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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_history:_1922–1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_Code:_1930–1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_Code:_1930–1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Production Code: 1930–1934 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_Code:_1930–1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_years:_1934–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_years:_1934–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 War years: 1934–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_years:_1934–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnston_era:_1945–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnston_era:_1945–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Johnston era: 1945–1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnston_era:_1945–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valenti_era:_1966–2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valenti_era:_1966–2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Valenti era: 1966–2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valenti_era:_1966–2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era:_2004–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era:_2004–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Modern era: 2004–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era:_2004–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_rating_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_rating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Film rating system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_rating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_protection_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_protection_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Content protection efforts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_protection_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content protection efforts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content_protection_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_file_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_file_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Online file sharing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_file_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publicity_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicity_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Publicity campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicity_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_copyright_infringement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_copyright_infringement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Accusations of copyright infringement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_copyright_infringement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 International activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Motion Picture Association</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="جمعية الفيلم الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية الفيلم الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Асацыяцыя кінакампаній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асацыяцыя кінакампаній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Filmiliit" title="Ameerika Filmiliit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Filmiliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انجمن سینمایی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن سینمایی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%98%81%ED%99%94%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="미국영화협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국영화협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मोशन पिक्चर असोसिएशन ऑफ़ अमेरिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोशन पिक्चर असोसिएशन ऑफ़ अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="איגוד הסרטים של אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד הסרטים של אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Америка киноассоциациясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америка киноассоциациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="मोशन पिक्चर असोसिएशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोशन पिक्चर असोसिएशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="モーション・ピクチャー・アソシエーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーション・ピクチャー・アソシエーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ассоциация кинокомпаний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ассоциация кинокомпаний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇමරිකානු සලරූ සංගමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමරිකානු සලරූ සංගමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" title="Motion Picture Association of America – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motion Picture Association of America" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Америчка филмска асоцијација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Америчка филмска асоцијација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPAA" title="MPAA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MPAA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motion Picture Association" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90)" title="สมาคมภาพยนตร์ (สหรัฐ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาคมภาพยนตร์ (สหรัฐ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_Sinema_Filmleri_Derne%C4%9Fi" title="Amerikan Sinema Filmleri Derneği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan Sinema Filmleri Derneği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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style="display:none">Trade organization representing major American film studios</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group that represents Hollywood studios and assigns ratings for movies. For their guidelines and a list of their ratings, see <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MPAA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MPAA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MPAA (disambiguation)">MPAA (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MPA (disambiguation)">MPA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_%E2%80%93_Canada" title="Motion Picture Association – Canada">Motion Picture Association – Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Corporation_of_America" title="Motion Picture Corporation of America">Motion Picture Corporation of America</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Producers" title="Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers">Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Motion Picture Association</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg/220px-Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg/330px-Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg/440px-Motion_Picture_Association_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="1583" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MPA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1922; 102 years ago (1922)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit corporation">Non-profit corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13-1068220</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(6)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(6)">501(c)(6)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Worldwide</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture rating system">Film ratings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection#Anti-piracy" title="Copy protection">anti-piracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">self-regulatory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix,_Inc." title="Netflix, Inc.">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Walt Disney Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman and CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motionpictures.org/">motionpictures.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (1922–1945) Motion Picture Association of America (1945–2019)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Motion Picture Association (MPA)<a href="#cite_note-deadline-johnson-2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-mpa-press-release-2019-2">[2]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">five major film studios</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">mini-major</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a>, as well as the video streaming services <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>. Founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) and known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 until September 2019,<a href="#cite_note-bc-eggerton-2019-3">[3]</a> its original goal was to ensure the viability of the <a href="/wiki/American_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="American film industry">American film industry</a>. In addition, the MPA established guidelines for film content which resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a> in 1930. This code, also known as the Hays Code, was replaced by a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">film rating system</a> in 1968, which is managed by the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA). The MPA has advocated for the motion picture and television industry, with the goals of promoting effective <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection, expanding <a href="/wiki/Market_access" title="Market access">market access</a> and has worked to curb <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, including attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> networks and by streaming from <a href="/wiki/Piracy_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy (media)">pirate</a> sites. Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Ambassador to France</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a> is the chairman and CEO. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_history:_1922–1929">Foundation and early history: 1922–1929</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early history: 1922–1929">edit</a>]</div> The MPA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1922 as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> of member motion picture companies. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 70 to 80 percent of the films made in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYT22a-4">[4]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a> was named the association's first president.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> The main focus of the MPPDA in its early years was on producing a strong public relations campaign to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> remained financially stable and able to attract investment from <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, while simultaneously ensuring that American films had a "clean moral tone".<a href="#cite_note-NYT22a-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-EvenNews22-6">[6]</a> The MPPDA also instituted a code of conduct for Hollywood's actors in an attempt to govern their behavior offscreen. Finally, the code sought to protect American film interests abroad by encouraging film studios to avoid racist portrayals of foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spokesman24-7">[7]</a> From the early days of the association, Hays spoke out against public <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Film censorship in the United States">censorship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Spokesman24-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT22b-8">[8]</a> and the MPPDA worked to raise support from the general public for the film industry's efforts against such censorship.<a href="#cite_note-ProvNews22-9">[9]</a> Large portions of the public opposed censorship, but also decried the lack of morals in movies.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> The organisation also had formed a <a href="/wiki/Trust_(monopoly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (monopoly)">trust</a> to <a href="/wiki/Block_booking" title="Block booking">block out</a> Independents and enforce the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> At the time of the MPPDA's founding, there was no national censorship, but some state and municipal laws required movies to be censored, a process usually overseen by a local censorship board.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> As such, in certain locations in the U.S., films were often edited to comply with local laws regarding the onscreen portrayal of violence and sexuality, among other topics. This resulted in negative publicity for the studios and decreasing numbers of theater goers, who were uninterested in films that were sometimes so severely edited that they were incoherent.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> In 1929, more than 50 percent of American moviegoers lived in a location overseen by such a board.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> In 1924, Hays instituted "The Formula", a loose set of guidelines for filmmakers, in an effort to get the movie industry to self-regulate the issues that the censorship boards had been created to address. "The Formula" requested that studios send synopses of films being considered to the MPPDA for review. This effort largely failed, however, as studios were under no obligation to send their scripts to Hays's office, nor to follow his recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> In 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" for the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> This list outlined the issues that movies could encounter in different localities. Hays also created a Studio Relations Department (SRD) with staff available to the studios for script reviews and advice regarding potential problems. Again, despite Hays' efforts, studios largely ignored the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls", and by the end of 1929, the MPPDA received only about 20 percent of Hollywood scripts prior to production,<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> and the number of regional and local censorship boards continued to increase.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_Code:_1930–1934">Production Code: 1930–1934</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production Code: 1930–1934">edit</a>]</div> In 1930, the MPPDA introduced the Motion Picture Production Code, commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Hays Code</a>. The Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films.<a href="#cite_note-TeleHerald30-12">[12]</a> Unlike the "Dont's and Be Carefuls", which the studios had ignored, the Production Code was endorsed by studio executives.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> The Code incorporated many of the "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" as specific examples of what could not be portrayed. Among other rules, the code prohibited inclusion of "scenes of passion" unless they were essential to a film's plot; "pointed profanity" in either word or action; "sex perversion"; justification or explicit coverage of adultery; sympathetic treatment of crime or criminals; dancing with "indecent" moves; and white slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Calgary30-13">[13]</a> Because studio executives had been involved in the decision to adopt the code, MPPDA-member studios were more willing to submit scripts for consideration. However, the growing economic impacts of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the early 1930s increased pressure on studios to make films that would draw the largest possible audiences, even if it meant taking their chances with local censorship boards by disobeying the Code.