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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-俄国内战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俄国内战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>俄国内战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俄国内战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-苏波战争与前奏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#苏波战争与前奏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>苏波战争与前奏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-苏波战争与前奏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920至1930年代的战术发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920至1930年代的战术发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1920至1930年代的战术发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920至1930年代的战术发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中苏战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中苏战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>中苏战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中苏战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第二次世界大战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第二次世界大战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>第二次世界大战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第二次世界大战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-伙同德军瓜分东欧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伙同德军瓜分东欧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>伙同德军瓜分东欧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伙同德军瓜分东欧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-入侵芬兰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入侵芬兰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>入侵芬兰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入侵芬兰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-苏德战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#苏德战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>苏德战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-苏德战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弱点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弱点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>弱点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弱点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>管理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>组织</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-组织-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关组织子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-机械化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#机械化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>机械化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-机械化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战争时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战争时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>战争时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战争时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人员" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人员"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>人员</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-人员-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关人员子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-人员-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-军衔及头衔" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军衔及头衔"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>军衔及头衔</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军衔及头衔-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>军事教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清洗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清洗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>清洗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清洗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-武器装备" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#武器装备"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>武器装备</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-武器装备-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关武器装备子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-武器装备-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-輕武器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輕武器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>輕武器</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輕武器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-手槍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手槍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>手槍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手槍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衝鋒槍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衝鋒槍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>衝鋒槍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衝鋒槍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-步槍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#步槍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>步槍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-步槍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-機槍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機槍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>機槍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-機槍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反坦克步槍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反坦克步槍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>反坦克步槍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反坦克步槍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手榴彈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手榴彈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>手榴彈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手榴彈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战争罪行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战争罪行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>战争罪行</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战争罪行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">苏联红军</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。99种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooi Leër" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الجيش الأحمر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش الأحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_color%C3%A1u" title="Exércitu coloráu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu coloráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ordu" title="Qızıl Ordu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızıl Ordu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%9A%D1%80%D3%99%D2%AB%D1%82%D0%B8%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Эшсе-Крәҫтиән Ҡыҙыл Армияһы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эшсе-Крәҫтиән Ҡыҙыл Армияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рабоча-сялянская Чырвоная армія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабоча-сялянская Чырвоная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рабоча-Сялянская Чырвоная Армія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабоча-Сялянская Чырвоная Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Червена армия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червена армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%9C" title="লাল ফৌজ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাল ফৌজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Ruz" title="Lu Ruz – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lu Ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Улаан арми – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улаан арми" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_Roig" title="Exèrcit Roig – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit Roig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سوپای سوور – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Rudá armáda – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudá armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Fyddin_Goch" title="Y Fyddin Goch – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Fyddin Goch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_R%C3%B8de_H%C3%A6r" title="Den Røde Hær – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Røde Hær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Armee" title="Rote Armee – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rote Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κόκκινος Στρατός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινος Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Red Army" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_Armeo" title="Ruĝa Armeo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Rojo" title="Ejército Rojo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Rojo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punaarmee" title="Punaarmee – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punaarmee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Gorria" title="Armada Gorria – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armada Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="ارتش سرخ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna-armeija" title="Puna-armeija – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puna-armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrev_v%C3%A4gi" title="Verrev vägi – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Verrev vägi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_rouge" title="Armée rouge – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_Leger" title="Reade Leger – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reade Leger" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tArm_Dearg" title="An tArm Dearg – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tArm Dearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermello" title="Exército Vermello – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exército Vermello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הצבא האדום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצבא האדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लाल सेना – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk%C3%A1s-paraszt_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_Hadsereg" title="Munkás-paraszt Vörös Hadsereg – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkás-paraszt Vörös Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1-%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բանվորա-գյուղացիական Կարմիր բանակ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանվորա-գյուղացիական Կարմիր բանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-Armeo" title="Red-Armeo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Red-Armeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_herinn" title="Rauði herinn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauði herinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Rossa" title="Armata Rossa – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armata Rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%BB%8D" title="赤軍 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Abang" title="Tentara Abang – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tentara Abang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წითელი არმია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D1%8B-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жұмысшы-шаруа қызыл әскері – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмысшы-шаруа қызыл әскері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80_%EA%B5%B0%EB%8C%80" title="붉은 군대 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은 군대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_Sor" title="Artêşa Sor – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Artêşa Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D1%83-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жумушчу-дыйкан кызыл аскери – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жумушчу-дыйкан кызыл аскери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercitus_Ruber" title="Exercitus Ruber – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exercitus Ruber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rossa" title="Armada Rossa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Armada Rossa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_armija" title="Raudonoji armija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_armija" title="Sarkanā armija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanā armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafika_Mena" title="Tafika Mena – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tafika Mena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantara_Merah" title="Tantara Merah – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tantara Merah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена армија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвена армија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Улаан Арми – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан Арми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="लाल सैन्य – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल सैन्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Merah" title="Tentera Merah – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="سرخ ارتش – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرخ ارتش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roude_Leager" title="Roude Leager – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Roude Leager" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Leger_(Sovjet-Unie)" title="Rode Leger (Sovjet-Unie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Leger (Sovjet-Unie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_raude_h%C3%A6ren" title="Den raude hæren – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den raude hæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_r%C3%B8de_arm%C3%A9" title="Den røde armé – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den røde armé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Roja" title="Armada Roja – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada Roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C" title="ਲਾਲ ਫ਼ੌਜ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਫ਼ੌਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Czerwona" title="Armia Czerwona – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Czerwona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="رتی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رتی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermelho" title="Exército Vermelho – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Armata Roșie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Кыһыл Аармыйа – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыһыл Аармыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_russa" title="Armata russa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armata russa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Airmy" title="Reid Airmy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reid Airmy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crvena armija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Červená armáda – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červená armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Da_armada" title="Rdeča armada – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeča armada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_e_Kuqe" title="Ushtria e Kuqe – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria e Kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена армија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвена армија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roode_Armee" title="Roode Armee – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roode Armee" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Beureum" title="Tentara Beureum – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tentara Beureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_arm%C3%A9n" title="Röda armén – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda armén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshi_Jekundu" title="Jeshi Jekundu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jeshi Jekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="செஞ்சேனை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செஞ்சேனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85" title="Артиши Сурх – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Артиши Сурх" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="กองทัพแดง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbong_Pula" title="Hukbong Pula – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukbong Pula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ordu" title="Kızıl Ordu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl Ordu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Эшче-крестьян Кызыл Армиясе – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эшче-крестьян Кызыл Армиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Червона армія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червона армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="سرخ فوج – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_armiya" title="Qizil armiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil armiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Rosa" title="Armada Rosa – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Armada Rosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_qu%C3%A2n" title="Hồng quân – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng quân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联红军 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联红军" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჭითა არმია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭითა არმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99" title="רויטע ארמיי – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רויטע ארמיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯紅軍 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇聯紅軍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&oldid=84498664" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&id=84498664&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%258B%258F%25E8%2581%2594%25E7%25BA%25A2%25E5%2586%259B"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Red_Army" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q251395" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯紅軍">蘇聯紅軍</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此条目页的主題是苏联二战前的軍隊。