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background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"><big><i><b>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</b></i></big></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <b>Term:</b> 2020</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Important Dates</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Argued: January 11, 2021<br />Decided: June 29, 2021</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Outcome</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Reversed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Vote</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">6-3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Majority</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> • <a href="/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">Chief Justice John G. Roberts</a> • <a href="/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> • <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Concurring</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> • <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#E5E5E5; font-weight:bold"> <b>Dissenting</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> • <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> • <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This article is about the court case previously known as <i>Albence v. Guzman Chavez</i>; it became <i>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</i> when Tae Johnson became acting director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><b>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</b></i> is a case argued before the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> on January 11, 2021, during the court's <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">October 2020-2021 term</a>. </p><p>The court <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court overturning a lower court's decision. </p>">reversed</span> the decision of the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a> in a 6-3 ruling, holding that 8 U.S.C. § 1231 governs the detention of aliens subject to reinstated orders of removal. Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> delivered the opinion of the court. Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> filed a concurring opinion joined by Justice <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>. Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote a dissent that Justices <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> joined.<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The case:</b> The case originated in a dispute over whether the <a href="#Respondents">respondents</a>, a group of immigrants detained by the U.S. government pending deportation proceedings, could seek release in bond hearings before <a href="/Immigration_judge" title="Immigration judge">immigration judges</a>. The government argued they could not seek release, because <a href="#8_U.S.C._1231">8 U.S.C. 1231</a> subjected the immigrants to mandatory detention. The immigrants argued that <a href="#8_U.S.C._1226">8 U.S.C. 1226</a> allowed them to seek release via bond hearings. The U.S. District Court held the respondents were detained under 8 U.S.C. 1226 and ordered the government to provide bond hearings. On appeal, the 4th Circuit upheld the district court's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The issues:</b> The case concerned the <a href="/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a> and the statutory authority under which the government detains immigrants seeking to overturn deportation after a <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>When an immigrant enters the United States without lawful permission, is deported, and then re-enters the United States without lawful permission, the original deportation order, or <i>removal order</i>, is reinstated. </p>">reinstated removal order</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-petition_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petition-3">[3]</a></sup> </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The questions presented:</b> "Whether the detention of an alien who is subject to a reinstated removal order and who is pursuing withholding or deferral of removal is governed by 8 U.S.C. 1231, or instead by 8 U.S.C. 1226."<sup id="cite_ref-question_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-question-4">[4]</a></sup> </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> <b>The outcome:</b> The court <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court overturning a lower court's decision. </p>">reversed</span> the decision of the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a> in a 6-3 ruling, holding that 8 U.S.C. § 1231 governs the detention of aliens subject to reinstated orders of removal.<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </li></div></div> <p><br /> The case came on a <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A court's written order commanding the recipient to either do or refrain from doing a specified act. </p>">writ</span></i> of <i><span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Latin for 'to be more fully informed.' It is an 'order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case it will hear on appeal.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/understanding-federal-courts.pdf'><i>Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</i>, 'Understanding the Federal Courts,' accessed May 23, 2019</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">certiorari</span></i> to the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a>. You can review the lower court's opinion <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/chavez-v-hott">here</a>. <br /> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Litigation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Litigation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#8_U.S.C._1226"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">8 U.S.C. 1226</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#8_U.S.C._1231"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">8 U.S.C. 1231</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Petitioners"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Petitioners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Respondents"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Respondents</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Questions_presented"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Questions presented</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Oral_argument"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Oral