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> In 1933 and 1934, the <a href="/wiki/National_Legion_of_Decency" title="National Legion of Decency">Catholic Legion of Decency</a>, along with a number of Protestant and women's groups, launched plans to boycott films that they deemed immoral.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein00-14">[14]</a> In order to avert boycotts which might further harm the profitability of the film industry, the MPPDA created a new department, the Production Code Administration (PCA), with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> as its head. Unlike previous attempts at self-censorship, PCA decisions were binding—no film could be exhibited in an American theater without a stamp of approval from the PCA,<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> and any producer attempting to do so faced a fine of $25,000.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> After ten years of unsuccessful voluntary codes and expanding local censorship boards, the studio approved and agreed to enforce the codes, and the nationwide "Production Code" was enforced starting on July 1, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Black96-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_years:_1934–1945">War years: 1934–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War years: 1934–1945">edit</a>]</div> In the years that immediately followed the adoption of the Code, Breen often sent films back to Hollywood for additional edits, and in some cases, simply refused to issue PCA approval for a film to be shown.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-LewistonTrib34-15">[15]</a> At the same time, Hays promoted the industry's new focus on wholesome films<a href="#cite_note-SpokaneChron35-16">[16]</a> and continued promoting American films abroad.<a href="#cite_note-MilJournal36-17">[17]</a> For nearly three years, studios complied with the Code. By 1938, however, as the threat of war in Europe loomed, movie producers began to worry about the possibility of decreased profits abroad. This led to a decreased investment in following the strictures of the code, and occasional refusals to comply with PCA demands.<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> That same year, responding to trends in European films in the run-up to the war, Hays spoke out against using movies as a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PittPress38-18">[18]</a> In 1945, after nearly 24 years as president, Hays stepped down from his position at the MPPDA, although he continued to act as an advisor for the Association for the next five years.<a href="#cite_note-SpokesReview45-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnston_era:_1945–1963">Johnston era: 1945–1963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Johnston era: 1945–1963">edit</a>]</div> In 1945 the MPPDA hired <a href="/wiki/Eric_Johnston" title="Eric Johnston">Eric Johnston</a>, four-time president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a>, to replace Hays.<a href="#cite_note-SpokChron45-20">[20]</a> During his first year as president, Johnston rebranded the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).<a href="#cite_note-Kimono-5">[5]</a> He also created the Motion Picture Export Association (MPEA) to promote American films abroad by opposing production company monopolies in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis02p37-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT46-22">[22]</a> In 1947 the MPEA voted to discontinue film shipments to Britain after the British government imposed an import tax on American films.<a href="#cite_note-Deseret47-23">[23]</a> Johnston negotiated with the British government to end the tax in 1948, and film shipments resumed.<a href="#cite_note-NYT48-24">[24]</a> In 1956, Johnston oversaw the first major revision of the Production Code since it was created in 1930. This revision allowed the treatment of some subjects which had previously been forbidden, including abortion and the use of narcotics, so long as they were "within the limits of good taste". At the same time, the revisions added a number of new restrictions to the code, including outlawing the depiction of blasphemy and mercy killings in films.<a href="#cite_note-RG56-25">[25]</a> Johnston was well-liked by studio executives, and his political connections helped him function as an effective liaison between Hollywood and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Valenti07p271-26">[26]</a> In 1963, while still serving as president of the MPAA, Johnston died of a stroke.<a href="#cite_note-Petersburg63-27">[27]</a> For three years, the MPAA operated without a president while studio executives searched for a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-MPAAHistory-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valenti_era:_1966–2004">Valenti era: 1966–2004</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Valenti era: 1966–2004">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:JackValenti19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JackValenti19.JPG/200px-JackValenti19.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JackValenti19.JPG/300px-JackValenti19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JackValenti19.JPG/400px-JackValenti19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3489" data-file-height="2447" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jack Valenti was the president of Motion Picture Association of America for 38 years.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg/200px-AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg/300px-AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/AmbassadorCharlesHRivkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Former U.S. Ambassador to France and Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a> became the chairman and CEO of the MPAA in 2017</div></div></div></div></div> The MPAA appointed <a href="/wiki/Jack_Valenti" title="Jack Valenti">Jack Valenti</a>, former aide to President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, as president of the MPAA in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Clabaugh04-29">[29]</a> In 1968, Valenti replaced the Production Code with <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">a system of voluntary film ratings</a>, in order to limit censorship of Hollywood films and provide parents with information about the appropriateness of films for children.<a href="#cite_note-Valenti07-30">[30]</a> In addition to concerns about protecting children,<a href="#cite_note-StPete68-31">[31]</a> Valenti stated in his autobiography that he sought to ensure that American filmmakers could produce the films they wanted, without the censorship that existed under the Production Code that had been in effect since 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Valenti07-30">[30]</a> In 1975, Valenti established the Film Security Office, an anti-piracy division at the MPAA, which sought to recover unauthorized recordings of films to prevent duplication.<a href="#cite_note-Clabaugh04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-WindsorStar75-32">[32]</a> Valenti continued to fight piracy into the 1980s, asking Congress to install chips in VCRs that would prevent illegal reproduction of video cassettes,<a href="#cite_note-McCloskey86-33">[33]</a> and in the 1990s supported law enforcement efforts to stop <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootleg</a> distribution of video tapes.<a href="#cite_note-Billboard91-34">[34]</a> Valenti also oversaw a major change in the ratings system that he had helped create—the removal of the "X" rating, which had come to be closely associated with pornography. It was replaced with a new rating, "NC-17", in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Gerosa90-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpokeChron90-36">[36]</a> In 1994, the Motion Picture Export Association of America changed its name to the Motion Picture Association to more accurately reflect the global nature of audiovisual entertainment in today's international marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-MPAA-India-37">[37]</a> In 2001, Valenti established the Digital Strategy Department at the MPAA to specifically address issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital film</a> distribution and piracy.<a href="#cite_note-Clabaugh04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era:_2004–present">Modern era: 2004–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era: 2004–present">edit</a>]</div> After serving as president of the MPAA for 38 years, Valenti announced that he would step down in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-BBC04-39">[39]</a> In September of that year, he was replaced by former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clabaugh04-29">[29]</a> During his tenure, Glickman focused on tax issues, content protection efforts, and increasing U.S. studios' access to international markets.<a href="#cite_note-Mullins09-40">[40]</a> He led lobbying efforts that resulted in $400 million in federal tax incentives for the film industry, and also supported a law which created federal oversight of anti-piracy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Puzzanghera09-41">[41]</a> Glickman stepped down in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Mullins09-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval10-42">[42]</a> After a search which lasted over a year, the MPAA hired former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Chris Dodd</a> to replace Glickman in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Verrier11-43">[43]</a> In his role as president, Dodd focused on content protection, trade, and improving Hollywood's image.<a href="#cite_note-McClinktock12-44">[44]</a> He traveled to China in 2011 in an effort to encourage the Chinese government to both crack down on piracy and further open its film market.<a href="#cite_note-Landreth11-45">[45]</a> A settlement of a long-argued <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> complaint, coupled with Dodd's efforts, contributed to the United States' agreement with China in 2012 to open China's film market to more Hollywood films and to increase U.S. studios' share of box-office revenues in China.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In addition to this agreement with China, the U.S. signed more than 20 memos of understanding with foreign governments regarding the enforcement of intellectual property rights during Dodd's tenure at the MPAA.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 2011, the MPAA supported the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA) and <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act" title="PROTECT IP Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> (PIPA).<a href="#cite_note-Block12-48">[48]</a> After the two bills were shelved in early 2012, Dodd indicated that Hollywood might cut off campaign contributions to politicians who failed to support anti-piracy efforts in the future.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2012, the MPAA launched the Diversity and Multicultural Outreach program, as part of an effort to increase diversity in the television and film industry both through employment and representation on screen.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Since its inception, the Diversity and Multicultural and Outreach group has conducted outreach and partnered with more than 20 multicultural groups and national civil rights organizations in sponsoring film screenings, festivals, and other diversity-themed events.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Throughout his tenure at the MPAA, Dodd also highlighted the need for film studios to embrace technology as a means of distributing content.<a href="#cite_note-Block11-52">[52]</a> In June 2017, the MPAA supported the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Creativity_and_Entertainment" title="Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment">Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment</a> (ACE), a coalition of entertainment companies, including the six major studios, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, that would draw on the MPAA's resources in an effort to reduce online piracy through research and legal efforts.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Former U.S. diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_and_Business_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a> succeeded Chris Dodd as CEO on September 5, 2017, and as chairman effective December 6, 2017.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On January 25, 2019, film streaming service <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> announced that it had joined the MPAA in an effort to identify itself among the major studios.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In September 2019, the association updated its branding to reflect the global nature of the film, television, and streaming industry, officially changing its name to the Motion Picture Association (MPA), a name which it has used internationally since 1994. An updated logo also went into effect at this time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In September 2024, it was announced Amazon MGM Studios would join the MPA, making the seventh member in the entertainment policy group.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_rating_system">Film rating system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film rating system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system</a></div> In 1968, the MPAA established the Code and Rating Administration, or CARA (later renamed the Classification and Rating Administration), which began issuing ratings for films exhibited and distributed commercially in the United States to help parents determine what films are appropriate for their children. Since the <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture rating system">rating system</a> was first introduced in November 1968, it has gone through several changes, including the addition of a PG-13 rating.<a href="#cite_note-Coe68-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Champlin70-58">[58]</a> The ratings system is completely voluntary, and ratings have no legal standing.<a href="#cite_note-Lipper90-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richman03-60">[60]</a> Instead, the American film industry enforces the MPAA film ratings after they have been assigned,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> with many theaters refusing to exhibit non-rated films.<a href="#cite_note-McClintock12-62">[62]</a> For example, it is against the American film industry's policy to admit unaccompanied children to an R-rated film. An unrated film is often denoted by "NR", such as in newspapers, although this is not a formal MPAA rating.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2006, the film <a href="/wiki/This_Film_Is_Not_Yet_Rated" title="This Film Is Not Yet Rated">This Film Is Not Yet Rated</a> alleged that the MPAA gave preferential treatment to member studios during the process of assigning ratings,<a href="#cite_note-Travers06-64">[64]</a> as well as criticizing the rating process for its lack of transparency. In response, the MPAA posted its ratings rules, policies, and procedures, as well as its appeals process, online.<a href="#cite_note-McClintock07-65">[65]</a> According to the MPA, the ratings are made by an independent group of parents.<a href="#cite_note-MPAARatings-66">[66]</a> According to a 2015 study commissioned by CARA, ninety-three percent of parents in the U.S. find the rating system to be a helpful tool.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The ratings currently used by the MPA's voluntary system are:<a href="#cite_note-MPAARatings-66">[66]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rating block/symbol</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>MPA's explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPA_G_RATING_(block).