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<span>Soviet occupation (1944–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_occupation_(1944–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Estonia_(1991–onwards)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Estonia_(1991–onwards)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Independent Estonia (1991–onwards)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Estonia_(1991–onwards)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvyldlipp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kvyldlipp.svg/250px-Kvyldlipp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kvyldlipp.svg/330px-Kvyldlipp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#f9f9f9; background:#798050; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:0.3em;"> Command and leadership</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EKV_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EKV_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-EKV_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EKV_coat_of_arms.svg/60px-EKV_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="365" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Estonia)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EKV_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EKV_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-EKV_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EKV_coat_of_arms.svg/60px-EKV_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="365" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Estonian_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Estonian Defence Forces">Military General Staff</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flags_of_Estonia_-_Commander-in-Chief.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flags_of_Estonia_-_Commander-in-Chief.svg/40px-Flags_of_Estonia_-_Commander-in-Chief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flags_of_Estonia_-_Commander-in-Chief.svg/60px-Flags_of_Estonia_-_Commander-in-Chief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#f9f9f9; background:#798050; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:0.3em;"> Services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maavagi_crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maavagi_crest.svg/23px-Maavagi_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maavagi_crest.svg/35px-Maavagi_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Maavagi_crest.svg/46px-Maavagi_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="727" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Forces" title="Estonian Land Forces">Land Forces</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg/23px-Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg/35px-Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg/46px-Estonian_Navy_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Navy" title="Estonian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eesti_ohuvagi_crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eesti_ohuvagi_crest.svg/40px-Eesti_ohuvagi_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eesti_ohuvagi_crest.svg/60px-Eesti_ohuvagi_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="487" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaitseliit_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaitseliit_emblem.svg/23px-Kaitseliit_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaitseliit_emblem.svg/35px-Kaitseliit_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kaitseliit_emblem.svg/46px-Kaitseliit_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Defence League</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#f9f9f9; background:#798050; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:0.3em;"> Equipment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_the_Estonian_Land_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment of the Estonian Land Forces">Military equipment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#f9f9f9; background:#798050; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:0.3em;"> Ranks and insignia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Estonia" title="Military ranks of Estonia">Military ranks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Estonian_military_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian military flags">Military flags</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#f9f9f9; background:#798050; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:0.3em;"> History and modernization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of wars involving Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kaitsev%C3%A4gi" title="Template:Kaitsevägi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kaitsev%C3%A4gi" title="Template talk:Kaitsevägi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kaitsev%C3%A4gi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kaitsevägi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is a list of military conflicts in which <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> participated on a larger scale or took place on Estonian territory. Items in bold are the wars most often considered to be <i>major conflicts</i> by Estonian historians and the general public. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia" title="Special:EditPage/List of wars involving Estonia">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Estonia">Ancient Estonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/250px-Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/500px-Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Konung_Harald_Hildetand_faller_i_Br%C3%A5valla_slag_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>6th century – 1203, a series of Estonian (mostly <a href="/wiki/Oeselian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeselian">Oeselian</a>) raids and counter-raids against the <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelandic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">vikings</a> as well as by their later states: <ul><li>6th century, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> Viking attempt to colonize <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> Island;</li> <li>7th century, attempted <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> invasion of Estonia by King <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Harra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvar Harra">Ingvar Harra</a>;</li> <li>7th century, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> raid on Estonia by King <a href="/wiki/Anund" title="Anund">Anund</a>;</li> <li>8th century, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a>, on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>;</li> <li>Finnish names during the Rus campaigns and DNA evidence suggest Estonian warriors and 2 Finnic leaders took part in <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(907)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (907)">Rus'–Byzantine War (907)</a></li> <li>Revolts under <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Swedish dominion over the Baltic weakened </p> <ul><li><ul><li>972, a battle against <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> Vikings on <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> Island;</li> <li>1008, a battle against <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Vikings on <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> Island;</li> <li>11th century, a <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Viking raid to <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Viru County</a>;</li> <li>1170, a naval battle between Estonians, its allies and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> near <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> Island;</li> <li>1187, Estonians (or <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>) raid of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna#History" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Tarvel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarvel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1203, Estonian raid on <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>; <ul><li>1203, a naval battle between Estonians and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German settlers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> near <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1030–1217, a series of battles and (raid) campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Smolensk</a>: <ul><li>1030, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> defeat <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a> and establish <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Yuryev</a> stronghold;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1032, according to one hypothesis, battle at <i>Iron Gate</i> mentioned in Russian chronicles and usually placed in northern Russia, may have been naval battle, where <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> fleet was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Aegna" title="Aegna">Aegna</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maesalu199-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ca. 1054, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> campaign against Estonians;</li> <li>1060, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> campaign against Sosols (tribe possibly in Estonia) and taxation of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maesalu199-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1061, Sosols uprise, destroy Yuryev and attack <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maesalu199-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1077, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Smolensk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> campaign against <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a> (possibly Estonians);</li> <li>1113, a battle against <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, possibly in modern <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a>;</li> <li>1116, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a> stronghold;</li> <li>1130, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> campaign against Estonians;</li> <li>1132, a battle against <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vaiga" title="Vaiga">Vaiga County</a>;</li> <li>1134, a battle against <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tarbatu (Yuryev)</a> stronghold;</li> <li>1177, Estonian raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1180, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of Southeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1190, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> attack on Estonian sailors on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>;</li> <li>1192, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tarbatu (Yuryev)</a> stronghold;</li> <li>1192, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a> stronghold.</li> <li>1210–1227, raids during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>: <ul><li>1210, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Ugandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandi">Ugandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torma,_Estonia" title="Torma, Estonia">Torma</a> and siege of <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a> stronghold;</li> <li>1211, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> raid to Western Estonia;</li> <li>1211, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Viru County</a>;</li> <li>1212, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> raid to Central Estonia;</li> <li>1212, Estonian raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1216, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a> stronghold;</li> <li>1221, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Ugandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandi">Ugandi</a>;</li> <li>1223, a general <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid to mainland Estonia;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1213–1219, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> raids against Estonians; <ul><li>1213, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Sakala_County" title="Sakala County">Sakala County</a>;</li> <li>1219, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> Island and mainland Estonia;</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LivoniaKnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LivoniaKnight.jpg/250px-LivoniaKnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LivoniaKnight.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> of the early 13th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg/250px-Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg/375px-Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg/500px-Danmarks_flag_1219_Lorentzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6464" data-file-height="5112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyndanisse" title="Battle of Lyndanisse">Battle of Lindanise</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a>-led Campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice-battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ice-battle.jpg/250px-Ice-battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ice-battle.jpg/375px-Ice-battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ice-battle.jpg/500px-Ice-battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Ice">Battle of the Ice</a> in 1242</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg/250px-Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg/500px-Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Livonia">Medieval Livonia</a> in 1260</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg/250px-Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg/375px-Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg/500px-Rakvere_linnuse_varemed_vallikraaviga1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5525" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere</a> (Wesenberg) Castle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuressaare_Loss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kuressaare_Loss.jpg/250px-Kuressaare_Loss.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kuressaare_Loss.jpg/500px-Kuressaare_Loss.