argument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Audio"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Audio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Transcript"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transcript</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Outcome"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Outcome</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Opinion"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Opinion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Concurring_opinion"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Concurring opinion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dissenting_opinion"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Dissenting opinion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Text_of_the_opinion"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Text of the opinion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#October_term_2020-2021"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">October term 2020-2021</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span></h2> <p>The following timeline details key events in this case: </p> <ul><li><b>June 29, 2021</b>: The U.S. Supreme Court <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court overturning a lower court's decision. </p>">reversed</span> the decision of the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a></li> <li><b>January 11, 2021</b>: The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument.</li> <li><b>June 15, 2020</b>: The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.</li> <li><b>January 17, 2020</b>: Matthew Albence, in his official capacity as acting director of <a href="/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE), filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court. <a href="#Petitioners">Click here</a> for a full list of <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Parties presenting a petition to an appellate court for relief on appeal. </p>">petitioners</span>.</li> <li><b>October 10, 2019</b>: The <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">4th Circuit</a> <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. </p>">affirmed</span> the judgment of the U.S. District Court.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <p>Under the <a href="/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>, when a previously deported immigrant reenters the United States without lawful permission, the previous deportation order "is reinstated from its original date" and "is not subject to being reopened or reviewed." Additionally, the immigrant may not challenge the order except if he or she has "a reasonable fear of persecution or torture in the countries designated in their removal orders."<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="#Respondents">respondents</a> in this case were a group of immigrants who entered the United States without lawful permission, were deported, and then re-entered without lawful permission. The immigrants were subject to deportation via reinstated removal orders. The respondents challenged the removal orders, claiming fear of persecution or torture in their native countries. The government was detaining the immigrants pending the outcome of proceedings regarding these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Litigation">Litigation</span></h3> <p>The case originated in a dispute over whether the respondents could seek release on bond in hearings before <a href="/Immigration_judge" title="Immigration judge">immigration judges</a> while the proceedings were pending. The government argued they could not seek release, because <a href="#8_U.S.C._1231">8 U.S.C. 1231</a> subjected the immigrants to mandatory detention. The immigrants argued that <a href="#8_U.S.C._1226">8 U.S.C. 1226</a> allowed them to seek release via bond hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. District Court granted <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Refers to a judgment granted on a claim about which there is no genuine issue of fact and to which the party moving for judgment prevails as a matter of law. </p>">summary judgment</span>, holding the respondents were detained under <a href="#8_U.S.C._1226">8 U.S.C. 1226</a>. The court ordered the government to provide bond hearings. The government appealed, and the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a> <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court confirming a lower court's decision. </p>">affirmed</span> the district court's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="8_U.S.C._1226">8 U.S.C. 1226</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">Title 8 of the United States Code</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1226">8 U.S.C. 1226</a> is titled "Apprehension and detention of aliens." Under the statute, the government may detain immigrants seeking to overturn deportation orders after a previous order's reinstatement "pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed." The law allows for discretionary release on bond.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="8_U.S.C._1231">8 U.S.C. 1231</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">Title 8 of the United States Code</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1231">8 U.S.C. 1231</a> is titled "Detention and removal of aliens ordered removed." Under the statute, the government may detain immigrants seeking to overturn deportation orders after a previous order's reinstatement once the deportation order has been issued. The law also provides for mandatory detention during a 90-day deportation period.<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Petitioners">Petitioners</span></h3> <p>The <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Parties presenting a petition to an appellate court for relief on appeal. </p>">petitioners</span> included: </p> <ul><li>Matthew Albence, in his official capacity as acting director of ICE.</li> <li><a href="/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a>, in his official capacity as <a href="/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. attorney general</a>.</li> <li>Russell Hott, in his official capacity as ICE field office director.</li> <li>The Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review.<sup id="cite_ref-petition_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petition-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Respondents">Respondents</span></h3> <p>The <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Parties against whom a petition to an appellate court is filed. </p>">respondents</span> included: </p> <ul><li>Rogelio Amilcar Cabrera Diaz, Jennry Francisco Moran Barrera, and Rodolfo Eduardo Rivera Flamenco, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated.</li> <li>Maria Angelica Guzman Chavez, Danis Faustino Castro Castro, and Jose Alfonso Serrano Colocho.