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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nerve supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button 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<li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmaris longus muscle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="عضلة راحية طويلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عضلة راحية طويلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAscul_palmar_menor" title="Múscul palmar menor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Múscul palmar menor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_palmaris_longus" title="Musculus palmaris longus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musculus palmaris longus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_palmar_largo" title="Músculo palmar largo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Músculo palmar largo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ماهیچه دراز کف‌دستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهیچه دراز کف‌دستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_long_palmaire" title="Muscle long palmaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muscle long palmaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_palmar_longo" title="Músculo palmar longo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Músculo palmar longo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B4%EC%86%90%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A5%EA%B7%BC" title="긴손바닥근 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="긴손바닥근" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duga%C4%8Dki_dlanski_mi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dugački dlanski mišić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dugački dlanski mišić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscolo_palmare_lungo" title="Muscolo palmare lungo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muscolo palmare lungo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A" title="שריר הכף הארוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שריר הכף הארוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_palmaris_longus" title="Musculus palmaris longus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musculus palmaris longus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossz%C3%BA_teny%C3%A9rizom" title="Hosszú tenyérizom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hosszú tenyérizom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_palmaris_longus" title="Musculus palmaris longus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Musculus palmaris longus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%8E%8C%E7%AD%8B" title="長掌筋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長掌筋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99sie%C5%84_d%C5%82oniowy_d%C5%82ugi" title="Mięsień dłoniowy długi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mięsień dłoniowy długi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_palmar_longo" title="Músculo palmar longo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Músculo palmar longo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C8%99chiul_palmar_lung" title="Mușchiul palmar lung – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mușchiul palmar lung" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Длинная ладонная мышца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Длинная ладонная мышца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolga_dlanska_mi%C5%A1ica" title="Dolga dlanska mišica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dolga dlanska mišica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaris_longus" title="Palmaris longus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palmaris longus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="กล้ามเนื้อปาล์มาริส ลองกัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้ามเนื้อปาล์มาริส ลองกัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_gan_tay_d%C3%A0i" 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:antiquewhite">Palmaris longus muscle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_Tendon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PL_Tendon.png/250px-PL_Tendon.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PL_Tendon.png/375px-PL_Tendon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PL_Tendon.png/500px-PL_Tendon.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Palmaris longus tendon as seen in <a href="/wiki/Surface_anatomy" title="Surface anatomy">surface anatomy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Origin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial epicondyle of humerus">Medial epicondyle of humerus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">common flexor tendon</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Insertion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">Palmar aponeurosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum of the hand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">Ulnar artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">Median nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Actions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Flexor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor">flexor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">Antagonist</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">Extensor carpi radialis brevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">extensor carpi ulnaris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>musculus palmaris longus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Μακρύς παλαμικός μυς</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.6.02.029%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A04.6.02.029</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2482">2482</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma38462">38462</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672854" class="extiw" title="d:Q672854">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>palmaris longus</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> visible as a small <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> located between the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor carpi radialis">flexor carpi radialis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris">flexor carpi ulnaris</a>, although it is not always present. Reviews report rates of absence in the general population ranging from 10–20%; however, the rate varies in different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yammine_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yammine_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pekala_et_al._2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pekala_et_al._2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absence of the palmaris longus does not have an effect on grip strength.<sup id="cite_ref-grip-strenght_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grip-strenght-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of palmaris longus muscle does result in decreased pinch strength in fourth and fifth fingers. The absence of palmaris longus muscle is more prevalent in females than males.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The palmaris longus muscle can be observed by touching the pads of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">fourth finger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> and flexing the wrist. The tendon, if present, will be visible in the midline of the anterior wrist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmaris longus is a slender, elongated, spindle shaped muscle, lying on the medial side of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">flexor carpi radialis</a>. It is widest in the middle, and narrowest at the proximal and distal attachments.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It arises mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyle of the humerus</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">common flexor tendon</a>. It also takes origin from the adjacent intermuscular septa and from the <a href="/wiki/Antebrachial_fascia" title="Antebrachial fascia">antebrachial fascia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It ends in a slender, flattened tendon, which passes over the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a> and inserts onto the central part of the flexor retinaculum and lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">palmar aponeurosis</a>. Frequently, it sends a tendinous slip to the short muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The palmaris longus is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005p639_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005p639-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_1962_97_D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grant_1962_97_D.png/150px-Grant_1962_97_D.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grant_1962_97_D.png/225px-Grant_1962_97_D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grant_1962_97_D.png/300px-Grant_1962_97_D.png 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption><b>Palmaris Longus: misplaced or absent</b><br />The fleshy belly occasionally migrates distally and comes to lie close above the wrist, as here. <br />Palmaris Longus was absent in 98 of 716 dissected limbs (i.e., in 13.7% of 358 paired limbs, 26 times in both limbs, 26 in the right only, and 20 in the left only. <i>(R. K. George)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The palmaris longus muscle is a variable muscle. The most common variation is its absence. Several <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies have documented the prevalence or absence of the PL tendon in different ethnic groups. Between 5.5 and 24% of Caucasian populations (European and North American) and 4.6 to 26.6% of Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Turkish, Malaysian) have been reported to lack the PL tendon.