关于二战后的苏联军队，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="苏联武装力量">苏联武装力量</a></b>」。关于其他名称相近的条目，详见“<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="红军">红军</a></b>”。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: lightsteelblue;">工农红军<br /><small><span lang="ru">Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия</span></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg/220px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg/330px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg/440px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">存在時期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1918年1月28日－1946年2月25日</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">國家或地區</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">蘇俄</a> (1918–1922)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a> (1922-1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">功能</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">苏俄武装力量（1918年－1922年）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="苏联武装力量">苏联武装力量</a>（1922年－1946年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">直屬</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="革命军事委员会">革命军事委员会</a><br />全俄军事事务特别委员会<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国人民委员会">苏俄人民委员会</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="苏俄">苏俄</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8" title="劳动">劳动</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联国防委员会">国防委员会</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏联最高苏维埃">苏联最高苏维埃</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">別稱</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">РККА</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">格言</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">为了我们的苏维埃祖国<br /><span lang="ru">За нашу Советскую Родину</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">戰鬥榮譽</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(1918-1937)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightsteelblue;;">指挥官</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">著名指揮官</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基">列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%BC%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%97%E8%8E%AB%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%8C%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="克利缅特·叶夫列莫维奇·伏罗希洛夫">克利缅特·叶夫列莫维奇·伏罗希洛夫</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9F%B3%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦西里·康斯坦丁诺维奇·布柳赫尔">瓦西里·康斯坦丁諾維奇·布柳赫爾</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="格奥尔基·康斯坦丁诺维奇·朱可夫">格奥尔基·康斯坦丁诺维奇·朱可夫</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康斯坦丁·康斯坦丁诺维奇·罗科索夫斯基">康斯坦丁·康斯坦丁诺维奇·罗科索夫斯基</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightsteelblue;;">標識</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">蘇俄時期軍旗 (1918-1937)</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931925).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">非官方軍旗 (正反面)</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_flag_(Fictitious).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/150px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/225px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/300px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_flag_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg/150px-Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg/225px-Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg/300px-Red_Army_flag_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">軍徽 (1918—1922)</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/150px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/225px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg/300px-Soviet_Red_Army_Hammer_and_Plough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">軍徽 (1922—1946)</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_star_with_golden_border_and_red_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联共产党章程（页面不存在）">党章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC" title="集体领导">集体领导制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇聯最高領導人列表">最高領導人</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党代表大会">代表大会</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党第二十八次代表大会">二十八大</a>）</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="苏共中央主要领导人列表">總書記</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·安东诺维奇·伊瓦什科">伊瓦什科</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央委员会">中央委員會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="苏联共产党中央政治局">中央政治局</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" title="苏联共产党中央委员会书记处">书记处</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%B1%80" title="全联盟共产党（布尔什维克）中央组织局">中央组织局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央监察委员会">中央监察委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央审计委员会">中央审计委员会</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;"> <hr />政府</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家宪政体制</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="苏联成立条约">联盟条约</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="新聯盟條約">新聯盟條約</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="苏联宪法">宪法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">社会主义联邦制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">社会主义民主</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="蘇聯法律">法律</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联全联盟法律（页面不存在）">全联盟法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联加盟共和国法律（页面不存在）">加盟共和国法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联自治共和国法律（页面不存在）">自治共和国法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地方人民代表苏维埃决定（页面不存在）">地方各级人民代表苏维埃决定</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家权力机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏联最高苏维埃">最高蘇維埃</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联人民代表大会">人民代表大会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團</a> <ul><li>主席：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E5%9F%BA%E6%89%AC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="阿纳托利·伊万诺维奇·卢基扬诺夫">阿纳托利·卢基扬诺夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联人民监督委员会（页面不存在）">苏联人民监督委员会</a></s></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="苏联国家元首列表">国家元首</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團主席</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="蘇聯總統">蘇聯總統</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" title="米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫">戈尔巴乔夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團副主席</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%89%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="苏联副总统">苏联副总统</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A3%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="根纳季·亚纳耶夫">亚纳耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联总统委员会">蘇聯總統會議</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="最高苏维埃">各加盟共和国最高苏维埃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="最高苏维埃">各自治共和国最高苏维埃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏维埃">地方各级人民代表苏维埃</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家执行机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">部长会议</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="苏联部长会议主席">主席</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="伊万·斯捷潘诺维奇·西拉耶夫">西拉耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="苏联部长会议第一副主席">第一副主席</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·马卡罗维奇·韦利奇科">韦利奇科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="维塔利·胡塞伊诺维奇·多古日耶夫">多古日耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联部长会议各部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministries of the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%90%84%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联部长会议各部（页面不存在）">部长会议各部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Ministries of the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministries of the Soviet Union</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部长会议各国家委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="State Committee of the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部长会议各国家委员会（页面不存在）">委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:State Committee of the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">State Committee of the Soviet Union</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="部长会议">各加盟共和国部长会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="部长会议">各自治共和国部长会议</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="执行委员会（页面不存在）">地方各级执行委员会</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家司法机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="苏联最高法院">最高法院</a> <ul><li>院长：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%9E%E9%87%87%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="叶夫根尼·阿列克谢耶维奇·斯莫连采夫">斯莫连采夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li>最高检察机关 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯總檢察長" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Генеральная прокуратура СССР"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B8%BD%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯總檢察長（页面不存在）">總檢察長</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Генеральная прокуратура СССР"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Генеральная прокуратура СССР</span></a></span>）</span></span>：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·塞米诺维奇·特鲁宾" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Трубин, Николай Семёнович"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%AE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·塞米诺维奇·特鲁宾（页面不存在）">特鲁宾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Трубин, Николай Семёнович"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Трубин, Николай Семёнович</span></a></span>）</span></span><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2_(%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人民法院 (蘇聯)（页面不存在）">地方各级人民法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="檢察官">地方各级检察长</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;"> <hr />政治</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">经济·社会·文化</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="蘇聯經濟">經濟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="蘇聯農業">農業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E5%93%81" title="苏联消费品">消費品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="蘇聯五年計劃">五年計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965%E5%B9%B4%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965年蘇維埃經濟改革（页面不存在）">柯西金改革</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯科技（页面不存在）">科学技术</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E9%85%8D%E7%BB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联统一配给（页面不存在）">统一配给</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="蘇聯文化">文化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="蘇聯人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="蘇聯教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="蘇聯宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="蘇聯交通">運輸</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="苏联历史">历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">内战</a>时期</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="新经济政策">新经济政策</a>时期</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">斯大林时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%BB" title="赫鲁晓夫解冻">赫鲁晓夫缓和期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="停滯時代">停滞期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国防·国际关系</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="苏联国防部">国防部</a> <ul><li>部长：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%B3%A2%E4%BB%80%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="叶夫根尼·伊万诺维奇·沙波什尼科夫">沙波什尼科夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="苏联武装力量">苏联武装力量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯戰略火箭軍">战略火箭军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯陸軍">陆军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="苏联国土防空军">国土防空军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯空軍">空军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯海軍">海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联边防军">边防军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%86%85%E5%8D%AB%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯内卫部队">内务部队</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="苏联外交部">外交部</a> <ul><li>部长：<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%BD" title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽">谢瓦尔德纳泽</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="苏联外交">苏联外交</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="第三国际">第三国际</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">东欧剧变</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Soviet Union">地图</a></span></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%:"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:苏联">苏联主题</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Template:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Template talk:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>工农红军</b>（俄语：<span lang="ru">Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная а́рмия，РККА</span>；简称<span lang="ru">Красная армия，КА</span>），通称<b>苏联红军</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a>及其后继军事力量。它是1922年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟">苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="武装力量">武装力量</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B" title="陆军">陆军</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="空军">空军</a>。红军起源于1917年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">俄国内战</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布尔什维克</a>创立军队反击他们敌人（尤其是以“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="白军">白军</a>”为名义组成的团体）。1946年2月起，红军与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="红海军">红海军</a>组成<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="苏联武装力量">苏联武装力量</a>（俄语：<span lang="ru">Вооруженные Силы СССР（ВС СССР）／Vooruzhennye Sily SSSR</span>）。 </p><p>红军在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%88%98%E5%9C%BA" title="第二次世界大战欧洲战场">第二次世界大战欧洲战场</a>的获胜作出了决定性贡献。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">苏德战争</a>中，红军殲滅的德军（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志國防軍">德意志國防軍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%85%9A%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="武装党卫队">武装党卫队</a>）佔二戰德軍伤亡总数的75%－80%。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F_(%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD)" title="赤卫队 (俄国)">赤卫队 (俄国)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/220px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/330px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/440px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>伏尔铿工厂的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F_(%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD)" title="赤卫队 (俄国)">赤卫队</a>部队</figcaption></figure> <p>1917年9月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">列宁</a>写道：“只有一种方式阻止暴力警察的重建，那就是创建与军队结合的民兵（以人民军队取代旧陆军）。”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>那时，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄罗斯帝国陆军</a>开始瓦解。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>23%（1900万）的人被调动起来参加陆军，但他们当中的大多数没有装备任何武器，而且仅依靠<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="交通线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="line of communication"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交通线（页面不存在）">交通线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/line_of_communication" class="extiw" title="en:line of communication"><span lang="en" dir="auto">line of communication</span></a></span>）</span></span>和根据地维持补给。