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<span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_safety_and_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety_and_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Public safety and enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety_and_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_integrity_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_integrity_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ecological integrity monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_integrity_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parka_(mascot)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parka_(mascot)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parka (mascot)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parka_(mascot)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation,_regulations_and_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation,_regulations_and_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislation, regulations and boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation,_regulations_and_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parks Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parks Canada" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada/Parcs_Canada" title="Parks Canada/Parcs Canada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parks Canada/Parcs Canada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Parko-Administracio" title="Kanada Parko-Administracio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada Parko-Administracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پارکز کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارکز کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcs_Canada" title="Parcs Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parcs Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4" title="파크스 캐나다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파크스 캐나다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="רשות הפארקים של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשות הפארקים של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parks Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" title="パークス・カナダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パークス・カナダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcs_Canada" title="Parcs Canada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parcs Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parks Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Парки Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парки Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Паркови Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паркови Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Парки Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парки Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_C%C3%B4ng_vi%C3%AAn_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Canada" title="Cục Công viên Quốc gia Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cục Công viên Quốc gia Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%80" title="加拿大公园局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大公园局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q349487#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Parks Canada Agency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Agence Parcs Canada</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Parks_Canada_logo_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg/220px-Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg/330px-Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg/440px-Parks_Canada_logo_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="274" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Parks Canada Agency <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> logo, first used in 1933 and last updated in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">May 19, 1911<span class="noprint">; 113 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911-05-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">Government of Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">4,666 (March 2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.3 billion (2020–21)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hon." class="mw-redirect" title="Hon.">Hon.</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Steven Guilbeault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change (Canada)">Minister of Environment and Climate Change</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Ron Hallman, Chief Executive Officer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca">parks<wbr />.canada<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Parks Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parcs Canada</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> which manages the country's 48 <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a>, three <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">National Marine Conservation Areas</a>, 172 <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a>, one National Urban Park (<a href="/wiki/Rouge_National_Urban_Park" title="Rouge National Urban Park">Rouge National Urban Park</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/National_Landmarks_(Canada)" title="National Landmarks (Canada)">National Landmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pingo_Canadian_Landmark" title="Pingo Canadian Landmark">Pingo Canadian Landmark</a>). Parks Canada is mandated to "protect and present nationally significant examples of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, and foster public understanding, appreciation, and enjoyment in ways that ensure their ecological and commemorative integrity for present and <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agency also administers lands and waters set aside as potential national parklands, including 10 National Park Reserves and one National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. More than 450,000 km<sup>2</sup> (170,000 sq mi) of lands and waters in national parks and national marine conservation areas has been set aside for such purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parks Canada <a href="/wiki/Comanagement_in_Canada" title="Comanagement in Canada">cooperatively manages</a> a large majority of their protected areas and heritage sites with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous partners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a> is supported and managed by the agency, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments and other federal bodies. The agency is also the working arm of the national <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada#Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_Board_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites and Monuments Board</a>, which recommends <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Events</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">minister of environment and climate change</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Steven Guilbeault</a> since 2021) is <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> for the agency, and it is managed by its chief executive officer (Ron Hallman since 2019). The agency's budget was $1.3 billion in the 2020–2021 fiscal year and it employed 4,666 <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">public servants</a> in March 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parks Canada was established on May 19, 1911, as the Dominion Parks Branch under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_interior_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the interior (Canada)">Department of the Interior</a>, becoming the world's first national park service.