CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="">  <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="none"/> <title>Antitrust laws - HBR</title> <meta name="item-id" content="9d9b68ac2b1de18d3712096354b3c3a5"/> <meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1445571382, app-argument=https://hbr.org"/> <meta name="page-category-name" content="Antitrust laws"/> <meta name="description" content="Find new ideas and classic advice for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts."/> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,width=device-width"/> <meta name="page-category-id" content="391154"/> <meta name="uid" content="457A8188E52BE483E203AE57B85911D1"/> <meta name="shopper-attributes" content="state:guest"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Antitrust laws"/> <meta name="page-type" content="CATEGORY"/> <meta name="page-id" content="200"/> <meta name="ox-group" content="537064956"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large">  <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"858143",trustKey:"858143",agentID:"16887721",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"8171118"}; ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"8171118",sa:1}; ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.246.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>g,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>A,OP:()=>D,lF:()=>N,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>j});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector=t+",[data-nr-mask]":null===t?e.mask_selector=t:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},h={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!h[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return h[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);h[e]=(0,i.D)(t,f()),(0,n.Qy)(e,h[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const b={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},y={};function A(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!y[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return y[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");y[e]=(0,i.D)(t,b),(0,n.Qy)(e,y[e],"loader_config")}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),_=r(6818);const T={buildEnv:_.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:_.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:_.q4,denyList:void 0},S={};function D(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!S[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return S[e]}function j(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");S[e]=(0,i.D)(t,T),(0,n.Qy)(e,S[e],"runtime")}function N(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,lF:()=>a,q4:()=>n});const n="1.246.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="2.0.0-alpha.11"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>s,IF:()=>d,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>c,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>h,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>u,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>l});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=""+o?.location,c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=(()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),l=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,h=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),a(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=m(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([h,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:m,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",h.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(h,t)}function b(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,++i).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>i});var n=r(385);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n._A?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n._A?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325);const a={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},s=new Set;function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(s.has(t)||Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;a[t]?a[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(a).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(a[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),s.add(t))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>b,u5:()=>D,QU:()=>C,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>H,Lg:()=>L,BV:()=>G,Kf:()=>K});var n=r(8325),i=r(3117);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.a);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}var l=r(2210),f=r(385);const h={},p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,g="addEventListener",m="removeEventListener",v="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.A);function b(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(h[t.debugId]++)return t;h[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t,!0);function i(e){r.inPlace(e,[g,m],"-",o)}function o(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(f.il&&y(document,i),y(f._A,i),y(p.prototype,i)),t.on(g+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,l.X)(n,v,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(m+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function y(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,g);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}var A="fetch-",w=A+"body-",x=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],E=f._A.Request,_=f._A.Response,T="prototype";const S={};function D(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(E&&_&&f._A.fetch))return t;if(S[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,i){var o=e[r];"function"==typeof o&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],a={};t.emit(i+"before-start",[r],a),a[n.A]&&a[n.A].dt&&(e=a[n.A].dt);var s=o.apply(this,r);return t.emit(i+"start",[r,e],s),s.then((function(e){return t.emit(i+"end",[null,e],s),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(i+"end",[e],s),e}))})}return S[t.debugId]=1,x.forEach((e=>{r(E[T],e,w),r(_[T],e,w)})),r(f._A,"fetch",A),t.on(A+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(A+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(A+"done",[e],n)})),t}const j={},N=["pushState","replaceState"];function C(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!f.il||j[t.debugId]++||(j[t.debugId]=1,c(t).inPlace(window.history,N,"-")),t}var O=r(3239);const P={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!f.il||P[t.debugId])return t;P[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function s(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(a),n=r[1];return s(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,c=a.match(i),c?c[1]:null);var a,c;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:s(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,O.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,O.m$)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,O.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,O.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,O.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,O.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const k={};function H(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!f.il||k[t.debugId])return t;k[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=f._A.MutationObserver;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,i=c(t),a=f._A.Promise;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),o=i(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[o],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}f._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=r(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=n.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},a.prototype.then[o]=n,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const M={},F="setTimeout",B="setInterval",U="clearTimeout",Z="-start",V="-",q=[F,"setImmediate",B,U,"clearImmediate"];function G(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(M[t.debugId]++)return t;M[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t);return r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(0,2),F+V),r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(2,3),B+V),r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(3),U+V),t.on(B+Z,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(F+Z,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}var W=r(50);const X={},Q=["open","send"];function K(e){var t=e||n.ee;const r=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("xhr")}(t);if(X[r.debugId]++)return r;X[r.debugId]=1,b(t);var i=c(r),o=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,a=f._A.MutationObserver,s=f._A.Promise,u=f._A.setInterval,d="readystatechange",l=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],h=[],p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){const t=new o(e),n=r.context(t);try{r.emit("new-xhr",[t],n),t.addEventListener(d,(a=n,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!a.resolved&&(a.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,l,"fn-",w)}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,W.Z)("An error occurred while intercepting XHR",e);try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}var a;return t};function g(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",w)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,Q,"-xhr-",w),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){g(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(m?m.then(A):u?u(A):(v=-v,y.data=v))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",g),a){var m=s&&s.resolve();if(!u&&!s){var v=1,y=document.createTextNode(v);new a(A).observe(y,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e<h.length;e++)g(0,h[e]);h.length&&(h=[])}function w(e,t){return t}return r}},7825:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},7144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.sessionReplay},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>x,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>w,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>T,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>g,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>f,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>p,JS_TIME:()=>_,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>l,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>A,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(234);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,A="-start",w="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+w,_="jsTime",T="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),h=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var g=r(2587);const m=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let v=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:x,runtime:E={loaderType:b},exposed:_=!0}=t;const T=(0,h.gG)();w||(A=T.init,w=T.info,x=T.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,x||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,w);const S=(0,i.P_)(e),D=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];v||(v=!0,S.proxy.assets&&(m(S.proxy.assets),D.push(S.proxy.assets)),S.proxy.beacon&&D.push(S.proxy.beacon)),E.denyList=[...S.ajax.deny_list||[],...S.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],(0,i.sU)(e,E),p();const j=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var p=a.ee.get(e),g=p.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{h[e]=w(m,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=w(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=w(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,w(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},h.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(g.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw g.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{g.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function x(){r.e(111).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>x()),!0):x(),h}(e,y);return(0,h.Qy)(e,j,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,_,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",g.T),j}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({111:"nr-spa",164:"nr-spa-compressor",433:"nr-spa-recorder"}[e]+"-1.246.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.246.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var f=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={801:0,92:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.246.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.246.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{var e=i(50);class t{addPageAction(t,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addPageAction failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}setPageViewName(t,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setPageViewName failed. The page view feature is not currently initialized.")}setCustomAttribute(t,r,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCustomAttribute failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}noticeError(t,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api noticeError failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setUserId failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setApplicationVersion(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setApplicationVersion failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setErrorHandler failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}finished(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api finished failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}addRelease(t,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}start(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,3228));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var h=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=h.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,h.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var g=i(1117),m=i(1284);class v extends g.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,m.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,m.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,m.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var x=i(8632),E=i(4402),_=i(4351);var T=i(5546),S=i(7956),D=i(3239),j=i(7894),N=i(9251);class C extends f{static featureName=N.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,N.t,r),l.il&&((0,S.N)((()=>(0,T.p)("docHidden",[(0,j.z)()],void 0,N.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,D.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,T.p)("winPagehide",[(0,j.z)()],void 0,N.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var O=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=O.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,O.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R=i(6660);class I{constructor(e,t,r,n){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message=e,this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n}}class k extends f{static featureName=R.t;#e=new Set;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("fn-err",((e,t,n)=>{this.abortHandler&&!this.#e.has(n)&&(this.#e.add(n),(0,T.p)("err",[this.#t(n),(0,j.z)()],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee))})),this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("ierr",[this.#t(e),(0,j.z)(),!0],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee)})),l._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("err",[this.#r(e),(0,j.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,D.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),l._A.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(this.#e.has(e.error)?this.#e.delete(e.error):(0,T.p)("err",[this.#n(e),(0,j.z)()],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee))}),(0,D.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#i,this.importAggregator()}#i(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.#e.clear(),this.abortHandler=void 0}#t(e){return e instanceof Error?e:void 0!==e?.message?new I(e.message,e.filename||e.sourceURL,e.lineno||e.line,e.colno||e.col):new I("string"==typeof e?e:(0,_.P)(e))}#r(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e?.reason instanceof Error)try{return e.reason.message=t+e.reason.message,e.reason}catch(t){return e.reason}if(void 0===e.reason)return new I(t);const r=this.#t(e.reason);return r.message=t+r.message,r}#n(e){return e.error instanceof Error?e.error:new I(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno)}}var H=i(2210);let z=1;const L="nr@id";function M(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===l._A?0:(0,H.X)(e,L,(function(){return z++}))}function F(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,_.