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="G rating symbol and block"><img alt="G rating symbol and block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg/260px-MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg/390px-MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg/520px-MPA_G_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="147" /></a><figcaption>G rating symbol and block</figcaption></figure></td> <td>G – General Audiences</td> <td>"Nothing that would offend parents for viewing by children." On the box: "All ages admitted" </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPA_PG_RATING_(block).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PG- rating symbol and block"><img alt="PG- rating symbol and block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg/260px-MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg/390px-MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg/520px-MPA_PG_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>PG- rating symbol and block</figcaption></figure></td> <td>PG – Parental Guidance Suggested</td> <td>"Parents urged to give 'parental guidance.' May contain some material parents might not like for their young children." On the box: "Some material may not be suitable for children" </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPA_PG-13_RATING_(block).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PG-13 rating symbol and block"><img alt="PG-13 rating symbol and block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg/260px-MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg/390px-MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg/520px-MPA_PG-13_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>PG-13 rating symbol and block</figcaption></figure></td> <td>PG-13 – Parents Strongly Cautioned</td> <td>"Parents are urged to be cautious. Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers." On the box: "Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13" </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPA_R_RATING_(block).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="R rating symbol and block"><img alt="R rating symbol and block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg/260px-MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg/390px-MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg/520px-MPA_R_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>R rating symbol and block</figcaption></figure></td> <td>R – Restricted</td> <td>"Contains some adult material. Parents are urged to learn more about the film before taking their young children with them." On the box: "Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian" </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPA_NC-17_RATING_(block).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NC-17 rating symbol and block"><img alt="NC-17 rating symbol and block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg/260px-MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg/390px-MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg/520px-MPA_NC-17_RATING_%28block%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>NC-17 rating symbol and block</figcaption></figure></td> <td>NC-17 – Adults Only</td> <td>"Clearly adult. Children are not admitted." On the box: "No One 17 and Under Admitted" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Members">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th>Current members </th> <th>Year of induction </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> </td> <td>1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> </td> <td>1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> </td> <td>1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Walt Disney Studios</a> </td> <td>1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> </td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Video">Prime Video</a> </td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> The original MPAA members were the "Big Eight" film studios: <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film" title="Fox Film">Fox Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loews_Cineplex_Entertainment" title="Loews Cineplex Entertainment">Loews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> in 1923, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> in 1924, along with <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a><a href="#cite_note-Spring-68">[68]</a> (formed by the merger of Loews, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Pictures" title="Metro Pictures">Metro Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldwyn_Pictures" title="Goldwyn Pictures">Goldwyn Pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis B. Mayer Productions">Louis B. Mayer Productions</a>), and <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a> in 1928. Then came the 1935 merger of Fox Film and 20th Century Pictures into <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Movers_and_Shakers-69">[69]</a> United Artists briefly resigned from the organization in 1956 over a ratings dispute, although they rejoined later in the decade.<a href="#cite_note-AFI-70">[70]</a> By 1966, <a href="/wiki/Monogram_Pictures" title="Monogram Pictures">Allied Artists Pictures</a> had joined the original members.<a href="#cite_note-Vaughn-71">[71]</a> In the following decade, new members joining the MPAA included <a href="/wiki/Embassy_Pictures" title="Embassy Pictures">Avco Embassy</a> in 1975 and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Walt Disney Studios</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Weiler-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-74">[74]</a> The next year, <a href="/wiki/Filmways" title="Filmways">Filmways</a> became a MPAA member, but was later replaced in 1986 along with Avco Embassy when the <a href="/wiki/De_Laurentiis_Entertainment_Group" title="De Laurentiis Entertainment Group">De Laurentiis Entertainment Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orion_Pictures" title="Orion Pictures">Orion Pictures</a> joined the MPAA roster.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-73">[73]</a> As of 1995, the MPAA members were MGM—which included United Artists after their 1981 merger, Paramount, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>—which included Columbia and <a href="/wiki/TriStar_Pictures" title="TriStar Pictures">TriStar Pictures</a> after their 1989 acquisition, 20th Century Fox, Universal, Disney, and Warner Bros.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1989-08-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turner_Entertainment" title="Turner Entertainment">Turner Entertainment</a> joined the MPAA in 1995, but was purchased in 1996 by Time Warner.<a href="#cite_note-Wharton-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabrikant-78">[78]</a> The number of members dropped to six in 2005, following Sony's failed attempt to acquire MGM.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The MPAA's member companies remained intact until the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney" title="Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney">acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney</a>, including 20th Century Fox.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> was approved as a new member in January 2019, making it the first non-studio and the first streaming service to be part of the organization. The addition of Netflix also helped to maintain the number of members after the acquisition of 20th Century Fox by Disney. The MPA aims to recruit additional members.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In September 2024, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios" title="Amazon MGM Studios">Amazon MGM Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Video">Prime Video</a> would join the MPA as its seventh member starting October 1, the second non-studio to do so after Netflix in 2019; this would also mark a return to the MPA for MGM, currently a division of Amazon MGM Studios, after it lost membership in 2005 following a buyout led by Sony.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_protection_efforts">Content protection efforts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Content protection efforts">edit</a>]</div> The MPA's concerted efforts at fighting <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> began in 1975 with the establishment of the Film Security Office, which sought to recover unauthorized recordings of films in order to prevent duplication.<a href="#cite_note-Clabaugh04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-WindsorStar75-32">[32]</a> The MPA has continued to pursue a number of initiatives to combat illegal distribution of films and TV shows, especially in response to new technologies. In the 1980s, it spoke out against <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a> and the threat that the MPA believed they represented to the movie industry,<a href="#cite_note-Marbach82-84">[84]</a> with MPAA president <a href="/wiki/Jack_Valenti" title="Jack Valenti">Jack Valenti</a> drawing a parallel between the threat of the VCR and that of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Strangler" title="Boston Strangler">Boston Strangler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones87-85">[85]</a> In 1986, the MPAA asked Congress to pass a law that would require VCRs to come equipped with a chip to prevent them from making copies.<a href="#cite_note-McCloskey86-33">[33]</a> Legal efforts at stopping homemade copies of broadcast television largely ended, however, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled that such copying constituted <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CommDaily87-86">[86]</a> The MPA continued to support law enforcement efforts to stop <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootleg</a> production and distribution of videotapes and <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">laserdiscs</a> into the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-Billboard91-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein94-87">[87]</a> and in 2000 took successful legal action against individuals posting <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management#DRM_and_film" title="Digital rights management">decryption software</a> on the Internet in <a href="/wiki/Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Reimerdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes">Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Costello00-88">[88]</a> Following the release of <a href="/wiki/RealDVD" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDVD">RealDVD</a>—an application that enabled users to make copies of DVDs—<a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> sued the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Association" title="DVD Copy Control Association">DVD Copy Control Association</a> and the major studios in 2008 over the legality of the software, accusing them of violating the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sandoval09-89">[89]</a> The judgment found there were no grounds for the antitrust claim and dismissed <a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.">the suit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kravets10-90">[90]</a> The court later found that the RealNetworks product violated the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The MPA has continued to support law enforcement efforts to prevent illegal distribution of copyrighted materials online.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman13-92">[92]</a> The MPA and its British counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a> (FACT), also funded the training of <a href="/wiki/Lucky_and_Flo" title="Lucky and Flo">Lucky and Flo</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retrievers" class="mw-redirect" title="Labrador Retrievers">Labrador Retrievers</a>, to detect polycarbonates used in the manufacturing of DVDs.<a href="#cite_note-Kirk06-93">[93]</a> The MPA strives to protect the creative rights of the large corporate film makers. Its counterpart has come up with infamous slogans such as "<a href="/wiki/Who_Makes_Movies%3F" title="Who Makes Movies?">Who Makes Movies?</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/You_can_click,_but_you_can%27t_hide" title="You can click, but you can't hide">You can click, but you can't hide</a>".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_file_sharing">Online file sharing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Online file sharing">edit</a>]</div> In the early 2000s, the MPAA began focusing its efforts to curb copyright infringement specifically on <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, initially using a combination of educational campaigns<a href="#cite_note-Atkinson03-95">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letters to discourage such activity. In the first six months of 2002, the MPAA sent more than 18,000 such letters to <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> to forward to users engaged in copyright infringement.<a href="#cite_note-Woolley02-96">[96]</a> In late 2004, the MPAA changed course and filed lawsuits in a concerted effort to address copyright infringement on a number of large online file-sharing services, including <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> and <a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Locklear04-97">[97]</a> The following year, the MPAA expanded its legal actions to include lawsuits against individuals who downloaded and distributed copyrighted material via peer-to-peer networks.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson05-98">[98]</a> The MPAA also played a role in encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Swedish government</a> to conduct <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay_raid" title="The Pirate Bay raid">a raid of the Pirate Bay</a> file-sharing website in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Mennecke06-99">[99]</a> Swedish officials have acknowledged that part of the motivation for the raid was the threat of sanctions from the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, along with a letter from the MPAA.<a href="#cite_note-Ahrens06-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ewing06-101">[101]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Copyright_Information" title="Center for Copyright Information">Center for Copyright Information</a> unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alert_System" title="Copyright Alert System">Copyright Alert System</a>, a system established through an agreement between the MPAA, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>, and five of the US's largest <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">internet service providers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller13-102">[102]</a> The system used a third-party service to identify content being distributed illegally. Users were then informed that their accounts were being used for possible copyright infringement and were provided with information about ways to get authorized content online.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Users who received multiple notices of infringement faced "mitigations measures", such as temporary slowing of their Internet service, but the system did not include termination of subscriber accounts. Subscribers facing such action had a right to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/American_Arbitration_Association" title="American Arbitration Association">American Arbitration Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CASFAQs-104">[104]</a> In January 2017, the Copyright Alert System was discontinued. While no official reason was given, the MPAA's general counsel stated that the system had not been equipped to stop repeat infringers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On December 24, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures hack">Sony Pictures hack</a> revealed that following a lawsuit in which the MPAA won a multimillion judgment against <a href="/wiki/Hotfile" title="Hotfile">Hotfile</a>, a file hosting website, the MPAA colluded with Hotfile to misrepresent the settlement so that the case would serve as a deterrent. The settlement was previously believed to be $80 million and was widely reported; however, Hotfile only paid the studios $4 million and agreed to have the $80 million figure recorded as the judgment and the website shut down.