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its creation, its name has changed, known variously as the Dominion Parks Branch, National Parks Branch, Parks Canada, Environment Canada – Parks Branch, and the Canadian Parks Service, before a return to Parks Canada in 1998. The service's activities are regulated under legislation such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act">Canada National Parks Act</a></i>, and the <i>Parks Canada Agency Act</i>, which established the current legal incorporation of the agency in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark the 150th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 2017, Parks Canada offered free passes<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to national parks and national historic sites for the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety_and_enforcement">Public safety and enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public safety and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parks-Canada-PO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Parks-Canada-PO.jpg/150px-Parks-Canada-PO.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Parks-Canada-PO.jpg/225px-Parks-Canada-PO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Parks-Canada-PO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A Parks Canada Park Warden badge</figcaption></figure> <p>Park Wardens protect natural and cultural resources by conducting patrols of National Parks, National Historic sites and National Marine Conservation Areas. They ensure the safety of staff, visitors and residents, and conduct strategic enforcement activities aimed at public peace maintenance, resource protection, visitor enjoyment and administrative compliance. They are designated under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-14.01/page-3.html#h-360446">section 18 of the <i>Canada National Parks Act</i></a> as Park Wardens and are <a href="/wiki/Peace_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace officers">peace officers</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)"><i>Criminal Code</i></a>. They carry <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> and non-lethal intervention options.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minister may also designate provincial and local enforcement officers under section 19 of the Act for the purpose of enforcing laws within the specified parks. These officers have the power of peace officers only in relation to the <i>Act</i>. </p><p>In May 2012, it was reported that Park Wardens may be cross designated to enforce certain wildlife acts administered by <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. Should the designations go ahead it would only be for Park Wardens that are stationed near existing migratory bird sanctuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially the intent of the change is to allow for a faster and lower-cost response to environmental enforcement incidents, particularly in remote areas in the north where Environment Canada does not have an ongoing presence, but Parks Canada has a Park Warden nearby who could act on its behalf, rather than have Environment Canada responded from a farther office.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg/220px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg/330px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg/440px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3787" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Park Wardens close off an area of Jasper National Park.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_integrity_monitoring">Ecological integrity monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecological integrity monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/pc/rpts/ie-ei/report-rapport_1"><i>Panel on Ecological Integrity Report</i> in 2000</a>, "the idea of conserving nature unimpaired has been part of national parks’ legal mandate since 1930". The term “ecological integrity” was put into the 1988 amendments to the National Parks Act but was in park policy as early as 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panel on Ecological Integrity Report proposed the following definition: "An ecosystem has integrity when it is deemed characteristic for its natural region, including the composition and abundance of native species and biological communities, rates of change and supporting processes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". There is a significant amount of debate surrounding the definition of ecological integrity. As can be seen through the evolution of the term, ecological integrity is deeply rooted in notions of symbiosis, sustainability, and holistic management practices. There is a fair amount of debate surrounding the definition of the term in the academic world as well. For example, "[ecological integrity] has a high degree of linguistic elasticity and should there ever be a legal challenge to its use, there are no precise and clear definitions for it<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". Regardless of the fluidity of the term, there are some common elements, "There are, however, certain common elements found in many definitions: naturalness, wholeness, continuity through time<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". </p><p>According to the most recent iteration of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act"><i>Canada National Parks Act S.C. 2000, c.32</i></a><i>.,</i> Parks Canada is responsible for the ecological integrity of all <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">national parks</a>. To cite section 8 (2): “Maintenance or restoration of ecological integrity through the protection of natural resources and natural processes, shall be the first priority of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Environment (Canada)">Minister</a> when considering all aspects of the management of park<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>” (<i><a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act">Canada National Parks Act, 2000</a>)</i>. This law put additional onus on Parks Canada Agency to implement a robust science-based conservation and monitoring program. </p><p>Following the publication of the <i>Panel on Ecological Integrity Report</i> in 2000, Parks Canada Agency released <i>Status on</i> <i>Agency Progress since First Priority</i> in 2008 as a response. One major stride mentioned is the implementation of a policy requirement for national parks to report on the state of ecological integrity every five years, summarizing reports from monitoring programs in place. This <i>State of the Park</i> report was designed to ensure accountability in the management structure of Parks Canada Agency. In the author’s words, “The State of the Park report is