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuressaare_Castle" title="Kuressaare Castle">Kuressaare Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Estonia remained one of the last corners of medieval Europe to be <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianized</a>. In 1193 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> called for a crusade against <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> from Northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> established the stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. With the help of the newly converted local tribes of <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Letts</a>, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> from 1197. </p> <ul><li>1197–1268, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades (1147–13th century/16th century)</a>: <ul><li>1197, a <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gutnish</a> as well as German crusader and possibly <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Viru County</a>;</li> <li>1206–1261, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade (1198–1290)</a>: <ul><li>1206, 1st <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> Island, but possibly to <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Lindanise</a> at <a href="/wiki/Revala" title="Revala">Revala County</a> instead;</li> <li>1208, a possible <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sakala_County" title="Sakala County">Sakala County</a>;</li> <li>1208–1227, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> and allied <b><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Estonia">Conquest of Estonia</a></b>; <ul><li>1210–1224, Estonian counter campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>;</li> <li>1217–1223, occasional Estonian-allied <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>'s battles against the crusaders;</li> <li>1219–1224, <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyndanisse" title="Battle of Lyndanisse">Danish Conquest of Northern Estonia</a></b>, aided by <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Rügen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordalbingia" title="Nordalbingia">Nordalbingia</a>;</li> <li>1220, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lihula" title="Battle of Lihula">Battle of Lihula</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>;</li> <li>1222, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> Island;</li></ul></li> <li>1219/1225–1238, a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>;</li> <li>1236–1261, <a href="/wiki/Oeselians#Conquest_of_Oeselians" title="Oeselians">Saaremaa Rebellions</a>: <ul><li>1236–1241, <a href="/wiki/Oeselians#Conquest_of_Oeselians" title="Oeselians">1st Rebellion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>;</li> <li>ca. 1241–ca. 1255, a <a href="/wiki/Oeselians#Conquest_of_Oeselians" title="Oeselians">possible rebellion</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>;</li> <li>1260–1261, <a href="/wiki/Oeselians#Conquest_of_Oeselians" title="Oeselians">2nd Rebellion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1217–1268, crusader and allied Estonian conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>: <ul><li>1217, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> and allied raid around <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>;</li> <li>1233, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1233, Reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> by the forces of Novgorod and Pskov;</li> <li>1234, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a>;</li> <li>1240–1242, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_against_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian campaign against Rus'">Livonian campaign against Rus'</a>;</li> <li>1253, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1253, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelian</a> raid of Northeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1254, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelian</a> raid to Northeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1254, <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Riga">Bishopric of Riga</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Votia" class="mw-redirect" title="Votia">Votia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>;</li> <li>1255, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid to Northeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1256, united crusader, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a> failed attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a> from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Novgorod">Novgorod</a>;</li> <li>1262, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu (Dorpat)</a>;</li> <li>1262, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Polotsk</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu (Dorpat)</a>;</li> <li>1267, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere (Wesenberg)</a>;</li> <li>1268, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of Northern Estonia and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wesenberg_(1268)" title="Battle of Wesenberg (1268)">Battle of Rakvere</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1233–1557, a series of civil wars on the Estonian part of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Livonia">Medieval Livonia</a>, between different crusader states: <ul><li>1233, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn (Reval)</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pope">papal</a> legate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balduin_de_Alna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balduin de Alna (page does not exist)">Balduin de Alna</a>;</li> <li>1238, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Koluvere_Castle" title="Koluvere Castle">Koluvere Castle</a> from the de Lode family;</li> <li>1297–1330, war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>;</li> <li>1298, a border war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek</a>;</li> <li>1374–1397, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorporation_Strife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incorporation Strife (page does not exist)">Incorporation Strife</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>;</li> <li>1396, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Damerow%27s_Conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop Damerow's Conflict (page does not exist)">Bishop Damerow's Conflict</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a>;</li> <li>1423–1468, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sel-Wiek_Strifes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ösel-Wiek Strifes (page does not exist)">Ösel-Wiek Strifes</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek</a>;</li> <li>1479, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stodewescher_Feud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stodewescher Feud (page does not exist)">Stodewescher Feud</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a>;</li> <li>1481–1491, war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></li> <li>1532–1536, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sel-Wiek_Feud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ösel-Wiek Feud (page does not exist)">Ösel-Wiek Feud</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek</a>;</li> <li>1556–1557, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coadjutor_Feud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coadjutor Feud (page does not exist)">Coadjutor Feud</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and the alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1236–1329, conflict between the crusaders and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> involving Estonian units or taking place in the Estonian part of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Livonia">Medieval Livonia</a>: <ul><li>1236, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saule" title="Battle of Saule">Battle of Saule</a>, involving Estonian units;</li> <li>1263, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu#History" title="Pärnu">Old-Pärnu</a>;</li> <li>1270, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid to <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karuse" title="Battle of Karuse">Battle of Karuse</a>, against the crusader states;</li> <li>1298, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid to Southern Estonia;</li> <li>1322, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a>;</li> <li>1323, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid of Northern Estonia;</li> <li>1329, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> raid