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In a case resolved in 2015, the MPAA and others supported the <a href="/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission" title="United States International Trade Commission">United States International Trade Commission</a> (ITC)'s decision to consider electronic transmissions to the U.S. as "articles" so that it could prevent the importation of digital files of counterfeit goods. While the case being considered by the ITC involved dental appliances, the ITC could have also used such authority to bar the importation of pirated movies and TV shows from rogue foreign websites that traffic in infringing content.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals took up the matter, and ultimately ruled against the ITC.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2016, the MPAA reported <a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a> as one of the "top 5 rogue cyberlocker services" to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a> as a major piracy threat; the website was then blocked in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2019, the MPA released an overview of the piracy markets in contravention of the US Government. Added to the list were Chinese hosting service <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and Russian gambling firm <a href="/wiki/1xBet" class="mw-redirect" title="1xBet">1xBet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system#Criticisms" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system § Criticisms</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publicity_campaigns">Publicity campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publicity campaigns">edit</a>]</div> The MPAA has also produced publicity campaigns to discourage piracy. The <a href="/wiki/Who_Makes_Movies%3F" title="Who Makes Movies?">Who Makes Movies?</a> advertising campaign in 2003 highlighted workers in the film industry describing how piracy affected them. The video spots ran as trailers before films, and as television advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-Boliek03-115">[115]</a> In 2004, the MPAA began using the slogan "<a href="/wiki/You_can_click,_but_you_can%27t_hide" title="You can click, but you can't hide">You can click, but you can't hide</a>". This slogan appeared in messages that replaced file-sharing websites after they had been shut down through MPAA legal action.<a href="#cite_note-BBC05-116">[116]</a> It also appeared in posters and videos distributed to video stores by the MPAA.<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez04-117">[117]</a> Also in 2004, the MPAA partnered with the Federation Against Copyright Theft and the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_of_Singapore" title="Intellectual Property Office of Singapore">Intellectual Property Office of Singapore</a> to release "<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn’t Steal A Car</a>", a trailer that was shown before films in theaters equating piracy with car theft.<a href="#cite_note-IPOS04-118">[118]</a> The trailer was later placed at the beginning of the video on many DVDs in many cases as an unskippable clip (not being able to skip or fast-forward), which triggered criticism and a number of parodies.<a href="#cite_note-Rohrer09-119">[119]</a> In 2005, the MPAA commissioned a study to examine the effects of file sharing on film industry profitability. The study concluded that the industry lost $6.1 billion per year to piracy, and that up to 44 percent of domestic losses were due to file sharing by college students. In 2008, the MPAA revised the percentage of loss due to college students down to 15 percent, citing human error in the initial calculations of this figure. Beyond the percentage of the loss that was attributable to college students, however, no other errors were found in the study.<a href="#cite_note-Pope08-120">[120]</a> In 2015, theaters began airing the MPAA's "I Make Movies" series, an ad campaign intended to combat piracy by highlighting the stories of behind-the-scenes employees in the film and television industry.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The series pointed audiences to the MPAA's "WhereToWatch" website (later dubbed "The Credits")<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> which provides attention to the behind-the-scenes creativity involved in <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_copyright_infringement">Accusations of copyright infringement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Accusations of copyright infringement">edit</a>]</div> The MPAA itself has been accused of copyright infringement on multiple occasions. In 2007, the creator of a <a href="/wiki/Blog_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog software">blogging platform</a> called Forest Blog accused the MPAA of violating the license for the platform, which required that users link back to the Forest Blog website. The MPAA had used the platform for its own blog, but without linking back to the Forest Blog website. The MPAA subsequently took the blog offline, and explained that the software had been used on a test basis and the blog had never been publicized.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas07-124">[124]</a> Also in 2007, the MPAA released a software toolkit for universities to help identify cases of file sharing on campus. The software used parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distribution, released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">General Public License</a>, which stipulates that the source code of any projects using the distribution be made available to third parties. The source code for the MPAA's toolkit, however, was not made available. When the MPAA was made aware of the violation, the software toolkit was removed from their website.<a href="#cite_note-Paul07-125">[125]</a> In 2006, the MPAA admitted having made illegal copies of <a href="/wiki/This_Film_Is_Not_Yet_Rated" title="This Film Is Not Yet Rated">This Film Is Not Yet Rated</a> (a documentary exploring the MPAA itself and the history of its <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">rating system</a>)<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-126">[126]</a> — an act which <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> explicitly described as <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a><a href="#cite_note-ArsTech-127">[127]</a> and which <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> called "rich irony".<a href="#cite_note-Ebert-128">[128]</a> The MPAA subsequently claimed that it had the legal right to copy the film despite this being counter to the filmmaker's explicit request, because the documentary's exploration of the MPAA's ratings board was potentially a violation of the board members' privacy.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_activities">International activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International activities">edit</a>]</div> Around the world, the MPA helps with local law enforcement to combat <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement#"Piracy"" title="Copyright infringement">piracy</a>. The MPA offices in the world are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_%E2%80%93_Canada" title="Motion Picture Association – Canada">Motion Picture Association – Canada</a></li> <li>MPA EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa), which has anti-piracy programs in 17 European countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>MPA Asia and Pacific, which has anti-piracy programs in 14 Asian countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>MPA Latin America, which has anti-piracy programs in two Latin-American countries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeCSS" title="DeCSS">DeCSS</a>: decryption program for DVD video discs using <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirin" title="Eirin">Eirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Theatre_Owners" title="National Association of Theatre Owners">National Association of Theatre Owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Card" title="Operation Red Card">Operation Red Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Code">Pre-Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood" title="Pre-Code Hollywood">Pre-Code Hollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Motion_Picture_Production_Code_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930">United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deadline-johnson-2019-1"><a href="#cite_ref-deadline-johnson-2019_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Ted (September 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2019/09/motion-picture-association-logo-1202737759/">"Motion Picture Association Rebrands With Unified Name And Updated Logo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010044648/https://deadline.com/2019/09/motion-picture-association-logo-1202737759/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motion+Picture+Association+Rebrands+With+Unified+Name+And+Updated+Logo&rft.pub=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fmotion-picture-association-logo-1202737759%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpa-press-release-2019-2"><a href="#cite_ref-mpa-press-release-2019_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZigo2019" class="citation web cs1">Zigo, Tom (September 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motionpictures.org/press/motion-picture-association-unifies-global-brand/">"Motion Picture Association Unifies Global Brand"</a>. Motion Picture Association. 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Broadcasting & Cable. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207134234/https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/mpaa-rebrands-to-reflect-international-monicker">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019. 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Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hays+Says+Public+Censors+Will+Fail&rft.date=1922-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1922%2F07%2F25%2Farchives%2Fhays-says-public-censors-will-fail-declares-american-principle-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProvNews22-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ProvNews22_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WFBbAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=4100%2C1398046">"Will Hays, Pledging Motion Picture Industry to Clean Pictures, Asks Public to Aid War on Evil Films"</a>. Providence News. July 6, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005200/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WFBbAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=4100,1398046">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Providence+News&rft.atitle=Will+Hays%2C+Pledging+Motion+Picture+Industry+to+Clean+Pictures%2C+Asks+Public+to+Aid+War+on+Evil+Films&rft.date=1922-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWFBbAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D4100%252C1398046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black96-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black96_10-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_D._Black1996" class="citation book cs1">Gregory D. Black (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybKqnNNR7hwC&q=Hollywood+Censored:+Morality+Codes,+Catholics,+and+the+Movies">Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics, and the Movies</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521565928" title="Special:BookSources/0521565928"><bdi>0521565928</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407154244/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybKqnNNR7hwC&q=Hollywood+Censored:+Morality+Codes,+Catholics,+and+the+Movies">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Censored%3A+Morality+Codes%2C+Catholics%2C+and+the+Movies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521565928&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybKqnNNR7hwC%26q%3DHollywood%2BCensored%3A%2BMorality%2BCodes%2C%2BCatholics%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2BMovies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The New York Times, October 29, 1925. </li> <li id="cite_note-TeleHerald30-12"><a href="#cite_ref-TeleHerald30_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-K9FAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3907%2C1202519">"Movie Industry to Bar Obscenity and Crime Scenes, Plan"</a>. The Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal. April 2, 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005214/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-K9FAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3907,1202519">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph-Herald+and+Times-Journal&rft.atitle=Movie+Industry+to+Bar+Obscenity+and+Crime+Scenes%2C+Plan&rft.date=1930-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-K9FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D3907%252C1202519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calgary30-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Calgary30_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WyRkAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3606%2C4315324">"Producers Adopt Code of Conduct For Screen Shows"</a>. The Calgary Daily Herald. April 1, 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724025656/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WyRkAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3606,4315324">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Producers+Adopt+Code+of+Conduct+For+Screen+Shows&rft.date=1930-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWyRkAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D3606%252C4315324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein00-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein00_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Bernstein2000" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Bernstein (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dEYoT857G8UC&q=Controlling+Hollywood:+Censorship+and+Regulation+in+the+Studio+Era">Controlling Hollywood: Censorship and Regulation in the Studio Era</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813527074" title="Special:BookSources/0813527074"><bdi>0813527074</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202249/https://books.google.com/books?id=dEYoT857G8UC&q=Controlling+Hollywood:+Censorship+and+Regulation+in+the+Studio+Era">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Hollywood%3A+Censorship+and+Regulation+in+the+Studio+Era&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0813527074&rft.au=Matthew+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdEYoT857G8UC%26q%3DControlling%2BHollywood%3A%2BCensorship%2Band%2BRegulation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BStudio%2BEra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewistonTrib34-15"><a href="#cite_ref-LewistonTrib34_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Z5fAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3861%2C4395343">"Pictures Purged"</a>. Lewiston Morning Tribune. July 15, 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724012012/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Z5fAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=3861,4395343">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewiston+Morning+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pictures+Purged&rft.date=1934-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-Z5fAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D3861%252C4395343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpokaneChron35-16"><a href="#cite_ref-SpokaneChron35_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atRXAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=2505%2C6402892">"Newest