the accountability mechanism for Field Unit Superintendents to report to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkscanadahistory.com/centennial/leaders-full.htm">CEO</a> on achieving the Agency’s Corporate Plan performance expectations related to maintaining and improving ecological integrity<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”. In addition to this reform, Parks Canada also updated and released the <i>Agency’s Guide to Management Planning</i> in 2008 to restructure the agency and ensure that this new integrated approach could be applied to all national parks. </p><p>With these changes, Parks Canada formally began monitoring for ecological integrity in 2008 and is ongoing to date. These modifications are consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Canada" title="Auditor General of Canada">Office of the Auditor General of Canada</a>’s observations in the 2005 report of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200509_e_1122.html">Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development</a>. For example, “The 6 to 8 ecological integrity indicators for each national park measure the health of Canada's national parks by reporting on the indicator’s condition and trend (improving, stable or declining) over time”.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ecological integrity monitoring program summarizes the state of a park's ecological integrity using “good, fair, poor”. Parks Canada's ecological integrity monitoring program is based on three publications: <i>Monitoring and Reporting Ecological Integrity in Canada’s National Parks Volume I: Guiding Principles</i> (2005) and the compendium document, <i>Volume 2: A Park-Level Guide to Establishing EI Monitoring (2007)</i>, <i>Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada’s National Parks (2011).</i> </p><p>The most recent iteration of guidelines for ecological integrity monitoring, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.berkeley.edu/sites/parks.berkeley.edu/files/Parks%20Canada%20EI_%20Monitoring%20Guidelines_ENG_FINAL_Sept29%20%281%29.pdf">Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada’s National Parks (2011)</a></i>, is significantly more robust and science based. Some of the notable improvements include the integration of a trend variable designed to demonstrate whether the indicator is deteriorating, stable or improving. In addition, the inclusion of quantitative thresholds to determine the state of indicator will allow for more accurate results. Lastly, the incorporation of an “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.berkeley.edu/sites/parks.berkeley.edu/files/Parks%20Canada%20EI_%20Monitoring%20Guidelines_ENG_FINAL_Sept29%20%281%29.pdf">Iceberg Model for EI Indicator</a>” provides a more holistic approach, fostering increasingly complete results. </p><p>One of Parks Canada's most recent publications, <i>Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks</i> (2018), demonstrates how effective Parks Canada's recent efforts have been. More exhaustive science-based methodology allows for more precise results and ultimately, better management. This document, and all results, are based on the assessment of 118 ecosystems throughout 42 national parks across Canada. Parks Canada Agency claims that 68 per cent of parks sampled are in good condition, 20 per cent fair, 17 per cent poor. Furthermore, of the 118 ecosystems sampled, 69 per cent are stable, 19.5 per cent are improving and 12 per cent are declining, according to <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/fra/9.857468/publication.html">Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks (2018)</a></i>. This is a notable improvement, considering that in 2000, 54 per cent of parks were suffering some form of major or severe ecological stresses. In 2018, there are 12 ecosystems rated as poor, 20 EI indicators in decline, particularly forests and freshwater environments. Overall, this improvement is a testament to what Parks Canada Agency's ecological integrity monitoring program is capable of. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parka_(mascot)"><span id="Parka_.28mascot.29"></span>Parka (mascot)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parka (mascot)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parka, a female beaver, is Parks Canada's mascot.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of animated shorts starring her are hosted on the organization's website and have also been aired on television as <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial program">interstitials</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Parks Canada Agency was established as a separate service entity in 1998 and falls under the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a>. Before 2003, Parks Canada (under various names) fell under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>, where it had been since 1994. From 1979 to 1994, Parks Canada was part of the Department of Environment, and before it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Indian_and_Northern_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Indian and Northern Affairs">Department of Indian and Northern Affairs</a> (1966 to 1978), and the Department of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrant-1995_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrant-1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the organizational shifts and political leadership in Canada, the priorities of Parks Canada have shifted over the years more towards <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">conservation</a> and away from development.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrant-1995_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrant-1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1960s, Parks Canada has also moved to decentralize its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-hildebrant-1995_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hildebrant-1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Heads of Parks Canada </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._B._Harkin" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Harkin">J. B. Harkin</a></td> <td>1911–1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frank Williamson</td> <td>1936–1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Smart_(civil_servant)" title="James Smart (civil servant)">James Smart</a></td> <td>1941–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J. A. Hutchison</td> <td>1953–1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J. K. B. Coleman</td> <td>1957–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jack Nicol</td> <td>1968–1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al Davidson</td> <td>1978–1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>J. D. Collinson</td> <td>1985–1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>A. Lefebvre-Anglin</td> <td>1990–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tom Lee</td> <td>1993–2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alan Latourelle</td> <td>2002–2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daniel Watson</td> <td>2015–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michael Nadler </td> <td>2018–2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ron Hallman </td> <td>2019–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg/220px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg/330px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg/440px-Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4565" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption> A sign at the park gates on the Icefields Parkway (Highway 93) advises tourists that they need to buy a pass to enter Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. Revenue collected from Park Passes goes to Parks Canada and helps fund the management of Canada’s national parks.