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also variations related to its form. It may be tendinous above and muscular below; or it may be muscular in the center with a tendon above and below; or it may present two muscular bundles with a central tendon; or finally it may consist solely of a tendinous band. The muscle may be double, or missing entirely. Slips of origin from the <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a> or from the radius have been seen. Partial or complete insertion into the fascia of the forearm, into the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris">flexor carpi ulnaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform bone</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphoid">scaphoid</a>, and into the muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a> have been observed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_tendon_grafts">Use in tendon grafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in tendon grafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray417_color.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/220px-Gray417_color.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/330px-Gray417_color.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray417_color.PNG/440px-Gray417_color.PNG 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section through the middle of the forearm</figcaption></figure> <p>The palmaris longus muscle is the most popular for use in tendon grafts for the wrist due to the length and diameter of the palmaris longus tendon, and the fact that it can be used without producing any functional deformities. When a tendon becomes ruptured in the wrist, the palmaris longus tendon may be removed from the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a> and grafted to take the place of the ruptured tendon. The tendons most commonly replaced or supplemented by the palmaris longus tendon when ruptured are the long flexors of the fingers and the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor pollicis longus">flexor pollicis longus</a> tendon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The palmaris longus muscle itself is a weak flexor, and provides no substantial flexing force that would inhibit movement in the wrist if its tendon were cut and moved elsewhere. The palmaris longus may contribute and assist in thumb abduction movements; an action necessary to open the hand.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the palmaris longus muscle is not available for harvesting in an individual, the anatomically homologous <a href="/wiki/Plantaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantaris">plantaris</a> muscle in the leg may be taken instead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the patient’s own tendon is advantageous, as it does not introduce foreign material into the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpal_tunnel_syndrome_and_palmaris_longus_variants">Carpal tunnel syndrome and palmaris longus variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carpal tunnel syndrome and palmaris longus variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the known anatomical variants of the palmaris longus, the reverse belly of the palmaris longus may be localized within the carpal tunnel producing symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>. Knowledge of this variation is important to prevent unnecessary carpal tunnel release surgery, in which the median nerve compression may remain unresolved due to the presence of this palmaris longus variant.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolutionary interpretation of the muscle's absence is that <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> inherited the muscle through common descent, and numerous animals that humans share a common ancestor with (such as the <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>) still actively employ the muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close primate relatives (such as the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>) also do not actively employ the muscle, and hence they also demonstrate the same variability.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common descent principle suggests that at some stage our ancestors employed the muscle actively. The thumb apparatus (and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Thenar_eminence" title="Thenar eminence">thenar muscle</a> group) then started developing in the hominin branch, and consequently the <i>Palmaris longus</i> became <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a>. As there is no apparent <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressure</a> (positive or negative) concerning the muscle, it has remained largely unaffected by evolutionary processes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">Palmaris brevis muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternalis_muscle" title="Sternalis muscle">Sternalis muscle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/446/mode/2up">page 446</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.genetics.org/content/177/2/937.full.pdf">Maughan <i>et al</i>: <i>The Roles of Mutation Accumulation and Selection in Loss of Sporulation in Experimental Populations of Bacillus subtilis</i> Genetics. 2007 Oct;177(2):937-48</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmaris_longus_muscle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204112837/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#palmaris%20longus">PTCentral</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltoid fascia">deltoid fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinous_fascia" title="Supraspinous fascia">supraspinous fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinous_fascia" title="Infraspinous fascia">infraspinous fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_arm" title="Fascial compartments of arm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior compartment of the arm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of the arm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articularis_cubiti_muscle" title="Articularis cubiti muscle">articularis cubiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_sheath" title="Axillary sheath">axillary sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_fascia" title="Axillary fascia">axillary fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_fascia" title="Brachial fascia">brachial fascia</a></li> <li><i>intermuscular septa</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>spaces</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_space" title="Quadrangular space">quadrangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_space" title="Triangular space">triangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_interval" title="Triangular interval">triangular interval</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Anterior compartment of the forearm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">palmaris longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">flexor carpi radialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">flexor carpi ulnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Posterior compartment of the forearm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i> superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_wad" title="Mobile wad">mobile wad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum muscle">extensor digitorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle" title="Extensor digiti minimi muscle">extensor digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">extensor carpi ulnaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_snuffbox" title="Anatomical snuffbox">anatomical snuffbox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">extensor indicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_aponeurosis" title="Bicipital aponeurosis">bicipital aponeurosis</a></li> <li><i>common tendons</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_extensor_tendon" title="Common extensor tendon">extensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">flexor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antebrachial_fascia" title="Antebrachial fascia">antebrachial fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubital_tunnel" title="Cubital tunnel">cubital tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne%27s_ligament" title="Osborne's ligament">osborne's ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lateral volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thenar_eminence" title="Thenar eminence">thenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens pollicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">flexor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor pollicis brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_pollicis_muscle" title="Adductor pollicis muscle">adductor pollicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">medial volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothenar_eminence" title="Hypothenar eminence">hypothenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(hand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (hand)">flexor digiti minimi brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand">abductor digiti minimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">palmaris brevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">intermediate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbrical</a></li> <li><i>interossei</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">palmar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>posterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">extensor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_expansion" title="Extensor expansion">extensor expansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">palmar aponeurosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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