device"> assistive device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability" title=" disability"> disability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170746/investigation-of-the-trunk-inclination-positioning-angle-on-swallowing-and-respiratory-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">571</span> Disabilities in Railways: Proposed Changes to the Design of Railway Compartments for the Inclusion of Differently Abled Persons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bathmajaa%20Muralisankar">Bathmajaa Muralisankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As much as railway station infrastructure designs and ticket-booking norms have been changed to facilitate use by differently abled persons, the railway train compartments themselves have not been made user-friendly for differently abled persons. Owing to safety concerns, dependency on others for their travel, and fear of isolation, differently abled people do not prefer travelling by train. Rather than including a dedicated compartment open only to the differently abled, including the latter with others in the normal compartment (with the proposed modifications discussed here) will make them feel secure and make for an enhanced travel experience for them. This approach also represents the most practical way to include a particular category of people in the mainstream society. Lowering the height of the compartment doors and providing a wider entrance with a ramp will provide easy entry for those using wheelchairs. As well, removing the first two alternate rows and the first two side seats will not only widen the passage and increase seating space but also improve wheelchair turning radius. This will help them travel without having to depend on others. Seating arrangements may be done to accommodate their family members near them instead of isolating the differently abled in a separate compartment. According to present ticket-booking regulations of the Indian Railways, three to four disabled persons may travel without their family or one to two along with their family, and the numbers may be added or reduced. To help visually challenged and hearing-impaired persons, in addition to the provision of special instruments, railings, and textured footpaths and flooring, the seat numbers above the seats may be set in metal or plastic as an outward projection so the visually impaired can touch and feel the numbers. Braille boards may be included at the entrance to the compartment along with seat numbers in the aforementioned projected manner. These seat numbers may be designed as buttons, which when pressed results in an announcement of the seat number in the applicable local language as well as English. Emergency buttons, rather than emergency chains, within the easy reach of disabled passengers will also help them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dependency" title="dependency">dependency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differently%20abled" title=" differently abled"> differently abled</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusion" title=" inclusion"> inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mainstream%20society" title=" mainstream society"> mainstream society</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68857/disabilities-in-railways-proposed-changes-to-the-design-of-railway-compartments-for-the-inclusion-of-differently-abled-persons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seat%20arrangement&page=6">6</a></li> <li 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