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var B=i(1214),U=i(7243);class Z{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var r=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!r||!i)return null;var a=(0,E.M)(),s=(0,E.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,r,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,r,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof l._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,_.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<r.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,U.e)(r.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var V=i(7825),q=["load","error","abort","timeout"],G=q.length,W=n.Yu.REQ,X=n.Yu.XHR;class Q extends f{static featureName=V.t;constructor(e,t){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,V.t,i),(0,n.OP)(e).xhrWrappable){this.dt=new Z(e),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,T.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};l._A?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const n={status:t.responseStatus},i={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};K(n,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[n,i,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,r.D.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}(0,B.u5)(this.ee),(0,B.Kf)(this.ee),function(e,t,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,D.m$)(!1)),l.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,D.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},K(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(t,r){var i=(0,n.DL)(e);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function u(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=F(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,j.z)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<G;s++)r.addEventListener(q[s],this.listener,(0,D.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function f(e,t){var r=""+M(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function h(e,t){var r=""+M(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function p(){this.endTime=(0,j.z)()}function g(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function v(e,t,r){t instanceof X&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,j.z)()))}function b(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,j.z)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function y(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&l.il&&(t=""+l._A.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:l._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,U.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);else{var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function A(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,j.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof W?r=i.url:l._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),K(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof W&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=F(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){var n;this.endTime=(0,j.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,j.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,r.D.ajax)}function x(e){var t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<G;o++)e.removeEventListener(q[o],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(n.duration=(0,j.z)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,r.D.ajax))}}function E(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?F(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?F(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",a),t.on("open-xhr-start",s),t.on("open-xhr-end",c),t.on("send-xhr-start",u),t.on("xhr-cb-time",d),t.on("xhr-load-added",f),t.on("xhr-load-removed",h),t.on("xhr-resolved",p),t.on("addEventListener-end",g),t.on("removeEventListener-end",m),t.on("fn-end",b),t.on("fetch-before-start",y),t.on("fetch-start",A),t.on("fn-start",v),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator()}}}function K(e,t){var r=(0,U.e)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}var Y=i(3614);const{BST_RESOURCE:J,RESOURCE:ee,START:te,END:re,FEATURE_NAME:ne,FN_END:ie,FN_START:oe,PUSH_STATE:ae}=Y;var se=i(7144);class ce extends f{static featureName=se.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,se.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var ue=i(7836);const{FEATURE_NAME:de,START:le,END:fe,BODY:he,CB_END:pe,JS_TIME:ge,FETCH:me,FN_START:ve,CB_START:be,FN_END:ye}=ue;var Ae=i(4649);class we extends f{static featureName=Ae.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,Ae.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,E.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new v({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),Object.assign(this,(0,s.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){const t="features";try{const n=a(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(n[t.featureName]||t.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);i.every((e=>n[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,_.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,x.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(r){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",r);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const n=(0,x.fP)();return delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,n.ee?.abort(),delete n.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[Q,p,C,class extends f{static featureName=ne;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,ne,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!l.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,B.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,B.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(oe,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,j.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ie,(function(e,t){(0,T.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,j.z)()],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ae+te,(function(e){this.time=(0,j.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ae+re,(function(e){(0,T.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,T.p)(J,[t],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:ee,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},ce,P,we,k,class extends f{static featureName=de;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!l.il)return;if(!(0,n.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,B._L)(this.ee),s=(0,B.Lg)(this.ee),c=(0,B.BV)(this.ee),u=(0,B.Kf)(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),f=(0,B.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,B.QU)(this.ee),p=(0,B.Gm)(this.ee);function g(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function m(){i++,r=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,j.z)()}function v(){i--,window.location.hash!==r&&g(0,!0);var e=(0,j.z)();this[ge]=~~this[ge]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function b(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,j.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,m),s.on(be,m),a.on(be,m),this.ee.on(ye,v),s.on(pe,v),a.on(pe,v),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+fe,"clearTimeout"+le,ve],this.featureName),u.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+le],this.featureName),f.buffer([me+le,me+"-done",me+he+le,me+he+fe],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),p.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,pe,"executor-err","resolve"+le],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),b(f,me+le),b(f,me+"-done"),b(a,"new-jsonp"),b(a,"jsonp-end"),b(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",g),h.on("replaceState-end",g),window.addEventListener("hashchange",g,(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",g,(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){g(0,i>1)}),(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#i,this.importAggregator()}#i(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})()})(); </script> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/resources/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/apple-touch-icon.png" sizes="152x152"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/android-chrome-512x512.png" sizes="512x512"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Regular.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Regular-Italic.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Light.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Medium.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Medium-Italic.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Light-Italic.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GTAmerica-Standard-Semibold.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GTAmerica-Standard-Semibold-Italic.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Bold.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Bold-Italic.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-Regular.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-RegularItalic.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-Medium.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-MediumItalic.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-Bold.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-BoldItalic.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-Heavy.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/LavaStd-HeavyItalic.otf" as="font" type="font/otf" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/resources/fonts/HBRIcons-Regular.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resources/css/style_340ec315825952be.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> if (document.cookie.match(/hbr_f=true/)) { window.document.documentElement.className += " fonts-loaded"; } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.tinypass.com/api/tinypass.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var tp = window["tp"] || []; tp.push(["setDebug", false]); tp.push(["setAid", "mbs77qtzUz"]); tp.push(["setEndpoint", "https://buy.tinypass.com/api/v3"]); tp.push(["setUseTinypassAccounts", false]); tp.push(["setUsePianoIdUserProvider", false]); tp.push(["setCxenseSiteId", "1141964769885092441"]); /* Piano Snippets */ tp.push(["setCustomParam", "type", "category", "content"]) tp.push(["setCustomVariable", "contentType", "category"]) tp.push(["setCustomVariable", "isPaywallEnabled", "false"]); tp.push(["setCustomVariable", "userState", "guest"]); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 2 * 1000); document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? "true" : "false") + "; expires=" + d.toUTCString() + "; path=/"; } var script = document.createElement("script"); script.setAttribute("async", true); script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js"); script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"); document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); function getCookieValue(name) { let cookie = {}; document.cookie.split(";").forEach(function(el) { let [key,value] = el.split("="); cookie[key.trim()] = value; }) return cookie[name]; } function isAdobeSync() { let userExperienceName = getCookieValue("hbr_user_experience"); console.log("Current User Experience: " + userExperienceName); return userExperienceName != '"Async_Adobe_Launch"'; } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.digitalData = {"page":{"pageInfo":{"pageName":"Antitrust laws - HBR","pageCategoryID":"391154","pageCategoryName":"Antitrust laws","pageType":"CATEGORY","pageDescription":"Find new ideas and classic advice for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts.","ipAddress":"8.222.208.146","onsiteSearchResults":0,"date":"11-23-2024","time":"11:41 AM"},"attributes":{"articleBrowseTopic":"Antitrust laws","articleBrowseSubTarticleBrowseSubTopicopic1":"Business and society","articleBrowseSubTarticleBrowseSubTopicopic2":"Business law and ethics","articleBrowseSubTarticleBrowseSubTopicopic3":"Business law","articleSort":"Popular","articleCountPerTopic":50,"articleCountPerCurrentPage":20}},"users":[{"profile":{"giftingQuota":{"limit":5,"gifted":5},"accountID":"457A8188E52BE483E203AE57B85911D1","dateLastVisit":"2024-11-23","quota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"ascendQuota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"userState":"Guest","secondsSinceLastVisit":0,"daysSinceLastVisit":0,"guid":"457A8188E52BE483E203AE57B85911D1"}}],"version":"2.2","siteID":"hbrprod","siteType":"Desktop","pageInstanceID":"Antitrust laws - HBR:beanstalk-prod"}; if (window.digitalData && window.digitalData.page && window.digitalData.page.pageInfo) { if (!window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType) { !function (a) { var b = /iPhone/i, c = /iPod/i, d = /iPad/i, e = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, f = /Android/i, g = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i, h = /(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i, i = /Windows Phone/i, j = /(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i, k = /BlackBerry/i, l = /BB10/i, m = /Opera Mini/i, n = /(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, o = /(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i, p = new RegExp("(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)", "i"), q = function (a, b) { return a.test(b) }, r = function (a) { var r = a || navigator.userAgent, s = r.split("[FBAN"); if ("undefined" != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), s = r.split("Twitter"), "undefined" != typeof s[1] && (r = s[0]), this.apple = { phone: q(b, r), ipod: q(c, r), tablet: !q(b, r) && q(d, r), device: q(b, r) || q(c, r) || q(d, r) }, this.amazon = { phone: q(g, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && q(h, r), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) }, this.android = { phone: q(g, r) || q(e, r), tablet: !q(g, r) && !q(e, r) && (q(h, r) || q(f, r)), device: q(g, r) || q(h, r) || q(e, r) || q(f, r) }, this.windows = { phone: q(i, r), tablet: q(j, r), device: q(i, r) || q(j, r) }, this.other = { blackberry: q(k, r), blackberry10: q(l, r), opera: q(m, r), firefox: q(o, r), chrome: q(n, r), device: q(k, r) || q(l, r) || q(m, r) || q(o, r) || q(n, r) }, this.seven_inch = q(p, r), this.any = this.apple.device || this.android.device || this.windows.device || this.other.device || this.seven_inch, this.phone = this.apple.phone || this.android.phone || this.windows.phone, this.tablet = this.apple.tablet || this.android.tablet || this.windows.tablet, "undefined" == typeof window) { return this } }, s = function () { var a = new r; return a.Class = r, a }; "undefined" != typeof module && module.exports && "undefined" == typeof window ? module.exports = r : "undefined" != typeof module && module.exports && "undefined" != typeof window ? module.exports = s() : "function" == typeof define && define.amd ? define("isMobile", [], a.isMobile = s()) : a.isMobile = s() }(this); window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.sysEnv = "Desktop"; window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Desktop"; if (isMobile.phone || isMobile.tablet) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.sysEnv = "Mobile"; if (isMobile.phone) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Mobile"; } if (isMobile.tablet) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType = "Tablet"; } } window.digitalData.siteType = window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.deviceType; } window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.pageURL = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname; if (document.referrer) { window.digitalData.page.pageInfo.referringURL = document.referrer; } } </script> <script src="//assets.adobedtm.com/c0857d0b892a/fccd631ba54c/launch-68b2fecf2e9e.