沙俄将领<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·杜霍宁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nikolay Dukhonin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%9C%8D%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·杜霍宁（页面不存在）">尼古拉·杜霍宁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dukhonin" class="extiw" title="en:Nikolay Dukhonin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nikolay Dukhonin</span></a></span>）</span></span>估计有200万人逃跑，180万人阵亡，500万人负伤，200万人被俘。他估计剩余的部队有1000万。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联人民委员会">人民委员会</a>决定于1918年1月28日（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%8E%86" class="mw-redirect" title="旧历">旧历</a>1918年1月15日）创建红军。他们预想组建一个“由工人阶级最优秀的分子及具有阶级意识的人”组成的实体。所有年满18岁的俄罗斯共和国公民都应当加入。其作用是“维护苏维埃政权，作为从常备军转变为国家武装力量的基础，作为支持即将到来的欧洲社会主义革命的基础”。征兵条件需要来自苏维埃政权、党或工会委员会管辖的革命军事委员会，或者2名属于上述组织中的人员的保证。在整个部队想要加入红军的情况中，需要整个部队集体保证，并且全体成员投票同意。<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>人民委员会拥有对红军的最高指挥权，它授权军事人民委员会及其所属特殊院校指挥和管理军队。<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%9E%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·瓦西里耶维奇·克雷连科">尼古拉·克雷连科</a>任最高司令官，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E6%89%AC" title="亚历山大·米亚斯尼基扬">亚历山大·米亚斯尼基扬</a>任其副手。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%8F%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·波德伏依斯基">尼古拉·波德伏依斯基</a>任陆军人民委员，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="帕维尔·德宾科">帕维尔·德宾科</a>任海军人民委员。普罗相、萨摩伊斯基、施坦因伯格也与来自政治局的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A5%87-%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="弗拉基米尔·邦奇-布鲁耶维奇">弗拉基米尔·邦奇-布鲁耶维奇</a>被任命为人民委员。 </p><p>在1918年2月22日<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布尔什维克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="左翼社会革命党">左翼社会革命党</a>的联席会议上，克雷连科谈论到：“我们没有军队。士气低落的士兵一看到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志國防軍">德国头盔</a>在地平线上出现就恐慌起来，抛弃他们的大炮、被护送者及所有军事物资，留给<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E5%BA%8A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="沖床行動">胜利进军</a>的敌人。赤卫队像苍蝇一样被置之不理。我们没有力量阻击敌人；只有立即签订和平条约才能使我们免于毁灭。”<sup id="cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxistsfr.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄罗斯帝国军队</a>被解散的时候，零散的赤卫队部队和投靠布尔什维克的帝国军事人员十分缺乏信心去做抵御外敌、保卫新政府。因此，1918年1月，人民委员会决定工农红军将由来自“劳动人民中最有阶级意识和集体精神”的志愿者组建。这标志着赤卫队的终结和红军的建立。<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>红军主要由农民组成，他们的家属会得到口粮的保证，以及，他们在农场劳作时会受到帮助。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这样，一些仍然在家踌躇是否参军的农民，就挤满了征兵中心。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="俄国内战"><span id=".E4.BF.84.E5.9B.BD.E5.86.85.E6.88.98"></span>俄国内战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：俄国内战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">俄国内战</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg/220px-RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg/330px-RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg/440px-RA_rank_insignia_1919-1924.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>1919–1924年间红军的军人等级标志</figcaption></figure> <p>俄国内战（1917–23年）主要分为两个时期： </p> <ul><li>第一个时期：1917年10月－1918年11月，从布尔什维克革命到第一次世界大战（1914–18年）签订<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约">停战协定</a>。自布尔什维克政府于1917年11月把传统<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="哥萨克">哥萨克</a>土地进行国有化。这激起了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="顿河">顿河</a>地区<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%97%E9%87%91" title="阿列克谢·卡列金">阿列克谢·卡列金</a>将军的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E5%86%9B_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="志愿军 (俄罗斯)">志愿军</a>的叛乱。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約">布列斯特-立陶夫斯克和约</a>也使俄国政局恶化。这直接导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="协约国武装干涉俄国内战">协约国武装干涉俄国内战</a>，共12个国家对反布尔什维克武装进行支援。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="捷克斯洛伐克军团">捷克斯洛伐克军团</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰第五步兵师" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish 5th Rifle Division"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰第五步兵师（页面不存在）">波兰第五步兵师</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_5th_Rifle_Division" class="extiw" title="en:Polish 5th Rifle Division"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish 5th Rifle Division</span></a></span>）</span></span>和亲布尔什维克的红色<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="拉脱维亚步兵团">拉脱维亚步兵团</a>等之间有一系列的交战。</li> <li>第二个时期：1919年1月–11月，白军从东、南和西北三面向红军进攻，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E9%82%93%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="安东·邓尼金">安东·邓尼金</a>将军从南部进军，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%AF%9F%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·瓦西里耶维奇·高尔察克">亚历山大·瓦西里耶维奇·高尔察克</a>将军从东部进军，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E7%99%BB%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·尤登尼奇">尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·尤登尼奇</a>将军从西北进军。白军在每条战线上击败了红军。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a>进行军事改革并反攻；红军在6月击溃高尔察克部队，并在10月击溃邓尼金和尤登尼奇。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到11月中旬，白军已几乎全军覆没，到1920年1月连<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="顿河畔罗斯托夫">顿河畔罗斯托夫</a>也失守。</li></ul> <p>战争开始的时候，红军由299个步兵团组成。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>内战在列宁解散<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="俄国立宪会议">俄国立宪会议</a>（1918年1月5日–6日），和苏俄政府签订<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="布列斯特-立陶夫斯克">布列斯特-立陶夫斯克</a>（1918年3月3日）退出<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">大战</a>之后激化。摆脱了国际战争，红军仅需面对内战中反共武装的松散结盟，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B" title="乌克兰革命起义军">乌克兰革命起义军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="内斯托尔·马赫诺">内斯托尔·马赫诺</a>领导的“黑军”、反白军和红军、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%BB%8D" title="綠軍">绿军</a>和其他武装。1918年2月23日“红军日”具有双重的、历史性的意义——草拟征兵的第一日（在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得格勒">彼得格勒</a>和莫斯科）和反抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国">德意志帝国</a>军队占领的第一日。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1918年9月6日，布尔什维克民兵在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="革命军事委员会">共和国革命军事委员会</a>（1918–24年）主席托洛茨基和红军<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="總司令">总司令</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E9%87%87%E5%AD%A3%E6%96%AF" title="约阿基姆·瓦采季斯">约阿基姆·瓦采季斯</a>的命令下得到增援。不久，托洛茨基建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E4%B9%8C" title="格鲁乌">格鲁乌</a>为红军指战员提供政治和军事情报。<sup id="cite_ref-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基">托洛茨基</a>以最初的赤卫队组织、赤卫队民兵组织的核心兵力和秘密警察<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%8D%A1" title="契卡">契卡</a>创立了红军；<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1918年6月开始征兵，<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而且反对暴力镇压。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>为了控制不同民族和文化的红军士兵，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%8D%A1" title="契卡">契卡</a>操控特别惩戒旅镇压<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="反共主义">反共人士</a>、逃兵和“国家的敌人”。<sup id="cite_ref-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>战时实用主义允许他们招募前沙皇时期军官和警官（士官）到红军，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由列夫·格列札洛夫（俄语：<span lang="ru">Лев Глезаров</span>）的特别委员会审查并征召；1920年8月中旬红军的前沙皇时期的人员包括48,000名军官、10,300名管理人员及214,000名士官。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>内战开始的时候，前沙皇时期的人员占红军军官队伍的75%，<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>他们作为<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F" title="軍事顧問">军事专家</a>被雇用，<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>偶尔以扣留其家属为人质使其保持忠诚。<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>1922年战争结束的时候，前沙皇时期的人员占红军师级和军级指挥官的83%。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>红军把少数民族编成特殊的团，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B9%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="东干人">东干人</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%A5%87_(%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)" title="马三奇 (人物)">马三奇</a>的东干骑兵团。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>红军还在1919年至1925年与倾向布尔什维克党的志愿者武装<span lang="ru">Части особого назначения (ЧОН)</span>（<i>chasti osobogo naznacheniya</i> - 特殊任务部队）合作。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>劝诫、组织和复仇的口号表达了红军在确保战术及战略上的成功的纪律和动机。出征时，随军的契卡特别惩戒旅就地组织<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="军事法庭">军事法庭</a>并处决叛变者和逃兵。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在人民委员<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伯津">伯津</a>领导下，特别惩戒旅从叛变者的村庄劫取人质来迫使他们投降；有十分之一的人质被处决。红军也在所控制的地区用同样的手段镇压农民反叛。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>苏俄通过在红军分配<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85" title="旅">旅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98_(%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A)" title="團 (軍隊)">团</a>级<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政治委员">政治委员</a>并执行监视<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="政治正确">政治不正确</a>的指挥官的任务维持政治、民族和国家的忠诚。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>尽管有这样的强制措施，仍会有政治委员摆脱契卡或者投敌的情况，这样，他们会被处以死刑。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>1918年8月，托洛茨基委任<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基">米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基</a>将军到在政治不可靠的红军部队后面驻扎<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A3%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A" title="督戰隊">督战队</a>，射击任何在未经许可的情况下撤退的人。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1942年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">苏德战争</a>（1941–1945）期间，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">约瑟夫·斯大林</a>通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A9%E6%88%92%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="惩戒部队">惩戒部队</a>重新引入这一政策。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="苏波战争与前奏"><span id=".E8.8B.8F.E6.B3.A2.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E4.B8.8E.E5.89.8D.E5.A5.8F"></span>苏波战争与前奏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：苏波战争与前奏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%BF%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="1918年苏俄西征">1918年苏俄西征</a>发生在苏俄向上东区守备部队放弃的地区进军的同时。这一战延伸出了1919–21年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%B3%A2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="苏波战争">苏波战争</a>。其中红军于1920年攻入波兰中部，但后来在那里遭遇了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1920%E5%B9%B4)" title="华沙战役 (1920年)">失败</a>，致使战争结束。出征波兰期间红军投入650万人，约581,000人在西部和西南部前线，但多数遭遇了供给困难。约250万人作为后备军的一部分“无法在内部调动”。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920至1930年代的战术发展"><span id="1920.E8.87.B31930.E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E6.88.98.E6.9C.AF.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>1920至1930年代的战术发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：1920至1930年代的战术发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin,_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/220px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/330px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/440px-Lenin%2C_Trotsky_and_Voroshilov_with_Delegates_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>1921年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得格勒">彼得格勒</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">弗拉基米尔·列宁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%BC%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%8C%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="克利缅特·伏罗希洛夫">克利缅特·伏罗希洛夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a>和士兵们</figcaption></figure><p>至1920年秋，红军共组建88个步兵师、29个骑兵师、61个空军支队及一些炮兵和装甲兵部队，总兵力550万。1920年工业产值只相当于战前的1/7，农业产值相当于战前的1/2。为适应经济建设需要，1920年底颁布了红军大规模复员命令。 </p><p>经过四年的战斗，红军在南部击败<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="彼得·尼古拉耶维奇·弗兰格尔">彼得·尼古拉耶维奇·弗兰格尔</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，于是人民委员会在1922年成立了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>。 </p><p>1922年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BF%84%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="苏俄内战">苏俄内战</a>结束后，国家转入和平建设时期。1924年3月，取消了武装部队总司令(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="谢尔盖·谢尔盖耶维奇·加米涅夫">谢尔盖·谢尔盖耶维奇·加米涅夫</a>)的职务及其所属机构，代之建立了工农红军总司令部、工农红军总部和工农红军监察委员会3个机构。1924年3月11日，伏龙芝就任苏联革命军事委员会副主席。1924年4月1日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%9D" title="米哈伊尔·伏龙芝">米哈伊尔·伏龙芝</a>成为工农红军总司令部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="俄罗斯联邦武装力量总参谋部">参谋长</a>。工农红军总部由H·H·佩京领导；工农红军监察委员会由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="谢尔盖·谢尔盖耶维奇·加米涅夫">谢尔盖·谢尔盖耶维奇·加米涅夫</a>领导。以伏龙芝为首的特别委员会组织实施军事改革。通过改革，苏联采用了正规军与民兵相结合的武装力量体制，到1924年10月保留了56.2万人的精干红军。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>空军有485架飞机。 </p><p>1920年代末至1930代末，苏联主流军事理论家都遵循由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基">米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基</a>元帅在的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波苏战争">波苏战争</a>和俄国内战中发展出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E6%B7%B1%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="縱深作戰">纵深作战</a>理论流派。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>为了取得胜利，纵深作战指，通过进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B_(%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="军 (军队)">军</a>与集团军规模的部队通过深入敌人的地面部队，进行平行的、同时进行的机动作战进攻的策略，达成造成灾难性的防御失败的目的。纵深作战教义依赖于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="機動作戰">机动作战</a>产生的快速、高效且决定性的空中及装甲优势。图哈切夫斯基元帅说，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="空中作战">空中作战</a>必须“用来攻击超越<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" title="步兵">步兵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AE%E5%85%B5" title="炮兵">炮兵</a>及其他部队的攻击范围的目标。为了最大的战术效果，空军应该集群投入，集中于同一时间和空间，打击战术意义最高的目标。” </p><p>1924年，红军编制56.2万人，但不满编。1925年红军裁到五十多万人。1933年，红军规模增长至85.5万人。 </p><p>1936年全军110万人，其中26%是正规师；其他是地方（民兵）步兵师，只保留少数基干人员，其他人员五年期限内每年集训一个月(第一次三个月)，其余时间从事工农业劳动。1936年底，苏联共有12所军事学院、1所兽医军事学院、75所初级中级军事学校、74 440名军校生；1936年毕业军官约20 000人。1937年红军有206 000名干部，其中107 000名指挥人员，22 000名政工干部，后勤和行政管理干部26 000人。1937年11月，国防人民委员部批准了1938至1939年的扩军计划，要在两年内将红军规模从110万人扩充整编至拥有现役职业军人650.35万人。但实际上1939年红军有194.3万人，全部35个地方（民兵）步兵师改编成常备军。1939年苏联才确立了普遍义务兵役制，1939年开始组建部队管理局. </p><p>红军纵深作战理论最先出现在1929年野战规章，并且在1936年临时野战规章（PU-36）中制定下来。1937–1939年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a>和<a href="/wiki/1941%E5%B9%B4%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="1941年清洗红军">1940–1942年清洗</a>从红军中清除了许多将领，包括图哈切夫斯基和他的追随者，而且他的主要理论也被放弃。由此在与<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="日本皇军">日本皇军</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%A5%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="蘇日邊界衝突">主要的边界冲突</a>中，以及在1938年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%BC%93%E5%B3%B0%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="张鼓峰事件">张鼓峰事件</a>和1939年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%95%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="诺门罕战役">诺门罕战役</a>中，这一军事理论亦未被使用。直到第二次世界大战，纵深作战理论才重新被苏军广泛应用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中苏战争"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.8B.8F.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>中苏战争</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中苏战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="中东路事件">中东路事件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="苏联入侵新疆">苏联入侵新疆</a>和<a href="/wiki/1937%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="1937年新疆伊斯兰武装叛乱">1937年新疆伊斯兰武装叛乱</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国大陆时期">中华民国</a>政权及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%98%80#中華民國軍閥列表" class="mw-redirect" title="民国军阀">新疆地方军阀政权</a>组织军队进行自卫反击，反抗苏联和白军的入侵。但红军达到了他们的目标，维持了对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B8%85%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="东清铁路">东清铁路</a>的控制，并且最终在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>安插了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E6%89%8D" title="盛世才">亲苏政权</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第二次世界大战"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.BA.8C.E6.AC.A1.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E6.88.98"></span>第二次世界大战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：第二次世界大战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/220px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/330px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg/440px-Khalkhin_Gol_Soviet_tanks_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>1939年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%95%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="诺门罕战役">诺门罕战役</a>中的苏联坦克</figcaption></figure><p>1933年苏军总兵员85.5万。1939年初苏军总员额194.3万，陆军有98个师。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伙同德军瓜分东欧"><span id=".E4.BC.99.E5.90.8C.E5.BE.B7.E5.86.9B.E7.93.9C.E5.88.86.E4.B8.9C.E6.AC.A7"></span>伙同德军瓜分东欧</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：伙同德军瓜分东欧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armia_Czerwona,_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg/220px-Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg/330px-Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg/440px-Armia_Czerwona%2C_Wehrmacht_22.09.1939_wsp%C3%B3lna_parada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>伙同纳粹德国占领波兰后，苏军将领<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E8%8B%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%83%E7%94%B3" title="謝苗·克里沃申">谢苗<b>·</b>克里沃申</a>(右)和德军将领<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="海因茨·古德里安">海因茨·古德里安</a>(中)及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E6%9E%97" title="毛里茨·冯·维克托林">毛里茨·冯·维克托林</a>(左)一同在双方为庆祝胜利举办的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%98%85%E5%85%B5" title="苏德布列斯特-立陶夫斯克联合阅兵">布列斯特-立陶夫斯克联合阅兵式</a>上亲切合影。