to Southern Estonia</li></ul></li> <li>1269–1343, post-crusade period conflicts between the crusader and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> states: <ul><li>1269, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Izborsk" title="Izborsk">Izborsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1294, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s failed attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Votia" class="mw-redirect" title="Votia">Votia</a>;</li> <li>1294, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>;</li> <li>1299, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1307, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1323, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s raid of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1341–1343, war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1349, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>'s raid around <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1367, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> and Northeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1367, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> raid of <a href="/wiki/Vastseliina" title="Vastseliina">Vastseliina</a>;</li> <li>1369, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> raid of Southeastern Estonia;</li> <li>1371, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod's</a> raid of Southern Estonia;</li> <li>1406, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> raid of Southern Estonia;</li> <li>1407, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a> raid of Eastern Estonia;</li> <li>1443–1448, war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>;</li> <li>1480–1481, war between the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>;</li> <li>1501–1503, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian-Muscovite_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livonian-Muscovite War (page does not exist)">Livonian-Muscovite War</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1343–1345, the <b><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Night Uprising">St. George's Night Uprising</a></b> against Denmark and the Livonian Order.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reformation_Period_(1558–1721)"><span id="The_Reformation_Period_.281558.E2.80.931721.29"></span>The Reformation Period (1558–1721)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Reformation Period (1558–1721)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russians_capturing_Narva_in_1558.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russians_capturing_Narva_in_1558.JPG/250px-Russians_capturing_Narva_in_1558.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Russians_capturing_Narva_in_1558.JPG/500px-Russians_capturing_Narva_in_1558.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1558)" title="Siege of Narva (1558)">Siege of Narva</a> in 1558</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_at_Narva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Victory_at_Narva.jpg/250px-Victory_at_Narva.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Victory_at_Narva.jpg/500px-Victory_at_Narva.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> in 1700</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_oesel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Battle_of_oesel.jpg/250px-Battle_of_oesel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Battle_of_oesel.jpg/500px-Battle_of_oesel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96sel_Island" title="Battle of Ösel Island">Battle of Ösel Island</a> in 1719</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1550s, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> had caused internal conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a>, while its Eastern neighbour <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> had grown stronger after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Khanate">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan</a>. The conflict between Russia and the Western powers was exacerbated by Russia's isolation from sea trade. Neither could the tsar hire qualified labour in Europe. </p> <ul><li>1558–1583, the <b><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></b>, between <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> and an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>; <ul><li>1558–1561, Russo-Livonian War;</li> <li>1560/1570–1577, Duke <a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Holstein">Magnus of Holstein</a>'s campaign in Central Estonia, allied with <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a>;</li> <li>1560, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Läänemaa">Wiek</a> peasant uprising;</li> <li>1562–1570, <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Livonian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian War">Muscovite–Lithuanian War</a>;</li> <li>1563–1570, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>;</li> <li>1570, Klaus Kursell's rebellion against the administration of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a>;</li> <li>1570–1583, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War</a>;</li> <li>1575–1582, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Russo-Polish War</a>;</li> <li>1577–1579, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivo_Schenkenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivo Schenkenberg (page does not exist)">Ivo Schenkenberg</a>'s raids against Russia;</li></ul></li> <li>1590–1595, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–95)">Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595</a>;</li> <li>1600–1625, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)</a>: <ul><li>1600–1611, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">war of 1600–1611</a>;</li> <li>1617–1618, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">war of 1617–1618</a>;</li> <li>1621–1625, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">war of 1621–1625</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1611–1613, the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a> (1611–1613)</li> <li>1613, <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> (1598–1613): <ul><li>1613, <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a> (1610–1617), <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian</a> raids into Swedish Estonia;</li></ul></li> <li>1642, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5handu" title="Võhandu">Pühajõgi Revolt</a></li> <li>1656–1657, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War (1655–1660)</a> between <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> and their allies on one side and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and its allies on the other side; <ul><li>1656–1658, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–58)">Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)</a>;</li> <li>1657–1658, <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Polish-Swedish War (1655–1660)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1700–1710, the <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War (1700–1721)</a></b>, between <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> alliance and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> alliance; <ul><li>1711–1712, unsuccessful Swedish landings in Estonia;</li> <li>1719, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96sel_Island" title="Battle of Ösel Island">Battle of Ösel Island</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_rule_(1721–1918)"><span id="Russian_rule_.281721.