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/js/components/overlay-intromercial/intromercial_e7f83d32e87142cc.js"></script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "url": "https://hbr.org/", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://hbr.org/search?term={search_term_string}", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } } </script> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof generateIntromercial === 'function') { generateIntromercial(); } </script>  <div id="main" class="container"> <div id="" class="component" data-order="0" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=openx;location=leaderboard"> <section js-target="openx-container"> <script type="text/javascript"> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => { const articleElement = document.querySelector('.article-content-flex2019'); const pageSubtype = articleElement.getAttribute('page-subtype'); if (pageSubtype === 'big-idea') { const adContainerToRemove = document.querySelector('.ad-container-column'); adContainerToRemove.remove(); } }); </script> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center ad-container-column"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div class="ad" id="DFP_pos1"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_pos1"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="2" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=header"> <div class="sticky-top-header global-nav-container"> <header class="top-header hide-for-print global-nav-container" role="banner">  <div class="top-header--bar flex-row backdrop-white top-header--row has-border-bottom"> <div id="top-header--panel-icon" class="flex-row top-header--menu-link"> <a href="#" class="link--black hamburger-icon-container" js-target="global-header--search-overlay"> <svg class="hamburger-icon top-header--menu-icon-open" alt="Navigation Menu" aria-labelledby="title"> <title>Navigation Menu</title> <use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#hamburger"></use></svg> </a> </div>  <div class="top-header--logo has-border-left"> <a href="/"> <img src="/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg" alt="Harvard Business Review Home"> </a> </div> <div class="top-header--headline-container"> <article-headline class="article-headline hide-medium-down"> </article-headline> </div>  <div class="flex-row top-header--bottom-left-align"> <personalization-placement class="flex-row mrl top-header--subscribe hide-small" data-placement-id="topbar_subscribe_engage"> <a href="/subscriptions?ab=topbar-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.topbar-subtout" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="baseline-shift-down-more button button--tight mbn">Subscribe</a> </personalization-placement> <a href="/shopping-cart" class="link--black flex-row top-header--shopping-cart mrl do-not-show" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="cart" data-cart-badge="0"> <img class="cart-icon" src="/resources/css/images/cart-icon.png" alt="Cart"> </a> <a href="#" class="link--black global-header-button flex-row mrm prl has-border-right sign-in " js-target="sign-in-register"> <span class="baseline-shift-down-more">Sign In</span> </a> <span class="link--black flex-row "> <div class="top-header--user-dropdown-container non-subscriber-avatar mls flex-row sign-in do-not-show" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"> <a href="#" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" class="top-header--user-dropdown-container-img" > <svg class="unfilled-user-icon" alt="Account Menu" aria-labelledby="title"> <title>Account Menu</title> <use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#user-nav"></use></svg> </a> </div> <div class="top-header--user-dropdown-container subscriber-avatar mls flex-row sign-in do-not-show" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"> <svg class="unfilled-user-icon" alt="Account Menu" aria-labelledby="title"> <title>Account Menu</title> <use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#user-shield-blue"></use></svg> </div> <div class="top-header--user-name user-header-name mls flex-row sign-in do-not-show " js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"> Hi,<div js-target="user-header-name"> Guest</div> </div> <div class="top-header--user-dropdown-container has-border-right caret-down-button prl flex-row sign-in do-not-show " js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"> <span class="icon icon-caret-down sign-in"></span> </div> </span> <a id="top-header--open-search-overlay" href="#" class="link--black flex-row top-header--search-container mls hide-small" js-target="global-header--search-overlay"> <svg class="search-icon size-24x24" alt="Search Menu" aria-labelledby="title"> <title>Search Menu</title> <use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#search"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div>  <div class="top-header--overlay do-not-show"> <div class="header-menu--overlay" js-target="global-header--search-overlay"></div> <div class="left close-button absolute hide-small-up"> <a href="#" class="link--black flex-row top-header--close-search-overlay" js-target="global-header--search-overlay"> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-close svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#x"></use></svg> </a> </div> <div class="hide-small flex-row overlay--first-row"> <a id="top-header--close-search-overlay" href="#" class="link--black" js-target="global-header--search-overlay"> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-close svg-ie" aria-labelledby="title"> <title>Close menu</title> <use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#x"></use></svg> </a> </div> <div class="top-header--overlay-centered mtl"> <div class="top-header--overlay-search"> <form action="/search" method="get"> <div class="search-container "> <input type="hidden" name="search_type" value="search-all"> <input class="pts pbm search-box-desktop" autocomplete="off" name="term" data-type="search-input" placeholder="Search hbr.org"></input> <input class="search-box-mobile" autocomplete="off" name="term" placeholder="Search hbr.org"></input> <button> <svg aria-labelledby="title"><title>Search</title><use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#search"></use></svg> </button> <a href="#" class="clear-search-box do-not-show" js-target="clear-search-box">CLEAR</a> </div> <div class="backdrop-white width-100pct zindex-highest hide top-header--search-suggest" data-purpose="search-auto-suggest"> <div class="font-gt-america"> <ul class="no-bullet ptm mbs" data-container="results"> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray"></li> <li class="pbl pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray has-border-bottom"></li> <li class="ptl font-size-xsmall text-gray-light font-bold">SUGGESTED TOPICS</li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray no-bullet"></li> <li class="pbm pts line-height-normal font-size-15 darker-medium-gray no-bullet"></li> </ul> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="top-header--overlay-footer"> <div class="flex-row-wrap flex-row justify-between"> <div class="flex-col hide-small nav--explore"> <span class="mbm font-bold">Explore HBR</span> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list"> <li><a href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li> <li><a href="/magazine">The Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li> <li><a href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="flex-col hide-small nav--popular"> <span class="mbm font-bold">Popular Topics</span> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list"> <li><a href="/topic/subject/managing-yourself">Managing Yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/managing-people">Managing Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/work-life-balance">Work-life Balance</a></li> <li><a href="/topics">All Topics</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="flex-col hide-small nav--subscribers"> <span class="mbm font-bold">For Subscribers</span> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list"> <li><a href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li> <li><a href="/case-selections" track-target="global-nav-link--case-selection">Case Selections</a></li> <li><a href="/learning" class="do-not-show hbr-learning" js-target="hbr-learning-mega" track-target="global-nav-link--hmm">HBR Learning</a></li> <li> <personalization-placement data-placement-id="mag_cover_engage"> <a href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="subscribe-link">Subscribe</a> </personalization-placement> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="flex-col hide-small nav--account"> <span class="mbm font-bold">My Account</span> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list"> <li><a href="/my-library" js-target="validate-user-signed">My Library</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/topics" js-target="validate-user-signed">Topic Feeds</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/orders" js-target="validate-user-signed">Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/settings" js-target="validate-user-signed">Account Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/preferences" js-target="validate-user-signed">Email Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/logout" js-target="logout" class="do-not-show">Log Out</a></li> <li><a href="#" js-target="sign-in-register" class="">Sign In</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-flex-col hide-small nav--social"> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list"> <li class="icon-x"><a href="http://twitter.com/HarvardBiz" class="link--black" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="icon icon-x" title="Twitter"> <svg width="14" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g> <rect width="12" height="12" fill="none"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.82741 2L12.8799 9.3532L19.2057 2H20.9321L13.6468 10.4686L21.57 22H15.7425L10.4068 14.2348L3.72649 22H2L9.6403 13.1193L2 2H7.82741ZM16.5548 20.7594H19.2066L7.00037 3.29968H4.34857L16.5548 20.7594Z" fill="#282828" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.3"/> </g> </svg> </i></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/HBR" class="link--black" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="icon icon-facebook" title="Facebook"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym" class="link--black" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="icon icon-linkedin" title="Linkedin"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en" class="link--black" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="icon icon-instagram" title="Instagram"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="top-header--mobile-mega-menu"> <personalization-placement data-placement-id="mag_cover_engage"> <a href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="subscribe-link button button--tight mbn">Subscribe</a> </personalization-placement> <a href="/the-latest" class="is-block">Latest</a> <a href="/podcasts" class="is-block">Podcasts</a> <a href="/magazine" class="is-block">The Magazine</a> <a href="/store" class="is-block">Store</a> <a href="/webinars" class="is-block">Webinars</a> <a href="/email-newsletters" class="is-block">Newsletters</a> <a href="/topics" class="is-block">All Topics</a> <a href="/big-ideas" class="is-block">The Big Idea</a> <a href="/data-visuals" class="is-block">Data & Visuals</a> <a href="/case-selections" class="is-block" track-target="global-nav-link--case-selection">Case Selections</a> <a href="/learning" class="do-not-show hbr-learning" js-target="hbr-learning-mega" track-target="global-nav-link--hmm">HBR Learning</a> <a href="/my-library" class="is-block" js-target="validate-user-signed">My Library</a> <a href="/my-library/settings" class="is-block" js-target="validate-user-signed">Account Settings</a> <a href="/logout" js-target="logout" class="do-not-show is-block last-link">Log Out</a> <a href="#" js-target="sign-in-register" class=" is-block last-link">Sign In</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-menu header-menu--cart-dropdown absolute" js-target="global-header-menu" data-menu="cart"> <div class="header-menu--overlay" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="cart"></div> <svg class="border-caret-white absolute bottom-100pct hide-small" width="24px" height="16px" js-target="global-header-menu-caret"><path stroke-width="2px" d="M 0 16 l 12 -14 l 12 14" /></svg> <div class="right close-button" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="cart"> <a href="#" class="link--black"> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-close svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#x"></use></svg> </a> </div> <h3 class="pbl subheader has-border-bottom flyout-title">Your Cart</h3> <div class="cart-container" js-target="global-header-cart-contents"> <div class="message mbs mtm">Your Shopping Cart is empty.</div> <a href="/store" class="button button--tight expand mbn mtm">Visit Our Store</a> </div> </div> <div class="header-menu header-menu--user-dropdown absolute" js-target="global-header-menu" data-menu="user"> <div class="header-menu--overlay" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"></div> <svg class="border-caret-white absolute bottom-100pct hide-small" width="24px" height="16px" js-target="global-header-menu-caret"><path stroke-width="2px" d="M 0 16 l 12 -14 l 12 14" /></svg> <div class="right close-button" js-target="global-header-menu-toggle" data-menu="user"> <a href="#" class="link--black"> <svg class="size-24x24 top-header--menu-icon-close svg-ie"><use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/hbr-icons.svg#x"></use></svg> </a> </div> <div class="mbl is-block has-border-bottom user-data-container"> <div class="font-bold flyout-title" js-target="user-menu-name">Guest User</div> <div class="subscription-access do-not-show" js-target="user-menu-subscription-access"> <span js-target="user-menu-subscription-access-level"></span> Subscriber </div> </div> <div class="header--user-flyout-links"> <a href="/my-library/library" class="is-block" >My Library</a> <a href="/my-library/topics" class="is-block" js-target="global-topic-feeds-anchor">Topic Feeds</a> <a href="/my-library/orders" class="is-block" >Orders</a> <a href="/my-library/settings" class="is-block" >Account Settings</a> <a href="/my-library/preferences" class="is-block" >Email Preferences</a> <a href="/logout" js-target="logout" class="is-block">Log Out</a> </div> </div> <div class="right trigger do-not-show"> <reading-list class="reading-list hide-small"> <div style="display: flex;" class="reading-list-top" js-target="open-reading-list-overlay"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 30px; height: 100%;"><i style="padding: 6px 0px 6px;" class="icon icon-caret-left font-size-default"></i></div> <div style="flex-grow: 1; padding: 4px 0px 4px 6px; color: #888888;" class="font-bold font-size-large baseline-shift-up">Reading List</div> </div> </reading-list> <reading-list-mobile class="reading-list-mobile hide-medium hide-large-up"> <div class="mobile-top" js-target="open-reading-list-overlay"> <div class="right" style="padding-right: 10px;"> <span style="color: #888888;" class="font-bold baseline-shift-up">Reading Lists</span> <span><i class="icon icon-caret-down" style="font-size: 18px;"></i></span> </div> </div> </reading-list-mobile> </div> </header> </div>  </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="10" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=workbench-container">  <div id="391154" class="container"> <div class="component" data-order="0" data-type="webscript"> <style> #hero-poster { background-image: url(""); } </style> <section class="section"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <div class="mt-large6 ptm mbs"> <h1 class="xlarge-hed">Antitrust laws</h1> </div> <div class="mvl mrl"> <follow-subscribe class="follow-topic" data-name="Antitrust laws" data-activity="topic"> <div class="follow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="enable-this" data-method="follow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-follow-this"></i> Follow this topic</a> </div> <div class="unfollow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="disable-this" data-method="unfollow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-unfollow-this"></i> Following </a> </div> </follow-subscribe> </div> <div class="mbs mtm hide-for-small"> <div class="mrm is-inline">Related Topics:</div> <ul class="piped-inline-list is-inline eyebrow--small font-sans-serif"> <li><a href="/topic/subject/business-and-society">Business and society</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/business-law-and-ethics">Business law and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/subject/business-law">Business law</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mrl mbl"> <a href="/topics">See All Topics <i class="icon icon-caret-right font-size-xsmall baseline-shift-down"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="component" data-order="0" data-type="webscript"> <stream-section> <section js-stream-section="chooser" class="stream-choosers backdrop-lighter"> <div class="row collapse"> <div class="medium-12 large-8 large-push-2 columns"> <tab-bar> <a href="#" js-target="tab-opener" class="tab-bar--opener flex-row justify-between phm pvm"> <span js-target="tab-opener-text">Popular</span> <span class="tab-bar--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-xlarge"></span> </a> <div js-target="tabs" class="tab-bar--tabs flex-row-medium phm"> <a href="#" js-target="tab" class="tab-bar--tab flex-col-medium justify-center flex-1 medium-text-center line-height-tight active" data-stream-name="Popular">Popular</a> <a href="#" js-target="tab" class="tab-bar--tab flex-col-medium justify-center flex-1 medium-text-center line-height-tight " data-stream-name="From the Store">From the Store</a> <a href="#" js-target="tab" class="tab-bar--tab flex-col-medium justify-center flex-1 medium-text-center line-height-tight " data-stream-name="For You">For You</a> </div> </tab-bar> </div> </div> </section> <section> <stream-content data-stream-name="Popular" class="stream-content active "> <stream-list class="stream-list"> <ul class="stream-list" data-stream-endpoint="" data-ads-enabled="true"> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H07I34" data-title="The Surprising Consequences of Antitrust Actions Against Big Tech" data-url="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech" data-topic="Antitrust laws" data-authors="Riitta Katila; Sruthi Thatchenkery" data-content-type="Research" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_23_7JX0-bfiuxQ_SYbD0jfSF3s_-277124-383x215.jpg" data-summary="A study of a landmark case against Microsoft found it didn’t necessarily lead to more competition or innovation." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_23_7JX0-bfiuxQ_SYbD0jfSF3s_-277124-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech">The Surprising Consequences of Antitrust Actions Against Big Tech</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/antitrust-laws" class="topic">Antitrust laws</a> <span class="content-type">Research</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Riitta Katila</li><li> Sruthi Thatchenkery</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">A study of a landmark case against Microsoft found it didn’t necessarily lead to more competition or innovation.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>February 24, 2023</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H079ZM-PDF-ENG" data-title="When Climate Collaboration Is Treated as an Antitrust Violation" data-url="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Matteo Gasparini; Knut Haanaes; Peter Tufano" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/10/Oct22_15_4488871-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Corporate cooperation will be critical in the fight against climate change - but the law might get in the way." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/10/Oct22_15_4488871-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation">When Climate Collaboration Is Treated as an Antitrust Violation</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Matteo Gasparini</li><li> Knut Haanaes</li><li> Peter Tufano</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Corporate cooperation will be critical in the fight against climate change - but the law might get in the way.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation/H079ZM?sku=H079ZM-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>October 17, 2022</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H042OE" data-title="The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the U.S. Antitrust Movement" data-url="/2017/12/the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-the-u-s-antitrust-movement" data-topic="Economics" data-authors="Maurice E. Stucke; Ariel Ezrachi" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/12/dec17-15-tim-evans-22-383x215.jpg" data-summary="A short history." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2017/12/the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-the-u-s-antitrust-movement" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/12/dec17-15-tim-evans-22-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2017/12/the-rise-fall-and-rebirth-of-the-u-s-antitrust-movement">The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the U.S. Antitrust Movement</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/economics" class="topic">Economics</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Maurice E. Stucke</li><li> Ariel Ezrachi</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">A short history.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 15, 2017</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H03RH3-PDF-ENG" data-title="The Next Battle in Antitrust Will Be About Whether One Company Knows Everything About You" data-url="/2017/07/the-next-battle-in-antitrust-will-be-about-whether-one-company-knows-everything-about-you" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Bala Iyer; Mohan Subramaniam; U Srinivasa Rangan" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/06/jun17-30-hbr-vincent-tsui-analytics-data-02-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Regulators must shift attention from mergers to the consolidation of information." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2017/07/the-next-battle-in-antitrust-will-be-about-whether-one-company-knows-everything-about-you" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/06/jun17-30-hbr-vincent-tsui-analytics-data-02-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2017/07/the-next-battle-in-antitrust-will-be-about-whether-one-company-knows-everything-about-you">The Next Battle in Antitrust Will Be About Whether One Company Knows Everything About You</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Bala Iyer</li><li> Mohan Subramaniam</li><li> U Srinivasa Rangan</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Regulators must shift attention from mergers to the consolidation of information.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/the-next-battle-in-antitrust-will-be-about-whether-one-company-knows-everything-about-you/H03RH3?sku=H03RH3-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>July 06, 2017</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos5_tab1"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos5_tab1"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H07X4P" data-title="To Earn Trust, Climate Alliances Need to Improve Transparency" data-url="/2023/11/to-earn-trust-climate-alliances-need-to-improve-transparency" data-topic="Climate change" data-authors="Peter Tufano; Chris Thomas; Knut Haanaes; Matteo Gasparini; Robert Eyres; Chris Chapman" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/11/Nov23_29_4689579-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Business alliances play a crucial role in addressing the climate crisis — and through greater disclosure, they might be able to gain greater legitimacy." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2023/11/to-earn-trust-climate-alliances-need-to-improve-transparency" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/11/Nov23_29_4689579-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2023/11/to-earn-trust-climate-alliances-need-to-improve-transparency">To Earn Trust, Climate Alliances Need to Improve Transparency</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/climate-change" class="topic">Climate change</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Peter Tufano</li><li> Chris Thomas</li><li> Knut Haanaes</li><li> Matteo Gasparini</li><li> Robert Eyres</li><li> Chris Chapman</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Business alliances play a crucial role in addressing the climate crisis — and through greater disclosure, they might be able to gain greater legitimacy.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>November 29, 2023</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H06UV4" data-title="How an Old U.S. Antitrust Law Could Foster a Fairer Retail Sector" data-url="/2022/02/how-an-old-u-s-antitrust-law-could-foster-a-fairer-retail-sector" data-topic="Antitrust laws" data-authors="Brian Callaci; Sandeep Vaheesan" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/02/Feb22_09_2838566-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Targeting abuses of purchasing power helped usher in a golden age of retail in the United States — and it could again." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2022/02/how-an-old-u-s-antitrust-law-could-foster-a-fairer-retail-sector" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/02/Feb22_09_2838566-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2022/02/how-an-old-u-s-antitrust-law-could-foster-a-fairer-retail-sector">How an Old U.S. Antitrust Law Could Foster a Fairer Retail Sector</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/antitrust-laws" class="topic">Antitrust laws</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Brian Callaci</li><li> Sandeep Vaheesan</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Targeting abuses of purchasing power helped usher in a golden age of retail in the United States — and it could again.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>February 09, 2022</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="F0512A-PDF-SPA" data-title="No Monopoly on Innovation" data-url="/2005/12/no-monopoly-on-innovation" data-topic="Innovation & Entrepreneurship" data-authors="Michael Riordan" data-content-type="Magazine Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="Many economists argue that monopolies stifle innovation. But before the breakup, AT&T and its R&D units constituted probably the most potent innovation..." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2005/12/no-monopoly-on-innovation" tabindex="-1"><img src="" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2005/12/no-monopoly-on-innovation">No Monopoly on Innovation</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/innovation-and-entrepreneurship" class="topic">Innovation & Entrepreneurship</a> <span class="content-type">Magazine Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Michael Riordan</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Many economists argue that monopolies stifle innovation. But before the breakup, AT&T and its R&D units constituted probably the most potent innovation...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/no-monopoly-on-innovation/F0512A?sku=F0512A-PDF-SPA"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 01, 2005</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="R2106N" data-title="Time to Rein In Big Tech?" data-url="/2021/11/time-to-rein-in-big-tech" data-topic="Technology and analytics" data-authors="Alison Beard" data-content-type="Magazine Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2021/10/R2106N_LOPEZ_TOC-383x215.png" data-summary="New podcasts and books explain how to save the industry—and us—from its worst instincts." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2021/11/time-to-rein-in-big-tech" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2021/10/R2106N_LOPEZ_TOC-383x215.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2021/11/time-to-rein-in-big-tech">Time to Rein In Big Tech?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/technology-and-analytics" class="topic">Technology and analytics</a> <span class="content-type">Magazine Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Alison Beard</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">New podcasts and books explain how to save the industry—and us—from its worst instincts.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>From the November–December 2021 Issue</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos6_tab1"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos6_tab1"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H07HWH" data-title="Microsoft, Google, and a New Era of Antitrust" data-url="/2023/02/microsoft-google-and-a-new-era-of-antitrust" data-topic="Antitrust laws" data-authors="Blair Levin; Larry Downes" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_17_1246750363-383x215.jpg" data-summary="How businesses can navigate the increasing uncertainty around where and how antitrust law is enforced." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2023/02/microsoft-google-and-a-new-era-of-antitrust" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_17_1246750363-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2023/02/microsoft-google-and-a-new-era-of-antitrust">Microsoft, Google, and a New Era of Antitrust</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/antitrust-laws" class="topic">Antitrust laws</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Blair Levin</li><li> Larry Downes</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">How businesses can navigate the increasing uncertainty around where and how antitrust law is enforced.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>February 17, 2023</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="4435AV-AVO-ENG" data-title="Forces that Shape New Industries" data-url="/video/2227114775001/forces-that-shape-new-industries" data-topic="Organizational Development" data-authors="Jean-Philippe Vergne" data-content-type="Video" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/4435AV_500.png" data-summary="Jean-Phillippe Vergne, coauthor of "The Pirate Organization," explains how the edge of capitalism is driven by outlaws." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/video/2227114775001/forces-that-shape-new-industries" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/4435AV_500.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/video/2227114775001/forces-that-shape-new-industries">Forces that Shape New Industries</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/organizational-development" class="topic">Organizational Development</a> <span class="content-type">Video</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Jean-Philippe Vergne</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Jean-Phillippe Vergne, coauthor of "The Pirate Organization," explains how the edge of capitalism is driven by outlaws.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 04, 2012</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H06LW6-PDF-ENG" data-title="To Regulate Network-Based Platforms, Look at Their Data" data-url="/2021/10/network-based-platforms-must-be-regulated-but-how" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Daniel Björkegren; Chiara Farronato" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2021/10/Oct21_17_1338714690-2-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Leveraging platforms' own data could be the key." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2021/10/network-based-platforms-must-be-regulated-but-how" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2021/10/Oct21_17_1338714690-2-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2021/10/network-based-platforms-must-be-regulated-but-how">To Regulate Network-Based Platforms, Look at Their Data</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Daniel Björkegren</li><li> Chiara Farronato</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Leveraging platforms' own data could be the key.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/to-regulate-network-based-platforms-look-at-their-data/H06LW6?sku=H06LW6-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>October 18, 2021</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H059ZR" data-title="What Happens When Antitrust and Protectionism Cycles Collide" data-url="/2019/12/what-happens-when-antitrust-and-protectionism-cycles-collide" data-topic="Business and society" data-authors="Scott Helfstein" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2019/12/Dec19_04_1158001291-383x215.jpg" data-summary="It’s rare for these two forces to occur simultaneously." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2019/12/what-happens-when-antitrust-and-protectionism-cycles-collide" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2019/12/Dec19_04_1158001291-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2019/12/what-happens-when-antitrust-and-protectionism-cycles-collide">What Happens When Antitrust and Protectionism Cycles Collide</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/business-and-society" class="topic">Business and society</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Scott Helfstein</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">It’s rare for these two forces to occur simultaneously.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 04, 2019</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="R00102-PDF-ENG" data-title="Beating Microsoft at Its Own Game" data-url="/2000/01/beating-microsoft-at-its-own-game" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="J. Bradford Delong; A. Michael Froomkin" data-content-type="Magazine Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="Entrepreneur Charles H. Ferguson created FrontPage with the notion of establishing a proprietary software standard for the Internet. His company, Vermeer,..." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2000/01/beating-microsoft-at-its-own-game" tabindex="-1"><img src="" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2000/01/beating-microsoft-at-its-own-game">Beating Microsoft at Its Own Game</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Magazine Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>J. Bradford Delong</li><li> A. Michael Froomkin</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Entrepreneur Charles H. Ferguson created FrontPage with the notion of establishing a proprietary software standard for the Internet. His company, Vermeer,...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/beating-microsoft-at-its-own-game/R00102?sku=R00102-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>From the January–February 2000 Issue</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H007QR-PDF-ENG" data-title="Google's Antitrust Hearing: Three Things Eric Schmidt Must Say" data-url="/2011/09/mr-schmidt-goes-to-washington" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="David Bach" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="Google has a lot at stake today when Eric Schmidt, the company's Executive Chairman, testifies before the U.S. Senate subcommittee on anti-trust. Google..." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2011/09/mr-schmidt-goes-to-washington" tabindex="-1"><img src="" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2011/09/mr-schmidt-goes-to-washington">Google's Antitrust Hearing: Three Things Eric Schmidt Must Say</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>David Bach</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Google has a lot at stake today when Eric Schmidt, the company's Executive Chairman, testifies before the U.S. Senate subcommittee on anti-trust. Google...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/google-s-antitrust-hearing-three-things-eric-schmidt-must-say/H007QR?sku=H007QR-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 21, 2011</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H082QH-PDF-ENG" data-title="When Attending Industry Events, Avoid These Legal Risks" data-url="/2024/03/when-attending-industry-events-avoid-these-legal-risks" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Caroline Stokes; Richard Bistrong" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/03/Mar24_26_84439702-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Prep your team on which conversations and situations to avoid when mingling with competitors." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2024/03/when-attending-industry-events-avoid-these-legal-risks" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/03/Mar24_26_84439702-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2024/03/when-attending-industry-events-avoid-these-legal-risks">When Attending Industry Events, Avoid These Legal Risks</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Caroline Stokes</li><li> Richard Bistrong</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Prep your team on which conversations and situations to avoid when mingling with competitors.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/when-attending-industry-events-avoid-these-legal-risks/H082QH?sku=H082QH-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>March 26, 2024</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H05WKH-PDF-ENG" data-title="Antitrust Isn't the Solution to America's Biggest Tech Problem" data-url="/2020/10/antitrust-isnt-the-solution-to-americas-biggest-tech-problem" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Bhaskar Chakravorti" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2020/10/Oct20_02_200276250-383x215.jpg" data-summary="162 million Americans don't have reliable internet access." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2020/10/antitrust-isnt-the-solution-to-americas-biggest-tech-problem" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2020/10/Oct20_02_200276250-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2020/10/antitrust-isnt-the-solution-to-americas-biggest-tech-problem">Antitrust Isn't the Solution to America's Biggest Tech Problem</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Bhaskar Chakravorti</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">162 million Americans don't have reliable internet access.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/antitrust-isn-t-the-solution-to-america-s-biggest-tech-problem/H05WKH?sku=H05WKH-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>October 02, 2020</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="R0106H" data-title="Playing by the Rules: How Intel Avoids Antitrust Litigation" data-url="/2001/06/playing-by-the-rules-how-intel-avoids-antitrust-litigation" data-topic="Business law" data-authors="David B. Yoffie; Mary Kwak" data-content-type="Magazine Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="While Microsoft battles regulators in court, Intel stays above the fray. Here’s an inside look at the aggressive antitrust compliance program that Andy Grove put in place at the world’s biggest chip maker." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2001/06/playing-by-the-rules-how-intel-avoids-antitrust-litigation">Playing by the Rules: How Intel Avoids Antitrust Litigation</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/business-law" class="topic">Business law</a> <span class="content-type">Magazine Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>David B. Yoffie</li><li> Mary Kwak</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">While Microsoft battles regulators in court, Intel stays above the fray. Here’s an inside look at the aggressive antitrust compliance program that Andy Grove put in place at the world’s biggest chip maker.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>From the June 2001 Issue</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H03ZHR-PDF-ENG" data-title="As More People Worry About Monopolies, an Economist Explains What Antitrust Can and Can't Do" data-url="/2017/11/as-more-people-worry-about-monopolies-an-economist-explains-what-antitrust-can-and-cant-do" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Walter Frick" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/10/nov17-01-steven-moore-decision-making-final-383x215.jpg" data-summary="It won't fix inequality or end political corruption." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2017/11/as-more-people-worry-about-monopolies-an-economist-explains-what-antitrust-can-and-cant-do" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2017/10/nov17-01-steven-moore-decision-making-final-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2017/11/as-more-people-worry-about-monopolies-an-economist-explains-what-antitrust-can-and-cant-do">As More People Worry About Monopolies, an Economist Explains What Antitrust Can and Can't Do</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Walter Frick</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">It won't fix inequality or end political corruption.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/as-more-people-worry-about-monopolies-an-economist-explains-what-antitrust-can-and-can-t-do/H03ZHR?sku=H03ZHR-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>November 01, 2017</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="F0409B-PDF-ENG" data-title="Confession Game Plan" data-url="/2004/09/the-confession-game-plan" data-topic="Leadership & Managing People" data-authors="Caswell O. Hobbs" data-content-type="Magazine Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="The penalties for antitrust offenses are more severe than most executives think. But companies that violate antitrust laws can win amnesty by fessing..." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2004/09/the-confession-game-plan" tabindex="-1"><img src="" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2004/09/the-confession-game-plan">Confession Game Plan</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/leadership-and-managing-people" class="topic">Leadership & Managing People</a> <span class="content-type">Magazine Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Caswell O. Hobbs</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">The penalties for antitrust offenses are more severe than most executives think. But companies that violate antitrust laws can win amnesty by fessing...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/confession-game-plan/F0409B?sku=F0409B-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>From the September 2004 Issue</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H0069B-PDF-ENG" data-title="Microsoft's New Antitrust Strategy" data-url="/2010/09/microsofts-new-antitrust-strat" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Joshua Gans" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="" data-summary="When Microsoft recently supported the Texas attorney general's antitrust litigation against Google, it easy to point the finger and cry "hypocrite." After..." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2010/09/microsofts-new-antitrust-strat" tabindex="-1"><img src="" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2010/09/microsofts-new-antitrust-strat">Microsoft's New Antitrust Strategy</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Joshua Gans</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">When Microsoft recently supported the Texas attorney general's antitrust litigation against Google, it easy to point the finger and cry "hypocrite." After...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/microsoft-s-new-antitrust-strategy/H0069B?sku=H0069B-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 28, 2010</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </stream-list> </stream-content> <stream-content data-stream-name="From the Store" class="stream-content"> <stream-list class="stream-list"> <ul class="stream-list" data-stream-endpoint="" data-ads-enabled="true"> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport" data-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Alan Altshuler; Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG">Privatizing the Albany County Airport</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Alan Altshuler</li><li> Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Alan Altshuler" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 1991" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 1991</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue" data-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Alan Altshuler; Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed..." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG">Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Alan Altshuler</li><li> Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Alan Altshuler" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 1991" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 1991</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-title="Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?" data-url="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Leadership & Managing People" data-authors="Paul Golding; Vanesa Tennant" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This teaching case presents a situation confronting Garfield Sinclair, the Managing Director of LIME Jamaica, a telecommunication provider, in March 2011,..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG">Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/leadership-and-managing-people" class="topic">Leadership & Managing People</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Paul Golding</li><li> Vanesa Tennant</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?" data-product-major-topic="Leadership & Managing People" data-product-author=" Paul Golding" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="September 16, 2014" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This teaching case presents a situation confronting Garfield Sinclair, the Managing Director of LIME Jamaica, a telecommunication provider, in March 2011,...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 16, 2014</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="798085-PDF-ENG" data-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)" data-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Willis M. Emmons; Martin Calles" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Features the challenges facing an entrant in the New Zealand telecommunications market during the period 1989-1994. Clear Communications Ltd. (CCL), a..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG">Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Willis M. Emmons</li><li> Martin Calles</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Willis M. Emmons" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="June 30, 1998" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="798085-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Features the challenges facing an entrant in the New Zealand telecommunications market during the period 1989-1994. Clear Communications Ltd. (CCL), a...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>June 30, 1998</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos5_tab2"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos5_tab2"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="W18030-PDF-ENG" data-title="Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?" data-url="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Tulsi Jayakumar" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In September 2016, Apple prepared to launch a new version of its flagship product, the iPhone 7. The new product, termed "the best, most advanced iPhone..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG">Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Tulsi Jayakumar</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Tulsi Jayakumar" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 22, 2018" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="W18030-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In September 2016, Apple prepared to launch a new version of its flagship product, the iPhone 7. The new product, termed "the best, most advanced iPhone...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 22, 2018</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="798091-PDF-ENG" data-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)" data-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Willis M. Emmons; Martin Calles" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Supplements the (A) case." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG">Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Willis M. Emmons</li><li> Martin Calles</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Willis M. Emmons" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="April 03, 1998" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="798091-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Supplements the (A) case.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>April 03, 1998</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-title="Wireless Philadelphia" data-url="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Innovation & Entrepreneurship" data-authors="Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This case tells the story of the decision by the city government of Philadelphia to develop a publicly-owned competitor to private high-speed internet..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG">Wireless Philadelphia</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/innovation-and-entrepreneurship" class="topic">Innovation & Entrepreneurship</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Wireless Philadelphia" data-product-major-topic="Innovation & Entrepreneurship" data-product-author=" Esther Scott" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="December 20, 2005" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This case tells the story of the decision by the city government of Philadelphia to develop a publicly-owned competitor to private high-speed internet...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 20, 2005</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-title="Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?" data-url="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="W. Chan Kim; Renee Mauborgne; Michael Olenick" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In October 2021, Facebook changed the parent corporation name to Meta and announced plans to build a metaverse, a 3D virtual world for work and fun. This..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG">Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>W. Chan Kim</li><li> Renee Mauborgne</li><li> Michael Olenick</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" W. Chan Kim" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 19, 2022" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In October 2021, Facebook changed the parent corporation name to Meta and announced plans to build a metaverse, a 3D virtual world for work and fun. This...