</li> <li>Christian Flores Romero and Wilber A. Rodriguez Zometa (in the district court).<sup id="cite_ref-petition_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petition-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Questions_presented">Questions presented</span></h2> <p>The <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>Parties presenting a petition to an appellate court for relief on appeal. </p>">petitioners</span> presented the following questions to the court: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-left:solid 0px; border-right:solid 0px; border-top:solid 3px #00008B; border-bottom:solid 3px #00008B; background-color:#E5E5E5; width:auto; font-size:100%; margin:auto;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Questions presented:<br /></b> <p>"Whether the detention of an alien who is subject to a reinstated removal order and who is pursuing withholding or deferral of removal is governed by 8 U.S.C. 1231, or instead by 8 U.S.C. 1226."<sup id="cite_ref-question_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-question-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> Judge <a href="/Pamela_Harris" title="Pamela Harris">Pamela Harris</a>, writing for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, described the question as whether the respondents "have the right to individualized bond hearings that could lead to their release [from detention] during those proceedings. Answering that question requires that we determine the statutory authority under which the government detains noncitizens who seek withholding of removal after a prior removal order has been reinstated."<sup id="cite_ref-lower_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Oral_argument">Oral argument</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio">Audio</span></h3> <p>Audio of oral argument:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><br /> </p><p><audio controls=""><source src="https://www.supremecourt.gov/media/audio/mp3files/19-897.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" />Your browser doesn't support the audio tag.</audio><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transcript">Transcript</span></h3> <p>The case transcript: </p><p><iframe class="pdf-embed" width="500" height="500" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/88/19-897transcript.pdf#page=1" style="max-width: 100%;"></iframe> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Outcome">Outcome</span></h2> <p>In a 6-3 opinion, the court <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The action of an appellate court overturning a lower court's decision. </p>">reversed</span> the judgment of the <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_4th_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit</a>, holding that 8 U.S.C. § 1231 governs the detention of aliens subject to reinstated orders of removal. Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> delivered the opinion of the court. Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> filed a concurring opinion joined by Justice <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>. Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> wrote a dissent that Justices <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> joined.<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opinion">Opinion</span></h3> <p>In the court's majority opinion, Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Federal immigration law contains various provisions authorizing the Government to detain aliens during the removal process. This case concerns two of them: 8 U. S. C. §1226 and 8 U. S. C. §1231. We are asked to decide which of those provisions applies to aliens who were removed from the United States but later reentered without authorization, were subject to reinstated orders of removal, and then sought withholding of removal based on fear of persecution in the particular countries designated by their removal orders. If the answer is §1226, which applies “pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed from the United States,” then the alien may receive a bond hearing before an immigration judge. If the answer is §1231, which applies after the alien is “ordered removed,” then the alien is not entitled to a bond hearing. We conclude that §1231, not §1226, governs the detention of aliens subject to reinstated orders of removal, meaning those aliens are not entitled to a bond hearing while they pursue withholding of removal. <p><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Concurring_opinion">Concurring opinion</span></h3> <p>Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> filed a concurring opinion, joined by Justice <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>. </p><p>In his concurring opinion, Justice Thomas wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">This Court has an “independent obligation” to assess whether it has jurisdiction. <i>Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.</i>, 546 U. S. 500, 514 (2006). We do not have it here. Congress has restricted our jurisdiction in removal cases. See 8 U. S. C. §1252(b)(9); <i>Jennings v. Rodriguez</i>, 583 U. S. ___, ___ (2018) (THOMAS, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (slip op., at 3). Under §1252(b)(9), we can exercise judicial review of “questions of law and fact . . . arising from any action taken or proceeding brought to remove an alien” in only two circumstances. One is to review a final order of removal. §1252(b)(9). The other is to exercise an express grant of jurisdiction elsewhere in §1252. <i>Ibid.</i>; <i>Jennings</i>, 583 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 3). Neither circumstance is present here.<br /> <p>...<br /> In light of this jurisdictional problem, the Court should vacate and remand with instructions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. But “because the Court has held that we have jurisdiction in cases like these” and the Court’s opinion is otherwise correct, I join it except for footnote four. See <i>Nielsen v. Preap</i>, 586 U. S. ___, ___ (2019) (THOMAS, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (slip op., at 1). <sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Clarence Thomas</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dissenting_opinion">Dissenting opinion</span></h3> <p>Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> and <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>. </p><p>In their dissent, Justice Breyer wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-ope_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ope-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p>Respondents in this case are noncitizens previously ordered removed from the United States. After leaving the United States, each of them later returned (illegally). The Government then reinstated their original removal orders. See 8 U. S. C. §1231(a)(5). Each of the respondents argued to immigration authorities that the Government could not remove them because they reasonably feared persecution or torture in the country to which the Government sought to send them. And pursuant to the United States’ international commitments, the immigration authorities began the process of determining whether the Government should grant withholding-only relief (the withholding or deferral of removal). See §1231(b)(3)(A); 8 CFR §§208.16–208.18, 208.31, 241.8(e), 1208.16–1208.18, 1208.31, 1241.8(e) (2020).