Pictures Based on Classics"</a>. Spokane Daily Chronicle. March 26, 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005222/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atRXAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=2505,6402892">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Newest+Pictures+Based+on+Classics&rft.date=1935-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DatRXAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D2505%252C6402892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilJournal36-17"><a href="#cite_ref-MilJournal36_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PHYxAAAAIBAJ&dq=will-hays&pg=6885%2C5924504">"Will Hays Gets Italy to Lift Film Blockage"</a>. The Milwaukee Journal. November 25, 1936. Retrieved February 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Will+Hays+Gets+Italy+to+Lift+Film+Blockage&rft.date=1936-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DPHYxAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dwill-hays%26pg%3D6885%252C5924504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-PittPress38-18"><a href="#cite_ref-PittPress38_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LE0bAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=4508%2C6029095">"Hays Scores Propaganda On Screens"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. March 30, 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005447/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LE0bAAAAIBAJ&dq=motion%20picture%20producers%20and%20distributors%20of%20america&pg=4508,6029095">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Hays+Scores+Propaganda+On+Screens&rft.date=1938-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DLE0bAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmotion%2520picture%2520producers%2520and%2520distributors%2520of%2520america%26pg%3D4508%252C6029095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpokesReview45-19"><a href="#cite_ref-SpokesReview45_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vipWAAAAIBAJ&dq=will-hays%20and%20johnston&pg=6105%2C4697631">"Eric Johnston to Rule Movies"</a>. The Spokesman-Review. September 20, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005536/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vipWAAAAIBAJ&dq=will-hays%20and%20johnston&pg=6105,4697631">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Eric+Johnston+to+Rule+Movies&rft.date=1945-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DvipWAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dwill-hays%2520and%2520johnston%26pg%3D6105%252C4697631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpokChron45-20"><a href="#cite_ref-SpokChron45_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7NZYAAAAIBAJ&dq=will-hays%20and%20johnston&pg=6668%2C3421898">"Johnston Named Motion Picture Czar"</a>. Spokane Daily Chronicle. September 19, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005200/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7NZYAAAAIBAJ&dq=will-hays%20and%20johnston&pg=6668,3421898">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Johnston+Named+Motion+Picture+Czar&rft.date=1945-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D7NZYAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dwill-hays%2520and%2520johnston%26pg%3D6668%252C3421898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis02p37-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis02p37_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Lewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Jon Lewis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodvhardco00lewi_0/page/37">Hollywood V. Hard Core: How the Struggle Over Censorship Saved the Modern Film Industry</a>. NYU Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodvhardco00lewi_0/page/37">37–38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814751423" title="Special:BookSources/0814751423"><bdi>0814751423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+V.+Hard+Core%3A+How+the+Struggle+Over+Censorship+Saved+the+Modern+Film+Industry&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0814751423&rft.au=Jon+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodvhardco00lewi_0%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT46-22"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT46_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/04/05/archives/movies-begin-to-fight-foreign-monopolies.html">"Movies Begin to Fight Foreign Monopolies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. April 5, 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065214/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/04/05/archives/movies-begin-to-fight-foreign-monopolies.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movies+Begin+to+Fight+Foreign+Monopolies&rft.date=1946-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F04%2F05%2Farchives%2Fmovies-begin-to-fight-foreign-monopolies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deseret47-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Deseret47_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MggpAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20johnston&pg=6849%2C767130">"Film Group Votes Ban On Movies for England"</a>. The Deseret News. August 7, 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005212/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MggpAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20johnston&pg=6849,767130">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Film+Group+Votes+Ban+On+Movies+for+England&rft.date=1947-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DMggpAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmpaa%2520johnston%26pg%3D6849%252C767130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT48-24"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT48_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1948/03/19/archives/mpea-approves-johnstons-agreement-to-lift-film-embargo-after.html">"MPEA Approves Johnston's Agreement; To Lift Film Embargo After British Ratify"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 19, 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407133720/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B14FF3F59157A93CBA81788D85F4C8485F9">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MPEA+Approves+Johnston%27s+Agreement%3B+To+Lift+Film+Embargo+After+British+Ratify&rft.date=1948-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1948%2F03%2F19%2Farchives%2Fmpea-approves-johnstons-agreement-to-lift-film-embargo-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RG56-25"><a href="#cite_ref-RG56_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JRFWAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20johnston&pg=6763%2C3434436">"Motion Picture Code Made 'More Flexible'"</a>. Eugene Register Guard. 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New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307346650" title="Special:BookSources/9780307346650"><bdi>9780307346650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Time%2C+This+Place&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307346650&rft.au=Jack+Valenti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersburg63-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersburg63_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uJtPAAAAIBAJ&dq=eric-johnston&pg=2746%2C970120">"Eric Johnston Dies at 66"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. 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Retrieved April 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Eric+Johnston+Dies+at+66&rft.date=1963-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DuJtPAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Deric-johnston%26pg%3D2746%252C970120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPAAHistory-28"><a href="#cite_ref-MPAAHistory_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235047/http://www.mpaa.org/about/history">"History of the MPAA"</a>. MPAA.org. Motion Picture Association of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpaa.org/about/history">the original</a> on June 21, 2013. 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Washington Business Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629005831/https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2004/06/28/daily27.html?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Valenti+retires%2C+Glickman+named+Hollywood%27s+Washington+man&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.au=Jeff+Clabaugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fwashington%2Fstories%2F2004%2F06%2F28%2Fdaily27.html%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valenti07-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valenti07_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valenti07_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Valenti2007" class="citation book cs1">Jack Valenti (2007). This Time, This Place. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 302–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307346650" title="Special:BookSources/9780307346650"><bdi>9780307346650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Time%2C+This+Place&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=302-306&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307346650&rft.au=Jack+Valenti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StPete68-31"><a href="#cite_ref-StPete68_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U4dQAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=5849%2C5695295">"Film Ratings System Adopted By Industry"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. October 8, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005205/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U4dQAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=5849,5695295">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Film+Ratings+System+Adopted+By+Industry&rft.date=1968-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DU4dQAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmpaa%2520film%2520ratings%2520system%26pg%3D5849%252C5695295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WindsorStar75-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WindsorStar75_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WindsorStar75_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU_AAAAIBAJ&dq=jack%20valenti%20piracy&pg=2594%2C4176001">"Movie industry fights film piracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a>. 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Retrieved April 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Windsor+Star&rft.atitle=Movie+industry+fights+film+piracy&rft.date=1975-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DHUU_AAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Djack%2520valenti%2520piracy%26pg%3D2594%252C4176001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCloskey86-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCloskey86_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCloskey86_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_McCloskey1986" class="citation news cs1">Bill McCloskey (September 23, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJD-HRB0-0011-83BF&csi=304478&oc=00240&perma=true">"Movie Producers Want Anti-Copy Device On VCR Makers"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318334,00.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=How+the+X+Got+Axed&rft.date=1990-10-12&rft.au=Melina+Gerosa&rft.au=Anne+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C318334%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpokeChron90-36"><a href="#cite_ref-SpokeChron90_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=01lYAAAAIBAJ&dq=valenti%20mpaa&pg=7058%2C4089237">"Big-name Hollywood directors join battle over MPAA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">Spokane Chronicle</a>. July 31, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724041338/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=01lYAAAAIBAJ&dq=valenti%20mpaa&pg=7058,4089237">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Big-name+Hollywood+directors+join+battle+over+MPAA&rft.date=1990-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D01lYAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dvalenti%2520mpaa%26pg%3D7058%252C4089237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPAA-India-37"><a href="#cite_ref-MPAA-India_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220095422/http://mpaa-india.org/aboutus.html">"Motion Picture Dist. Association (India) Pvt. Ltd: About Us"</a>. mpaa-india.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpaa-india.org/aboutus.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2015. 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Digital Producer Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Producer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jack+Valenti+Steps+Down+from+MPAA%2FMPA&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.au=Guy+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC04-39"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC04_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3861263.stm">"Hollywood chief Valenti to retire"</a>. BBC. July 2, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420210758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3861263.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Hollywood+chief+Valenti+to+retire&rft.date=2004-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F3861263.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullins09-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullins09_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullins09_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Schroeder_Mullins2009" class="citation news cs1">Anne Schroeder Mullins (October 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.post-gazette.com/stories/news/politics-politico/glickman-says-hell-step-down-in-2010-362652">"Glickman says he'll step down in 2010"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Glickman+says+he%27ll+step+down+in+2010&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.au=Anne+Schroeder+Mullins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fstories%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-politico%2Fglickman-says-hell-step-down-in-2010-362652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Puzzanghera09-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Puzzanghera09_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_PuzzangheraClaudia_Eller2009" class="citation web cs1">Jim Puzzanghera; Claudia Eller (October 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-20-fi-ct-glickman20-story.html">"Search starts for MPAA chief Dan Glickman's replacement"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113145/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-20-fi-ct-glickman20-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Search+starts+for+MPAA+chief+Dan+Glickman%27s+replacement&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.au=Jim+Puzzanghera&rft.au=Claudia+Eller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-oct-20-fi-ct-glickman20-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandoval10-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval10_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Sandoval2010" class="citation web cs1">Greg Sandoval (January 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/1023_3-10439572-93.html">"MPAA's Dan Glickman steps down"</a>. CNET. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=MPAA%27s+Dan+Glickman+steps+down&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.au=Greg+Sandoval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2F1023_3-10439572-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verrier11-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Verrier11_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_VerrierJim_Puzzanghera2011" class="citation news cs1">Richard Verrier; Jim Puzzanghera (March 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-mar-02-la-fi-ct-mpaa-dodd-20110302-story.html">"MPAA hires former Sen. Dodd as head"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726084551/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-mar-02-la-fi-ct-mpaa-dodd-20110302-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=MPAA+hires+former+Sen.