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} /** List page tweaks. **/ .list-page .post-original { display: none; } .list-page .post-summary { display: block; } .list-page .comment-container { display: none; } .list-page #blog-pager { padding-top: 0; border: 0; margin-top: -8px; } .list-page .label-footer { display: none; } .list-page #main .post .post-footer { border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; margin: -16px 0 0 0; padding: 0 0 20px 0; } .list-page .post .share { display: none; } /** Detail page tweaks. **/ .detail-page .post-footer .cmt_iframe_holder { padding-top: 32px !important; } .detail-page .label-footer { margin-bottom: 0; } .detail-page #main .post .post-footer { padding-bottom: 0; } .detail-page #comments { display: none; } } [data-about-pullquote], [data-is-preview], [data-about-syndication] { display: none; } </style> <noscript> <style> .loading { visibility: visible }</style> </noscript>  <script async='true' src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-K46T604G22'></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; 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font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Posted by Christiaan Brand, Product Manager, Google Cloud </span></span></h2> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Credential compromise as a result of phishing is one of the most common causes of security breaches. Security keys provide the </span><a href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/05/new-research-how-effective-is-basic.html">strongest</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> protection against these types of attacks, and that’s one of the main reasons why Google requires them as a second factor of authentication for our employees. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Last year, we </span><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/titan-security-keys-now-available-on-the-google-store">launched</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Titan Security Keys in the United States and were excited to see strong demand from users and businesses choosing to protect their personal and work Google Accounts. Starting today, Titan Security Keys are also available on the </span><a href="https://store.google.com/product/titan_security_key_kit">Google Store</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in Canada, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom (UK).</span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dm6OEUSUKm0/XTd7pSntbkI/AAAAAAAAAn8/INpI7iEppv8NK70lFjptHJKWduR-0gFpQCLcBGAs/s1600/titan%2Bkey.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="903" data-original-width="1203" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dm6OEUSUKm0/XTd7pSntbkI/AAAAAAAAAn8/INpI7iEppv8NK70lFjptHJKWduR-0gFpQCLcBGAs/s320/titan%2Bkey.png" width="320" /></span></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Titan Security Keys</span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> <br /> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #434343; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/titan-security-key/">Titan Security Keys</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> are built with a hardware chip that includes firmware engineered by Google to verify the keys’ integrity. Each key leverages </span><a href="https://fidoalliance.org/how-fido-works/">FIDO</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> standards to cryptographically verify your identity and URL of the login page, preventing an attacker from accessing your account even if you are tricked into providing your username and password. Security keys are appropriate for any security-conscious user or enterprise, and we recommend that all users, especially those at higher risk such as IT administrators, executives, politicians, and activists consider signing in via security keys. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bundles of two Titan Security Keys (one USB/NFC and one Bluetooth) are available on the </span><a href="https://store.google.com/product/titan_security_key_kit">Google Store</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in Canada, France, Japan, and the UK in addition to the US. To set up your security keys with your personal or work Google Account, sign in and navigate to the </span><a href="//g.co/2sv">2-Step Verification</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> page. In addition, you can enroll in the </span><a href="https://landing.google.com/advancedprotection/">Advanced Protection Program</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, which provides Google’s strongest security for anyone at risk of targeted attacks. Titan Security Keys can also be used anywhere FIDO security keys are supported, including </span><a href="https://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/articles/2973914-using-and-managing-security-keys">Coinbase</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/help/security/enable-two-step-verification#securitykey">Dropbox</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/help/401566786855239">Facebook</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-two-factor-authentication/#configuring-two-factor-authentication-using-fido-u2f">GitHub</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.salesforce.com/articleView?id=security_u2f_enable.htm&type=5">Salesforce</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://support.stripe.com/questions/authentication-using-fido-u2f-security-keys">Stripe</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.twitter.com/en/managing-your-account/two-factor-authentication#security-key">Twitter</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, and more</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Enterprise administrators can <a