</figcaption></figure> <p>1939年8月23日，苏联停止与西方同盟国的谈判并在秘密协商后和纳粹德国签订了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92-%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="希特勒-斯大林条约">希特勒-斯大林条约</a>。该条约明面上是一个双方之间的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="互不侵犯條約">互不侵犯条约</a>，但实际上却包含了一份<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6#秘密议定书" title="苏德互不侵犯条约">秘密议定书</a>。根据该密约，苏德双方划定了在欧洲的势力范围，双方随即于9月相继<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="波蘭戰役">入侵波兰</a>，第二次世界大战爆发。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联入侵波兰">红军入侵波兰</a>后，同纳粹德国以在苏德密约中约定的接触线将波兰瓜分，并同纳粹德军举行了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%98%85%E5%85%B5" title="苏德布列斯特-立陶夫斯克联合阅兵">苏德布列斯特-立陶夫斯克联合阅兵</a>庆祝胜利征服波兰。 </p><p>此后，苏联亦根据同纳粹德国在密约中规定的势力范围入侵，占领并吞并了爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚和立陶宛三国。同时，苏联亦强逼罗马尼亚割让了比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳。其中一部分地区（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8" title="德涅斯特河沿岸">德涅斯特河左岸</a>）至今（21世纪20年代）仍遭俄军占领。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="入侵芬兰"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5.E8.8A.AC.E5.85.B0"></span>入侵芬兰</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：入侵芬兰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="冬季战争">冬季战争</a></div> <p>冬季战争<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是一场发生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a>之间的战争。开始于1939年11月30日的苏联进攻——离二战开始和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联入侵波兰">苏联入侵波兰</a>有3个月，结束于1940年3月13日签订的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="莫斯科和平协定">莫斯科和平协定</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际联盟">国际联盟</a>认定这场战争违法并于1939年12月14日开除苏联的成员资格。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>苏联军队有3倍于芬兰人的兵力，30倍的飞机和数百倍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="坦克">坦克</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。然而由于红军在1937年苏联领导人<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">约瑟夫·斯大林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a>中受到削弱，战争爆发之前军队的士气及战斗能力有所降低。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>超过30,000名将领被处决或拘禁，其中多名军衔等级极高，导致1939年的红军有许多高级将领缺乏战斗经验。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ries1988_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ries1988-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:56</sup>因为这些因素，以及芬兰军队高度的献身精神和高扬的士气，芬兰在比苏联预期时间更长的侵略战争中得以坚持下来；芬兰军队使红军在最初的三四个月里遭受了惊人的损失，同时避免了自己经受极大的损失。<sup id="cite_ref-Ries1988_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ries1988-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:79–80</sup> </p><p>战事在1940年3月随着莫斯科和平协定的签订而停止。芬兰割让战前11%的领土及30%的经济资产给苏联。<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:18</sup>这场战争使得苏联在前线受到很重的损失，国际声誉受到重创。<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:272–273</sup>红军没有完成他们完全征服芬兰的目标，但仍占领了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%8A%A0%E6%B9%96" title="拉多加湖">拉多加湖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E7%90%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%8D%80" title="佩琴加區">佩琴加</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89_(%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD)" title="薩拉 (芬蘭)">薩拉</a>地区。芬兰保住了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="主权">主权</a>，提高了国际声誉，并提振了后来<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%AD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="继续战争">继续战争</a>时的士气。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="苏德战争"><span id=".E8.8B.8F.E5.BE.B7.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>苏德战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：苏德战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">苏德战争</a></div><p>1940年11月，苏联同德国<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%87%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E8%AB%87%E5%88%A4" title="德蘇軸心談判">关于苏联加入轴心国的谈判</a>由于双方对瓜分世界的计划存在争议而陷入僵局。双方仅达成了一些由苏联向纳粹德国提供原材料的贸易协定并继续执行先前达成的一些军购案（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E6%8E%AA%E5%8F%B7%E9%87%8D%E5%B7%A1%E6%B4%8B%E8%88%B0" title="吕措号重巡洋舰">吕措号重巡洋舰</a>）。随后希特勒秘密下令准备执行对苏联的战争计划。1940年12月18日「第21号令<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="巴巴罗萨行动">巴巴罗萨行动</a>」付诸执行，预定于1941年5月中发动攻击。 1941年6月，纳粹德国突然撕毁希特勒-斯大林条约并大举入侵苏联。在巴巴罗萨行动中，红军有303个师和22个独立旅（480万士兵），包括驻守西部军区的166个师和9个旅（290万士兵）。轴心国在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">东部前线</a>施展181个师和18个旅（320万士兵）。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西北方面军" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northwestern Front"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北方面军（页面不存在）">西北</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front" class="extiw" title="en:Northwestern Front"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northwestern Front</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%9B" title="西部方面军">西部</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%9B" title="西南方面军">西南</a>三个方面军主导着苏联西部边界的防御。苏德战争的第一周德意志国防军击败了许多红军部队，红军数百万人被俘，并损失了大量物资。由于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林">斯大林</a>增加了动员，在1941年8月1日，虽然在战斗中损失了46个师，红军依然有401个师的兵力。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Soviet_artillery,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Odessa_Soviet_artillery%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>1941年7月，苏联士兵在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1941%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="敖德萨战役 (1941年)">敖德萨围困战</a>中炮击目标</figcaption></figure><p>猝不及防的红军在战场上遭受很大损失是由于无能的军官、局部性的动员和没有完成的重组。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>战前仓促的武力扩张和过度增加缺乏经验的军官（原本属于被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">清洗</a>的有经验的军官的）使得战斗有利于德意志国防军。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>轴心国的兵力优势使得战斗人员的师级兵力大致相等。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一代苏联指挥官（尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="格奥尔基·朱可夫">格奥尔基·朱可夫</a>）从战斗中培养起来，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并对苏联在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="莫斯科戰役">莫斯科战役</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役">斯大林格勒战役</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔斯克战役">库尔斯克战役</a>和后来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E6%98%82%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="巴格拉基昂行動">巴格拉基昂行动</a>中的胜利起了决定性的作用。 </p><p>1941年，苏联政府用强调保卫祖国和民族，运用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">俄罗斯历史事例</a>激励及英勇反抗外国侵略的政治宣传增强红军的集体荣誉感。反击纳粹的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">苏德战争</a>与反抗<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑">拿破仑</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄法战争">俄法战争</a>，以及历史上俄军英雄如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·涅夫斯基">亚历山大·涅夫斯基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E5%9B%BE%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%AB" title="米哈伊尔·库图佐夫">米哈伊尔·库图佐夫</a>相提并论，对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="俄罗斯正教会">俄罗斯正教会</a>的迫害暂时中止，神甫恢复了战前保佑部队的传统。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>为激励红军指战员的主动性，苏共临时废除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政治委员">政治委员</a>，重新引入正式的军衔和徽章，并接受了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯军队近卫荣誉称号">近卫称号</a>。英勇异常或表现优异的部队被授予近卫头衔（例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近卫特别步兵第1军" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1st Guards Special Rifle Corps"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E7%AC%AC1%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近卫特别步兵第1军（页面不存在）">近卫特别步兵第1军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Special_Rifle_Corps" class="extiw" title="en:1st Guards Special Rifle Corps"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1st Guards Special Rifle Corps</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%AC6%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B" title="近卫坦克第6集团军">近卫坦克第6集团军</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>处分制度也被应用；懈怠或以自伤逃避战斗者、<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006157_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>胆怯者、盗窃者和逃兵会被<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="内务人民委员部">内务人民委员部</a>处罚特遣队处以笞刑、降级、强迫执行危险的任务或死刑。那时内务人民委员部军事反间谍官员成为决定是否判处死刑和部队所属任何士兵和（任意多数）军官生死的关键。1942年，斯大林建立了由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="古拉格">古拉格</a>囚犯、苏联俘虏、声名狼藉的士兵和逃兵组成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A9%E6%88%92%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="惩戒部队">惩戒部队</a>，承担危险的前线任务如清除纳粹雷区等。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>鉴于其危险性，最高刑期为三个月。同样，苏联对待被德军俘获过的红军人员特别严厉。1941年斯大林的命令中要求每一位红军士兵及军官在被俘后自尽而不是投降，苏联法律把所有被俘红军士兵判为叛国罪。<sup id="cite_ref-Tolstoy_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolstoy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>被红军从敌营解放的苏联战俘通常被判决进入惩戒部队。<sup id="cite_ref-Tolstoy_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolstoy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/220px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/330px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/440px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>红军<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E6%97%97" title="胜利旗">胜利旗</a>，1945年5月在德国国会大厦上升起</figcaption></figure><p> 苏德战争期间，红军除战争开始时服役的4,826,907人以外又<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B5%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6" title="徵兵制">征召</a>了29,574,900人。总计参战34,401,807人当中有6,329,600人<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B5%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="阵亡">阵亡</a>，555,400人死于疾病，4,559,000人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%B1%E8%B9%A4" title="任務中失蹤">失踪</a>（多数被俘）。然而在可查明的战俘11,444,000人中，有939,700人在随后解放苏联领土中重新获得军衔，而且1,836,000人从德国集中营中返回。由此战争中损失的人员总数达到8,668,400。<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>这是官方的死亡总人数，但其他观点对死亡总数的估计高达几乎1100万人，包括770万人阵亡或者失踪以及260万战俘死亡（520万战俘总数之外），加上400,000准军事武装和苏联游击队的损失。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>多数的损失不包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘">战俘</a>、多数民族的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯人">俄罗斯人</a>（5,756,000），多数民族<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="乌克兰人">乌克兰人</a>（1,377,400）。<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是在3400万被动员的非斯拉夫裔少数民族士兵，以及从1941到1943年间服役大约45个由少数民族组成的师当中与之相当的有800万。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg/220px-Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg/330px-Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg/440px-Soldaten_rote_armee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>1941年时受阅的红军</figcaption></figure><p>德军在东线的损失包括在1937年国界以內居民有约3,604,800人阵亡，以及在居住于1937年国界之外地区的900,000名德意志人和奥地利人（这里面包括列为在任务中失踪或者战后未统计的）<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>中有3,576,300人据报告被俘（总共8,081,100）；德国的卫星国在东线的损失据估计有668,163人阵亡或失踪，并有799,982人被俘（总共1,468,145）。在这9,549,245人当中，苏联在战后集中营释放了3,572,600，由此轴心国损失的总数据估计有5,976,645人。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>就<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘">战俘</a>而言，同盟国有很大一部分被俘并有多数死于集中营——近期一份英国统计<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>称600万苏联战俘中有360万死于德国集中营，300万德国战俘中有300,000死于苏联。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>从东普鲁士陷落开始，苏联士兵在德国制造了大规模强奸，尤其是在柏林直到1945年5月初为止。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="弱点"><span id=".E5.BC.B1.E7.82.B9"></span>弱点</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：弱点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1941年德国空军和陆军持续的进攻造成红军后勤支援困难，因为许多仓库以及苏联大多数工业生产基础在西部地区遭受的入侵中受到破坏，这迫使他们在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">乌拉尔山脉</a>以东重建工业设施。在这期间，红军常常被要求在只有临时拼凑或者没有武器、运输工具及其他装备的情况下出征。1941年将生产设施完全迁移到乌拉尔山脉的决定使得苏联主要的供应体系处在德军进攻范围之外。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>战争后期，红军列装了一些优秀的武器，尤其是大炮和坦克。红军重型坦克<a href="/wiki/KV-1%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="KV-1坦克">KV-1</a>和中型坦克<a href="/wiki/T-34%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="T-34坦克">T-34</a>超越了多数德军的装甲装备，<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但在1941年，多数苏联坦克部队仍使用旧式坦克。<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联空军">苏联空军</a>虽然装配相对现代的飞机，最初的表现仍逊于<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="納粹德國空軍">德国空军</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="管理"><span id=".E7.AE.A1.E7.90.86"></span>管理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：管理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>后的军事管理直到红军建立的时候还是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB-%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%AB%E8%B0%A2%E5%BB%B6%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·安东诺夫-奥夫谢延科">弗拉基米尔·安东诺夫-奥夫谢延科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="帕维尔·德宾科">帕维尔·德宾科</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%9E%E7%A7%91" title="尼古拉·克雷连科">尼古拉·克雷连科</a>组成的集体委员会领导的陆军人民委员会和海军人民委员会主管。同时<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·杜霍宁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nikolay Dukhonin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%9C%8D%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·杜霍宁（页面不存在）">尼古拉·杜霍宁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Dukhonin" class="extiw" title="en:Nikolay Dukhonin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nikolay Dukhonin</span></a></span>）</span></span>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·克伦斯基">亚历山大·克伦斯基</a>逃离俄国后成为最高司令官。1917年11月12日苏俄政府任命克雷连科为最高司令官，作为司令官杜霍宁在1917年11月20日遭遇”意外“刺杀的强力替职。1917年11月28日<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%8F%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·波德伏依斯基">尼古拉·波德伏依斯基</a>被任命为陆军人民委员，与德宾科主管的海军人民委员会相分离，承担起向南俄进军的任务。布尔什维克也派出他们自己的代表去替换<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄罗斯帝国陆军</a>的前线司令官。 </p><p>1918年3月3日<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約">布列斯特-立陶夫斯克条约</a>签订后，苏俄军事主管部门进行了大改组。1918年3月13日苏俄政府接受了克雷连科的辞呈，并且最高司令官背后的势力遭遇清算。1918年3月14日<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a>取代波德伏依斯基为陆军人民委员。1918年3月16日帕维尔·德宾科从海军人民委员会撤职。1918年5月8日创建由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·斯托戈夫" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Стогов, Николай Николаевич"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%88%88%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·斯托戈夫（页面不存在）">尼古拉·斯托戈夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Стогов, Николай Николаевич"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Стогов, Николай Николаевич</span></a></span>）</span></span>和后来的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E9%92%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·斯维钦">亚历山大·斯维钦</a>领导的全俄总司令部。 </p><p>1918年9月2日创立由陆军人民委员列夫·托洛茨基领导的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="革命军事委员会">革命军事委员会</a>作为主要的军事主管部门。1918年9月6日在总司令部已经存在的情况下，创立了最初由尼古拉·拉捷尔领导的革命军事委员会野战司令部。同日创立了最初由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E9%87%87%E5%AD%A3%E6%96%AF" title="约阿基姆·瓦采季斯">约阿基姆·瓦采季斯</a>（1919年7月起－<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" title="谢尔盖·加米涅夫">谢尔盖·加米涅夫</a>）负责的武装力量最高司令官办公室。武装力量最高司令官延续至1924年4月<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">俄国内战</a>结束。 </p><p>苏联成立后，1923年11月俄国陆军和海军人民委员会转为苏联陆军和海军人民委员会。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="组织"><span id=".E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87"></span>组织</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：组织"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E8%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联军衔">苏联军衔</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_flag_(Fictitious).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/220px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/330px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg/440px-Red_Army_flag_%28Fictitious%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>苏联红军非官方军旗，因为苏军地面部队从来就没有过正式的军旗。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>起初，红军以自发组建发挥作用，没有军衔及军徽。民主选举将领。然而1918年5月29日的命令对18到40岁男性强制实行义务兵役。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>为了铺开大规模兵役制度，布尔什维克创建了地方性的军事人民委员会（<i>voyennyy komissariat</i>、<i>voyenkomat</i>），直到2006年在俄罗斯仍在以此为名进行相似的运转。军事人民委员会不应与军事<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政治委员">政治委员</a>的建立相混淆。 </p><p>1920年代中期引入了区域性的红军人员分配准则。任何地区体格健全的男性都被征召到地方部队服一定期限的兵役，每年这组织起了红军约半数的兵力，为期五年。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>第一段服役期为三个月，一年以后再服役一个月。一个普通干部作为一个稳定军事单位的核心。1925年这一体系提供了77个步兵师中的46个，还有11个骑兵师中的一个。其他人员组成普通军官并在两年任期内负责组织服役人员。这种区域性的体系最终被废除，在1937–38年所有其余人员转入其他干部部门。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%89%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="俄国共产党（布尔什维克）第十一次代表大会">俄国共产党（布尔什维克）第十一次代表大会</a>通过了一项巩固红军的决议，决定在军中建立严密组织的军事、教育和经济环境。然而这被指出军中将有160万人难以承担。会后，党中央决定到1922年底把红军扩充80万人。扩军需要重整军队的管理和组织结构。最高军事单位现在由两三个师的部队组成。每个师由三个团组成。旅作为独立单位被废除。