+Dodd+as+head&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft.au=Richard+Verrier&rft.au=Jim+Puzzanghera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-xpm-2011-mar-02-la-fi-ct-mpaa-dodd-20110302-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClinktock12-44"><a href="#cite_ref-McClinktock12_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_McClintock2012" class="citation news cs1">Pamela McClintock (April 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaa-christopher-dodd-sopa-bully-harvey-weinstein-ratings-308359">"MPAA Chief Christopher Dodd Says SOPA Debate Isn't Over, Defends Hosting Harvey Weinstein Even as He Attacked Over 'Bully'"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417110255/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaa-christopher-dodd-sopa-bully-harvey-weinstein-ratings-308359">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=MPAA+Chief+Christopher+Dodd+Says+SOPA+Debate+Isn%27t+Over%2C+Defends+Hosting+Harvey+Weinstein+Even+as+He+Attacked+Over+%27Bully%27&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fmpaa-christopher-dodd-sopa-bully-harvey-weinstein-ratings-308359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landreth11-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Landreth11_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Landreth2011" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Landreth (June 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaas-chris-dodd-presses-china-200784">"MPAA's Chris Dodd Presses China to Open Film Market"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417110301/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaas-chris-dodd-presses-china-200784">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=MPAA%27s+Chris+Dodd+Presses+China+to+Open+Film+Market&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft.au=Jonathan+Landreth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fmpaas-chris-dodd-presses-china-200784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaughnder2017" class="citation news cs1">Faughnder, Ryan (April 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-dodd-mpaa-exit-20170428-story.html">"Shake-up at the MPAA. Hollywood's chief lobbyist, Chris Dodd, to be replaced by Charles Rivkin"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121042309/https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-dodd-mpaa-exit-20170428-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Shake-up+at+the+MPAA.+Hollywood%27s+chief+lobbyist%2C+Chris+Dodd%2C+to+be+replaced+by+Charles+Rivkin&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.aulast=Faughnder&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhollywood%2Fla-fi-ct-dodd-mpaa-exit-20170428-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetski2017" class="citation news cs1">Petski, Denise (April 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2017/04/chris-dodd-stepping-down-chairman-of-mpaa-motion-picture-association-of-america-1202079427/">"Chris Dodd Stepping Down As Chairman Of MPAA; Charles Rivkin To Take Over"</a>. Deadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502053858/https://deadline.com/2017/04/chris-dodd-stepping-down-chairman-of-mpaa-motion-picture-association-of-america-1202079427/">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Chris+Dodd+Stepping+Down+As+Chairman+Of+MPAA%3B+Charles+Rivkin+To+Take+Over&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.aulast=Petski&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fchris-dodd-stepping-down-chairman-of-mpaa-motion-picture-association-of-america-1202079427%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block12-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Block12_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Ben_Block2012" class="citation news cs1">Alex Ben Block (January 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaa-chris-dodd-blackout-piracy-sopa-282755">"MPAA Chairman Chris Dodd Speaks Out Against 'Blackout' Protest of SOPA and PIPA"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417110305/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mpaa-chris-dodd-blackout-piracy-sopa-282755">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=MPAA+Chairman+Chris+Dodd+Speaks+Out+Against+%27Blackout%27+Protest+of+SOPA+and+PIPA&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.au=Alex+Ben+Block&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fmpaa-chris-dodd-blackout-piracy-sopa-282755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/exclusive-chris-dodd-warns-of-hollywood-backlash-against-obama-over-anti-piracy-bill">"Chris Dodd warns of Hollywood backlash against Obama over anti-piracy bill"</a>. Fox News. January 19, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724013034/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/exclusive-chris-dodd-warns-of-hollywood-backlash-against-obama-over-anti-piracy-bill">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Chris+Dodd+warns+of+Hollywood+backlash+against+Obama+over+anti-piracy+bill&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fexclusive-chris-dodd-warns-of-hollywood-backlash-against-obama-over-anti-piracy-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motionpictures.org/what-we-do/supporting-storytellers/#outreach">"Inclusion & Multicultural Outreach"</a>. 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MadameNoire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005802/https://madamenoire.com/537798/mpaa-dope-american-black-film-festival-opening-night/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. 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The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216225018/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chris-dodd-mpaa-technology-smpte-253753">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Chris+Dodd+Pushes+Back+Against+Hollywood+Vs.+Technology+Criticisms+In+SMPTE&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.au=Alex+Ben+Block&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fchris-dodd-mpaa-technology-smpte-253753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2017" class="citation news cs1">Lieberman, David (June 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2017/06/hollywood-digital-companies-forge-global-antipiracy-alliance-1202112346/">"Hollywood And Digital Companies Forge Global Anti-Piracy Alliance"</a>. Deadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005203/https://deadline.com/2017/06/hollywood-digital-companies-forge-global-antipiracy-alliance-1202112346/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. 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Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174419/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/netflix-mpaa-1203114133/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Netflix+Joins+the+Motion+Picture+Association+of+America&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Fbiz%2Fnews%2Fnetflix-mpaa-1203114133%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Ted (September 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2019/09/motion-picture-association-logo-1202737759/">"Motion Picture Association Rebrands With Unified Name And Updated Logo"</a>. Deadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010044648/https://deadline.com/2019/09/motion-picture-association-logo-1202737759/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2020. 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Retrieved September 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Amazon+Prime+Video+and+MGM+Studios+Join+Motion+Picture+Association&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft.aulast=Weprin&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Famazon-prime-video-mgm-studios-mpa-1236006823%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe68-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Coe68_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._Coe1968" class="citation news cs1">Richard L. Coe (October 14, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujwxAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=7248%2C5548739">"Film Classification Starts Nov. 1"</a>. Toledo Blade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005206/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujwxAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=7248,5548739">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Film+Classification+Starts+Nov.+1&rft.date=1968-10-14&rft.au=Richard+L.+Coe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DujwxAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmpaa%2520film%2520ratings%2520system%26pg%3D7248%252C5548739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champlin70-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Champlin70_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Champlin1970" class="citation news cs1">Charles Champlin (January 29, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WAscAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=6981%2C4372645">"Film Ratings Plan Will Be Revised"</a>. The Victoria Advocate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724005208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WAscAAAAIBAJ&dq=mpaa%20film%20ratings%20system&pg=6981,4372645">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Film+Ratings+Plan+Will+Be+Revised&rft.date=1970-01-29&rft.au=Charles+Champlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWAscAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dmpaa%2520film%2520ratings%2520system%26pg%3D6981%252C4372645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipper90-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipper90_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Lipper2009" class="citation news cs1">Hal Lipper (September 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SKP-CMT0-0060-215N&csi=11063&oc=00240&perma=true">"At last, an adult decision"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927204949/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SKP-CMT0-0060-215N&csi=11063&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=At+last%2C+an+adult+decision&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft.au=Hal+Lipper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SKP-CMT0-0060-215N%26csi%3D11063%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richman03-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Richman03_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Richman2003" class="citation news cs1">Dan Richman (May 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Law-limits-some-violent-video-games-1115175.php">"Law limits some violent video games"</a>. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024050/https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Law-limits-some-violent-video-games-1115175.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Law+limits+some+violent+video+games&rft.date=2003-05-20&rft.au=Dan+Richman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FLaw-limits-some-violent-video-games-1115175.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_McClintock2013" class="citation news cs1">Pamela McClintock (March 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cinemacon-mpaa-tweaks-movie-ratings-440392">"CinemaCon: MPAA Tweaks Movie Ratings System in Wake of Newtown School Shooting"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508172745/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cinemacon-mpaa-tweaks-movie-ratings-440392">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=CinemaCon%3A+MPAA+Tweaks+Movie+Ratings+System+in+Wake+of+Newtown+School+Shooting&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fcinemacon-mpaa-tweaks-movie-ratings-440392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock12-62"><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock12_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_McClintock2012" class="citation news cs1">Pamela McClintock (March 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/weinstein-bully-unrated-rated-r-mpaa-304232">"Weinstein Co. to Release Unrated 'Bully' in Protest of 'R'"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417110445/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/weinstein-bully-unrated-rated-r-mpaa-304232">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Weinstein+Co.+to+Release+Unrated+%27Bully%27+in+Protest+of+%27R%27&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fweinstein-bully-unrated-rated-r-mpaa-304232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2006" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Daniel P. (2006). Politics and Film: The Political Culture of Film in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQp4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461641018" title="Special:BookSources/9781461641018"><bdi>9781461641018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Film%3A+The+Political+Culture+of+Film+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781461641018&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travers06-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Travers06_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Travers2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Peter Travers (August 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/this-film-is-not-yet-rated-20060803">"This Film Is Not Yet Rated"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619193352/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/this-film-is-not-yet-rated-20060803">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=This+Film+Is+Not+Yet+Rated&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft.au=Peter+Travers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmovies%2Freviews%2Fthis-film-is-not-yet-rated-20060803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock07-65"><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock07_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_McClintock2007" class="citation news cs1">Pamela McClintock (January 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2007/film/news/mpaa-nato-reform-ratings-system-1117957535/">"MPAA, NATO reform ratings system"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704055506/http://variety.com/2007/film/news/mpaa-nato-reform-ratings-system-1117957535/">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=MPAA%2C+NATO+reform+ratings+system&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2007%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fmpaa-nato-reform-ratings-system-1117957535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPAARatings-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPAARatings_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPAARatings_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motionpictures.org/film-ratings/">"Film Ratings"</a>. MPAA.