<br /> <br /> The question in this case is whether respondents are entitled to a bond hearing while immigration authorities engage in the lengthy process of determining whether respondents have the legal right (because of their fear of persecution or torture) to have their removal withheld. The Court points to two statutory provisions that might answer that question. The first, §1226, is a more general provision governing detention, and favors respondents. It says that “pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed from the United States,” 8 U. S. C. §1226(a), the Government “may release the alien on . . . bond” or “conditional parole.” §§1226(a)(2)(A), (B); see also 8 CFR §§236.1(c)(8), 1236.1(c)(8) (authorizing parole where the alien has demonstrated that “such release would not pose a danger to property or persons” and he or she “is likely to appear for any future proceeding”). The second, §1231, is a provision that more specifically applies to “aliens ordered removed,” and can be read to favor the Government because it does not expressly provide for a bond hearing during what it calls the 90-day “removal period.” 8 U. S. C. §1231(a)(2); see also 8 CFR §241.13(b)(2)(ii). The Government claims that §1231 applies to respondents and allows the Government to deny them bond hearings while their withholding-only relief proceedings take place.<br /> <br /> The Court agrees with the Government. In its view, respondents’ circumstances fall within the scope of what §1231 calls a “removal period.” §§1231(a)(1)(A)–(B). And it believes that section implicitly allows the Government to deny bond hearings during the 90-day removal period. See ante, at 7–8; §1231(a)(2). I agree that we have jurisdiction to review the decision below. See <i>ante</i>, at 8, n. 4; see also <i>Jennings v. Rodriguez</i>, 583 U. S. ___, ___–___ (2018) (BREYER, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 30–31). In my view, however, respondents do not fall within the scope of §1231. Hence, §1231 does not apply. Rather, respondents’ circumstances are governed by the more general section that concerns the conditions of detention pending a final determination on removal. See §1226. And they are entitled to the bond hearings for which that general section provides. See §1226(a)(2). <sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Text_of_the_opinion">Text of the opinion</span></h3> <p>Read the full opinion <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-897_c07d.pdf">here</a>. </p><p><iframe class="pdf-embed" width="500" height="500" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/7/74/19-897_c07d.pdf#page=1" style="max-width: 100%;"></iframe> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="October_term_2020-2021">October term 2020-2021</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Supreme Court began hearing cases for the term on October 5, 2020. The court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. The court generally releases the majority of its decisions in mid-June.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>The court <b>issued 67 opinions</b> during its 2020-2021 term. Two cases were decided in one consolidated opinion. Ten cases were decided without argument. <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021#Cases_by_date_of_opinion" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">Click here</a> for more information on the court's opinions. </p><p>The court <b>agreed to hear 62 cases</b> during its 2020-2021 term. Of those, 12 were originally scheduled for the <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2019-2020" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2019-2020">2019-2020 term</a> but were delayed due to the <a href="/Ballotpedia:Political_responses_to_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic,_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Political responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020">coronavirus pandemic</a>. Five cases were <a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021#Cases_removed_from_argument_calendar" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">removed from the argument calendar</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"><div style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021"><img alt="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG/422px-USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG/633px-USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG/844px-USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1331" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 262px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Supreme_Court_cases,_October_term_2020-2021" title="Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021">Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256.66666666667px"><div style="width: 256.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"><img alt="Supreme Court of the United States" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/382px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/573px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/12/SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg/763px-SCOTUSjustices2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1179" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 235px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"><div style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/History_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="History of the Supreme Court"><img alt="History of the Supreme Court" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg/378px-Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg/567px-Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/80/Alliance_founder_in_front_of_Supreme_Court-_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="508" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 232px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/History_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="History of the Supreme Court">History of the Supreme Court</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <div style="float:right; border:1px solid #00008B; margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:145px; background:#transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#transparent; text-align:center; font-size:13pt; color:black;"><b> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Submit_a_link" title="Ballotpedia:Submit a link"><img alt="BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/50px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/75px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/100px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="675" /></a></div></div> </b> </td> <td style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:black;"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:Submit_a_link" title="Ballotpedia:Submit a link">Suggest a link</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=Johnson+v.