1922年第二季度开始建立<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="步枪队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="rifle corps"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E6%9E%AA%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="步枪队（页面不存在）">步枪队</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rifle_corps" class="extiw" title="en:rifle corps"><span lang="en" dir="auto">rifle corps</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="机械化"><span id=".E6.9C.BA.E6.A2.B0.E5.8C.96"></span>机械化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：机械化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>苏军得到充足的资金并革新自身的技术。1941年一位美国记者写道：<sup id="cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">即使按美国的情况来看，苏联国防预算是很大的。在1940年，这相当于11,000,000,000美元，也就是国家三分之一的财政支出。比之下的现实是，无限富有的美国只有在我们两年最大的国防支出后的1942年才会有接近于这么多的年度支出。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">多数花在红军和空军上的预算被用于为战争准备的机器生产。1923年前布尔什维克革命发生的时候俄国只有很少的机器生产力。马克思说共产主义必定出现在高度工业化的社会。布尔什维克认定他们的社会主义梦想会以由机器增加生产并降低劳动时间直到每个人都各取所需，各尽所能来发生。不知为何，虽然这没有发生，但俄国人仍然崇拜机器，而且这也使得，除了现在的德军，红军在世界上的机械化程度最高。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">像美国人一样，俄国人羡慕规模、宏大、巨量。他们为建立坦克（包括世界上最大的那种）、装甲车、飞机、机关枪、以及各种机械化武器的大军而骄傲。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knickerbocker1941-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <p>在斯大林的机械化运动下，红军在1930年建立了第一支机械化部队——第1机械化旅，由坦克团、摩托化步兵团、巡逻兵及炮兵营组成。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>从这个渺小的开端开始，到1932年，苏联建立了历史上第一次达到实战水平的两支装甲部队，第11和第45装甲军。他们是包含战斗支援部队的重型坦克集团军，因而他们能在没有前线支援时进行敌后作战而幸存。 </p><p>受<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="法國戰役">德国1940年攻击法国的战役</a>的影响，苏联<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="军事人民委员会（页面不存在）">军事人民委员会</a>于1940年6月6日命令创建第9机械化军。1941年2月–3月间下令创建了另外20个，而且都比图哈切夫斯基的规模大。但即使1941年红军第29机械化军拥有理论上不少于29,899辆坦克，他们也被证明是纸老虎。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>当时他们实际上只有17,000辆坦克能用，这意味着一些新建的机械化军其实实力很弱。工厂和军事计划者表露出的压力也显示出产量不足导致多数装甲车辆型号过时的状况，以及备件和支持的装备严重缺乏，而且将近四分之三的装备因大修延误。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga1984126_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga1984126-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1941年6月22日红军只有1,475辆T-34和KV系列坦克能用，而且这些部队在前线太过分散，不具有足够大的规模来达成局部的胜利。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如立陶宛<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3机械化军（页面不存在）">第3机械化军</a>总共有460辆坦克，其中109辆是新造的KV-1和T-34，是少数拥有大量的新型坦克的一支；与此相对，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC4%E5%86%9B_(%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第4军 (苏联)（页面不存在）">第4军</a>拥有520辆坦克，但全部都是过时的T-26，与1,031辆新型重型坦克的编制构成鲜明对比。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz35_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz35-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这个问题在红军当中普遍存在，并且直接导致了1941年红军被德军初次击败。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="战争时期"><span id=".E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>战争时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：战争时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次世界大战期间苏联的战术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Red Army tactics in World War II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次世界大战期间苏联的战术（页面不存在）">第二次世界大战期间苏联的战术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_tactics_in_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="en:Red Army tactics in World War II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Red Army tactics in World War II</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <p>战争提供的经验推动了前线部队组织方式的改革。在对德六个月的进攻之后，红军高层废除了集团军和师级之间的步兵军编制（rifle corps），因为尽管在理论上是有用的，在1941年红军的状态下，这在实践中被证明是效率低下的。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>随着1942年1月<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="莫斯科戰役">莫斯科战役</a>中的决定性的胜利，最高司令部开始在最有经验的部队中重新采用步兵军这一编制。到1941年6月22日，步兵师总数有62支，1942年1月1日下降到6支，但到1943年2月上升到34支，1944年年初时上升到161支。前线步兵师的兵力，在1941年1月经官方统计有11,000人，最多不超过1941年间所建立的兵力的50%，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而且这些师在连续的作战中减少到几百人甚至更少。 </p><p>战争爆发的时候红军仍采用上文所描述中发展出来的机械化集团军和坦克师的编制。但是随后德国的进攻造成了大多数，以及1941年间几乎全部大编制单位（除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%B4%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="外贝加尔军区">外贝加尔军区</a>的两个）被解散。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–30_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–30-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因为协调小股部队更加容易，随后成立了单独的坦克旅和营取代他们。1942年末和1943年初大型集团军级坦克编队再次被全体编入所属的装甲部队。1942年中之前这些部队一起被编入到大型坦克集团军，到战争末期，这些军队的规模增加到700辆坦克和50,000人。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人员"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.91.98"></span>人员</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：人员"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>布尔什维克当局给红军每一支部队都派驻了<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="政治委员">政治委员</a>，具有当各部队指挥员违背党的原则时将其替换的权威。虽然根据一些美国历史学者的观点，这有时候会导致指挥效率低下，<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[谁？]</span></span></a></sup>但党的领导人认为对军事的政治控制是绝对必要的。同样，随着红军越来越依赖来自革命前的帝俄时期的军官，它理所当然害怕兵变。这一体系在1925年被废除，由于有足够的时间培养党的干部，也不再需要对所有命令进行加签。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军衔及头衔"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E8.A1.94.E5.8F.8A.E5.A4.B4.E8.A1.94"></span>军衔及头衔</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：军衔及头衔"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy,_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg/220px-Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg/330px-Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg/440px-Ol%C5%A1ansk%C3%A9_h%C5%99bitovy%2C_Rud%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>布拉格的红军纪念碑</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E8%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联军衔">苏联军衔</a></div> <p>早期红军在革命过程中以“沙皇的遗产”的名义废除了培训专业<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="军官">军官</a>的学院。特别的是，布尔什维克反对使用“军官”一词，并以“指挥员”一词取代。红军废除了<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A9%E7%AB%A0" title="肩章">肩章</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E8%A1%94" title="军衔">军衔</a>，使用纯粹功能性的头衔如“师指挥员”、“集团军指挥员”及类似头衔取代。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但这些功能性头衔的军徽是存在的，由三角、四方形和菱形（称作“钻石”）组成。 </p><p>1924年10月2日建立了“单兵”或“现役”分类，包括从K1（组长、副班长、高级步兵等）到K14（战地指挥员、军指挥员、军区指挥员、军政委等）的级别。现役类的标志由三角、四方形和菱形组成，还有矩形（1 - 3，从K7到K9）。 </p><p>1935年9月22日红军废除现役类<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="需要解釋或改寫（2010年8月）">需要解释</span></a>]</sup>并引入个人军阶。而这些军阶用一个功能性头衔和传统军阶的组合来表示。例如军阶包含“中尉”和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E7%B4%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E5%93%A1" title="師級指揮員">师级指挥员</a>”。进一步的问题在政治军官（如“旅政委”、“2级集团军政委”）、技术化的部队（如“3级机械士”、“师机械士”）、主管人员、军医及其他非战斗人员分支的功能性和类别性的军阶之间产生。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联元帅列表">苏联元帅</a>军衔于1935年9月2日引入。1940年5月7日，对于实行军衔制做的进一步的修订从<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%BC%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%8C%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="克利缅特·伏罗希洛夫">伏罗希洛夫</a>元帅的提议中做出：红军“上将”和“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="海军上将">海军上将</a>”替换成<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E7%B4%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E5%93%A1" title="旅級指揮員">旅级指挥员</a>、师级指挥员、军级指挥员、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B%E7%BA%A7%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E5%91%98" title="集团军级指挥员">集团军级指挥员</a>的初级功能性军衔以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="红海军">红海军</a>的1级<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E6%89%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="旗手">旗手</a>等；其他高级功能性军衔（“方面军政委”、“方面军机械士”等）保持原状。兵种或现役的区分不变（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骑兵上将（页面不存在）">骑兵上将</a>、装甲兵元帅）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="自October 2013警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup>大部分而言，新的军衔制恢复了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄罗斯帝国陆军</a>所用的一战期间总结出来的军衔制。 </p><p>1943年初，军衔制的统一被视为废止所有功能性军衔。“军官”一词受到官方认可，与之一起的还有已废弃的前军衔<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阶级徽章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="insignia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阶级徽章（页面不存在）">阶级徽章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/insignia" class="extiw" title="en:insignia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">insignia</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A9%E7%AB%A0" title="肩章">肩章</a>。1943的徽章和军衔未作改动，直到苏联存在的最后一天；当代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="俄罗斯联邦武装力量">俄军</a>很大程度上沿用了这一体制。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军事教育"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>军事教育</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：军事教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联军事学院（页面不存在）">苏联军事学院</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">内战</a>期间指挥骨干是在帝俄<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉斯综合军事学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nicholas General Staff Academy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉斯综合军事学院（页面不存在）">尼古拉斯综合军事学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_General_Staff_Academy" class="extiw" title="en:Nicholas General Staff Academy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nicholas General Staff Academy</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1920年代成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%BE%99%E8%8A%9D%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="伏龙芝军事学院">伏龙芝军事学院</a>）受训。中高级指挥官接受高等军事学术课程培训，1925年改称统帅部高级课程；1931年伏龙芝军事学院设立作战系增添这类课程。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="俄罗斯总参谋部军事学院">总参谋部军事学院</a>于1936年4月2日恢复，并成为红军中、高级指挥官的主要军事学院。<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="清洗"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.B4.97"></span>清洗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：清洗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E6%B4%BE%E5%8F%8D%E8%8B%8F%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托洛茨基派反苏军事组织案（页面不存在）">托洛茨基派反苏军事组织案</a></div> <p>1930年代末对红军将领的清洗随着斯大林对苏联社会的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a>同时发生。1936与1937年，在斯大林命令下，上千名红军高级军官从他们的岗位上被撤职。这场清洗以清除红军中“政治不可靠的成分”为目标，主要针对高级军官。这不可避免地为解决个人恩怨或排除角逐同一指挥权的军官之间的竞争提供了合适的借口。许多集团军级、军级和师级指挥官被解职，多数被拘禁或送入劳改营，其他人被处死。受害者当中红军的主要军事理论家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基">米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基</a>元帅被斯大林以潜在的政敌论处。受到处分的军官会被政治军官严密搜查，即使是在做记录或在野外演练这样的情况下。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>恐惧和不情愿的气氛很快在红军中自然传播开来；低级军官自杀率上升到创纪录的水平。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这场清洗明显削弱了红军的战斗力。Hoyt总结到“苏联的防御体系被破坏到了不能发挥作用的程度上”而且强调他们“对高级军官的存在感到恐惧”。<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Clark说，“斯大林不仅毁灭了军心，还毁灭了思想”。<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Lewin提出三种严重的后果：失去了有经验且训练有素的高级军官；潜在的盟友特别是法国产生了怀疑；并且给德国带来了激励。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tukhachevsky-mikhail-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Tukhachevsky-mikhail-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>红军将领<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基">米哈伊尔·图哈切夫斯基</a>，1937年6月<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a>期间被处决</figcaption></figure> <p>近期解密的数据指出1937年，清洗高潮的时期，红军中存在114,300名军官，其中11,034人被撤职。1938年，红军中存在179,000名军官，比1937多出56%，其中6,742被解职。在红军最高层中这场清洗抹去了5名元帅中的3位，15名集团军上将中的13位，9名海军上将中的8位，57名军种上将中的50位，186名师级上将中的154位，全部16名集团军政委以及28名军政委中的25位。<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其结果是1941年的红军军官队伍有许多缺乏经验的低级军官。1942年6月60%的团级指挥官有两年或更多的指挥经验，并且几乎80%的步兵师级指挥官，20%的军级指挥官，以及5%或更少的集团军和军区指挥官具有同一水平的经验。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>随着红军清洗的高潮显著增长，这可能会使问题进一步恶化。1937年，红军约有130万人，比1941年6月增加了大约3倍。军队需求的快速增长使缺乏经验或训练的军官相应迅速增多。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>低级军官被任命以填补高级军官的军衔，他们当中许多缺乏经验。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这一动向相应导致许多军校毕业新生来填补低级军官的空缺。1937年，一个学院的整个初级班提前一年毕业以填补红军的空白。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由于缺乏经验和害怕遭到报复，许多新军官未能将大批新入职的人员留在队伍中; 对于不服从的投诉在1941年被处罚的罪行中名列前茅，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并且可能加剧了红军士兵在德国当年的进攻初期阶段抛弃其部队的情况。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1940年，斯大林开始收敛，恢复大约三分之一先前被解职军官的职务。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，清洗的后果很快在1940年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="冬季战争">冬季战争</a>之中显现出来，红军部队比芬兰军队的表现差得多，而且后来1941年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="巴巴罗萨行动">德国入侵</a>期间，很大程度上由于俄国军官中缺乏经验的人员太多，德国得以打垮俄国守卫者。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="武器装备"><span id=".E6.AD.A6.E5.99.A8.E8.A3.85.E5.A4.87"></span>武器装备</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：武器装备"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%BB%8D%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇軍装备列表（页面不存在）">蘇軍装备列表</a></div> <p>苏联扩大了其军事工业作为1920至1930年代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="苏联历史">斯大林工业化运动</a>的一部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輕武器"><span id=".E8.BC.95.E6.AD.A6.E5.99.A8"></span>輕武器</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：輕武器"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="手槍"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E6.A7.8D"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="手槍">手槍</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：手槍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%94%98M1895%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E6%89%8B%E6%A7%8D" title="納甘M1895轉輪手槍">納甘M1895</a>（1918—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%91%9FC96%E6%89%8B%E6%A7%8D" title="毛瑟C96手槍">毛瑟C96</a>（1920—1930）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TT%E6%89%8B%E6%A7%8D" title="TT手槍">TT-30／TT-33</a>（1930—1946）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="衝鋒槍"><span id=".E8.A1.9D.E9.8B.92.E6.A7.8D"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E9%8B%92%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="衝鋒槍">衝鋒槍</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：衝鋒槍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PPD-40%E5%86%B2%E9%94%8B%E6%9E%AA" title="PPD-40冲锋枪">PPD-34</a>（1934—1941）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPD-40%E5%86%B2%E9%94%8B%E6%9E%AA" title="PPD-40冲锋枪">PPD-40</a>（1940—1945）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPSh-41%E5%86%B2%E9%94%8B%E6%9E%AA" title="PPSh-41冲锋枪">PPSh-41</a>（1941—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE%E5%86%B2%E9%94%8B%E6%9E%AA" title="汤普森冲锋枪">湯普森M1928A1</a>（1941—1945；透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="租借法案">租借法案</a>取得）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPS%E8%A1%9D%E9%8B%92%E6%A7%8D" title="PPS衝鋒槍">PPS-42／PPS-43</a>（1942—1946）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="步槍"><span id=".E6.AD.A5.E6.A7.8D"></span>步槍</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：步槍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%9B-%E7%B4%8D%E7%94%98%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="莫辛-納甘步槍">莫辛-納甘M1891</a>（1918—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%9B-%E7%B4%8D%E7%94%98%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="莫辛-納甘步槍">莫辛-納甘M1891/30</a>（1930—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%9B-%E7%B4%8D%E7%94%98%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="莫辛-納甘步槍">莫辛-納甘M38</a>（1938—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%9B-%E7%B4%8D%E7%94%98%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="莫辛-納甘步槍">莫辛-納甘M44</a>（1944—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%ABM1916%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%AD%A5%E6%9E%AA" title="费德洛夫M1916自动步枪">費德洛夫M1916</a>（1920—1945）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVS-36%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="AVS-36自動步槍">AVS-36</a>（1936—1941）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVT-40%E5%8D%8A%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="SVT-40半自動步槍">SVT-38／SVT-40</a>（1938—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKS%E5%8D%8A%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="SKS半自動步槍">SKS</a>（1945—1946）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="機槍"><span