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 19, 2022</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos6_tab2"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos6_tab2"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKU962-PDF-ENG" data-title="China Plays Heavy Metal: Rare Earth Elements and the US Defence Industry" data-url="/product/china-plays-heavy-metal-rare-earth-elements-and-the-us-defence-industry/HKU962?sku=HKU962-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Carola Ramon-Berjano; Marcus Schuetz" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In 2010, 97% of the world's supply of rare earth elements (REE) came from mines in China. Global demand tripled from 40,000 tonnes to 120,000 tonnes between..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/china-plays-heavy-metal-rare-earth-elements-and-the-us-defence-industry/HKU962?sku=HKU962-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/china-plays-heavy-metal-rare-earth-elements-and-the-us-defence-industry/HKU962?sku=HKU962-PDF-ENG">China Plays Heavy Metal: Rare Earth Elements and the US Defence Industry</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Carola Ramon-Berjano</li><li> Marcus Schuetz</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="China Plays Heavy Metal: Rare Earth Elements and the US Defence Industry" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Carola Ramon-Berjano" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="November 14, 2011" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKU962-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/china-plays-heavy-metal-rare-earth-elements-and-the-us-defence-industry/HKU962?sku=HKU962-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/china-plays-heavy-metal-rare-earth-elements-and-the-us-defence-industry/HKU962?sku=HKU962-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In 2010, 97% of the world's supply of rare earth elements (REE) came from mines in China. Global demand tripled from 40,000 tonnes to 120,000 tonnes between...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>November 14, 2011</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="707S25-PDF-SPA" data-title="Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A)" data-url="/product/burroughs-wellcome-and-azt-a/792004?sku=707S25-PDF-SPA" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Willis M. Emmons; Ashok Nimgade" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Burroughs Wellcome Co., developer of AZT, the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/burroughs-wellcome-and-azt-a/792004?sku=707S25-PDF-SPA" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/burroughs-wellcome-and-azt-a/792004?sku=707S25-PDF-SPA">Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Willis M. Emmons</li><li> Ashok Nimgade</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Burroughs Wellcome and AZT (A)" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Willis M. Emmons" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="September 09, 1991" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="707S25-PDF-SPA" data-product-url="/product/burroughs-wellcome-and-azt-a/792004?sku=707S25-PDF-SPA" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/burroughs-wellcome-and-azt-a/792004?sku=707S25-PDF-SPA" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Burroughs Wellcome Co., developer of AZT, the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 09, 1991</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="700082-PDF-ENG" data-title="Forever: De Beers and U.S. Antitrust Law" data-url="/product/forever-de-beers-and-u-s-antitrust-law/700082?sku=700082-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Jennifer Burns; Debora L. Spar" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="For over a century, the international diamond market has been dominated by one of the most successful cartels on earth. Run by the legendary De Beers..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/forever-de-beers-and-u-s-antitrust-law/700082?sku=700082-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/forever-de-beers-and-u-s-antitrust-law/700082?sku=700082-PDF-ENG">Forever: De Beers and U.S. Antitrust Law</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Jennifer Burns</li><li> Debora L. Spar</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Forever: De Beers and U.S. Antitrust Law" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Jennifer Burns" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="February 01, 2000" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="700082-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/forever-de-beers-and-u-s-antitrust-law/700082?sku=700082-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/forever-de-beers-and-u-s-antitrust-law/700082?sku=700082-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">For over a century, the international diamond market has been dominated by one of the most successful cartels on earth. Run by the legendary De Beers...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>February 01, 2000</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="207057-PDF-ENG" data-title="Framedia (A)" data-url="/product/framedia-a/207057?sku=207057-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Finance & Accounting" data-authors="Li Jin; Li Liao; Huabing Li" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Examines an acquisition in the highly competitive new media advertising industry in China in late 2005. The transaction leads to eventual consolidation..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/framedia-a/207057?sku=207057-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/framedia-a/207057?sku=207057-PDF-ENG">Framedia (A)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/finance-and-accounting" class="topic">Finance & Accounting</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Li Jin</li><li> Li Liao</li><li> Huabing Li</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Framedia (A)" data-product-major-topic="Finance & Accounting" data-product-author=" Li Jin" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="November 08, 2006" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="207057-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/framedia-a/207057?sku=207057-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/framedia-a/207057?sku=207057-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Examines an acquisition in the highly competitive new media advertising industry in China in late 2005. The transaction leads to eventual consolidation...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>November 08, 2006</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="509S22-PDF-SPA" data-title="Atlas Copco (B): The Conflict Episode" data-url="/product/atlas-copco-b-the-conflict-episode/588020?sku=509S22-PDF-SPA" data-topic="Sales & Marketing" data-authors="V. Kasturi Rangan" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Describes the sequence of events that led to a conflict with a distributor." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/atlas-copco-b-the-conflict-episode/588020?sku=509S22-PDF-SPA" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/atlas-copco-b-the-conflict-episode/588020?sku=509S22-PDF-SPA">Atlas Copco (B): The Conflict Episode</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/sales-and-marketing" class="topic">Sales & Marketing</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>V. Kasturi Rangan</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Atlas Copco (B): The Conflict Episode" data-product-major-topic="Sales & Marketing" data-product-author=" V. Kasturi Rangan" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="October 16, 1987" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="509S22-PDF-SPA" data-product-url="/product/atlas-copco-b-the-conflict-episode/588020?sku=509S22-PDF-SPA" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/atlas-copco-b-the-conflict-episode/588020?sku=509S22-PDF-SPA" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Describes the sequence of events that led to a conflict with a distributor.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>October 16, 1987</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS536-PDF-ENG" data-title="Competitive Bypass of Pacific Gas and Electric" data-url="/product/competitive-bypass-of-pacific-gas-and-electric/HKS536?sku=HKS536-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Finance & Accounting" data-authors="Carl Danner; Jose Gomez-Ibanez; John Meyer" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In 1986, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), a private utility company serving most of northern and central California, was facing the loss of many of its..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/competitive-bypass-of-pacific-gas-and-electric/HKS536?sku=HKS536-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/competitive-bypass-of-pacific-gas-and-electric/HKS536?sku=HKS536-PDF-ENG">Competitive Bypass of Pacific Gas and Electric</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/finance-and-accounting" class="topic">Finance & Accounting</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Carl Danner</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li><li> John Meyer</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Competitive Bypass of Pacific Gas and Electric" data-product-major-topic="Finance & Accounting" data-product-author=" Carl Danner" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 1986" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS536-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/competitive-bypass-of-pacific-gas-and-electric/HKS536?sku=HKS536-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/competitive-bypass-of-pacific-gas-and-electric/HKS536?sku=HKS536-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In 1986, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), a private utility company serving most of northern and central California, was facing the loss of many of its...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 1986</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="UV7857-PDF-ENG" data-title="When Competition Isn't Enough: Rural Health in Southwest Virginia (C)" data-url="/product/when-competition-isn-t-enough-rural-health-in-southwest-virginia-c/UV7857?sku=UV7857-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="G. Paul Matherne; Rebecca Goldberg; Peggy Bermel; Brennan Fox; Kevin Minogue; Ryan Oberleitner; Charlie Punches; Caroline Rose" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This optional C case follows UV7854 and UV7856, and describes the results of decisions on whether to allow a merger of two health care entities in rural..." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/when-competition-isn-t-enough-rural-health-in-southwest-virginia-c/UV7857?sku=UV7857-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/when-competition-isn-t-enough-rural-health-in-southwest-virginia-c/UV7857?sku=UV7857-PDF-ENG">When Competition Isn't Enough: Rural Health in Southwest Virginia (C)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>G. Paul Matherne</li><li> Rebecca Goldberg</li><li> Peggy Bermel</li><li> Brennan Fox</li><li> Kevin Minogue</li><li> Ryan Oberleitner</li><li> Charlie Punches</li><li> Caroline Rose</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="When Competition Isn't Enough: Rural Health in Southwest Virginia (C)" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" G. Paul Matherne" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="September 06, 2019" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="UV7857-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/when-competition-isn-t-enough-rural-health-in-southwest-virginia-c/UV7857?sku=UV7857-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/when-competition-isn-t-enough-rural-health-in-southwest-virginia-c/UV7857?sku=UV7857-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This optional C case follows UV7854 and UV7856, and describes the results of decisions on whether to allow a merger of two health care entities in rural...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 06, 2019</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="UV6779-PDF-ENG" data-title="Legal Aspects of Pricing" data-url="/product/legal-aspects-of-pricing/UV6779?sku=UV6779-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Sales & Marketing" data-authors="Ronald T Wilcox; Jordan Kelner" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This technical note explores some of the legal implications that companies face when deciding how to price their goods. It focuses on the three main federal..." data-list-price="8.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/legal-aspects-of-pricing/UV6779?sku=UV6779-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/legal-aspects-of-pricing/UV6779?sku=UV6779-PDF-ENG">Legal Aspects of Pricing</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/sales-and-marketing" class="topic">Sales & Marketing</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Ronald T Wilcox</li><li> Jordan Kelner</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">8.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Legal Aspects of Pricing" data-product-major-topic="Sales & Marketing" data-product-author=" Ronald T Wilcox" data-product-price="8.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="December 17, 2013" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="UV6779-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/legal-aspects-of-pricing/UV6779?sku=UV6779-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/legal-aspects-of-pricing/UV6779?sku=UV6779-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This technical note explores some of the legal implications that companies face when deciding how to price their goods. It focuses on the three main federal...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 17, 2013</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="797012-PDF-ENG" data-title="Antitrust and Competitive Strategy from the 1990s to 2008 (Condensed)" data-url="/product/antitrust-and-competitive-strategy-from-the-1990s-to-2008-condensed/797012?sku=797012-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Anita M. McGahan" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Describes U.S. antitrust policy, including major judicial decisions and their impact on competitive strategy. Omits information on the history of antitrust..." data-list-price="8.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/antitrust-and-competitive-strategy-from-the-1990s-to-2008-condensed/797012?sku=797012-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/antitrust-and-competitive-strategy-from-the-1990s-to-2008-condensed/797012?sku=797012-PDF-ENG">Antitrust and Competitive Strategy from the 1990s to 2008 (Condensed)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Anita M. McGahan</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">8.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Antitrust and Competitive Strategy from the 1990s to 2008 (Condensed)" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Anita M. McGahan" data-product-price="8.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="July 08, 1996" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="797012-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/antitrust-and-competitive-strategy-from-the-1990s-to-2008-condensed/797012?sku=797012-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/antitrust-and-competitive-strategy-from-the-1990s-to-2008-condensed/797012?sku=797012-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Describes U.S. antitrust policy, including major judicial decisions and their impact on competitive strategy. Omits information on the history of antitrust...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>July 08, 1996</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="804078-PDF-ENG" data-title="Ivar Kreuger and the Swedish Match Empire" data-url="/product/ivar-kreuger-and-the-swedish-match-empire/804078?sku=804078-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Geoffrey G. Jones; Ingrid Vargas" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Taught in Evolution of Global Business. Globalization and corporate fraud are the central themes of this case on the international growth of Swedish Match..