href="https://cloud.google.com/security-key/">require security keys</a> for their users in G Suite and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). <a href="https://cloud.google.com/titan-security-key/#pricing">Bulk orders</a> of unbundled Titan Security Keys are available in Canada, Japan, and the US. </span></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <h2> <span id="docs-internal-guid-d5e179cc-7fff-e67a-857e-cb368584c0da"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Posted by Christiaan Brand, Product Manager, Google Cloud </span></span></h2> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Credential compromise as a result of phishing is one of the most common causes of security breaches. Security keys provide the </span><a href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/05/new-research-how-effective-is-basic.html">strongest</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> protection against these types of attacks, and that’s one of the main reasons why Google requires them as a second factor of authentication for our employees. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Last year, we </span><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/titan-security-keys-now-available-on-the-google-store">launched</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Titan Security Keys in the United States and were excited to see strong demand from users and businesses choosing to protect their personal and work Google Accounts. Starting today, Titan Security Keys are also available on the </span><a href="https://store.google.com/product/titan_security_key_kit">Google Store</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in Canada, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom (UK).</span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dm6OEUSUKm0/XTd7pSntbkI/AAAAAAAAAn8/INpI7iEppv8NK70lFjptHJKWduR-0gFpQCLcBGAs/s1600/titan%2Bkey.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="903" data-original-width="1203" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dm6OEUSUKm0/XTd7pSntbkI/AAAAAAAAAn8/INpI7iEppv8NK70lFjptHJKWduR-0gFpQCLcBGAs/s320/titan%2Bkey.png" width="320" /></span></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Titan Security Keys</span></span></span></div> <span id="docs-internal-guid-45953d73-7fff-c498-83af-c013d83c705b" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> <br /> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #434343; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: italic; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/titan-security-key/">Titan Security Keys</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> are built with a hardware chip that includes firmware engineered by Google to verify the keys’ integrity. Each key leverages </span><a href="https://fidoalliance.org/how-fido-works/">FIDO</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> standards to cryptographically verify your identity and URL of the login page, preventing an attacker from accessing your account even if you are tricked into providing your username and password. Security keys are appropriate for any security-conscious user or enterprise, and we recommend that all users, especially those at higher risk such as IT administrators, executives, politicians, and activists consider signing in via security keys. </span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bundles of two Titan Security Keys (one USB/NFC and one Bluetooth) are available on the </span><a href="https://store.google.com/product/titan_security_key_kit">Google Store</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in Canada, France, Japan, and the UK in addition to the US. To set up your security keys with your personal or work Google Account, sign in and navigate to the </span><a href="//g.co/2sv">2-Step Verification</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> page. In addition, you can enroll in the </span><a href="https://landing.google.com/advancedprotection/">Advanced Protection Program</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, which provides Google’s strongest security for anyone at risk of targeted attacks. Titan Security Keys can also be used anywhere FIDO security keys are supported, including </span><a href="https://support.coinbase.com/customer/portal/articles/2973914-using-and-managing-security-keys">Coinbase</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/help/security/enable-two-step-verification#securitykey">Dropbox</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/help/401566786855239">Facebook</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-two-factor-authentication/#configuring-two-factor-authentication-using-fido-u2f">GitHub</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.salesforce.com/articleView?id=security_u2f_enable.htm&type=5">Salesforce</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://support.stripe.com/questions/authentication-using-fido-u2f-security-keys">Stripe</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://help.twitter.com/en/managing-your-account/two-factor-authentication#security-key">Twitter</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, and more</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Enterprise administrators can <a href="https://cloud.google.com/security-key/">require security keys</a> for their users in G Suite and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). <a href="https://cloud.google.com/titan-security-key/#pricing">Bulk orders</a> of unbundled Titan Security Keys are available in Canada, Japan, and the US. </span></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Online Security Blog:Titan Security Keys are now available in Canada, France, Japan, and the UK&url=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/titan-security-keys-are-now-available.html&via=google'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/titan-security-keys-are-now-available.