id=".E6.A9.9F.E6.A7.8D"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="機槍">機槍</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：機槍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%81M1910%E9%87%8D%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克沁M1910重機槍">馬克沁M1910</a>（1918—1943）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%81%E2%80%94%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%E8%BC%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="馬克沁—托卡列夫輕機槍">馬克沁—托卡列夫</a>（1925—1927）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DP%E8%BC%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="DP輕機槍">DP-27</a>（1927—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPD%E8%BC%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="RPD輕機槍">RPD</a>（1943—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DShK%E9%87%8D%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="DShK重機槍">DShK</a>（1938—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS-39%E4%B8%AD%E5%9E%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="DS-39中型機槍">DS-39</a>（1939—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%9C%97%E5%AF%A7M2%E9%87%8D%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="白朗寧M2重機槍">白朗寧M2</a>（1941—1945；透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="租借法案">租借法案</a>取得）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG-43%E4%B8%AD%E5%9E%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" title="SG-43中型機槍">SG-43</a>（1943—1946）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="反坦克步槍"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E5.9D.A6.E5.85.8B.E6.AD.A5.E6.A7.8D"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="反坦克步槍">反坦克步槍</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：反坦克步槍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTRD-41%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="PTRD-41反坦克步槍">PTRD-41</a>（1941—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTRS-41%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A5%E6%9E%AA" title="PTRS-41反坦克步枪">PTRS-41</a>（1941—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D" title="博斯反坦克步槍">博斯</a>（1941—1945；透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%80%9F%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="租借法案">租借法案</a>取得）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="手榴彈"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E6.A6.B4.E5.BD.88"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="手榴彈">手榴彈</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：手榴彈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="M1914手榴彈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Model 1914 grenade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M1914%E6%89%8B%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M1914手榴彈（页面不存在）">M1914</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_1914_grenade" class="extiw" title="en:Model 1914 grenade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Model 1914 grenade</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1918—1933）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGD-33%E6%89%8B%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88" title="RGD-33手榴彈">RGD-33</a>（1933—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AFF-1%E6%89%8B%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯F-1手榴彈">F-1</a>（1941—1946）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG-42%E6%89%8B%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88" title="RG-42手榴彈">RG-42</a>（1942—1946）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="战争罪行"><span id=".E6.88.98.E4.BA.89.E7.BD.AA.E8.A1.8C"></span>战争罪行</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：战争罪行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="蘇聯戰爭罪行">蘇聯戰爭罪行</a></div> <p>在二战后期，苏联红军曾经在其占领地区（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>、其他<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">東歐地區</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">中国东北</a>）犯下包括强奸、抢劫等战争罪行，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%86%AC%E7%94%9F" title="卢冬生">卢冬生</a>遇害。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 2月8日成为苏联假日“苏军节”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俄罗斯历史学界常用“1939–1940年苏芬战争”（俄语：<span lang="ru">Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940、Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940</span>）称呼。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Axis forces possessed a 1:1.7 superiority in personnel, despite the Red Army's 174 divisions against the Axis's 164 divisions, a 1.1:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–95_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–95-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：Even in American terms the Soviet defense budget was large. In 1940 it was the equivalent of $11,000,000,000, and represented one-third of the national expenditure. Measure this against the fact that the infinitely richer United States will approximate the expenditure of that much yearly only in 1942 after two years of our greatest defense effort.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：Most of the money spent on the Red Army and Air Force went for machines of war. Twenty-three years ago when the Bolshevik revolution took place there were few machines in Russia. Marx said Communism must come in a highly industrialized society. The Bolsheviks identified their dreams of socialist happiness with machines which would multiply production and reduce hours of labor until everyone would have everything he needed and would work only as much as he wished. Somehow this has not come about, but the Russians still worship machines, and this helped make the Red Army the most highly mechanized in the world, except perhaps the German Army now.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：Like Americans, the Russians admire size, bigness, large numbers. They took pride in building a vast army of tanks, some of them the largest in the world, armored cars, airplanes, motorized guns, and every variety of mechanical weapons.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation">Davies, Norman, Sunday Times, 05/11 2006, <q>Since 75%–80% of all German losses were inflicted on the eastern front it follows that the efforts of the western allies accounted for only 20%–25%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.chron=05%2F11+2006&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); </span><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#citation_missing_title" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLenin" class="citation">Lenin, Vladmir Ilich, Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/TPOR17.html">Collected Works</a> <b>24</b>, Marx 2 Mao: 55–91, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326191539/http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/TPOR17.html">存档</a>于2017-03-26）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=Tasks+of+the+Proletariat+in+our+Revolution&rft.aufirst=Vladmir+Ilich&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=55-91&rft.pub=Marx+2+Mao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marx2mao.com%2FLenin%2FTPOR17.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWollenberg" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wollenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Wollenberg（页面不存在）">Wollenberg, Erich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308182138/http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch01.htm">The Red Army</a>, Marxists FR, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/ch01.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2012-03-08）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.aulast=Wollenberg&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Marxists+FR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxistsfr.org%2Fhistory%2Fussr%2Fgovernment%2Fred-army%2F1937%2Fwollenberg-red-army%2Fch01.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxistsfr.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxistsfr.org_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1918" class="citation">Appendix 1 – The Scheme For A Socialist Army, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180213/http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/append01.htm">The Red Army</a> (decree), The Council of People's Commissars, 15 January 1918 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/1937/wollenberg-red-army/append01.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-21）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=Appendix+1+%E2%80%93+The+Scheme+For+A+Socialist+Army&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army&rft.date=1918-01-15&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=The+Council+of+People%27s+Commissars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxistsfr.org%2Fhistory%2Fussr%2Fgovernment%2Fred-army%2F1937%2Fwollenberg-red-army%2Fappend01.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBonch-Bruyevich1966" class="citation">Bonch-Bruyevich, Mikhail, From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander, Vezey, Vladimir transl, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress Publishers（页面不存在）">Progress Publishers</a>: 232, 1966</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.aulast=Bonch-Bruyevich&rft.btitle=From+Tsarist+General+to+Red+Army+Commander&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seventeen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seventeen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227183235/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">Seventeen Moments</a>, Soviet History, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">原始内容</a>存档于2013-12-27）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Moments&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Soviet+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dsubject%26SubjectID%3D1917army%26Year%3D1917&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Siegelbaum, Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227183235/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">1917: Red Guard into Army</a>. Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-01-21</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917army&Year=1917">原始内容</a>存档于2013-12-27）. <q>The Red Army's soldiers, overwhelmingly peasant in origin, received pay but more importantly, their families were guaranteed rations and assistance with farm work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=1917%3A+Red+Guard+into+Army&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.aulast=Siegelbaum&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dsubject%26SubjectID%3D1917army%26Year%3D1917&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1979">Shaw 1979</a>，第86–87頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第72–3頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604130022/http://fstanitsa.ru/2/41_11.shtml">Krasnov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia">RU</a>: FST Anitsa, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fstanitsa.ru/2/41_11.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=Krasnov&rft.genre=book&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=FST+Anitsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffstanitsa.ru%2F2%2F41_11.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLototskiy1971" class="citation">Lototskiy, SS, The Soviet Army, Moscow: Progress Publishers: 25, 1971</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.aulast=Lototskiy&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Army&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=25&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> cited in <a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>，第3頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFScottScott1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984_13-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-[[弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑|Suvorov,_Viktor]]_1984_13-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFViktor_Suvorov1984" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%B9%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·波格丹诺维奇·雷岑">Viktor Suvorov</a>, Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, New York: Macmillan, 1984</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Viktor+Suvorov&rft.btitle=Inside+Soviet+Military+Intelligence&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19798_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>，第8頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFScottScott1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRead1996" class="citation">Read, Christopher, From Tsar to Soviets, 牛津大学出版社: 137, 1996, <q>By 1920, 77 per cent the enlisted ranks were peasants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Read&rft.btitle=From+Tsar+to+Soviets&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1987_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1987">Williams 1987</a>: ‘Conscription-age (17–40) villagers hid from Red Army draft units; summary hostage executions brought the men out of hiding.’</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_17-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain1957131_17-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain1957">Chamberlain 1957</a>，第131頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196231–34_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第31–34頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEfimovc._1928" class="citation">Efimov, N, Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21 [The Civil War 1918–21] <b>Second</b>, Moscow: 95, c. 1928 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Efimov&rft.btitle=Grazhdanskaya+Voina+1918%E2%80%9321&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=95&rft.place=Moscow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第33頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_20-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_20-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1987">Williams 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>，第446頁: ‘at the end of the civil war, one-third of Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist <i>voenspetsy</i>.’</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvery2004">Overy 2004</a>，第446頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=drhBAAAAYAAJ&q=of+the+Dungan+Cavalry+Regiment+including+its+commander+Magaza+Masanchin&dq=of+the+Dungan+Cavalry+Regiment+including+its+commander+Magaza+Masanchin&ei=oU0iTaf8I8X6lwfj7PH8Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ">Situating Central Asian review</a> <b>16</b>. London; Oxford: The Central Asian Research Centre in association with the Soviet Affairs Study Group, St. Antony's College. 1968: 250 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-01-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503004022/https://books.google.com/books?id=drhBAAAAYAAJ&q=of+the+Dungan+Cavalry+Regiment+including+its+commander+Magaza+Masanchin&dq=of+the+Dungan+Cavalry+Regiment+including+its+commander+Magaza+Masanchin&ei=oU0iTaf8I8X6lwfj7PH8Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ">存档</a>于2019-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=Situating+Central+Asian+review&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=250&rft.place=London%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=The+Central+Asian+Research+Centre+in+association+with+the+Soviet+Affairs+Study+Group%2C+St.+Antony%27s+College&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrhBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dof%2Bthe%2BDungan%2BCavalry%2BRegiment%2Bincluding%2Bits%2Bcommander%2BMagaza%2BMasanchin%26dq%3Dof%2Bthe%2BDungan%2BCavalry%2BRegiment%2Bincluding%2Bits%2Bcommander%2BMagaza%2BMasanchin%26ei%3DoU0iTaf8I8X6lwfj7PH8Cw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26ved%3D0CCcQ6AEwAQ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Khvostov, Mikhail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=UBbSGEaFZkIC">The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army</a>. Men-at-arms series <b>1</b>. Osprey Publishing. 