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Russian rule (1721–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian rule (1721–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Revel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Revel.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Revel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Revel.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Revel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reval" title="Battle of Reval">Battle of Reval</a> in 1790</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Albion_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Operation_Albion_Map.jpg/250px-Operation_Albion_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Operation_Albion_Map.jpg/375px-Operation_Albion_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Operation_Albion_Map.jpg/500px-Operation_Albion_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion">Operation Albion</a> of 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Great Northern War, the territory of Estonia was officially handed over to the Russian Empire in 1721. Conflicts that occurred in Estonia during that era: </p> <ul><li>1784, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_governorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic governorates">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">Head Tax Riots</a>: <ul><li>1784, "Wooden Fence War", between Estonian peasants and the Russian Army;</li></ul></li> <li>1790, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)</a>: <ul><li>1790, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reval" title="Battle of Reval">Battle of Reval</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1805, "<a href="/wiki/Kose-Uuem%C3%B5isa" title="Kose-Uuemõisa">Kose-Uuemõisa</a> War", between Estonian peasants and the Russian Army;</li> <li>1808–1809, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>: <ul><li>1808–1809, <a href="/wiki/Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a> Naval Blockade, by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1841, "<a href="/wiki/Lake_P%C3%BChaj%C3%A4rv" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Pühajärv">Pühajärv</a> War", between Estonian peasants and the Russian Army;</li> <li>1854–1855, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856): <ul><li>1854–1855, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)#Baltic_Campaign_(Crimean_War)" title="Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)">Baltic Sea Campaign</a>: British and French naval attacks on Estonian coastal settlements and occasional landings.</li></ul></li> <li>1858, "<a href="/wiki/Mahtra_War" title="Mahtra War">Mahtra War</a>", between Estonian peasants and the Russian Army;</li> <li>1905–1906, the <b><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a></b> between local revolutionaries and the Russian Army;</li> <li>1914–1918 <b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b>: <ul><li>1914–1918, a series of naval battles during the <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea Campaign</a>;</li> <li>1915, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> attack of <a href="/wiki/Ruhnu" title="Ruhnu">Ruhnu</a> Island;</li> <li>1916, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> attack of <a href="/wiki/Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a>;</li> <li>1917, <b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion">Operation Albion</a></b>, between <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the retreating <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>;</li> <li>1918, <b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></b>, between <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the retreating <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1917, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>: <ul><li>1917, <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>: <ul><li>1917, <b><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">March Revolution</a></b>, between local revolutionaries and the Russian Army;</li></ul></li> <li>1917, <b><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></b>, between Bolshevik revolutionaries and Estonian officials.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">conscripted among Estonians</a> since 1796. At first, the term of service was 25 years, but was lowered to 20 years plus 5 years of reserve in 1834 and to 12 years plus 3 years of reserve in 1855. Estonians served in <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia#Russian_Empire_(1721–1917)" title="List of wars involving Russia">several wars involving the Russian Empire</a>: </p> <ul><li>1904–1905, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>;</li> <li>1914–1918, <b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b>, against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>; <ul><li>1915–1918, among the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian Expeditionary Force in France</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Estonia_(1918–1940)"><span id="Independent_Estonia_.281918.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Independent Estonia (1918–1940)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent Estonia (1918–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_War_of_Independence,_map.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Estonian_War_of_Independence%2C_map.JPG/250px-Estonian_War_of_Independence%2C_map.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Estonian_War_of_Independence%2C_map.JPG/500px-Estonian_War_of_Independence%2C_map.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> of 1918–1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Estonia declared independence on 24 February 1918. After a brief <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a> in World War I, Estonia regained independence and was subsequently invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. A series of conflicts followed: </p> <ul><li>1918–1920, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War (1917–1922)</a>; <ul><li>1918–1920, the <b><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li>1918–1920, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19">war between Estonia and the Russian SFSR</a>;</li> <li>1918–1919, <a href="/wiki/British_campaign_in_the_Baltic_(1918%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="British campaign in the Baltic (1918–19)">British campaign in the Baltic</a>;</li> <li>1918, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punapargi" title="Battle of Punapargi">Battle of Punapargi</a>, against retreating German soldiers of World War I;</li> <li>1919, a failed rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>;</li> <li>1919, <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>'s and Estonian <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War#Estonia,_Latvia_and_Petrograd" title="Russian Civil War">Petrograd campaign</a>;</li> <li>1919, the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>, in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> against both German and Soviet Russian forces; <ul><li>1919, the <b><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence#War_against_the_Landeswehr" title="Estonian War of Independence">Landeswehr War</a></b>, against the <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Baltische Landeswehr</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Estonians also took part of the Estonian War of independence on the Soviet Russian side. They formed the puppet state <a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Commune of the Working People of Estonia</a> (1918–1919) in an effort to show the conflict as an Estonian civil war. </p><p>Other conflicts with Estonian volunteers: </p> <ul><li>1918, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>, mostly on the side of whites against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">reds</a> and Soviet Russia.