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation,_regulations_and_boards"><span id="Legislation.2C_regulations_and_boards"></span>Legislation, regulations and boards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislation, regulations and boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Parks Canada Agency Act</i> (S.C. 1998, c. 31);<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act</i> (S.C. 2008, c. 16);<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Historic Sites and Monuments Act</i> (R.S.C., 1985, c. H-4),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which empowers the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_Board_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada">Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada</a> to advise the Environment Minister on the designation of <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Events of National Historic Significance">National Historic Events</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">National Historic Persons</a></li> <li><i>Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act</i> (R.S.C., 1985, c. 52),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes such structures fall under the Historic Sites and Monuments Board;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heritage_Rivers_System" title="Canadian Heritage Rivers System">Canadian Heritage Rivers System</a>, which is defined under the <i>Parks Canada Agency Act</i>, and which governs <ul><li>37 Canadian Heritage Rivers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act</i>, which governs <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">National Marine Conservation Areas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act">Canada National Parks Act</a></i>, which creates <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">National Parks</a>. See also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of National Parks of Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurier_House" title="Laurier House">Laurier House</a> Act</i>, R.S.C. 1952, c. 163</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saguenay-St._Lawrence_Marine_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park">Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park</a> Act</i></li> <li>Historic Canals Regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which governs the <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Canal" title="Tay Canal">Tay Canal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent-Severn_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent-Severn Waterway">Trent-Severn Waterway</a> including the</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Canal" title="Murray Canal">Murray Canal</a>, which runs between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Quinte" title="Bay of Quinte">Bay of Quinte</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Canal" title="Sault Ste. Marie Canal">Sault Ste. Marie Canal</a>;</li> <li>Saint-Ours Canal;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambly_Canal" title="Chambly Canal">Chambly Canal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue_Canal" title="Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal">Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon_Canal" title="Carillon Canal">Carillon Canal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Canal</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters_Canal" title="St. Peters Canal">St. Peters Canal</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>, which runs federal Museums, and heritage and cultural programming, falls under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Minister of Canadian Heritage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Parks" title="Ontario Parks">Ontario Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingo_National_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingo National Landmark">Pingo National Landmark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks Canada is the applied title under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program" title="Federal Identity Program">Federal Identity Program</a>; the legal title is <b>Parks Canada Agency</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Agence Parcs Canada</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/news/national/parks-canada-gets-new-simplified-beaver-logo">"Parks Canada gets new simplified beaver logo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Sun" title="Edmonton Sun">Edmonton Sun</a></i>. July 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Sun&rft.atitle=Parks+Canada+gets+new+simplified+beaver+logo&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fparks-canada-gets-new-simplified-beaver-logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParks+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2018" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (January 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/mandat-mandate">"The Parks Canada Mandate and Charter"</a>. <i>www.pc.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Heritage+Lighthouse+Protection+Act&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FH-3.4%2FFullText.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParks+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2013" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services (December 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-4/FullText.html">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Historic Sites and Monuments Act"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114004143/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-4/FullText.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+Act&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FH-4%2FFullText.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParks+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2005" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services (February 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.5/FullText.html">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001062346/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.5/FullText.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Heritage+Railway+Stations+Protection+Act&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FH-3.5%2FFullText.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParks+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-93-220/FullText.html">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Historic Canals Regulations"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114005616/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-93-220/FullText.