1995: 15-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-10-27</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781855326088" title="Special:网络书源/9781855326088"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781855326088</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508075815/https://books.google.com/books?id=UBbSGEaFZkIC">存档</a>于2016-05-08）. <q>Only volunteers could join, thay had to be aged between 14 and 55 and of fanatic loyaly - communists, idealistic workers and peasants, trade union members and members of the Young Comm[...]unist League (<i>Komsomol</i>). ChON units fought in close co-operation with the Cheka and played an important part in the establishment of Soviet rule and the defeat of counter-revolution. They were always present at the most dangerous points on the battlefield, and were usually the last to withdraw. When retreat was the only option, many <i>Chonovtsi</i> stayed behind in occupied areas to form clandestine networks and partisan detachments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.aulast=Khvostov&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War+%281%29%3A+The+Red+Army&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781855326088&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.series=Men-at-arms+series&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBbSGEaFZkIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Compare <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Spetsnaz">spetsnaz</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1993" class="citation">Daniels, Robert V, A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev, UPNE: 70, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87451-616-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87451-616-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-87451-616-6</a>, <q>The Cheka Special Punitive Brigades also were charged with detecting sabotage and counter-revolution among Red Army soldiers and commanders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Robert+V&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Communism+in+Russia%3A+From+Lenin+to+Gorbachev&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-616-6&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=UPNE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrovkin1990" class="citation">Brovkin, Vladimire, Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response in 1919, Slavic Review, Autumn 1990, <b>49</b> (3): 350–73, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499983"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/2499983</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=Workers%27+Unrest+and+the+Bolsheviks%27+Response+in+1919&rft.aufirst=Vladimire&rft.aulast=Brovkin&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.pages=350-73&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=49&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499983&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson196238–9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第38–9頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1996" class="citation">Volkogonov, Dmitri, Shukman, Harold , 编, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, London: HarperCollins: 180, 1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=180&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962101_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第101頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962102–7_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第102–7頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962167_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>，第167頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHabeck2003" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_R._Habeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary R. Habeck（页面不存在）">Habeck, Mary R</a>, Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919–1939, 康奈尔大学出版社, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8014-4074-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-8014-4074-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8014-4074-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Mary+R&rft.aulast=Habeck&rft.btitle=Storm+of+Steel%3A+The+Development+of+Armor+Doctrine+in+Germany+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8014-4074-2&rft.pub=%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation">Lin, Hsiao-ting, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West: 58, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-ting&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=58&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Барышников, ВН; Саломаа, Э. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_crusade_in_rossia/02.html">Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну: Крестовый поход на Россию</a>. Военная Литература. 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106001029/http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_crusade_in_rossia/02.html">存档</a>于2008-11-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%2C+%D0%AD&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%9D&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%3A+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fsb_crusade_in_rossia%2F02.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ковалев, Эрик. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/kovalev_ea2/07.html">Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.): Короли подплава в море червонных валетов</a>. Военная Литература. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515122011/http://militera.lib.ru/h/kovalev_ea2/07.html">存档</a>于2009-05-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA+%281939%E2%80%931940+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fkovalev_ea2%2F07.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">М. Коломиец. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720090022/http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/photo/winterwar/wwar1.htm">Танки в Зимней войне 1939–1940 [Фронтовая иллюстрация]</a>. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/photo/winterwar/wwar1.htm">原始内容</a>存档于20 July 2012） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=%D0%9C.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%86&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otvaga2004.narod.ru%2Fphoto%2Fwinterwar%2Fwwar1.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Александр Широкорад. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/shirokorad1/9_01.html">Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. [Предыстория Зимней войны]</a>. Военная Литература. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202045523/http://militera.lib.ru/h/shirokorad1/9_01.html">存档</a>于2009-02-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1939%E2%80%931940+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fh%2Fshirokorad1%2F9_01.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/391214a.html">Expulsion of the U.S.S.R.</a>. 国际联盟. 1939-12-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624231802/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1939/391214a.html">存档</a>于2015-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+U.S.S.R.&rft.date=1939-12-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1939%2F391214a.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFBullock1993">Bullock (1993)</a>. p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Glanz1998">Glanz (1998)</a>. p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ries1988-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ries1988_42-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ries1988_42-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ries1988">Ries (1988)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_43-0"><sup><b>41.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_43-1"><sup><b>41.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2006">Edwards 2006</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFEdwards2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199815_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>，第15頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_45-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998_45-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–95-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998292–95_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>，第292–95頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200561–62_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第61–62頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第181頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006157-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006157_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerridale2006">Merridale 2006</a>，第157頁: ‘Red Army soldiers who shot or injured themselves to avoid combat usually were summarily executed, to save the time and money of medical treatment and a court martial’.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFToppe1998" class="citation">Toppe, Alfred, Night Combat, Diane: 28, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7881-7080-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7881-7080-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7881-7080-5</a>, <q>The Wehrmacht and the Soviet Army documented penal battalions <i>tramplers</i> clearing minefields; on 28 December 1942, Wehrmacht forces on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Kerch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strait of Kerch（页面不存在）">Kerch</a> peninsula observed a Soviet penal battalion running through a minefield, detonating the mines and clearing a path for the Red Army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.aulast=Toppe&rft.btitle=Night+Combat&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-7080-5&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Diane&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1981_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1981">Tolstoy 1981</a>: ‘Stalin's Directive 227, about the Nazi use of the death penalty and penal units as punishment, ordered Soviet penal battalions established.’</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolstoy-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolstoy_53-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolstoy_53-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1981">Tolstoy 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0"><sup><b>51.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1"><sup><b>51.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFКривошеев" class="citation">Кривошеев, ГФ [Krivosheev, GF], Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study] <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=%D0%93%D0%A4+%5BKrivosheev%2C+GF%5D&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErlikman2004" class="citation">Erlikman, Vadim, Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik, Moscow, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/5-93165-107-1" title="Special:网络书源/5-93165-107-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 5-93165-107-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rft.aulast=Erlikman&rft.btitle=Poteri+narodonaseleniia+v+XX+veke%3A+spravochnik&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=5-93165-107-1&rft.place=Moscow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005600–2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第600–2頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvermans2000">Overmans 2000</a>: ‘It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody.’</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOvermans2000">Overmans 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOvery" class="citation">Overy, Richard, Stalin's Russia, Hitlers Germany</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Russia%2C+Hitlers+Germany&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="自2013年6月警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2003" class="citation">German-Russian Berlin-Karlhorst museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011120611/http://newsfromrussia.com/science/2003/06/13/48180.html">Science</a>, News from Russia, 2003-06-13, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsfromrussia.com/science/2003/06/13/48180.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-10-11）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=German-Russian+Berlin-Karlhorst+museum&rft.btitle=Science&rft.date=2003-06-13&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=News+from+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsfromrussia.com%2Fscience%2F2003%2F06%2F13%2F48180.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBessel2010" class="citation">Bessel, Richard, Germany 1945: From War to Peace, Pocket Books: 116–18, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-41652-619-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-41652-619-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-41652-619-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Bessel&rft.btitle=Germany+1945%3A+From+War+to+Peace&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-41652-619-3&rft.pages=116-18&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor" class="citation">Beevor, Antony, Berlin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.btitle=Berlin&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Taylor, G. Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gqpZDNc5_Y4C&pg=SA1-PA6">Introduction to Logistics Engineering</a>. CRC Press. 2010: 1–6 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819112442/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqpZDNc5_Y4C&pg=SA1-PA6">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=G.+Don&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Logistics+Engineering&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqpZDNc5_Y4C%26pg%3DSA1-PA6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zaloga, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=qwDI7B_DnlIC&pg=PA3">IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944-73</a>. Osprey Publishing. 2011: 3–12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518183550/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwDI7B_DnlIC&pg=PA3">存档</a>于2016-05-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.btitle=IS-2+Heavy+Tank+1944-73&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=3-12&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqwDI7B_DnlIC%26pg%3DPA3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stolfi, Russel HS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=GlVoAnV5u-0C&pg=PA161">Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted</a>. 俄克拉荷马大学出版社. 1993: 161–62 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222756/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlVoAnV5u-0C&pg=PA161">存档</a>于2020-10-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Russel+HS&rft.aulast=Stolfi&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Panzers+East%3A+World+War+II+Reinterpreted&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=161-62&rft.pub=%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlVoAnV5u-0C%26pg%3DPA161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/mistif.htm">флажные мистификации [The flag Hoax]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia">RU</a>: Vexillographia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909220954/http://www.vexillographia.ru/russia/mistif.htm">存档</a>于2010-09-09） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=Vexillographia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vexillographia.ru%2Frussia%2Fmistif.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott19795_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>，第5頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFScottScott1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197912_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>，第12頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFScottScott1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005717_note_5_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第717 note 5頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knickerbocker1941-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_70-0"><sup><b>67.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knickerbocker1941_70-1"><sup><b>67.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knickerbocker, HR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RwGwpIBHhgcC&lpg=PR2&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false">Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions On the Battle of Mankind</a>. Reynal & Hitchcock. 1941: 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=HR&rft.aulast=Knickerbocker&rft.btitle=Is+Tomorrow+Hitler%27s%3F+200+Questions+On+the+Battle+of+Mankind&rft.date=1941&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Reynal+%26+Hitchcock&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwGwpIBHhgcC%26lpg%3DPR2%26pg%3DPA93%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1995" class="citation">Sharp, Charles, Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940–1942, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, I: The Deadly Beginning, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Nafziger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Nafziger（页面不存在）">George Nafziger</a>: 2–3, 1995</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.atitle=Soviet+Tank%2C+Mechanized%2C+Motorized+Divisions+and+Tank+Brigades+of+1940%E2%80%931942&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.btitle=Soviet+Order+of+Battle+World+War+II&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=George+Nafziger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, cited at <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015092534/http://www.redarmystudies.net/0411030.htm">Red army studies</a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redarmystudies.net/0411030.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2004-10-15）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.btitle=Red+army+studies&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redarmystudies.net%2F0411030.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse198496-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_75-0"><sup><b>69.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouse198496_75-1"><sup><b>69.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse1984">House 1984</a>，第96頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga1984126-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga1984126_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaloga1984">Zaloga 1984</a>，第126頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFZaloga1984 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz35-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz35_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz">Glantz</a>，第35頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGlantz (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998117_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>，第117頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005179_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第179頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005189_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第189頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–30-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005217–30_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2005">Glantz 2005</a>，第217–30頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott197913_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>，第13頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFScottScott1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson1962-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson1962_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1962">Erickson 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1991">Schofield 1991</a>，第67–70頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-0"><sup><b>79.