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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dareshon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Pej" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main pej</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Komuniti_domot" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Komuniti domot</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tins_wey_dey_hapun_nau_nau" title="Find background information on current events"><span>Tins wey dey hapun nau nau</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Impotant:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Chenj-dem wey jos hapun</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Impotant:Random" title="Load a 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradualist_and_developmental_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradualist_and_developmental_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gradualist and developmental hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradualist_and_developmental_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adishonal_resosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adishonal_resosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adishonal resosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adishonal_resosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Also_si" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Also_si"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Also si</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Also_si-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliografi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kriole langwej</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 langwej-dem</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreools" title="Kreools – Áfríkaans Lángwej" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kreools" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Áfríkaans Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolsprachen" title="Kreolsprachen – Jámán Swis" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kreolsprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jámán Swis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لغة مولدة – Arábík Lángwej" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة مولدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arábík Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_criolla" title="Llingua criolla – Astúriá Lángwej" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua criolla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astúriá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol_dili" title="Kreol dili – Azẹrbaijáni Lángwej" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kreol dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azẹrbaijáni Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Крэольскія мовы – Bẹlarúsiá Lángwej" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэольскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Bẹlarúsiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_peranakan" title="Basa peranakan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa peranakan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Креолски език – Bọlgériá Lángwej" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Креолски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bọlgériá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_kreolek" title="Yezhoù kreolek – Brẹ́tọn Lángwej" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù kreolek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Brẹ́tọn Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_criolla" title="Llengua criolla – Kátála Lángwej" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua criolla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kátála Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol%C5%A1tina" title="Kreolština – Chẹ́k Lángwej" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kreolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Chẹ́k Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creol" title="Creol – Wẹlsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Creol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wẹlsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolsprog" title="Kreolsprog – Dénísh Lángwej" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kreolsprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dénísh Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolsprache" title="Kreolsprache – Jámán Lángwej" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreolsprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jámán Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Kreolska rěc – Lówá Sorbiá" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kreolska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lówá Sorbiá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κρεολή γλώσσα – Grík Lángwej" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρεολή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grík Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language – Ínglish" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Creole language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ínglish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreola_lingvo" title="Kreola lingvo – Ẹsperánto Lángwej" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kreola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Ẹsperánto Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_criolla" title="Lengua criolla – Spánish Lángwej" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua criolla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spánish Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoolkeel" title="Kreoolkeel – Ẹstóniá Lángwej" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreoolkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Ẹstóniá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolera" title="Kreolera – Básk Lángwej" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kreolera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Básk Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="کریول – Pẹ́shiá Lángwej" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Pẹ́shiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolikieli" title="Kreolikieli – Fínísh Lángwej" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreolikieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fínísh Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_cr%C3%A9oles" title="Langues créoles – Frẹ́nch Lángwej" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues créoles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frẹ́nch Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoolspriak" title="Kreoolspriak – Nọ́tán Frísian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kreoolspriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Nọ́tán Frísian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoalske_taal" title="Kreoalske taal – Wẹ́stán Frísiá Lángwej" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kreoalske taal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Wẹ́stán Frísiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C3%B3l" title="Criól – Aírísh Lángwej" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criól" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Aírísh Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="克里奧爾語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriy%C3%B2l" title="Kriyòl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kriyòl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_crioulas" title="Linguas