</li> <li>1917–1922, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, mostly on the side of the Bolsheviks, and mostly following their defeat in the Estonian War of Independence.</li></ul> <p>Other conflicts of the time: </p> <ul><li>1924, the <a href="/wiki/1924_Estonian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt">1924 Communist coup d'état attempt</a>;</li> <li>1936, Estonian forces open fire on three <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet airplanes</a> above Narva;</li> <li>1938, a firefight with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Guards</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_(1940–1944)"><span id="World_War_II_.281940.E2.80.931944.29"></span>World War II (1940–1944)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II (1940–1944)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estonia declared its <a href="/wiki/Country_neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Country neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> in 1938, but was forced to allow <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military bases on its territory in 1939 and was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. World War II brought a number of sub-conflicts: </p> <ul><li>1940–1944, <b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II (1939–1945)</a></b>: <ul><li>1940, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of Estonia</a>; <ul><li>1940, a <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_and_Signal_Battalion#Battle_of_Raua_Street" title="Headquarters and Signal Battalion">shootout</a> between soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_and_Signal_Battalion" title="Headquarters and Signal Battalion">Estonian Signal Battalion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1941, the <b><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></b>, between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; <ul><li>1941, "<a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian Forest Brothers</a>" <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">guerrilla war against the Soviet Union</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1941–1944, Bombing raids in Estonia by the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Bombing of Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Bombing of Tallinn</a></li></ul></li> <li>1944, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of Estonia</a>: <ul><li>1944, the Soviet <b><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II#Battles_in_1944" title="Estonia in World War II">offensive in Estonia</a></b>;</li> <li>1944, the Estonian <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II#Attempt_to_restore_independence" title="Estonia in World War II">attempt to restore independence</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Estonians fought on both the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> side in the war, in all major battles involving Estonia. Other sub-conflicts of World War II with Estonian volunteers: </p> <ul><li>1939–1940, the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> side and against the Soviet Union.</li> <li>1941–1944, the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> on the Finnish side and against the Soviet Union.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_occupation_(1944–1991)"><span id="Soviet_occupation_.281944.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Soviet occupation (1944–1991)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet occupation (1944–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Soviet recapture of Estonia, many Estonians went into hiding and waged a low intensity resistance to the Soviet regime: </p> <ul><li>1944–1957/1978, Estonian "<b><a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a></b>" <b><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">guerrilla war against the Soviet Union</a></b>.</li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a>, many Estonians were conscripted to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> and were recruited to fight in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia#Soviet_Union_(1922–1991)" title="List of wars involving Russia">wars involving the Soviet Union</a>: </p> <ul><li>1944–1957/1978, against the "<a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a>" <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">guerrilla war in Soviet-occupied Baltic states</a>;</li> <li>1950–1953, in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations and allied forces</a>;</li> <li>1956, in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> revolutionaries;</li> <li>1968, in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> against <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and its allies;</li> <li>1979–1989, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unity_of_Afghanistan_Mujahideen" title="Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen">Sunni Mujahideen</a>.</li></ul> <p>At the same time, many <a href="/wiki/Estonians#Emigration" title="Estonians">émigré Estonians</a> also fought for <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western nations</a>, most notably for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <ul><li>1950–1953, in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> against <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and its allies, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>;</li> <li>1964–1973, in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> against the communist forces, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Estonia_(1991–onwards)"><span id="Independent_Estonia_.281991.E2.80.93onwards.29"></span>Independent Estonia (1991–onwards)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independent Estonia (1991–onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a> in 2004, and has taken part of the following conflicts: </p> <ul><li>2003–2014/present, the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror (2001–present)</a>: <ul><li>Conflicts: <ul><li>2003–2009, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF–I)</a>;</li> <li>2003–2014, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001-2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Peacekeeping missions: <ul><li>2013, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour (OAE) (2001–present)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png/333px-List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png/500px-List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png/666px-List_of_wars_involving_Estonia_since_1991.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>List of conflicts involving Estonia since 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Estonia has also taken part in several peacekeeping missions: </p> <ul><li>1995, as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) (1992–1995)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>;</li> <li>1996–1997 and 2015–onwards, as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) (1978–present)</a>.