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052630/https://www.motionpictures.org/film-ratings/">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPAA.org&rft.atitle=Film+Ratings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motionpictures.org%2Ffilm-ratings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock2015" class="citation news cs1">McClintock, Pamela (December 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/movie-ratings-sex-remains-top-845507">"Movie Ratings: Sex Remains Top Concern for American Parents, Not Violence"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216090019/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/movie-ratings-sex-remains-top-845507">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Movie+Ratings%3A+Sex+Remains+Top+Concern+for+American+Parents%2C+Not+Violence&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fmovie-ratings-sex-remains-top-845507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spring-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Spring_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring1992" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Joel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvWRWJrRePAC&q=founding+member+mppda&pg=PA50">Images of American Life</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791410706" title="Special:BookSources/0791410706"><bdi>0791410706</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826081336/https://books.google.com/books?id=kvWRWJrRePAC&q=founding+member+mppda&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+American+Life&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0791410706&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvWRWJrRePAC%26q%3Dfounding%2Bmember%2Bmppda%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Movers_and_Shakers-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Movers_and_Shakers_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdNo2nVAFAC&q=metro+goldwyn+mayer+merger+form+mgm&pg=PA253">Movers and Shakers: The 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2003. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738209147" title="Special:BookSources/0738209147"><bdi>0738209147</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movers+and+Shakers%3A+The+100+Most+Influential+Figures+in+Modern+Business&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0738209147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGPdNo2nVAFAC%26q%3Dmetro%2Bgoldwyn%2Bmayer%2Bmerger%2Bform%2Bmgm%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFI-70"><a href="#cite_ref-AFI_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=51583">"The Man with the Golden Arm"</a>. American Film Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211908/http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=51583">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Man+with+the+Golden+Arm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Fmembers%2Fcatalog%2FDetailView.aspx%3Fs%3D%26Movie%3D51583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughn-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaughn_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn2006" class="citation book cs1">Vaughn, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomentertain0000vaug/page/23">Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomentertain0000vaug/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521676541" title="Special:BookSources/0521676541"><bdi>0521676541</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+Entertainment%3A+Rating+the+Movies+in+an+Age+of+New+Media&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0521676541&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomentertain0000vaug%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiler-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiler_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiler1975" class="citation news cs1">Weiler, A H (January 26, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJB-2MX0-0028-93DM&csi=6745&oc=00240&perma=true">"Jack Valenti, pres of Motion Picture Assn of Amer..."</a> New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407135316/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJB-2MX0-0028-93DM&csi=6745&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jack+Valenti%2C+pres+of+Motion+Picture+Assn+of+Amer...&rft.date=1975-01-26&rft.aulast=Weiler&rft.aufirst=A+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SJB-2MX0-0028-93DM%26csi%3D6745%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1980" class="citation news cs1">Arnold, Gary (April 5, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3S8G-BVX0-0009-W484&csi=8075&oc=00240&perma=true">"Film Notes"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716143706/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Fnexis%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S8G-BVX0-0009-W484%26csi%3D8075%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&aci=ndc">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Film+Notes&rft.date=1980-04-05&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S8G-BVX0-0009-W484%26csi%3D8075%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-74"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3S8G-BFN0-0007-H3F3&csi=6742&oc=00240&perma=true">"Movie Group's Meeting At Cannes Is Canceled"</a>. New York Times. April 29, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716143708/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Fnexis%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S8G-BFN0-0007-H3F3%26csi%3D6742%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&aci=ndc">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movie+Group%27s+Meeting+At+Cannes+Is+Canceled&rft.date=1986-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S8G-BFN0-0007-H3F3%26csi%3D6742%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVygqYMVP2wC&q=mgm+united+artist">Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Wtergate and Vietnam</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520232658" title="Special:BookSources/0520232658"><bdi>0520232658</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124222020/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVygqYMVP2wC&q=mgm+united+artist">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Illusions%3A+American+Cinema+in+the+Shadow+of+Wtergate+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0520232658&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVygqYMVP2wC%26q%3Dmgm%2Bunited%2Bartist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GT-DEX-1989-08-76"><a href="#cite_ref-GT-DEX-1989-08_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1989" class="citation news cs1">Richter, Paul (September 27, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-27-mn-335-story.html">"Sony to Buy Columbia, Says Americans Will Run Studio : 1st Sale of Film Maker to Japanese"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019233515/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-27-mn-335-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sony+to+Buy+Columbia%2C+Says+Americans+Will+Run+Studio+%3A+1st+Sale+of+Film+Maker+to+Japanese&rft.date=1989-09-27&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-09-27-mn-335-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wharton-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1995" class="citation news cs1">Wharton, Dennis (January 25, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3S3M-F440-0006-000R&csi=140595&oc=00240&perma=true">"Turner Pix Joins MPAA"</a>. Daily Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716143711/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Fnexis%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S3M-F440-0006-000R%26csi%3D140595%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&aci=ndc">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Variety&rft.atitle=Turner+Pix+Joins+MPAA&rft.date=1995-01-25&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S3M-F440-0006-000R%26csi%3D140595%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabrikant-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Fabrikant_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabrikant1996" class="citation news cs1">Fabrikant, Geraldine (October 11, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/11/business/holders-back-time-warner-turner-merger.html">"Holders Back Time Warner-Turner Merger"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214040754/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/11/business/holders-back-time-warner-turner-merger.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holders+Back+Time+Warner-Turner+Merger&rft.date=1996-10-11&rft.aulast=Fabrikant&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fholders-back-time-warner-turner-merger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drhdmi.eu/dictionary/mpaa.html">"MPAA ( Motion Picture Association of America )"</a>. Doctor HDMI. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211917/http://www.drhdmi.eu/dictionary/mpaa.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2022. <q>Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was an MPAA member until 2005, shortly after Sony Pictures Entertainment's failed attempt to buy that studio.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctor+HDMI&rft.atitle=MPAA+%28+Motion+Picture+Association+of+America+%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drhdmi.eu%2Fdictionary%2Fmpaa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleton2019" class="citation web cs1">Littleton, Cynthia (March 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-fox-deal-complete-1203167374/">"Disney Closes $71 Billion 21st Century Fox Deal"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320005341/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-fox-deal-complete-1203167374/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Disney+Closes+%2471+Billion+21st+Century+Fox+Deal&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Fbiz%2Fnews%2Fdisney-fox-deal-complete-1203167374%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motionpictures.org/who-we-are/#our-history">"Who We Are – Our Story"</a>. Motion Picture Association of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409094518/https://www.motionpictures.org/who-we-are/#our-history">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are+%E2%80%93+Our+Story&rft.pub=Motion+Picture+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motionpictures.org%2Fwho-we-are%2F%23our-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock2019" class="citation web cs1">McClintock, Pamela (January 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-advanced-talks-join-mpaa-1177926">"Netflix Becomes First Streamer to Join the Motion Picture Association of America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122213621/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-advanced-talks-join-mpaa-1177926">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Netflix+Becomes+First+Streamer+to+Join+the+Motion+Picture+Association+of+America&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fnetflix-advanced-talks-join-mpaa-1177926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2024" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Ted (September 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2024/09/mpa-amazon-prime-video-mgm-studios-member-1236094096/">"MPA Adds Amazon Prime Video and MGM Studios As Newest Member"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. Retrieved September 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=MPA+Adds+Amazon+Prime+Video+and+MGM+Studios+As+Newest+Member&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F09%2Fmpa-amazon-prime-video-mgm-studios-member-1236094096%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marbach82-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Marbach82_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Marbach1982" class="citation news cs1">William D. Marbach (April 26, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJ4-FRJ0-0008-X3VM&csi=5774&oc=00240&perma=true">"Putting the Bite On the Home VCR"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010512/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJ4-FRJ0-0008-X3VM&csi=5774&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Bite+On+the+Home+VCR&rft.date=1982-04-26&rft.au=William+D.+Marbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SJ4-FRJ0-0008-X3VM%26csi%3D5774%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones87-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones87_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Jones1987" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm Jones (April 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SKP-90V0-0060-2035&csi=11063&oc=00240&perma=true">"The invasion of the VCRs"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225518/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SKP-90V0-0060-2035&csi=11063&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=The+invasion+of+the+VCRs&rft.date=1987-04-26&rft.au=Malcolm+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SKP-90V0-0060-2035%26csi%3D11063%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommDaily87-86"><a href="#cite_ref-CommDaily87_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3TVV-HHR0-0019-30PX&csi=6944&oc=00240&perma=true">"'Distortion' Charged; DAT Anticopy Technology Debated At Joint Hill Hearing"</a>. Communications Daily. April 3, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031835/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3TVV-HHR0-0019-30PX&csi=6944&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Daily&rft.atitle=%27Distortion%27+Charged%3B+DAT+Anticopy+Technology+Debated+At+Joint+Hill+Hearing&rft.date=1987-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3TVV-HHR0-0019-30PX%26csi%3D6944%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein94-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein94_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_Goldstein1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Seth Goldstein (May 21, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=MPAA%20laserdiscs&pg=RA1-PA53">"Picture This"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716143705/https://books.google.com/books?id=TAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=MPAA+laserdiscs&pg=RA1-PA53">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Picture+This&rft.date=1994-05-21&rft.au=Seth+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAgEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DMPAA%2520laserdiscs%26pg%3DRA1-PA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costello00-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Costello00_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Costella2000" class="citation news cs1">Sam Costella (September 6, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=414V-TG80-00J5-J3D9&csi=169977&oc=00240&perma=true">"Content de-scrambling fought"</a>. InfoWorld Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230901/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=414V-TG80-00J5-J3D9&csi=169977&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Content+de-scrambling+fought&rft.date=2000-09-06&rft.au=Sam+Costella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D414V-TG80-00J5-J3D9%26csi%3D169977%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandoval09-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval09_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Sandoval2009" class="citation news cs1">Greg Sandoval (May 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/1023_3-10240490-93.html">"RealNetworks accuses MPAA of antitrust violations"</a>. CNET. Retrieved May 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+accuses+MPAA+of+antitrust+violations&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.au=Greg+Sandoval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2F1023_3-10240490-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kravets10-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Kravets10_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kravets2010" class="citation magazine cs1">David Kravets (January 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/01/judge-slams-mpaa-cartel-allegations/">"Judge Slams MPAA 'Cartel' Allegations"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303154452/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/01/judge-slams-mpaa-cartel-allegations/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Judge+Slams+MPAA+%27Cartel%27+Allegations&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.au=David+Kravets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthreatlevel%2F2010%2F01%2Fjudge-slams-mpaa-cartel-allegations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel2010" class="citation news cs1">Goel, Vindu (March 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/03/realnetworks-drops-fight-to-sell-dvd-copying-software/?mtrref=en.wikipedia.org&gwh=BE322A0601B9731550114F9E6090EACE&gwt=pay">"RealNetworks Drops Fight to Sell DVD Copying