crioulas – Galísiá Lángwej" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas crioulas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galísiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפה קריאולית – Híbru Lángwej" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה קריאולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Híbru Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रियोल भाषा – Híndi Lángwej" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रियोल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Híndi Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolski_jezici" title="Kreolski jezici – Kroéshia Lángwej" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kreolski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroéshia Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolska_r%C4%9B%C4%8D" title="Kreolska rěč – Sóbiá Lángwej di ọ́p-ọ́p wan" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kreolska rěč" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sóbiá Lángwej di ọ́p-ọ́p wan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_krey%C3%B2l" title="Lang kreyòl – Haítí Kriol" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang kreyòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haítí Kriol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol_nyelv" title="Kreol nyelv – Họngári Lángwej" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kreol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Họngári Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Կրեոլ լեզու – Armẹ́niá Lángwej" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրեոլ լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armẹ́niá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creol" title="Lingua creol – Intalíngwuá Lángwej" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua creol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Intalíngwuá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_kreol" title="Bahasa kreol – Indoníshia Lángwej" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa kreol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoníshia Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreola_linguo" title="Kreola linguo – Idó Lángwej" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kreola linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Idó Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kre%C3%B3lam%C3%A1l" title="Kreólamál – Aíslánd Lángwej" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kreólamál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Aíslánd Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola" title="Lingua creola – Ítáli Lángwej" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua creola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Ítáli Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="クレオール言語 – Japan Lángwej" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレオール言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japan Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კრეოლური ენა – Jọ́jiá Lángwej" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრეოლური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Jọ́jiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%AC_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99)" title="크리올 (언어학) – Koriá Lángwej" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리올 (언어학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koriá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola" title="Lingua creola – Látín Lángwej" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua creola" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Látín Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creol" title="Creol – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Creol" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creooltaol" title="Creooltaol – Limbógísh Lángwej" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Creooltaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbógísh Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Kreolų kalbos – Lituéniá Lángwej" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreolų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituéniá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolisk%C4%81s_valodas" title="Kreoliskās valodas – Látvián Lángwej" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kreoliskās valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Látvián Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_campuran" title="Bahasa campuran – Malé Lángwej" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa campuran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malé Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="کریول – Mazandẹrání Lángwej" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazandẹrání Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoolspraak" title="Kreoolspraak – Ló Jámán Lángwej" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kreoolspraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Ló Jámán Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoolsproake" title="Kreoolsproake – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kreoolsproake" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creoolse_talen" title="Creoolse talen – Dọch Lángwej" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Creoolse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dọch Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolspr%C3%A5k" title="Kreolspråk – Nọwẹ́jiá Niúnọsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kreolspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nọwẹ́jiá Niúnọsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolspr%C3%A5k" title="Kreolspråk – Nọwẹ́jiá Bokmál Lángwej" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreolspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Nọwẹ́jiá Bokmál Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C3%B2l_(lenga)" title="Creòl (lenga) – Oksitán Lángwej" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Creòl (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitán Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_krioyo" title="Idioma krioyo – Papiaménto Lángwej" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma krioyo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaménto Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_kreolskie" title="Języki kreolskie – Pólánd Lángwej" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki kreolskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pólánd Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_cr%C3%A9ole" title="Lenghe créole – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe créole" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کريول ژبه – Páshto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کريول ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Páshto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_crioulas" title="Línguas crioulas – Pọtiugiz" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas crioulas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Pọtiugiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_creol%C4%83" title="Limbă creolă – Romániá Lángwej" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă creolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romániá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Креольские языки – Rọshiá Lángwej" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Креольские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rọshiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cr%C3%A8ola" title="Limba crèola – Sadínián Lángwej" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba crèola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sadínián Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolski_jezici" title="Kreolski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kreolski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Creole language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol%C4%8Dina" title="Kreolčina – Slóvak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kreolčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slóvak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kreolščina – Slovẹ́niá Lángwej" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kreolščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovẹ́niá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_Kreoleve" title="Gjuha e Kreoleve – Albéniá Lángwej" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha e Kreoleve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albéniá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Креолски језици – Sẹrbiá Lángwej" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Креолски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sẹrbiá Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreolspr%C3%A5k" title="Kreolspråk – Suwídẹ́n Lángwej" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kreolspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Suwídẹ́n Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krioli" title="Krioli – Swahíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krioli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கிரியோல் மொழி – tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரியோல் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาครีโอล – Taí" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาครีโอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Taí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol" title="Kreol – Tọ́ki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kreol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tọ́ki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Креольська мова – Yukrénia" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Креольська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Yukrénia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="کریول زبانیں – Úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کریول زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolo" title="Creolo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Creolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Creole" title="Ngôn ngữ Creole – Viẹ́tnám Lángwej" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ Creole" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viẹ́tnám Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creyole" title="Creyole – Wálun Lángwej" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Creyole" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Wálun Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="克里奥尔语 – Wu Chainiz" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里奥尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Chainiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語 – Mandarín Chainíz Lángwej" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里奧爾語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Mandarín Chainíz Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA" title="Creole giân-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Creole giân-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E8%9E%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="歸融話 – Kántọn Lángwej" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歸融話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kántọn Lángwej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33289#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Chenj link-dem</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nemspes-dem"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pcm" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16078">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639:crp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639:crp (pej no dey)">ISO 639:crp</a> dey ridairekt for hia, but dat langwej koud dey inkoporaet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidjin (pej no dey)">pidjins</a> as wel as krioles.</div> <p>A <b>kriole langwej</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simpli <b>kriole</b>, bi a staebul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nachoral_langwej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nachoral langwej (pej no dey)">nachoral langwej</a> wey develop from di proces of diferen langwejis wey simplifai and mix togeda into a niu fom (often, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidjin (pej no dey)">pidjin</a>), and then dat fom expand and elaboraet into a ful-fledj langwej wit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netivaizashon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netivaizashon (pej no dey)">netiv spikas</a>, aul for a feli brif period of taim. While di koncept dey simila to dat of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixd_langwej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixd langwej (pej no dey)">mixd or haibrid langwej</a>, krioles often dey karaktaraizd bai a tendensi to systemataiz dia inherited grama (e.g., by eliminatin iregularitis or regularaizin di konjugashon of odawaiz iregula vebs). Laik eni langwej, krioles dey karaktaraizd bai a konsistent system of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grama (pej no dey)">grama</a>, possess laj stabul vokabularis, and pikin-dem often dey akuaia am as their nativ langwej.<b>Diz tri feachos distinguish a kriole langwej from a pidjin.</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobodi Sabi di presais nomba of kriole langwejis, patikulali as plenti of dem dey poorly attested or dokumented. Abaut a hundred kriole langwejis don apia since 1500. These predominantli dey bayzd on Europian langwejis laik English and French<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to di Europian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aij_of_Diskovri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aij of Diskovri (pej no dey)">Aij of Diskovri</a> and di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantik_slayv_traid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantik slayv traid (pej no dey)">Atlantik slayv traid</a> wey kom up dat taim.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wit improvments for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship-buildin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ship-buildin (pej no dey)">ship-buildin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigashon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navigashon (pej no dey)">navigashon</a>, traidas kom get need to len to komunikaet wit pipo araund di wold, and di quikes way to do so na to develop a pidjin; in turn, <b>ful kriole langwejis develop from diz pidjins.