+Guzman+Chavez">Search Google News for this topic</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-897.html">U.S. Supreme Court docket file - <i>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</i></a> (petitions, motions, briefs, opinions, and attorneys)</li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/albence-v-guzman-chavez/">SCOTUSblog case file for <i>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</i></a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ope-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ope_1-5">1.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-897_c07d.pdf">U.S. Supreme Court, <i>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</i>, decided June 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lower-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-5">2.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-6">2.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-7">2.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lower_2-8">2.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/chavez-v-hott">United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, <i>Chavez v. Hott</i>, decided October 10, 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petition-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-petition_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-petition_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-petition_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/19/19-897/129182/20200617102322809_19-897%20Petition%20for%20Cert.pdf"><i>Albence v. Guzman Chavez</i>, "Petition for a writ of <i>certiorari</i>," accessed February 15, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-question-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-question_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-question_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/qp/19-00897qp.pdf">Supreme Court of the United States, <i>Johnson v. Guzman Chavez</i>, "Questions presented," accessed June 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2020/19-897"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Oral Argument - Audio," accessed January 12, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-overview_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/briefoverview.aspx"><i>SupremeCourt.gov</i>, "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table style="border:1px solid gray; font-size:85%;" class="collapsible collapsed" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccff;" height="50px"><table width="95%" bgcolor="#ccccff" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="75px" bgcolor="white"> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" class="image"><img alt="Seal of SCOTUS.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/50px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/75px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_SCOTUS.png/100px-Seal_of_SCOTUS.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></div></div> </td><td style="background:#ccccff;" align="center"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/Template:Justices_of_SCOTUS" title="Template:Justices of SCOTUS"><span title="View this template" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Justices_of_SCOTUS&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:150%; font-weight:bold;">Justices of the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; width:75px; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Federal_judge#Federal_judges,_Article_III" title="Federal judge">Active justices</a></td><td align="center"> <p><b><a href="/Chief_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice">Chief justice</a>:</b> <a href="/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">Roberts</a><b><br /> </b> <b>Associate justices:</b> <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> • <a href="/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> • <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> • <a href="/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a> • <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> • <a href="/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> • <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> • <a href="/Clarence_Thomas_(Supreme_Court)" title="Clarence Thomas (Supreme Court)">Thomas</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Federal_judge#Senior_judges" title="Federal judge">Senior justices</a></td><td align="center" bgcolor="#eee"> <p><a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> • <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> • <a href="/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> • <a href="/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; vertical-align:middle;" align="center"><a href="/Chief_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice">Former chief justices</a></td><td align="center"> <p><a href="/Warren_Burger" title="Warren Burger">Burger</a> • <a href="/Salmon_Portland_Chase" title="Salmon Portland Chase">Chase</a> • <a href="/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a> • <a href="/Melville_Weston_Fuller" title="Melville Weston Fuller">Fuller</a> • <a href="/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a> • <a href="/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a> • <a href="/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">Marshall</a> • <a href="/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a> • <a href="/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">Rutledge</a> • <a href="/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Stone</a> • <a href="/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> • <a href="/Roger_Brooke_Taney" title="Roger Brooke Taney">Taney</a> • <a href="/Frederick_Vinson" title="Frederick Vinson">Vinson</a> • <a href="/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Waite</a> • <a href="/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> • </p> <a href="/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">White</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#ccccff; 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