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/ivar-kreuger-and-the-swedish-match-empire/804078?sku=804078-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/ivar-kreuger-and-the-swedish-match-empire/804078?sku=804078-PDF-ENG">Ivar Kreuger and the Swedish Match Empire</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Geoffrey G. Jones</li><li> Ingrid Vargas</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Ivar Kreuger and the Swedish Match Empire" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Geoffrey G. Jones" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="November 03, 2003" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="804078-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/ivar-kreuger-and-the-swedish-match-empire/804078?sku=804078-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/ivar-kreuger-and-the-swedish-match-empire/804078?sku=804078-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Taught in Evolution of Global Business. Globalization and corporate fraud are the central themes of this case on the international growth of Swedish Match...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>November 03, 2003</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="INS996-PDF-ENG" data-title="AmBev, The Dream Project (A): A Brazilian-Based Multinational Beverage Company with Global Scale" data-url="/product/ambev-the-dream-project-a-a-brazilian-based-multinational-beverage-company-with-global-scale/INS996?sku=INS996-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Lourdes Casanova; Fernando Rodrigues" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="AmBev, the merger of the two largest Brazilian beverage companies (Brahma and Antarctica) wants to become a strong South American multinational, able..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/ambev-the-dream-project-a-a-brazilian-based-multinational-beverage-company-with-global-scale/INS996?sku=INS996-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/ambev-the-dream-project-a-a-brazilian-based-multinational-beverage-company-with-global-scale/INS996?sku=INS996-PDF-ENG">AmBev, The Dream Project (A): A Brazilian-Based Multinational Beverage Company with Global Scale</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Lourdes Casanova</li><li> Fernando Rodrigues</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="AmBev, The Dream Project (A): A Brazilian-Based Multinational Beverage Company with Global Scale" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Lourdes Casanova" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 2001" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="INS996-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/ambev-the-dream-project-a-a-brazilian-based-multinational-beverage-company-with-global-scale/INS996?sku=INS996-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/ambev-the-dream-project-a-a-brazilian-based-multinational-beverage-company-with-global-scale/INS996?sku=INS996-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">AmBev, the merger of the two largest Brazilian beverage companies (Brahma and Antarctica) wants to become a strong South American multinational, able...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 2001</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="720422-PDF-ENG" data-title="TransDigm in 2017: The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning?" data-url="/product/transdigm-in-2017-the-beginning-of-the-end-or-the-end-of-the-beginning/720422?sku=720422-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Benjamin C. Esty; Daniel Fisher" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="TransDigm was a highly acquisitive company that manufactured a wide range of highly engineered aerospace parts for both military and commercial customers...." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/transdigm-in-2017-the-beginning-of-the-end-or-the-end-of-the-beginning/720422?sku=720422-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/transdigm-in-2017-the-beginning-of-the-end-or-the-end-of-the-beginning/720422?sku=720422-PDF-ENG">TransDigm in 2017: The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Benjamin C. Esty</li><li> Daniel Fisher</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="TransDigm in 2017: The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning?" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Benjamin C. Esty" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="April 12, 2020" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="720422-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/transdigm-in-2017-the-beginning-of-the-end-or-the-end-of-the-beginning/720422?sku=720422-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/transdigm-in-2017-the-beginning-of-the-end-or-the-end-of-the-beginning/720422?sku=720422-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">TransDigm was a highly acquisitive company that manufactured a wide range of highly engineered aerospace parts for both military and commercial customers....</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>April 12, 2020</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </stream-list> </stream-content> <stream-content data-stream-name="For You" class="stream-content"> <stream-list class="stream-list"> <ul class="stream-list" data-stream-endpoint="" data-ads-enabled="true"> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport" data-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Alan Altshuler; Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG">Privatizing the Albany County Airport</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Alan Altshuler</li><li> Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Alan Altshuler" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 1991" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport/HKS159?sku=HKS159-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 1991</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue" data-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="Alan Altshuler; Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed..." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG">Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Alan Altshuler</li><li> Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Privatizing the Albany County Airport: Epilogue" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" Alan Altshuler" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 01, 1991" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/privatizing-the-albany-county-airport-epilogue/HKS160?sku=HKS160-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">An antiquated airport jeopardizes a region's economic health but the county of Albany, New York, operator of the airport, lacks funds to undertake much-needed...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 01, 1991</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-title="Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?" data-url="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Leadership & Managing People" data-authors="Paul Golding; Vanesa Tennant" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This teaching case presents a situation confronting Garfield Sinclair, the Managing Director of LIME Jamaica, a telecommunication provider, in March 2011,..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG">Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/leadership-and-managing-people" class="topic">Leadership & Managing People</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Paul Golding</li><li> Vanesa Tennant</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Market Consolidation in the Telecommunication Sector: Will LIME Survive?" data-product-major-topic="Leadership & Managing People" data-product-author=" Paul Golding" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="September 16, 2014" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/market-consolidation-in-the-telecommunication-sector-will-lime-survive/JIT067?sku=JIT067-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This teaching case presents a situation confronting Garfield Sinclair, the Managing Director of LIME Jamaica, a telecommunication provider, in March 2011,...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>September 16, 2014</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="798085-PDF-ENG" data-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)" data-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Willis M. Emmons; Martin Calles" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Features the challenges facing an entrant in the New Zealand telecommunications market during the period 1989-1994. Clear Communications Ltd. (CCL), a..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG">Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Willis M. Emmons</li><li> Martin Calles</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (A)" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Willis M. Emmons" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="June 30, 1998" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="798085-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-a/798085?sku=798085-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Features the challenges facing an entrant in the New Zealand telecommunications market during the period 1989-1994. Clear Communications Ltd. (CCL), a...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>June 30, 1998</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos5_tab3"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos5_tab3"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H07I34" data-title="The Surprising Consequences of Antitrust Actions Against Big Tech" data-url="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech" data-topic="Antitrust laws" data-authors="Riitta Katila; Sruthi Thatchenkery" data-content-type="Research" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_23_7JX0-bfiuxQ_SYbD0jfSF3s_-277124-383x215.jpg" data-summary="A study of a landmark case against Microsoft found it didn’t necessarily lead to more competition or innovation." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2023/02/Feb23_23_7JX0-bfiuxQ_SYbD0jfSF3s_-277124-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2023/02/the-surprising-consequences-of-antitrust-actions-against-big-tech">The Surprising Consequences of Antitrust Actions Against Big Tech</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/antitrust-laws" class="topic">Antitrust laws</a> <span class="content-type">Research</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Riitta Katila</li><li> Sruthi Thatchenkery</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">A study of a landmark case against Microsoft found it didn’t necessarily lead to more competition or innovation.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>February 24, 2023</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="H079ZM-PDF-ENG" data-title="When Climate Collaboration Is Treated as an Antitrust Violation" data-url="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Matteo Gasparini; Knut Haanaes; Peter Tufano" data-content-type="Digital Article" data-content-image="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/10/Oct22_15_4488871-383x215.jpg" data-summary="Corporate cooperation will be critical in the fight against climate change - but the law might get in the way." data-list-price="0"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2022/10/Oct22_15_4488871-383x215.jpg" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/2022/10/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation">When Climate Collaboration Is Treated as an Antitrust Violation</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Digital Article</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Matteo Gasparini</li><li> Knut Haanaes</li><li> Peter Tufano</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> </div> <div class="dek">Corporate cooperation will be critical in the fight against climate change - but the law might get in the way.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="/product/when-climate-collaboration-is-treated-as-an-antitrust-violation/H079ZM?sku=H079ZM-PDF-ENG"><i class="icon icon-buy-copies"></i> Buy Copies</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>October 17, 2022</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="W18030-PDF-ENG" data-title="Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?" data-url="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Tulsi Jayakumar" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In September 2016, Apple prepared to launch a new version of its flagship product, the iPhone 7. The new product, termed "the best, most advanced iPhone..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG">Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Tulsi Jayakumar</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Apple's iPhone in India: Ringing in New Fortunes?" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Tulsi Jayakumar" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 22, 2018" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="W18030-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/apple-s-iphone-in-india-ringing-in-new-fortunes/W18030?sku=W18030-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In September 2016, Apple prepared to launch a new version of its flagship product, the iPhone 7. The new product, termed "the best, most advanced iPhone...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 22, 2018</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="798091-PDF-ENG" data-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)" data-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Global Business" data-authors="Willis M. Emmons; Martin Calles" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="Supplements the (A) case." data-list-price="5"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG">Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/global-business" class="topic">Global Business</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Willis M. Emmons</li><li> Martin Calles</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">5.00</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Clear Communications Ltd. vs. Telecom Corp. of New Zealand Ltd. (B)" data-product-major-topic="Global Business" data-product-author=" Willis M. Emmons" data-product-price="5.00" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="April 03, 1998" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="798091-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/clear-communications-ltd-vs-telecom-corp-of-new-zealand-ltd-b/798091?sku=798091-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">Supplements the (A) case.</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>April 03, 1998</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry" js-target="stream-ad-container"> <aside class="backdrop-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column text-center"> <div class="mts mbm ad-container"> <div id="DFP_FEED_pos6_tab3"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_FEED_pos6_tab3"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-title="Wireless Philadelphia" data-url="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Innovation & Entrepreneurship" data-authors="Esther Scott; Jose Gomez-Ibanez" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="This case tells the story of the decision by the city government of Philadelphia to develop a publicly-owned competitor to private high-speed internet..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG">Wireless Philadelphia</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/innovation-and-entrepreneurship" class="topic">Innovation & Entrepreneurship</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>Esther Scott</li><li> Jose Gomez-Ibanez</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Wireless Philadelphia" data-product-major-topic="Innovation & Entrepreneurship" data-product-author=" Esther Scott" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="December 20, 2005" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/wireless-philadelphia/HKS466?sku=HKS466-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">This case tells the story of the decision by the city government of Philadelphia to develop a publicly-owned competitor to private high-speed internet...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>December 20, 2005</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> <li class="stream-entry"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <stream-item class="stream-item topic-distinction" data-id="IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-title="Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?" data-url="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-authors="W. Chan Kim; Renee Mauborgne; Michael Olenick" data-content-type="Case Study" data-content-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-summary="In October 2021, Facebook changed the parent corporation name to Meta and announced plans to build a metaverse, a 3D virtual world for work and fun. This..." data-list-price="11.95"> <div class="stream-image" aria-hidden="true"> <figure> <a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" tabindex="-1"><img src="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" /></a> </figure> </div> <h3 class="hed"><a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG">Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?