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <span class='cmt_count_iframe_holder' data-count='0' data-onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;' data-post-url='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/titan-security-keys-are-now-available.html' data-url='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/titan-security-keys-are-now-available.html' style='color: #4184F3;'></span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/titan-security-keys-are-now-available.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='7194929179622392076' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html' itemprop='url' title='Chrome Fuzzer Program Update And How-To'> Chrome Fuzzer Program Update And How-To </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> July 30, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span class="byline-author">Posted by Max Moroz, Fuzzing Evangelist, and Ned Williamson, Fuzzing Entrepreneur</span> <p> <strong>TL;DR</strong> We increased the Chrome Fuzzer Program bonus from $500 to $1,000 as part of our recent <a href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/bigger-rewards-for-security-bugs.html">update of reward amounts</a>. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.google.com/about/appsecurity/chrome-rewards/#fuzzerprogram">Chrome Fuzzer Program</a> is a part of the Google Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program that lets security researchers run their fuzzers at scale on the <a href="https://github.com/google/clusterfuzz">ClusterFuzz</a> infrastructure. It makes bug reporting fully automated, and the fuzzer authors get the same rewards as if they reported the bugs manually, plus an extra bonus ($1,000 as of now) on top of it for every new vulnerability. </p> <p> We run fuzzers indefinitely, and some of the fuzzers contributed years ago are still finding security issues in ever changing Chrome code. This is a win-win for both sides, as security researchers do not have to spend time analyzing the crashes, and Chrome developers receive high quality bug reports automatically. </p> <p> To learn more about the Chrome Fuzzer Program, let’s talk to Ned Williamson, who’s been a participant since 2017 and now works on the Google Security team. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Hey Ned! It looks like you’ve received over $50,000 by participating in the Google Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program with your <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/net/quic/quic_stream_factory_fuzzer.cc?rcl=984c5e7b0dd278f8d3946938d2aa132e43bc85ef">quic_stream_factory_fuzzer</a>. </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Yes, it’s true. I wrote a fuzzer for QUIC which helped me find and report two critical vulnerabilities, each worth $10,000. Because I knew my fuzzer worked well, I submitted it to the Chrome Fuzzer Program. Then, in the next few months, I received that reward three more times (plus a bonus), as the fuzzer caught several security regressions on ClusterFuzz soon after they happened. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Have you intentionally focused on the areas that yield <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/security/severity-guidelines.md">higher severity</a> issues and bigger rewards? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Yes. While vulnerabilities in code that is more critical to user security yield larger reward amounts, I actually started by looking at lower severity bugs and incrementally began looking for more severe bugs until I could find critical ones. You can see this progression by looking at the <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?can=1&q=reporter%3Anedwilliamson%40gmail.com+label%3Areward">bugs I reported manually</a> as an external researcher. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Would you suggest starting by looking for non-critical bugs? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> I would say so. Security-critical code is generally better designed and more thoroughly audited, so it might be discouraging to start from there. Finding less critical security bugs and winning bounties is a good way to build confidence and stay motivated. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Can you share an algorithm on how to find security bugs in Chrome? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Looking at previous and existing bug reports, even for non-security crashes, is a great way to tell which code is security-critical and potentially buggy. From there, if some code looks like it’s exposed to user inputs, I’d set up a fuzzing campaign against that component. After you gain experience you will not need to rely on existing reports to find new attack surface, which in turn helps you find places that have not been considered by previous researchers. This was the case for my QUIC fuzzer. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> How did you learn to write fuzzers? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> I didn’t have any special knowledge about fuzzing before I started looking for vulnerabilities in Chrome. I followed the <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/testing/libfuzzer/README.md">documentation</a> in the repository and I still follow the same process today. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/net/quic/quic_stream_factory_fuzzer.cc?rcl=984c5e7b0dd278f8d3946938d2aa132e43bc85ef&l=83">Your fuzzer</a> isn’t very simple compared to <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/search/?q=pcre:yes+LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput.*%5Cn.*%5Cn.*%5Cn.*%5Cn%5Cs%2Breturn%5Cs0;%5Cn%7D&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">many other fuzzers</a>. How did you get to that implementation? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> The key insight in the QUIC fuzzer was realizing that the parts of the code that handled plaintext messages after decryption were prone to memory corruption. Typically, fuzzing does not perform well with encrypted inputs (it’s pretty hard to “randomly” generate a packet that can be successfully decrypted), so I extended the QUIC testing code to allow for testing with encryption disabled. </p> <p> <strong>Q</strong>: Are there any other good examples of fuzz targets employing a similar logic? </p> <p> <strong>A</strong>: Another example is <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/pdfium/testing/fuzzers/pdf_formcalc_context_fuzzer.cc?rcl=021c4f87963557ccd357b256882487fae46c2671&l=528">pdf_formcalc_context_fuzzer</a> that wraps the fuzzing input around with a valid hardcoded PDF file, therefore focusing fuzzing only on the XFA script part of it. As a researcher, you just need to choose what exactly you want to fuzz, and then understand how to execute that code properly. Looking at the unit tests is usually the easiest way to get such an understanding. </p> <p> Useful links: </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/testing/libfuzzer/README.md">Fuzzing documentation</a> <li><a href="https://cs.chromium.org/search/?q=LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput+-file:third_party/src/libfuzzer&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">Existing fuzz targets</a> <li><a href="https://chromium-coverage.appspot.com">Fuzzing coverage dashboard</a> <li><a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?can=1&q=Security_Severity%3DMedium%2CHigh%2CCritical+label%3Areward+-label%3Areward-0%2Creward-NA">Medium+ severity bugs reported via Chrome VRP</a> </li> </ul> <p> Happy fuzzing and bug hunting! </p> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span class="byline-author">Posted by Max Moroz, Fuzzing Evangelist, and Ned Williamson, Fuzzing Entrepreneur</span> <p> <strong>TL;DR</strong> We increased the Chrome Fuzzer Program bonus from $500 to $1,000 as part of our recent <a href="https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/bigger-rewards-for-security-bugs.html">update of reward amounts</a>. </p> <p> <a href="https://www.google.com/about/appsecurity/chrome-rewards/#fuzzerprogram">Chrome Fuzzer Program</a> is a part of the Google Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program that lets security researchers run their fuzzers at scale on the <a href="https://github.com/google/clusterfuzz">ClusterFuzz</a> infrastructure. It makes bug reporting fully automated, and the fuzzer authors get the same rewards as if they reported the bugs manually, plus an extra bonus ($1,000 as of now) on top of it for every new vulnerability. </p> <p> We run fuzzers indefinitely, and some of the fuzzers contributed years ago are still finding security issues in ever changing Chrome code. This is a win-win for both sides, as security researchers do not have to spend time analyzing the crashes, and Chrome developers receive high quality bug reports automatically. </p> <p> To learn more about the Chrome Fuzzer Program, let’s talk to Ned Williamson, who’s been a participant since 2017 and now works on the Google Security team. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Hey Ned! It looks like you’ve received over $50,000 by participating in the Google Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program with your <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/net/quic/quic_stream_factory_fuzzer.cc?rcl=984c5e7b0dd278f8d3946938d2aa132e43bc85ef">quic_stream_factory_fuzzer</a>. </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Yes, it’s true. I wrote a fuzzer for QUIC which helped me find and report two critical vulnerabilities, each worth $10,000. Because I knew my fuzzer worked well, I submitted it to the Chrome Fuzzer Program. Then, in the next few months, I received that reward three more times (plus a bonus), as the fuzzer caught several security regressions on ClusterFuzz soon after they happened. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Have you intentionally focused on the areas that yield <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/security/severity-guidelines.md">higher severity</a> issues and bigger rewards? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Yes. While vulnerabilities in code that is more critical to user security yield larger reward amounts, I actually started by looking at lower severity bugs and incrementally began looking for more severe bugs until I could find critical ones. You can see this progression by looking at the <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?can=1&q=reporter%3Anedwilliamson%40gmail.com+label%3Areward">bugs I reported manually</a> as an external researcher. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Would you suggest starting by looking for non-critical bugs? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> I would say so. Security-critical code is generally better designed and more thoroughly audited, so it might be discouraging to start from there. Finding less critical security bugs and winning bounties is a good way to build confidence and stay motivated. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> Can you share an algorithm on how to find security bugs in Chrome? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> Looking at previous and existing bug reports, even for non-security crashes, is a great way to tell which code is security-critical and potentially buggy. From there, if some code looks like it’s exposed to user inputs, I’d set up a fuzzing campaign against that component. After you gain experience you will not need to rely on existing reports to find new attack surface, which in turn helps you find places that have not been considered by previous researchers. This was the case for my QUIC fuzzer. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> How did you learn to write fuzzers? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> I didn’t have any special knowledge about fuzzing before I started looking for vulnerabilities in Chrome. I followed the <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/testing/libfuzzer/README.md">documentation</a> in the repository and I still follow the same process today. </p> <p> <strong>Q:</strong> <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/net/quic/quic_stream_factory_fuzzer.cc?rcl=984c5e7b0dd278f8d3946938d2aa132e43bc85ef&l=83">Your fuzzer</a> isn’t very simple compared to <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/search/?q=pcre:yes+LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput.*%5Cn.*%5Cn.*%5Cn.*%5Cn%5Cs%2Breturn%5Cs0;%5Cn%7D&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">many other fuzzers</a>. How did you get to that implementation? </p> <p> <strong>A:</strong> The key insight in the QUIC fuzzer was realizing that the parts of the code that handled plaintext messages after decryption were prone to memory corruption. Typically, fuzzing does not perform well with encrypted inputs (it’s pretty hard to “randomly” generate a packet that can be successfully decrypted), so I extended the QUIC testing code to allow for testing with encryption disabled. </p> <p> <strong>Q</strong>: Are there any other good examples of fuzz targets employing a similar logic? </p> <p> <strong>A</strong>: Another example is <a href="https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/third_party/pdfium/testing/fuzzers/pdf_formcalc_context_fuzzer.cc?rcl=021c4f87963557ccd357b256882487fae46c2671&l=528">pdf_formcalc_context_fuzzer</a> that wraps the fuzzing input around with a valid hardcoded PDF file, therefore focusing fuzzing only on the XFA script part of it. As a researcher, you just need to choose what exactly you want to fuzz, and then understand how to execute that code properly. Looking at the unit tests is usually the easiest way to get such an understanding. </p> <p> Useful links: </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/testing/libfuzzer/README.md">Fuzzing documentation</a> <li><a href="https://cs.chromium.org/search/?q=LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput+-file:third_party/src/libfuzzer&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">Existing fuzz targets</a> <li><a href="https://chromium-coverage.appspot.com">Fuzzing coverage dashboard</a> <li><a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?can=1&q=Security_Severity%3DMedium%2CHigh%2CCritical+label%3Areward+-label%3Areward-0%2Creward-NA">Medium+ severity bugs reported via Chrome VRP</a> </li> </ul> <p> Happy fuzzing and bug hunting! </p> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Online Security Blog:Chrome Fuzzer Program Update And How-To&url=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html&via=google'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <span class='cmt_count_iframe_holder' data-count='0' data-onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;' data-post-url='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html' data-url='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html' style='color: #4184F3;'></span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/chrome-fuzzer-program-update-and-how-to.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='4439940902930337972' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/bigger-rewards-for-security-bugs.html' itemprop='url' title='Bigger Rewards for Security Bugs'> Bigger Rewards for Security Bugs </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> July 18, 2019 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span class="byline-author">Posted by Natasha Pabrai and Andrew Whalley, Chrome Security Team </span> <p> Chrome has always been built with security at its core, by a passionate worldwide community as part of the <a href="https://www.chromium.org/Home">Chromium</a> open source project. We're proud that community includes world class security researchers who help defend Chrome, and other Chromium based browsers. </p> <p> Back in 2010 <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2010/01/encouraging-more-chromium-security.html">we created</a> the Chrome Vulnerability Rewards Program which provides cash rewards to researchers for finding and reporting security bugs that help keep our users safe. Since its inception the program has received over 8,500 reports and paid out over five million dollars! A big thank you to every one of the researchers - it's an honor working with you. </p> <p> Over the years we've expanded the program, including rewarding full chain exploits on Chrome OS, and the <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#fuzzerprogram">Chrome Fuzzer Program</a>, where we run researchers' fuzzers on thousands of Google cores and automatically submit bugs they find for reward. </p> <p> Today, we're delighted to announce an across the board increase in our reward amounts! Full details can be found on our <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#rewards">program rules page</a> but highlights include tripling the maximum baseline reward amount from $5,000 to $15,000 and doubling the maximum reward amount for high quality reports from $15,000 to $30,000. The additional bonus given to bugs found by fuzzers running under Chrome Fuzzer Program is also doubling to $1,000. </p> <p> We've also clarified what we consider a <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#quality">high quality report</a>, to help reporters get the highest possible reward, and we've updated the bug categories to better reflect the types of bugs