Software"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084915/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/03/realnetworks-drops-fight-to-sell-dvd-copying-software/?mtrref=en.wikipedia.org&gwh=BE322A0601B9731550114F9E6090EACE&gwt=pay">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RealNetworks+Drops+Fight+to+Sell+DVD+Copying+Software&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=Vindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F03%2Frealnetworks-drops-fight-to-sell-dvd-copying-software%2F%3Fmtrref%3Den.wikipedia.org%26gwh%3DBE322A0601B9731550114F9E6090EACE%26gwt%3Dpay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman13-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman13_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lieberman2013" class="citation news cs1">David Lieberman (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2013/01/mpaa-imagine-group-justice-department-conviction-sentencing-396527/">"MPAA Cheers Prison Sentence For Leader Of Internet Piracy Ring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225958/http://www.deadline.com/2013/01/mpaa-imagine-group-justice-department-conviction-sentencing/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=MPAA+Cheers+Prison+Sentence+For+Leader+Of+Internet+Piracy+Ring&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.au=David+Lieberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fmpaa-imagine-group-justice-department-conviction-sentencing-396527%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk06-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk06_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Kirk2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Kirk (May 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/125679/article.html">"MPAA Trains Dogs to Sniff Out Pirate DVDs"</a>. PCWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804111221/https://www.pcworld.com/article/125679/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=MPAA+Trains+Dogs+to+Sniff+Out+Pirate+DVDs&rft.date=2006-05-11&rft.au=Jeremy+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F125679%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctorow2005" class="citation news cs1">Doctorow, Cory (February 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2005/02/11/who-did-mpaa-rip-off.html">"Who did MPAA rip off "You can click but you can't hide" from? -- UPDATED"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105958/https://boingboing.net/2005/02/11/who-did-mpaa-rip-off.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+did+MPAA+rip+off+%22You+can+click+but+you+can%27t+hide%22+from%3F+--+UPDATED&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.aulast=Doctorow&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2005%2F02%2F11%2Fwho-did-mpaa-rip-off.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson03-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson03_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Atkinson2003" class="citation news cs1">Dan Atkinson (December 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4B6F-HJW0-00K4-105J&csi=172244&oc=00240&perma=true">"Music piracy persists at Boston U., nationwide despite lawsuits"</a>. University Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224111/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4B6F-HJW0-00K4-105J&csi=172244&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Wire&rft.atitle=Music+piracy+persists+at+Boston+U.%2C+nationwide+despite+lawsuits&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.au=Dan+Atkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4B6F-HJW0-00K4-105J%26csi%3D172244%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolley02-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Woolley02_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Woolley2002" class="citation news cs1">Simon Woolley (June 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4600-8XW0-015H-052Y&csi=244819&oc=00240&perma=true">"Shiver me timbers: Online bootlegs bane of entertainment industry"</a>. Townsville Bulletin/Townsville Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235759/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4600-8XW0-015H-052Y&csi=244819&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Townsville+Bulletin%2FTownsville+Sun&rft.atitle=Shiver+me+timbers%3A+Online+bootlegs+bane+of+entertainment+industry&rft.date=2002-06-03&rft.au=Simon+Woolley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4600-8XW0-015H-052Y%26csi%3D244819%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locklear04-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Locklear04_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Locklear2004" class="citation web cs1">Fred Locklear (December 14, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2004/12/4467-2/">"MPAA lawsuits target BitTorrent, eDonkey and Direct Connect networks"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708064308/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2004/12/4467-2/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=MPAA+lawsuits+target+BitTorrent%2C+eDonkey+and+Direct+Connect+networks&rft.date=2004-12-14&rft.au=Fred+Locklear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Funcategorized%2F2004%2F12%2F4467-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson05-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson05_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBary_Alyssa_Johnson2005" class="citation news cs1">Bary Alyssa Johnson (August 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4H0K-M4X0-01KX-14V2&csi=262320&oc=00240&perma=true">"MPAA Anti-Piracy Lawsuits Target Individuals"</a>. PC Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407135530/http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4H0K-M4X0-01KX-14V2&csi=262320&oc=00240&perma=true">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=MPAA+Anti-Piracy+Lawsuits+Target+Individuals&rft.date=2005-08-29&rft.au=Bary+Alyssa+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4H0K-M4X0-01KX-14V2%26csi%3D262320%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mennecke06-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Mennecke06_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Mennecke2006" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Mennecke (June 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slyck.com/story1227.html">"Sweden Pressured to take Pirate Bay Action"</a>. Slyck.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407141219/http://www.slyck.com/story1227.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slyck.com&rft.atitle=Sweden+Pressured+to+take+Pirate+Bay+Action&rft.date=2006-06-20&rft.au=Thomas+Mennecke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slyck.com%2Fstory1227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahrens06-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahrens06_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Ahrens2006" class="citation news cs1">Frank Ahrens (June 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR2006061402071.html">"U.S. Joins Industry in Piracy War"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404002921/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR2006061402071.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Joins+Industry+in+Piracy+War&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.au=Frank+Ahrens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F06%2F14%2FAR2006061402071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewing06-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Ewing06_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Ewing2006" class="citation web cs1">Adam Ewing (June 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/404#.UTdo1nyY4RE">"US threatened Sweden with sanctions over piracy"</a>. The Local. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101024536/http://www.thelocal.se/4128/20060621/#.UTdo1nyY4RE">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=US+threatened+Sweden+with+sanctions+over+piracy&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.au=Adam+Ewing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F404%23.UTdo1nyY4RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller13-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller13_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_J._Miller2013" class="citation news cs1">Sean J. 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Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Back+Stage&rft.atitle=MPAA-Backed+Copyright+Alert+System+Unveiled&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.au=Sean+J.+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backstage.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fmpaa-backed-copyright-alert-system-unveiled-47686%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Laskow2013" class="citation news cs1">Sarah Laskow (February 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.cjr.org/cloud_control/cas_system_already_in_action.php?page=all">"The new copyright alert system is running"</a>. Columbia Journalism Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726092748/https://archives.cjr.org/cloud_control/cas_system_already_in_action.php?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=The+new+copyright+alert+system+is+running&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.au=Sarah+Laskow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.cjr.org%2Fcloud_control%2Fcas_system_already_in_action.php%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CASFAQs-104"><a href="#cite_ref-CASFAQs_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyrightinformation.org/resources-faq/copyright-alert-system-faqs/">"Copyright Alert System FAQs"</a>. copyrightinformation.org. Center for Copyright Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523002414/http://www.copyrightinformation.org/resources-faq/copyright-alert-system-faqs/">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copyrightinformation.org&rft.atitle=Copyright+Alert+System+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyrightinformation.org%2Fresources-faq%2Fcopyright-alert-system-faqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ted (January 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/copyright-alerts-piracy-mpaa-comcast-att-1201971756/">"Internet Service Providers, Studios and Record Labels Call It Quits on Copyright Alert System"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084940/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/copyright-alerts-piracy-mpaa-comcast-att-1201971756/">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Internet+Service+Providers%2C+Studios+and+Record+Labels+Call+It+Quits+on+Copyright+Alert+System&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Fdigital%2Fnews%2Fcopyright-alerts-piracy-mpaa-comcast-att-1201971756%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Sar2014" class="citation news cs1">Van der Sar, Ernesto (December 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-secretly-settled-hotfile-4-million-80-million-141224/">"MPAA Secretly Settled With Hotfile for $4 Million, Not $80 Million"</a>. Torrentfreak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216085049/https://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-secretly-settled-hotfile-4-million-80-million-141224/">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torrentfreak&rft.atitle=MPAA+Secretly+Settled+With+Hotfile+for+%244+Million%2C+Not+%2480+Million&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=Van+der+Sar&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fmpaa-secretly-settled-hotfile-4-million-80-million-141224%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neowin.net/news/sony-email-leak-has-uncovered-the-truth-behind-mpaa-and-hotfile-dispute/">"Sony email leak has uncovered the truth behind MPAA and Hotfile dispute"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420210908/https://www.neowin.net/news/sony-email-leak-has-uncovered-the-truth-behind-mpaa-and-hotfile-dispute/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021. 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Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torrentfreak&rft.atitle=MPAA%3A+We+Were+Only+Testing+Forest+Blog&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fmpaa-we-were-only-testing-forest-blog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas07-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas07_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_Thomas2007" class="citation web cs1">Brett Thomas (February 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110183631/http://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2007/02/19/MPAA_violates_software_license/">"MPAA violates software license"</a>. bit-tech.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2007/02/19/MPAA_violates_software_license/">the original</a> on November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bit-tech.net&rft.atitle=MPAA+violates+software+license&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.au=Brett+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bit-tech.net%2Fnews%2Fbits%2F2007%2F02%2F19%2FMPAA_violates_software_license%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul07-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul07_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Paul2007" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Paul (December 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/12/mpaas-university-toolkit-hit-with-dmca-takedown-notice-after-gpl-violation/">"MPAA's University Toolkit hit with DMCA takedown notice after GPL violation"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072229/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/12/mpaas-university-toolkit-hit-with-dmca-takedown-notice-after-gpl-violation/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=MPAA%27s+University+Toolkit+hit+with+DMCA+takedown+notice+after+GPL+violation&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.au=Ryan+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2007%2F12%2Fmpaas-university-toolkit-hit-with-dmca-takedown-notice-after-gpl-violation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotion+Picture+Association" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimes_126-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060130093854/http://www.latimes.com/business/custom/cotown/cl-et-mpaa24jan24,0,2188275.story">MPAA finds itself accused of piracy</a>, by John Horn; at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a>); published January 24, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTech-127"><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTech_127-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/01/6036-2/">MPAA admits to unauthorized movie copying</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708080131/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/01/6036-2/">Archived</a> July 8, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Eric Bangeman, at <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>; published January 24, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebert-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebert_128-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals-and-awards/sundance-7-film-ratings-exposed">Sundance #7: Film ratings exposed!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622005220/https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals-and-awards/sundance-7-film-ratings-exposed">Archived</a> June 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>; at <a href="/wiki/RogerEbert.com" title="RogerEbert.com">RogerEbert.com</a>; published January 26, 2006; retrieved June 11, 2014 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motionpictures.org/">Official website</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.mpaa.org/">Motion Picture Association of America (mpaa.org)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mppda.flinders.edu.au/">MPPDA Digital Archives (1922–1939)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=66279">Motion Picture Association of America. 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