</b> In adishon to krioles wey get Europian langwejis as dia bayz, e get, for exampul, krioles wey dey bayzd on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabik (pej no dey)">Arabik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chainis_langwej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chainis langwej (pej no dey)">Chainis</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_langwej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malay langwej (pej no dey)">Malay</a>. </p><p>Di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexikon (pej no dey)">lexikon</a> of a kriole langwej dey lajli supplied bai di parent langwejis, patikulali dat of di mos dominant grup for di social kontext of di kriole konstrukshon. Haweva, e often get som kle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonem (pej no dey)">fonetik</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantik (pej no dey)">semantik</a> shifts. For di oda hand, di grama wey ga evolve diaof often get niu or uniq feachos wey diferen substanshali from those of di parent langwejis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ovaviu">Ovaviu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit dis part: Ovaviu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ovaviu"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>E bi a beliv say for a Kriole to fom, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidjin (pej no dey)">pidjin</a>, wey adults fom for yuz as a sekond langwej, ga bikom di nativ and praimari langwej of dia pikin-dem – a proces wey wi kom to sabi as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netivaizashon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netivaizashon (pej no dey)">netivaizashon</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Hall,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert A. Hall, Jr. (pej no dey)">Robert Hall</a> wey bi Amerikan linguist stodi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidjin (pej no dey)">pidjin</a>-kriole laif cykul for di 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plenti of di krioles wey wi sabi today fom for di last 500 years, as a risolt of di woldwide expanshon of Europian maritaim pawa and traid for di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aij_of_Diskovri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aij of Diskovri (pej no dey)">Aij of Diskovri</a>, wey lead to extensiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europian_kolonialisim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europian kolonialisim (pej no dey)">Europian kolonial empaias</a>. <b>Som kriole don evun get di status of ofishal or semi-ofishal langwejis</b> of patikula politikal teritoris. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit dis part: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit dis part: Etymology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Etymology"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di Naijá tem <i>kriole</i> kom from Ínglish "Kreole" wey kom from <a href="/w/index.php?title=French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French (pej no dey)">French</a>, wey dey kognaet wit di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish (pej no dey)">Spanish</a> tem kriollo and Portuguese krioulo, aul bi disendant from di veb <i>kriar</i> ('to breed' or 'to raiz'), aul kom from Latin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Lang-la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Lang-la (pej no dey)">Templet:Lang-la</a> ('to prodius, kriaet').<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di tems <i>kriollo</i> and <i>krioulo</i> orijinali bi qualifaias in yuz thruaut di Spanish and Portuguese kolonis to distinguish di membas of di etnik grup wey dem bon and raiz lokali from those wey imigraet as adults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit dis part: Geographic distribution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Geographic distribution"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a konsequens of kolonial Europian traid patans, mos of di Europian-bayzd kriole langwejis wey wi sabi today fom from koastal ereas for di equatorial belt araund di wold, inkludin for di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amerikas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amerikas (pej no dey)">Amerikas</a>, westan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika (pej no dey)">Afrika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goa (pej no dey)">Goa</a> along di wes of <a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India (pej no dey)">India</a>, and along Sauteas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia (pej no dey)">Asia</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singapore (pej no dey)">Singapore</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makau (pej no dey)">Makau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Kong (pej no dey)">Hong Kong</a>, di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippins (pej no dey)">Filippins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritius (pej no dey)">Mauritius</a>, Réunion, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles (pej no dey)">Seychelles</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceania (pej no dey)">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradualist_and_developmental_hypotheses">Gradualist and developmental hypotheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit dis part: Gradualist and developmental hypotheses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gradualist and developmental hypotheses"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mos kriole fit start as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidjin (pej no dey)">pidjins</a>, rudimentri sekond langwejis wey pipo improvais for yuz between spikas of tuw or moh non-intelijibul nativ langwejis. Keith Whinnom sujes say pidjins need tri langwejis to fom, wit di fes (di supastraet) wey kleli dey dominant ova di odas. Di lexikon of a pidjin usuali dey smol and dey drawn from di vokabularis of e spikas, in varyin proportions. Mofolojikal details laik wod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflekshon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflekshon (pej no dey)">inflekshons</a>, wey usuali dey tek years to len, usuali dey omited; di syntax dey veri simpul, usuali bayzd on strikt wod oda. For dis inishal stej, aul aspekts of di speech – syntax, lexikon, and pronaunciashon – tend to dey quait variabul, especiali wit regard to di spika orijin. </p><p>If di pikin-dem of a komuniti manaej to len the pidjin as a nativ langwej, e fit dey fixd and akquaia moh komplex grama, wit fixd fonoloji, syntax, mofoloji, and syntatik embedin. <b>Pidjins fit bikom ful langwejis</b> for onli a singul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenerashon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenerashon (pej no dey)">jenerashon</a>. "Kriolaizashon" bi dis sekond stej whe <b>di pidjin langwej develop into a fuli fomd nativ langwej.</b> Di vokabulari, too, ga develop to kontain moh and moh items akodin to a rashonaal of lexikal enrichment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adishonal_resosis">Adishonal resosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit dis part: Adishonal resosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Adishonal resosis"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Also_si">Also si</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit dis part: Also si" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Also si"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diglossia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diglossia (pej no dey)">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_contact&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language contact (pej no dey)">Language contact</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_franca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua franca (pej no dey)">Lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_creole_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of creole languages (pej no dey)">List of creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nation_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nation language (pej no dey)">Nation language</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referens">Referens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit dis part: Referens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Referens"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15960">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16042">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/sum07/myths/creoles.pdf">"Di stodi of pidjin and kriole langwejis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Di+stodi+of+pidjin+and+kriole+langwejis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemantics.uchicago.edu%2Fkennedy%2Fclasses%2Fsum07%2Fmyths%2Fcreoles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173017/http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/si526.pdf">"Langwej varaietis: Pidjins and krioles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euljss.eul.edu.tr/euljss/si526.