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Historic+Canals+Regulations&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FSOR-93-220%2FFullText.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParks+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Claire Elizabeth, ed. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uofcpress.com/books/9781552385265">Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011</a></i> (University of Calgary Press, 2011), 447pp; essays by experts that trace the history of the agency</li> <li>Hildebrandt, Walter. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=4174">Historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210350/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?%2Fcgi-bin%2FMsmGo.exe%3Fgrab_id=0&page_id=67178&query=legislation&hiword=LEGISLATE%20LEGISLATED%20LEGISLATIONS%20LEGISLATIVE%20LEGISLATIVELY%20LEGISLATOR%20LEGISLATORS%20legislation">List of legislation for which Parks Canada is responsible</a></li> <li>Lothian, W.F. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/eng/index.htm">A History of Canada's National Parks</a>" Volumes I-IV (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1976–1986)</li> <li>Lothian, W.F. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/brief/eng/index.htm">A Brief History of Canada's National Parks</a>" (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1987)</li> <li>Lothian, W.F. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/fra/index.htm">Histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada</a>" Volumes I-IV (Ottawa: Parcs Canada, 1977–1983)</li> <li>Lothian, W.F. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/brief/fra/index.htm">Petite histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada</a>" (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1987)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports">Unimpaired for future generations? Volume I, A call to action : conserving ecological integrity with Canada's national parks / [issued by] the Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks.</a></i> Ottawa, Canada : The Panel, R62-323/2000-1E-IN. Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks, Parks Canada (2000)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports">Unimpaired for future generations? Volume II, Setting a new direction for Canada's national parks : conserving ecological integrity with Canada's national parks / Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks</a>.</i> Ottawa, Canada : The Panel, c2000. R62-323/2000-2E-IN. Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks, Parks Canada (2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports"><i>Status On Agency Progress since First Priority</i></a>, Parks Canada (2008)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports">Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada’s National Parks. Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Branch</a></i>, Parks Canada (2011)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports">Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development to the House of Commons, 2005</a></i>. Ottawa: Office of the Auditor General (2005)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.857468/publication.html">Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks</a>, Environment and Climate Change Canada (2018)</i></li> <li><i>Canada National Parks Act S.C. 2000, c.32<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-14.01/">[1]</a></i></li> <li>Bridgewater, P., Kim, R. E., & Bosselmann, K. (2014). Ecological integrity: A relevant concept for international environmental law in the Anthropocene? <i>Yearbook of International Environmental Law,</i> <i>25</i>(1), 61–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fyiel%2Fyvv059">10.1093/yiel/yvv059</a></li> <li>Faber‐Langendoen, D., Nichols, W., Rocchio, J., Walz, K., & Lemly, J. (2016). An introduction to NatureServe's ecological integrity assessment method (p. 33). Arlington, VA: NatureServe.</li> <li>Haight, J., & Hammill, E. (2020). Protected areas as potential refugia for biodiversity under climatic change. <i>Biological Conservation,</i> <i>241</i>, 108258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.108258">10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108258</a></li> <li>Halvorson, W. L., Woodley, S., Kay, J., & Francis, G. (1997). Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. <i>Estuaries,</i> <i>20</i>(1), 249. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1352734">10.2307/1352734</a></li> <li>Hannigan, J. (2018). <i>Pacific Rim National Park Reserve’s Pacific Traverse Trail: Exploring Parks Canada’s Environmental Impact Assessment Process</i> (Master's thesis, Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 2018). Ann Arbor: ProQuest.</li> <li>Jackson, S. T. (2006). Vegetation, environment, and time: The origination and termination of ecosystems. <i>Journal of Vegetation Science</i>, 17(5), 549– 557.</li> <li>Karr, J. R. (1996). Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same. <i>Engineering within Ecological Constraints</i>, 97, 109.</li> <li>Karr, J. R. (2000). Health, integrity, and biological assessment: The importance of measuring whole things. In Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation, and health (Vol. 209). Washington, DC: Island Press.</li> <li>Kay, J. J. (1993). On the nature of ecological integrity: Some closing comments. Ecological integrity and the management of. <i>Ecosystems</i>, 201, 210.</li> <li>Keenelyside, K., Dudley, N., Cairns, S., Hall, C., & Stolton, S. (2012). <i>Ecological restoration for protected areas: principles, guidelines and best practices</i> (Vol. 18). IUCN.</li> <li>Mortimer-Sandilands, C. (2009). The Cultural Politics of Ecological Integrity: nature and Nation in Canada's National Parks, 1885–2000. International Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d’études canadiennes, (39–40), 161–189. https://doi.org/10.7202/040828ar</li> <li>Rohwer, Y., & Marris, E. (2021). Ecosystem integrity is neither real nor valuable. <i>Conservation Science and Practice,</i> <i>3</i>(4). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcsp2.411">10.1111/csp2.411</a></li> <li>Timko, J. A., & Innes, J. L. (2009). Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: Case studies from Canada and South Africa. <i>Biological Conservation,</i> <i>142</i>(3), 676–688. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2008.11.022">10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.022</a></li> <li>Unnasch, R.S., D. P. Braun, P. J. Comer, G. E. Eckert. 2008. The Ecological Integrity Assessment</li> <li>Woodley, S. (2010). Ecological Integrity and Canada's National Parks. <i>The George Wright Forum,</i> <i>27</i>(2), 151–160. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43598147">43598147</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parks_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349487#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ParksCanadaAgency"><span class="plainlinks">Parks Canada</span>'s channel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_user_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube user (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205050036/http://parkwardens.com/">Park Wardens.com</a> Information about Canada's ecozones</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkwardens.ca">National Park Warden Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324141745/http://parksplayers.com/">Parks Canada Players</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620071459/http://www.nfb.ca/playlist/100-years-parks-canada/">100 Years of Parks Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/utoday/may19-2011/parks_canada">Claire Campbell, ed., A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, Free eBook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008163204/http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/utoday/may19-2011/parks_canada">Archived</a> October 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/parks-canada/">Parks Canada article in the Canadian Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkscanadahistory.com/">National Parks of Canada Electronic Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Government_agencies_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_agencies_of_Canada" title="Template:Government agencies of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Government_agencies_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Government agencies of Canada (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_agencies_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government agencies of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_agencies_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">Government agencies of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Border Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Energy_Regulator" title="Canadian Energy Regulator">Energy Regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Revenue Agency">Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Food Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nuclear_Safety_Commission" title="Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission">Nuclear Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Radio-television and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">Security Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">Communications Security Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Assessment_Agency_of_Canada" title="Impact Assessment Agency of Canada">Impact Assessment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Superintendent_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions">Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Prosecution Service of Canada">Public Prosecution Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Canada" title="Public Service Commission of Canada">Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Canada" title="Service Canada">Service Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Services_Canada" title="Shared Services Canada">Shared Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada" title="Transportation Safety Board of Canada">Transportation Safety Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Government_Departments_of_Canada" title="Template:Government Departments of Canada">Template:Government Departments of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Crown_corporations_of_Canada" title="Template:Crown corporations of Canada">Template:Crown corporations of Canada</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" title="Template:Law enforcement agencies in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Law enforcement agencies in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law enforcement agencies in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement agencies in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Military_Police" title="Canadian Forces Military Police">Canadian Forces Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_National_Investigation_Service" title="Canadian Forces National Investigation Service">Canadian Forces National Investigation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency" title="Canada Revenue Agency">Canada Revenue Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_Bureau_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition Bureau (Canada)">Competition Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada#Enforcement" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada Enforcement Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada#Enforcement" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">Fishery officers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Enforcement">Parks Canada wardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police" title="Ontario Provincial Police">Ontario Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary" title="Royal Newfoundland Constabulary">Royal Newfoundland Constabulary</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other law<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Law_Enforcement_Response_Teams" title="Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams">Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Sheriffs_Branch" title="Alberta Sheriffs Branch">Alberta Sheriffs Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Sheriff_Service" title="British Columbia Sheriff Service">British Columbia Sheriff Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Commercial_Vehicle_Safety_and_Enforcement" title="British Columbia Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement">British Columbia Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Conservation_Officer_Service" title="British Columbia Conservation Officer Service">British Columbia Conservation Officer Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Forces_Special_Enforcement_Unit_%E2%80%93_British_Columbia" title="Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia">Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_Agency_of_British_Columbia" title="Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia">Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador">High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Conservation_Officers" title="Ontario Conservation Officers">Ontario conservation officers</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_permanente_anticorruption" title="Unité permanente anticorruption">Unité permanente anticorruption</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional <br />and <br />municipal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_Police_Department" title="Abbotsford Police Department">Abbotsford Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Police_Service" title="Barrie Police Service">Barrie Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario#Belleville_Police_Service" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockville_Police_Service" title="Brockville Police Service">Brockville Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Police_Service" title="Calgary Police Service">Calgary Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camrose_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Camrose Police Service">Camrose Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saanich_Police_Service" title="Central Saanich Police Service">Central Saanich Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobourg_Police_Service" title="Cobourg Police Service">Cobourg Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Police_Service" title="Charlottetown Police Service">Charlottetown Police Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Police_Department" title="Delta