</a></h3>  <div class="stream-item-info"> <a href="/topic/subject/strategy-and-execution" class="topic">Strategy & Execution</a> <span class="content-type">Case Study</span> <ul class="byline byline-list"><li>W. Chan Kim</li><li> Renee Mauborgne</li><li> Michael Olenick</li></ul> </div>  <div class="stream-item-price"> <div class="price">11.95</div> <add-to-cart class="add-to-cart" data-product-title="Meta: Facebook's Pivot to the Metaverse. A Path to Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?" data-product-major-topic="Strategy & Execution" data-product-author=" W. Chan Kim" data-product-price="11.95" data-product-availability-status="" data-publication-date="January 19, 2022" data-product-image="/resources/images/products/generic-case-study.png" data-product-id="IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-product-url="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" data-product-content-type="Case Study" data-product-format="" data-referral="03069" > <input type="hidden" js-target="item-quantity" value="1"> <a href="/product/meta-facebook-s-pivot-to-the-metaverse-a-path-to-dystopia-or-blue-ocean-utopia/IN1812?sku=IN1812-PDF-ENG" class="button button--tight">View Details</a> </add-to-cart> </div> <div class="dek">In October 2021, Facebook changed the parent corporation name to Meta and announced plans to build a metaverse, a 3D virtual world for work and fun. This...</div> <ul class="stream-utility plain-inline-list">  <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="save-flyout"><i class="icon icon-file-text-o"></i> Save</a></li> <li class="utility"><a href="#" js-target="share-flyout"><i class="icon icon-share-square-o"></i> Share</a></li> <li class="utility pubdate"><time>January 19, 2022</time></li> </ul> </stream-item> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </stream-list> </stream-content> </section> </stream-section> </div> </div> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="96" data-type="static-content" data-moveable="false" data-params="document=popular-topics"> <topic-circulator class="backdrop-cool-1 clearfix topic-circulator"> <div class="row"> <div class="content-area column"> <h4 class="section-label mvl">Popular <strong>Topics</strong></h4> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-4 column"> <popular-topic class="panel popular-topic limit-width-for-small"> <div class="utility text-btn right"> <a href="#" js-target="popular-topic-refresh"><i class="icon icon-refresh"></i> Change</a> </div> <h3 js-target="title"><a href="#" js-target="link">Loading...</a></h3> <h5 class="subheader" js-target="body"> <div class="loading"> <div class="pie rotation"></div> <div class="pie filler"></div> <div class="mask"></div> </div> </h5> <div class="popular-topic-follow"> <follow-subscribe class="follow-topic" data-name="" data-activity="topic"> <div class="follow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="enable-this" data-method="follow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-follow-this icon-1x"></i> Follow this topic</a> </div> <div class="unfollow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="disable-this" data-method="unfollow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-unfollow-this icon-1x"></i> Following </a> </div> </follow-subscribe> </div> </popular-topic> </div> <div class="hide-for-small medium-4 column"> <popular-topic class="panel popular-topic limit-width-for-small"> <div class="utility text-btn right"> <a href="#" js-target="popular-topic-refresh"><i class="icon icon-refresh"></i> Change</a> </div> <h3 js-target="title" class="line-height-very-tight"><a href="#" js-target="link">Loading...</a></h3> <h5 class="subheader" js-target="body"> <div class="loading"> <div class="pie rotation"></div> <div class="pie filler"></div> <div class="mask"></div> </div> </h5> <div class="popular-topic-follow"> <follow-subscribe class="follow-topic" data-name="" data-activity="topic"> <div class="follow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="enable-this" data-method="follow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-follow-this icon-1x"></i> Follow this topic</a> </div> <div class="unfollow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="disable-this" data-method="unfollow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-unfollow-this icon-1x"></i> Following </a> </div> </follow-subscribe> </div> </popular-topic> </div> <div class="hide-for-small medium-4 column"> <popular-topic class="panel popular-topic limit-width-for-small"> <div class="utility text-btn right"> <a href="#" js-target="popular-topic-refresh"><i class="icon icon-refresh"></i> Change</a> </div> <h3 js-target="title"><a href="#" js-target="link">Loading...</a></h3> <h5 class="subheader" js-target="body"> <div class="loading"> <div class="pie rotation"></div> <div class="pie filler"></div> <div class="mask"></div> </div> </h5> <div class="popular-topic-follow"> <follow-subscribe class="follow-topic" data-name="" data-activity="topic"> <div class="follow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="enable-this" data-method="follow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-follow-this icon-1x"></i> Follow this topic</a> </div> <div class="unfollow-this"> <a href="#" js-target="disable-this" data-method="unfollow"> <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-unfollow-this icon-1x"></i> Following </a> </div> </follow-subscribe> </div> </popular-topic> </div> </div> <div class="text-center mtm mbl"> <a href="/topics">See all topics <i class="icon font-size-xsmall icon-caret-right baseline-shift-down"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </topic-circulator> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="97" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=openx;location=partner-center"> <section class="partner-center row clearfix" js-target="openx-container"> <div class="column cushion partner-center__container"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 column"> <h4 class="section-label">Partner Center</h4> </div> </div> <div class="partner-center__ads-container"> <div class="ad-container ad-230 partner-center__ad"> <div class="ad" id="DFP_PC_pos11"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_PC_pos11"); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-container ad-230 partner-center__ad"> <div class="ad" id="DFP_PC_pos12"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_PC_pos12"); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-container ad-230 partner-center__ad"> <div class="ad" id="DFP_PC_pos13"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_PC_pos13"); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-container ad-230 partner-center__ad"> <div class="ad" id="DFP_PC_pos14"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("DFP_PC_pos14"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="98" data-type="webscript" data-moveable="false" data-params="region=global-nav">  <global-nav class="global-nav flex-col hide-for-print hide-medium-down" data-state="" data-page="topic" role="navigation"> <div class="phl top-header--horizontal-list "> <a href="/the-latest" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--the-latest" > Latest </a> <a href="/magazine" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--magazine" > Magazine </a> <a href="/topics" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--topics" > Topics </a> <a href="/podcasts" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--podcasts" > Podcasts </a> <a href="/store" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--store" > Store </a> <a href="/big-ideas" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--big-idea" > The Big Idea </a> <a href="/data-visuals" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--visual-library" > Data & Visuals </a> <a href="/case-selections" class="link--black " track-target="global-nav-link--case-selection" > Case Selections </a> <a href="/learning" class="link--black do-not-show hbr-learning" js-target="hbr-learning" track-target="global-nav-link--hmm" > HBR Learning </a> <a href="/ai-beta" class="link--black do-not-show ai-beta" track-target="global-nav-link--ai-beta" > <svg class="ai-beta-svg size-16x16 svg-fill-current"><use xlink:href="/resources/css/images/header/sparkles-sharp-solid.svg#Layer_1"></use></svg> <span>Ask AI</span> </a> </div> </global-nav> </div> <div id="" class="component" data-order="99" data-type="static-content" data-moveable="false" data-params="document=footer">  <footer class="footer hide-for-print flex-row justify-center"> <div class="has-border-top footer-container"> <div class="backdrop-white hide-for-print mbs"> <div class="footer-container--top mt-large2 mb-large2"> <span class="footer-logo"><a href="/"><img src="/resources/css/images/hbr_logo.svg" alt="Harvard Business Review Home" class="logo"></a> </span> <div class="panel-container"> <div class="panel-inner-container"> <span class="panel nowrap flex-col text-center justify-center"> <personalization-placement class="personalization-placement is-inline-block no" data-placement-id="subscribe_now_footer_engage"> <a href="/subscriptions?ab=footer-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.footer-subtout" class="link--black justify-center align-items-center flex-row nowrap font-size-large font-heavy"><b class="top-header--subscribe">Subscribe</b></a> </personalization-placement> </span> <span class="placeholder"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <footer-menu> <div class="footer-content--container flex-row-wrap justify-between flex-direction--row"> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>Explore HBR</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list--small hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/the-latest">The Latest</a></li> <li><a href="/topics">All Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li>   <li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li> <li><a href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library">My Library</a></li> <li><a href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/hbrpress">HBR Press</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>HBR Store</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list--small hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li> <li><a href="/store/books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/store/collections">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li> <li><a href="/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/store/landing/emotional-intelligence-series">HBR Emotional Intelligence Series</a></li> <li><a href="/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li> <li><a href="/store/tools">Tools</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>About HBR</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list--small hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li> <li><a href="/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li> <li><a href="/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li> <li><a href="/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div js-target="footer-item" class="footer-content--list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>Manage My Account</h6> <span class="footer-item--arrow icon icon-caret-right font-size-medium mbm mtm"></span> </div> <ul class="no-bullet tidy-list--small hide-for-small--list mbn"> <li><a href="/my-library" js-target="validate-user-signed">My Library</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/topics" js-target="validate-user-signed">Topic Feeds</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/orders" js-target="validate-user-signed">Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/settings" js-target="validate-user-signed">Account Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/my-library/preferences" js-target="validate-user-signed">Email Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/subscriber-help">Account FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="https://hbphelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us">Help Center</a></li> <li><a href="/subscriber-help#contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-content--list footer-content--last-list flex-col"> <div class="flex-row justify-between"> <h6>Follow HBR</h6> </div> <ul class="icon-ul tidy-list--small mbn"> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-facebook"></i> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HBR">Facebook</a></li> <li> <i class="icon-li icon twitter-x-icon"> <svg width="14" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g> <rect width="12" height="12" fill="none"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.82741 2L12.8799 9.3532L19.2057 2H20.9321L13.6468 10.4686L21.57 22H15.7425L10.4068 14.2348L3.72649 22H2L9.6403 13.1193L2 2H7.82741ZM16.5548 20.7594H19.2066L7.00037 3.29968H4.34857L16.5548 20.7594Z" fill="#282828" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.3"/> </g> </svg> </i> <a href="http://twitter.com/HarvardBiz">X Corp.</a> </li> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-linkedin"></i> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon icon-instagram"></i> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en">Instagram</a></li> <li><i class="icon-li icon line-height-very-very-tight icon-newsreader"></i> <a href="http://feeds.hbr.org/harvardbusiness/">Your Newsreader</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer-menu> <div class="flex-row mbl mt-large2"> <div class="footer-logo hide-for-small"> <figure class="mts"> <img src="/resources/images/2018/new_logo_May11.png" alt="Harvard Business Publishing" class="medium-6" /> </figure> </div> <div class="flex-direction--row mbl hide-for-small--list copyright-block"> <ul class="piped-inline-list is-inline mbn pbn hide-for-small flex-row flex-direction--row copyright"> <li><a href="/corporate/about" class="copyright">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/corporate/careers" class="copyright">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/privacy-policy" class="copyright">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/corporate/cookie-policy" class="copyright">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/corporate/copyright" class="copyright">Copyright Information</a></li> <li><a href="http://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice" class="copyright">Trademark Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/terms-of-use" class="copyright">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul><br /> <div class="copyright is-inline mrs hide-for-small">Harvard Business Publishing:</div> <ul class="piped-inline-list is-inline copyright hide-for-small flex-row flex-direction--row"> <li><a href="http://hbsp.harvard.edu/" class="copyright">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.harvardbusiness.org" class="copyright">Corporate Learning</a></li> <li><a href="http://hbr.org/" class="copyright">Harvard Business Review</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hbs.edu" class="copyright">Harvard Business School</a></li> </ul> <div class="copyright flex-row flex-direction--row">Copyright © <span id="copyright-year"></span> <script>document.getElementById("copyright-year").innerHTML=new Date().getFullYear();</script> Harvard Business School Publishing. All rights reserved. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="piano-content-recs-wrapper"> <div class="piano-content-recs-inline"></div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div><script> window.captchaScoreKey = "6Ld9uNYZAAAAADPb9mj-jQFgYnWu1h6XAdKRLUhH"; window.msUserDomain = "https://platform.hbr.org/hbr/api/user" </script> <script src="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=6Ld9uNYZAAAAADPb9mj-jQFgYnWu1h6XAdKRLUhH"></script>  <script src="/resources/js/common_c760d245d771bd1a.js"></script> <script src="/resources/js/pages/topic_717f10b695684398.js"></script>  <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "14457509" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script> <noscript> <img src="http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=14457509&cv=2.0&cj=1" /> </noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> if (isAdobeSync()) _satellite.pageBottom(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var tp = window["tp"] || []; tp.push(["init", function () { tp.experience.init(); }]); </script> </body> </html>