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langwej+varaietis%3A+Pidjins+and+krioles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuljss.eul.edu.tr%2Feuljss%2Fsi526.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jcgood/jcgood-JPCL.pdf">"Typolojaizin gramatikal komplexitis, or Whai krioles fit dey paradaimatikali simpul but syntagmatikali averaij"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typolojaizin+gramatikal+komplexitis%2C+or+Whai+krioles+fit+dey+paradaimatikali+simpul+but+syntagmatikali+averaij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F~jcgood%2Fjcgood-JPCL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McWhorter, J. H. (2005). <i>Defining creole</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620093817/https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Creole/">"Creole – Language Information & Resources"</a>. <i>www.alsintl.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Creole/">the original</a> on June 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alsintl.com&rft.atitle=Creole+%E2%80%93+Language+Information+%26+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alsintl.com%2Fresources%2Flanguages%2FCreole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Linguistics</i>, ed. Anne E. Baker, Kees Hengeveld, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8uWDVdRQlYC&pg=PT436">p. 436</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siegel, Jeff (2008). <i>Di Emagens of Pidjin and Kriole Langwejis</i> (in Ínglish). New York: Oxford Linguistics. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/978-0-19-921666-6" title="Impotant:BookSources/978-0-19-921666-6"><bdi>978-0-19-921666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Di+Emagens+of+Pidjin+and+Kriole+Langwejis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Oxford+Linguistics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921666-6&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Harvcoltxt (pej no dey)">Templet:Harvcoltxt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Harvcoltxt (pej no dey)">Templet:Harvcoltxt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Harvcoltxt (pej no dey)">Templet:Harvcoltxt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers, Douglas B. (2008-12-01). "Slayv traid merchants of Spanish Niu Orleans, 1763–1803: Klarifyin di jolonial slayv traid to Louisiana for Atlantik paspektiv". <i>Atlantik Stodis</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 335–346. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810802445024">10.1080/14788810802445024</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (pej no dey)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-8810">1478-8810</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (pej no dey)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159786747">159786747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantik+Stodis&rft.atitle=Slayv+traid+merchants+of+Spanish+Niu+Orleans%2C+1763%E2%80%931803%3A+Klarifyin+di+jolonial+slayv+traid+to+Louisiana+for+Atlantik+paspektiv&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-346&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159786747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-8810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810802445024&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Harvcoltxt (pej no dey)">Templet:Harvcoltxt</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit dis part: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografi"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Refbegin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Refbegin (pej no dey)">Templet:Refbegin</a> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Roger W., ed. (1983), <i>Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition</i>, Rowley, MA: Newbury House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidginization+and+Creolization+as+Language+Acquisition&rft.place=Rowley%2C+MA&rft.pub=Newbury+House&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFAnsaldoMatthews2007" class="citation cs2">Ansaldo, U.; Matthews, S. (2007), "Deconstructing creole: The rationale", <i>Typological Studies in Language</i>, <b>73</b>: 1–20, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ftsl.73.02ans">10.1075/tsl.73.02ans</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/978-90-272-2985-4" title="Impotant:BookSources/978-90-272-2985-4"><bdi>978-90-272-2985-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (pej no dey)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7373">0167-7373</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Typological+Studies+in+Language&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+creole%3A+The+rationale&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0167-7373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Ftsl.73.02ans&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2985-4&rft.aulast=Ansaldo&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFAnsaldoMatthewsLim2007" class="citation cs2">Ansaldo, Umberto; Matthews, Stephen; Lim, Lisa (2007), <i>Deconstructing Creole</i>, Amsterdam: Benjamins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Creole&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ansaldo&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Lim%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFArendsMuyskenSmith1995" class="citation cs2">Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995), <i>Pidgins and creoles: An introduction</i>, Amsterdam: Benjamins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+creoles%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Arends&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Smith%2C+Norval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyMaroldt1977" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Charles J; Maroldt, Karl (1977), "The French lineage of English", in Meisel, Jürgen (ed.), <i>Langues en Contact – Pidgins – Creoles</i>, Tübingen: Narr, pp. 21–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+French+lineage+of+English&rft.btitle=Langues+en+Contact+%E2%80%93+Pidgins+%E2%80%93+Creoles&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=21-53&rft.pub=Narr&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Charles+J&rft.au=Maroldt%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1977" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Derek (1977). "Pidginization and creolization: Language acquisition and language universals". In A. Valdman (ed.). <i>Pidgin and creole languages</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 49–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pidginization+and+creolization%3A+Language+acquisition+and+language+universals&rft.btitle=Pidgin+and+creole+languages&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=49-69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Bickerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Bickerton (pej no dey)">Bickerton, Derek</a> (1981), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsoflanguage0000bick"><i>Roots of Language</i></a></span>, Karoma Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/0-89720-044-6" title="Impotant:BookSources/0-89720-044-6"><bdi>0-89720-044-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Language&rft.pub=Karoma+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-89720-044-6&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frootsoflanguage0000bick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1983" class="citation cs2">Bickerton, Derek (1983), "Creole Languages", <i>Scientific American</i>, <b>249</b> (8): 116–122, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (pej no dey)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983SciAm.249a.116B">1983SciAm.249a.116B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0783-116">10.1038/scientificamerican0783-116</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (pej no dey)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24968948">24968948</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Creole+Languages&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=116-122&rft.date=1983&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24968948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0783-116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983SciAm.249a.116B&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1984" class="citation cs2">Bickerton, Derek (1984), "The language bioprogram hypothesis", <i>The Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>, <b>7</b> (2): 173–188, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (pej no dey)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.908.5328">10.1.1.908.5328</a></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X00044149">10.1017/S0140525X00044149</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (pej no dey)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144264276">144264276</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+language+bioprogram+hypothesis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-188&rft.date=1984&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.908.5328%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144264276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00044149&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Bickerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Bickerton (pej no dey)">Bickerton, Derek</a> (1988), "Creole languages and the bioprogram", in Newmeyer, F.J. (ed.), <i>Linguistics: The Cambridge survey</i>, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creole+languages+and+the+bioprogram&rft.btitle=Linguistics%3A+The+Cambridge+survey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Bickerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Bickerton (pej no dey)">Bickerton, Derek</a> (1991), "On the Supposed 'Gradualness' of Creole Development", <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>, <b>6</b>: 25–58, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.6.1.03bic">10.1075/jpcl.6.1.03bic</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=On+the+Supposed+%27Gradualness%27+of+Creole+Development&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=25-58&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.6.1.03bic&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1933" class="citation cs2">Bloomfield, L. (1933), <i>Language</i>, New York: Henry Holt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFDeCamp1977" class="citation cs2">DeCamp, David (1977), "The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, Albert (ed.), <i>Pidgin and Creole Linguistics</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloomington,_IN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloomington, IN (pej no dey)">Bloomington</a>: Indiana University Press, pp. 3–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Studies&rft.btitle=Pidgin+and+Creole+Linguistics&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=3-20&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=DeCamp&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraff2001" class="citation cs2">DeGraff, Michel (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/darwin/anti-simplest.html">"On the origin of creoles: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics"</a>, <i>Linguistic Typology</i>, <b>5</b> (2–3): 213–310</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+cr%C3%A9olismes+syntaxiques+du+fran%C3%A7ais+magoua+parl%C3%A9+aux+Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Am%C3%A9rique%3A+variation%2C+cr%C3%A9olisation%2C+normalisation+%28Actes+du+colloque%2C+Universit%C3%A9+d%27Avignon%2C+8-11+Oct.%29&rft.place=Avignon&rft.pages=229-48&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+d%27Avignon%2C+Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+canadiennes&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou-la.org%2Fling%2F1998b-csmag.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann1999" class="citation cs2">Wittmann, Henri (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1999a-prototype.html">"Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness"</a>, <i>The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line</i>, Stockholms Universitet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Creolist+Archives+Papers+On-Line&rft.atitle=Prototype+as+a+typological+yardstick+to+creoleness&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou-la.org%2Fling%2F1999a-prototype.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Wittmann, Henri (2001). "CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1-9". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/2001c-lexical_diffusion/01h2LexDiffFin.html"><i>Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French</i></a>. The Linguist List. Eastern Michigan University & Wayne State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CreoList+debate%2C+parts+I-VI%2C+appendixes+1-9&rft.btitle=Lexical+diffusion+and+the+glottogenetics+of+creole+French&rft.series=The+Linguist+List&rft.pub=Eastern+Michigan+University+%26+Wayne+State+University&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou-la.org%2Fling%2F2001c-lexical_diffusion%2F01h2LexDiffFin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite id="CITEREFWittmannFournier1996" class="citation cs2">Wittmann, Henri; Fournier, Robert (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1996e-chiar.pdf">"Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Fournier, Robert (ed.), <i>Mélanges linguistiques</i>, Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée<i> 13, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 245–280</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraintes+sur+la+relexification%3A+les+limites+impos%C3%A9es+dans+un+cadre+th%C3%A9orique+minimaliste&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+linguistiques&rft.place=Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res&rft.series=Revue+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+linguistique+th%C3%A9orique+et+appliqu%C3%A9e%27%27+13&rft.pages=245-280&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Fournier%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou-la.org%2Fling%2F1996e-chiar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></i></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Refend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Refend (pej no dey)">Templet:Refend</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit dis part: Further reading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995), <i>Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction</i>, Amsterdam: Benjamins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/90-272-5236-X" title="Impotant:BookSources/90-272-5236-X"><bdi>90-272-5236-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-272-5236-X&rft.aulast=Arends&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Smith%2C+Norval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Arends, Jacques (1989), <i>Syntactic Developments in Sranan: Creolization as a gradual process</i>, Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit ti Nijmegen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/90-900268-3-5" title="Impotant:BookSources/90-900268-3-5"><bdi>90-900268-3-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntactic+Developments+in+Sranan%3A+Creolization+as+a+gradual+process&rft.place=Nijmegen&rft.pub=Katholieke+Universiteit+ti+Nijmegen&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-900268-3-5&rft.aulast=Arends&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Bickerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Bickerton (pej no dey)">Bickerton, Derek</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yRB7V1oE4sC"><i>Bastard Tongues: A Trailblazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World's Lowliest Languages</i></a>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Impotant:BookSources/978-0-8090-2816-0" title="Impotant:BookSources/978-0-8090-2816-0"><bdi>978-0-8090-2816-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastard+Tongues%3A+A+Trailblazing+Linguist+Finds+Clues+to+Our+Common+Humanity+in+the+World%27s+Lowliest+Languages&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-2816-0&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yRB7V1oE4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">DeGraff, Michel (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/darwin/anti-simplest.html">"On the origin of creoles: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics"</a>, <i>Linguistic Typology</i>, <b>5</b> (2–3): 213–310</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+creoles%3A+A+Cartesian+critique+of+Neo-Darwinian+linguistics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=213-310&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fdegraff%2Fdarwin%2Fanti-simplest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">DeGraff, Michel (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-anthling-44-04.pdf">"Relexification: A reevaluation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Linguistic Anthropology</i>, <b>44</b> (4): 321–414, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR 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Emancipation of a Creole Language. Papiamentu, or What Can a Literature Do for its Language", in Hoogbergen, Wim (ed.), <i>Born Out of Resistance. On Caribbean Cultural Creativity</i>, Utrecht: Isor-Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Pave+the+Way+for+the+Emancipation+of+a+Creole+Language.+Papiamentu%2C+or+What+Can+a+Literature+Do+for+its+Language&rft.btitle=Born+Out+of+Resistance.+On+Caribbean+Cultural+Creativity&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=Isor-Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Eckkrammer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Fertel, Rien (2014), <i>Imagining the Creole City: The Rise of Literary Culture in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans</i>, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press</cite><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Good, Jeff (2004), "Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language", <i>Lingua</i>, <b>114</b> (5): 575–619, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3841%2803%2900062-7">10.1016/S0024-3841(03)00062-7</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (pej no dey)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18601673">18601673</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Tone+and+accent+in+Saramaccan%3A+Charting+a+deep+split+in+the+phonology+of+a+language&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=575-619&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0024-3841%2803%2900062-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18601673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Holm, John (1989), <i>Pidgins and Creoles</i>, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Singler, John Victor (1988), "The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis", <i>Language</i>, <b>64</b> (1): 27–51, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414784">10.2307/414784</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (pej no dey)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/414784">414784</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+homogeneity+of+the+substrate+as+a+factor+in+pidgin%2Fcreole+genesis&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-51&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414784&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414784%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Singler&rft.aufirst=John+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2">Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis", <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 185–230, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (pej no dey)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.11.2.02sin">10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=Theories+of+creole+genesis%2C+sociohistorical+considerations%2C+and+the+evaluation+of+evidence%3A+The+case+of+Haitian+Creole+and+the+Relexification+Hypothesis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-230&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.11.2.02sin&rft.aulast=Singler&rft.aufirst=John+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16042"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Wittmann (pej no dey)">Wittmann, Henri</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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de Paris dans le français des Amériques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists</i>, Amsterdam: Elsevier, <b>16</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Congress+of+Linguists&rft.atitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+de+Paris+dans+le+fran%C3%A7ais+des+Am%C3%A9riques&rft.volume=16&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nou-la.org%2Fling%2F1998a-fpparis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpcm.wikipedia.org%3AKriole+langwej" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wittmann, Henri (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1999a-prototype.html">"Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness."</a> <i>The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line</i>, Stockholms Universitet.</li> <li>Wittmann, Henri (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/2001c-lexical_diffusion/01h2LexDiffFin.html">"Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French."</a> CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1–9. <i>The Linguist List</i>, Eastern Michigan University|Wayne State University</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit dis part: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>chenj-am</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriole_langwej&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>chenj-am for orijin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templet:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templet:Commons category (pej no 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