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-1"><sup><b>79.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-2"><sup><b>79.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-3"><sup><b>79.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-4"><sup><b>79.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-5"><sup><b>79.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-6"><sup><b>79.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerridale200770_85-7"><sup><b>79.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerridale2007">Merridale 2007</a>，第70頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin P. Hoyt. <i>199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad</i> (1999) p 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lloyd Clark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Z97QrFfY3vAC&pg=PA55">The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943</a>. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. 2011: 55 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z97QrFfY3vAC&pg=PA55">存档</a>于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Lloyd+Clark&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Tanks%3A+Kursk%2C+1943&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ97QrFfY3vAC%26pg%3DPA55&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eyal Lewin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=z7QRbP_BLFMC&pg=PA259">National Resilience During War: Refining the Decision-making Model</a>. Lexington Books. 2012: 259–60 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820035900/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7QRbP_BLFMC&pg=PA259">存档</a>于2020-08-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Eyal+Lewin&rft.btitle=National+Resilience+During+War%3A+Refining+the+Decision-making+Model&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=259-60&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7QRbP_BLFMC%26pg%3DPA259&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ilai Z. Saltzman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LovlchEFqxIC&pg=PA85">Securitizing Balance of Power Theory: A Polymorphic Reconceptualization</a>. Lexington Books. 2012: 85–86 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142515/https://books.google.com/books?id=LovlchEFqxIC&pg=PA85">存档</a>于2020-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Ilai+Z.+Saltzman&rft.btitle=Securitizing+Balance+of+Power+Theory%3A+A+Polymorphic+Reconceptualization&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLovlchEFqxIC%26pg%3DPA85&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1993" class="citation">Bullock, Alan, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, New York: Vintage Books: 489, 1993</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+Parallel+Lives&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=489&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz199858_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1998">Glantz 1998</a>，第58頁.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="书目"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>书目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Carrere D'Encausse, Helene. <i>The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations</i>, Basic Books, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780465098187" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-09818-7</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1957" class="citation">Chamberlain, William Henry, The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921, New York: Macmillan, 1957</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.date=1957&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFErickson1962" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Erickson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Erickson (historian)（页面不存在）">Erickson, John</a>, The Soviet High Command 1918–41 – A Military-Political History, London: MacMillan, 1962, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/569056"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 569056</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+High+Command+1918%E2%80%9341+%E2%80%93+A+Military-Political+History&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F569056&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1998" class="citation">Glantz, David M, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War, 堪萨斯大学出版社, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7006-0879-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7006-0879-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7006-0879-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=David+M&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.btitle=Stumbling+Colossus%3A+The+Red+Army+on+the+Eve+of+World+War&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0879-9&rft.pub=%E5%A0%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2005" class="citation">———, Colossus Reborn, 堪萨斯大学出版社, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7006-1353-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7006-1353-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7006-1353-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=David+M&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.btitle=Colossus+Reborn&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1353-3&rft.pub=%E5%A0%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Harrison, Richard W. <i>The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940</i> (堪萨斯大学出版社, 2001)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHouse1984" class="citation">House, Jonathan M, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101013612/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf">Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Fort Leavenworth, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas">KS</a>: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1984, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11650157"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 11650157</span></a>, 66027–6900, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/house.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>存档于2007-01-01）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M&rft.aulast=House&rft.btitle=Toward+Combined+Arms+Warfare%3A+A+Survey+of+20th+Century+Tactics%2C+Doctrine%2C+and+Organization&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pub=US+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.leavenworth.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fhouse.pdf&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11650157&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Isby, David C. <i>Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army</i>, Jane's, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780710603524" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7106-0352-4</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2006" class="citation">Merridale, Catherine, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945, New York: Macmillan, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8050-7455-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8050-7455-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8050-7455-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Red+Army%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7455-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2007" class="citation">———, Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945, New York: Macmillan, 2007 [2006], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-312-42652-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-312-42652-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-312-42652-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Red+Army%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42652-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Moynahan, Brian. <i>Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present</i> (1989).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Eldridge_Odom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Eldridge Odom（页面不存在）">Odom, William E</a>. <i>The Collapse of the Soviet Military</i>, 耶鲁大学出版社, New Haven and London, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780300074697" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-07469-7</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation">Overy, RJ, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, WW Norton, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-393-02030-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-393-02030-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany+and+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2000" class="citation">Overmans, Rüdiger, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-486-56531-1" title="Special:网络书源/3-486-56531-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-486-56531-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-486-56531-1&rft.place=Oldenbourg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Reese, Roger R. <i>Why Stalin's Soldiers Fought: The Red Army's Military Effectiveness in World War II</i> (堪萨斯大学出版社; 2011) 400 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Why-Stalins-Soldiers-Fought-Effectiveness/dp/0700617760/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508093252/http://www.amazon.com/Why-Stalins-Soldiers-Fought-Effectiveness/dp/0700617760/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Reese, Roger R. <i> Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918-1991</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Red-Commanders-History-Officer-1918-1991/dp/0700613978/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508093256/http://www.amazon.com/Red-Commanders-History-Officer-1918-1991/dp/0700613978/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Reese, Roger R. <i>Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army, 1925-1941</i> (1996)</li> <li>Reese, Roger R. <i> The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Military-Experience-History-1917-1991/dp/0415217202/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210508093311/http://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Military-Experience-History-1917-1991/dp/0415217202/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1991" class="citation">Schofield, Carey, Inside the Soviet Army, London: Headline, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7472-0418-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7472-0418-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7472-0418-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-0418-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1984" class="citation">Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F, The Armed Forces of the USSR 3rd, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-86531-792-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-86531-792-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-86531-792-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+F&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Fast&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+the+USSR&rft.date=1984&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86531-792-5&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShaw1979" class="citation">Shaw, John, Red Army Resurgent, Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8094-2520-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-8094-2520-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8094-2520-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.btitle=Red+Army+Resurgent&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8094-2520-3&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1981" class="citation">Tolstoy, Nikolai, Stalin's Secret War, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-03-047266-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-03-047266-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-03-047266-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Secret+War&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-03-047266-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation">Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell, 1987, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-631-15083-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-631-15083-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-631-15083-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15083-1&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZalogaGrandsen1984" class="citation">Zaloga, Steven; Grandsen, James, Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, London: Arms & Armour, 1984</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B&rft.au=Grandsen%2C+James&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+and+Combat+Vehicles+of+World+War+Two&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li></ul></div> <div 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title="苏联共产党组织（页面不存在）">党组织</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏联最高苏维埃">最高苏维埃</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联国家意识形态（页面不存在）">意识形态</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="苏联最高法院">最高法院</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DD0000;color:#FCFC00;;width:1%;background:#DD0000; color:#FCFC00;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="蘇聯地理"><span style="color:#FCFC00;">地理</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="苏联行政区划">行政区划</a></b> 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#DD0000;color:#FCFC00;;width:1%;background:#DD0000; color:#FCFC00;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="蘇聯經濟"><span style="color:#FCFC00;">经济</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="蘇聯農業">农业</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="苏联国家银行">中央银行</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联能源政策（页面不存在）">能源政策</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="蘇聯五年計劃">五年计划</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联发明（页面不存在）">发明</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%83" title="蘇聯盧布">蘇聯盧布</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="蘇聯交通">交通</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DD0000;color:#FCFC00;;width:1%;background:#DD0000; color:#FCFC00;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="蘇聯人口"><span style="color:#FCFC00;">人口学</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="苏联人民">苏联人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="苏联语言">语言</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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[\"CITEREFMerridale2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermans2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottScott1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegelbaum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolfi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolstoy1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToppe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViktor_Suvorov1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWollenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalogaGrandsen1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFАлександр_Широкорад2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБарышниковСаломаа2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКовалев2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКривошеев\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFМ._Коломиец2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 42,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Details\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox military unit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang-ru\"] = 4,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 10,\n [\"Link-ru\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Otheruses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 3,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"RoughTranslation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 16,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Soviet Union sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet military\"] = 1,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 3,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"来源请求\"] = 2,\n [\"苏联主题\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-cd9d4699f-ffx2x","timestamp":"20241126201051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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