</li> <li>1996–2011, in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_%26_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia & Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</a>: <ul><li>1996, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">Implementation Force (IFOR) (1995–1996)</a>;</li> <li>1996–2004, as part of the <a href="/wiki/SFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="SFOR">Stabilization Force (SFOR)</a>;</li> <li>2004–2011, as part of the <a href="/wiki/EUFOR_Althea" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR Althea">European Union Force Althea (EUFOR Althea) (2004–present)</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>1999–present, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a>;</li> <li>2010–2013, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta (EU-NAVFOR-ATALANTA) (2008–present)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>;</li> <li>2014, in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2012%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)">Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/EUFOR_RCA" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR RCA">European Union Force RCA (EUFOR RCA) (2014–present)</a>;</li> <li>2018–present, in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Barkhane (2014–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takuba_Task_Force" title="Takuba Task Force">Takuba Task Force (2020–present)</a>.</li> <li>2024 in <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a> through participating in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aspides" title="Operation Aspides">Operation Aspides</a> with one soldier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Estonia" title="Military history of Estonia">Military history of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Latvia" title="List of wars involving Latvia">List of wars involving Latvia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Estonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tarvel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarvel_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enn_Tarvel" title="Enn Tarvel">Enn Tarvel</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf"><i>Sigtuna hukkumine</i>.</a> Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTvauri2012" class="citation book cs1">Tvauri, Andres (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG"><i>The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia</i></a>. pp. 33, 59, 60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Migration+Period%2C+Pre-Viking+Age%2C+and+Viking+Age+in+Estonia&rft.pages=33%2C+59%2C+60&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tvauri&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etis.ee%2FPortal%2FPublications%2FDisplay%2Fb80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5%3Flanguage%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wars+involving+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maesalu199-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maesalu199_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMäesalu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mäesalu, Ain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirj.ee/public/Archaeology/2012/sup_vol_1/arhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf">"Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estonian Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b> (16supplser): 199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3176%2Farch.2012.supv1.11">10.3176/arch.2012.supv1.11</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estonian+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Could+Kedipiv+in+East-Slavonic+Chronicles+be+Keava+hill+fort%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=16supplser&rft.pages=199&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3176%2Farch.2012.supv1.11&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4esalu&rft.aufirst=Ain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirj.ee%2Fpublic%2FArchaeology%2F2012%2Fsup_vol_1%2Farhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wars+involving+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu"><i>Riigikogu</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele"><i>ABD</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg"><i>Kalevipoeg</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_wars_involving_European_countries142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_wars_involving_European_countries142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of wars involving European countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Albania" title="List of wars involving Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Armenia" title="List of wars involving Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Austria" title="List of wars involving Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Azerbaijan" title="List of wars involving Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Belarus" title="List of wars involving Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Belgium" title="List of wars involving Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Bulgaria" title="List of wars involving Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Croatia" title="List of wars involving Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Cyprus" title="List of wars involving Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars involving the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Denmark" title="List of wars involving Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Finland" title="List of wars involving Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_France" title="List of wars involving France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Germany" title="List of wars involving Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iceland" title="List of wars involving Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of wars involving the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Italy" title="List of wars involving Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Kazakhstan" title="List of wars involving Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Latvia" title="List of wars involving Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars involving Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Lithuania" title="List of wars involving Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Luxembourg" title="List of wars involving Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Malta" title="List of wars involving Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Moldova" title="List of wars involving Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Montenegro" title="List of wars involving Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="List of wars involving the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_North_Macedonia" title="List of wars involving North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Norway" title="List of wars involving Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Portugal" title="List of wars involving Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Romania" title="List of wars involving Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Serbia" title="List of wars involving Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Slovakia" title="List of wars involving Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Slovenia" title="List of wars involving Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Sweden" title="List of wars involving Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Turkey" title="List of wars involving Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Ukraine" title="List of wars involving Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of wars involving the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Abkhazia" title="List of wars involving Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Kosovo" title="List of wars involving Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_South_Ossetia" title="List of wars involving South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of wars involving Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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