Police Department">Delta Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Regional_Police_Service" title="Durham Regional Police Service">Durham Regional Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Police_Service" title="Edmonton Police Service">Edmonton Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericton_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredericton Police">Fredericton Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury_Police_Service" title="Greater Sudbury Police Service">Greater Sudbury Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph_Police_Service" title="Guelph Police Service">Guelph Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Police" title="Halifax Regional Police">Halifax Regional Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Regional_Police_Service" title="Halton Regional Police Service">Halton Regional Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Police_Service" title="Hamilton Police Service">Hamilton Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennebecasis_Regional_Police_Force" title="Kennebecasis Regional Police Force">Kennebecasis Regional Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Police">Kingston Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacombe_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacombe Police Service">Lacombe Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Police_Service" title="Lethbridge Police Service">Lethbridge Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Police_Service" title="London Police Service">London Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Hat Police Service">Medicine Hat Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Police_Department" title="Nelson Police Department">Nelson Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Westminster_Police_Department" title="New Westminster Police Department">New Westminster Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Regional_Police_Service" title="Niagara Regional Police Service">Niagara Regional Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bay Police Service">North Bay Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik_Police_Service" title="Nunavik Police Service">Nunavik Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Bay_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Bay Police Department">Oak Bay Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Police_Service" title="Ottawa Police Service">Ottawa Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Regional_Police" title="Peel Regional Police">Peel Regional Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moody_Police_Department" title="Port Moody Police Department">Port Moody Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Police Service">Regina Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_Police_Service" title="Saskatoon Police Service">Saskatoon Police Service</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de police de la Ville de Laval">Service de police de la Ville de Laval</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_l%E2%80%99agglom%C3%A9ration_de_Longueuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de police de l’agglomération de Longueuil">Service de police de l’agglomération de Longueuil</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Service de police de la Ville de Montréal">Service de police de la Ville de Montréal</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de police de la Ville de Québec">Service de police de la Ville de Québec</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_Shores_Police_Service" title="Saugeen Shores Police Service">Saugeen Shores Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Simcoe_Police_Service" title="South Simcoe Police Service">South Simcoe Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario#Police_services" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerside_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Summerside Police Department">Summerside Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police_Service" title="Surrey Police Service">Surrey Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taber_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Taber Police Service">Taber Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay#Thunder_Bay_Police_Services" title="Thunder Bay"> Thunder Bay Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service" title="Toronto Police Service">Toronto Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Police_Department" title="Vancouver Police Department">Vancouver Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Police_Department" title="Victoria Police Department">Victoria Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Regional_Police_Service" title="Waterloo Regional Police Service">Waterloo Regional Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Grey_Police" title="West Grey Police">West Grey Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Vancouver_Police_Department" title="West Vancouver Police Department">West Vancouver Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Police_Service" title="Windsor Police Service">Windsor Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Police_Service" title="Winnipeg Police Service">Winnipeg Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Regional_Police" title="York Regional Police">York Regional Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous police services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Police_Service" title="Anishinabek Police Service">Anishinabek Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishnawbe-Aski_Police_Service" title="Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service">Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Three_Police_Service" title="Treaty Three Police Service">Treaty Three Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stl%E2%80%99atl%E2%80%99imx_Tribal_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Stl’atl’imx Tribal Police Service">Stl’atl’imx Tribal Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special constabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Transit_Public_Safety_and_Enforcement_Section" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary Transit Public Safety and Enforcement Section">Calgary Transit Public Safety and Enforcement Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_Transit#Safety_and_security" title="GO Transit">GO Transit Special Constables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Parks_Police_Service" title="Niagara Parks Police Service">Niagara Parks Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="McMaster University Security Service">McMaster University Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_Enforcement_Unit" title="Transit Enforcement Unit">Transit Enforcement Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alberta Protective Services">University of Alberta Protective Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Campus_Safety" title="University of Toronto Campus Safety">University of Toronto Campus Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YRT/Viva_Special_Constable_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="YRT/Viva Special Constable Services">YRT/Viva Special Constable Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Police_Service" title="Canadian