that are reported and that we are most interested in. </p> <p> But that's not all! On Chrome OS we're increasing our standing reward to $150,000 for exploit chains that can compromise a Chromebook or Chromebox with persistence in guest mode. Security bug in firmware and lock screen bypasses also get their own reward categories. </p> <p> These new reward amounts will apply to bugs submitted after today on the <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/entry?template=Security+Bug">Chromium bug tracker using the Security template</a>. As always, see the <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards/">Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program Rules</a> for full details about the program. </p> <p> In other news, our friends over at the <a href="https://www.google.com/about/appsecurity/play-rewards/index.html">Google Play Security Reward Program</a> have increased their rewards for remote code execution bugs from $5,000 to $20,000, theft of insecure private data from $1,000 to $3,000, and access to protected app components from $1,000 to $3,000. The Google Play Security Reward Program also pays bonus rewards for responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities to participating app developers. Check out the <a href="https://hackerone.com/googleplay">program</a> to learn more and see which apps are in scope. </p> <p> Happy bug hunting! </p> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span class="byline-author">Posted by Natasha Pabrai and Andrew Whalley, Chrome Security Team </span> <p> Chrome has always been built with security at its core, by a passionate worldwide community as part of the <a href="https://www.chromium.org/Home">Chromium</a> open source project. We're proud that community includes world class security researchers who help defend Chrome, and other Chromium based browsers. </p> <p> Back in 2010 <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2010/01/encouraging-more-chromium-security.html">we created</a> the Chrome Vulnerability Rewards Program which provides cash rewards to researchers for finding and reporting security bugs that help keep our users safe. Since its inception the program has received over 8,500 reports and paid out over five million dollars! A big thank you to every one of the researchers - it's an honor working with you. </p> <p> Over the years we've expanded the program, including rewarding full chain exploits on Chrome OS, and the <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#fuzzerprogram">Chrome Fuzzer Program</a>, where we run researchers' fuzzers on thousands of Google cores and automatically submit bugs they find for reward. </p> <p> Today, we're delighted to announce an across the board increase in our reward amounts! Full details can be found on our <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#rewards">program rules page</a> but highlights include tripling the maximum baseline reward amount from $5,000 to $15,000 and doubling the maximum reward amount for high quality reports from $15,000 to $30,000. The additional bonus given to bugs found by fuzzers running under Chrome Fuzzer Program is also doubling to $1,000. </p> <p> We've also clarified what we consider a <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards#quality">high quality report</a>, to help reporters get the highest possible reward, and we've updated the bug categories to better reflect the types of bugs that are reported and that we are most interested in. </p> <p> But that's not all! On Chrome OS we're increasing our standing reward to $150,000 for exploit chains that can compromise a Chromebook or Chromebox with persistence in guest mode. Security bug in firmware and lock screen bypasses also get their own reward categories. </p> <p> These new reward amounts will apply to bugs submitted after today on the <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/entry?template=Security+Bug">Chromium bug tracker using the Security template</a>. As always, see the <a href="https://g.co/ChromeBugRewards/">Chrome Vulnerability Reward Program Rules</a> for full details about the program. </p> <p> In other news, our friends over at the <a href="https://www.google.com/about/appsecurity/play-rewards/index.html">Google Play Security Reward Program</a> have increased their rewards for remote code execution bugs from $5,000 to $20,000, theft of insecure private data from $1,000 to $3,000, and access to protected app components from $1,000 to $3,000. The Google Play Security Reward Program also pays bonus rewards for responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities to participating app developers. Check out the <a href="https://hackerone.com/googleplay">program</a> to learn more and see which apps are in scope. </p> <p> Happy bug hunting! </p> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Online Security Blog:Bigger Rewards for Security Bugs&url=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/bigger-rewards-for-security-bugs.html&via=google'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/bigger-rewards-for-security-bugs.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' 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</ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2019/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div 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class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2017/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2016/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2015/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2014/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2012/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://security.googleblog.com/2011/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> 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