National Police Service">Canadian National Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City_Police_Service" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service">Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Security_Enforcement_Teams" title="Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams">Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Security_Unit" title="Integrated Security Unit">Integrated Security Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_By-law_Services" title="Ottawa By-law Services">Ottawa By-law Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Transit_Police" title="Metro Vancouver Transit Police">Metro Vancouver Transit Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail_Police_Service" title="Via Rail Police Service">Via Rail Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police <br />oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Serious_Incident_Response_Team" title="Alberta Serious Incident Response Team">Alberta Serious Incident Response Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigations_Office" title="Independent Investigations Office">Independent Investigations Office</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigation_Unit" title="Independent Investigation Unit">Independent Investigation Unit</a> (MB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Incident_Response_Team" title="Serious Incident Response Team">Serious Incident Response Team</a> (NS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit_(Ontario)" title="Special Investigations Unit (Ontario)">Special Investigations Unit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Independent_Police_Review_Director" title="Office of the Independent Police Review Director">Office of the Independent Police Review Director</a> (ON)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Provincial_Police" title="Alberta Provincial Police">Alberta Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Provincial_Police" title="British Columbia Provincial Police">British Columbia Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Police" title="Dominion Police">Dominion Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manitoba Provincial Police (page does not exist)">Manitoba Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Highway_Patrol" title="New Brunswick Highway Patrol">New Brunswick Highway Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick_Provincial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Brunswick Provincial Police (page does not exist)">New Brunswick Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Ranger_Force" title="Newfoundland Ranger Force">Newfoundland Ranger Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_Scotia_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova Scotia Police (page does not exist)">Nova Scotia Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Edward_Island_Provincial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Edward Island Provincial Police (page does not exist)">Prince Edward Island Provincial Police</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gie_intermunicipale_de_police_de_la_Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Régie intermunicipale de police de la Rivière-du-Nord">Régie intermunicipale de police de la Rivière-du-Nord</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Provincial_Police" title="Saskatchewan Provincial Police">Saskatchewan Provincial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Police_Service" title="Shelburne Police Service">Shelburne Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staffing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal#Canada" title="Sky marshal">Aircraft Protective Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_constable" title="Auxiliary constable">Auxiliary constables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylaw_enforcement_officer" title="Bylaw enforcement officer">Bylaw enforcement officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Firearms_Program#Provincial" title="Canadian Firearms Program">Firearms officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace officer">Peace officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_constable#Canada" title="Special constable">Special constables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boards and <br />commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Review_and_Complaints_Commission_for_the_Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Military Police Complaints Commission">Military Police Complaints Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Services_Board" title="Toronto Police Services Board">Toronto Police Services Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_board" title="Police board">Police board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_police_in_Canada" title="Indigenous police in Canada">Indigenous police in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_British_Columbia" title="List of law enforcement agencies in British Columbia">List of law enforcement agencies in British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Canada" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Canada">List of law enforcement agencies in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_firearms_in_Canada" title="List of police firearms in Canada">List of police firearms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_correctional_services_in_Canada" title="Provincial correctional services in Canada">Provincial correctional services in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Police ranks in Canada">Police ranks in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police_Headquarters#Ontario_Provincial_Police_Museum" title="Ontario Provincial Police Headquarters">Ontario Provincial Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCMP_Heritage_Centre" title="RCMP Heritage Centre">RCMP Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_Museum_of_Police_and_Corrections" title="Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections">Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Police_Museum" title="Vancouver Police Museum">Vancouver Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Police_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Police Museum">Winnipeg Police Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107903366">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012150058X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127379658">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/511822/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/511912-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50035452">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862620p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862620p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36064580">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000580443&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810633128305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266359705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500209264">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1205357">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026363755">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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