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Irish language - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primitive_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primitive_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Primitive Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primitive_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Old Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early Modern Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gaelic_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gaelic_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>The Gaelic Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gaelic_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status and policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_and_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status and policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_and_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaeltacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaeltacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gaeltacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaeltacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_Languages_Act_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_Languages_Act_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Official Languages Act 2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_Languages_Act_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_Languages_Scheme_2019–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_Languages_Scheme_2019–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_Languages_Scheme_2019–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010–2030" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010–2030"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010–2030-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Outside Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Connacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Munster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ulster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leinster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leinster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Leinster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leinster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>The Pale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>General decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_urban_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_urban_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Modern urban usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_urban_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Standardisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax_and_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Syntax and morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax_and_morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax and morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_mutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_mutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Initial mutations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_mutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spelling_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Spelling reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Grammar and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 161 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers-Gaelies" title="Iers-Gaelies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iers-Gaelies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sprache" title="Irische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="አየርላንድኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አየርላንድኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Īrisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īrisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аирланд бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аирланд бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأيرلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأيرلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lico_irland%C3%AAs" title="Gaèlico irlandês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gaèlico irlandês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rland_dili" title="İrland dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrland dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আইরিশ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইরিশ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Ài-ní-lân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ài-ní-lân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірляндзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірляндзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирландски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sproch" title="Irische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwerzhoneg" title="Iwerzhoneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iwerzhoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lic_irland%C3%A8s" title="Gaèlic irlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaèlic irlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Айриш чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айриш чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1tina" title="Irština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddeleg" title="Gwyddeleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddeleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk_(sprog)" title="Irsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirragiella" title="Iirragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Iirragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irische_Sprache" title="Irische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Iršćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Iršćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri_keel" title="Iiri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iiri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιρλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_irland%C3%A9s" title="Idioma irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_lingvo" title="Irlanda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlanda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_gaelera" title="Irlandako gaelera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako gaelera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان ایرلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایرلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_bhasa" title="Irish bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Irish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Írskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Írskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandais" title="Irlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersk" title="Iersk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iersk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_irlandese" title="Lenghe irlandese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe irlandese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghaeilge" title="An Ghaeilge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghaeilge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yernish" title="Yernish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yernish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0idhlig_na_h-%C3%88ireann" title="Gàidhlig na h-Èireann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gàidhlig na h-Èireann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandesa" title="Lingua irlandesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland-ng%C3%AE" title="Ireland-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ireland-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Гәәлгүдин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гәәлгүдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="아일랜드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Irish" title="Harshen Irish – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Irish" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իռլանդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Iršćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iršćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandana_linguo" title="Irlandana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irlandana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Irlandes" title="Pagsasao nga Irlandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Irlandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Irlandia" title="Bahasa Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandese" title="Lingua irlandese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua irlandese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandesi" title="Irlandesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irlandesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ирландиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирландиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drska" title="Írska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandese" title="Lingua irlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua irlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ирланд тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирланд тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhonek" title="Wordhonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wordhonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieire" title="Kieire – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kieire" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ирландса кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирландса кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AErlend%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îrlendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îrlendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ирланд тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирланд тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelich" title="Gaelich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gaelich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hibernica" title="Lingua Hibernica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hibernica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAru_valoda" title="Īru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Airių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Airių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_irlandeize" title="Lengoa irlandeize – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoa irlandeize" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eres_(lingua)" title="Eres (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eres (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_irlandesa" title="Lengua irlandesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr_nyelv" title="Ír nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_irlandey" title="Fiteny irlandey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny irlandey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഐറിഷ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐറിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Irlandi%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Irlandiża – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Irlandiża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Airangi" title="Reo Airangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Airangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आयरिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयरिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირლანდიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ايرلاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرلاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ایرلندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرلندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ireland" title="Bahasa Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯢꯔꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Irlandia" title="Bahaso Irlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i-%C4%AB-l%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ái-ī-làng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ái-ī-làng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Ирланд хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирланд хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်းရစ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်းရစ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="アイルランド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ирландхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ирландхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirsk" title="Iirsk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iirsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk" title="Irsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk" title="Irsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandais" title="Irlandais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Irlandais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%C3%A9s" title="Irlandés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_tili" title="Irland tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irland tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਰਿਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Irish" title="Salitan Irish – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Irish" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="آئرش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئرش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandes_(idioma)" title="Irlandes (idioma) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irlandes (idioma)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ايرلينډي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايرلينډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ир кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ир кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlind%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Irlindé (langue) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irlindé (langue)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_irland%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga irlandèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga irlandèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Aialan" title="Tok Aialan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Aialan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisch_Spraak" title="Irisch Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irisch Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_irlandzki" title="Język irlandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język irlandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_irlandesa" title="Língua irlandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua irlandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_irlandez%C4%83" title="Limba irlandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba irlandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_irlandaisa" title="Lingua irlandaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua irlandaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irihallp%27a_simi" title="Irihallp'a simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irihallp'a simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ірьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ирландский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelicu_Irlandesu" title="Gaelicu Irlandesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gaelicu Irlandesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erse_leid" title="Erse leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erse leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisk" title="Irisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_irlandeze_gaelike" title="Gjuha irlandeze gaelike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha irlandeze gaelike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آئرش ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئرش ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C4%8Dina" title="Írčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Írčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_gel%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Irska gelščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irska gelščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandzko_godka" title="Irlandzko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irlandzko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئیری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ирски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irski_jezik" title="Irski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri" title="Iiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriska" title="Iriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Irlandes" title="Wikang Irlandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Irlandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐரிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlandit" title="Tirlandit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tirlandit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ирланд теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирланд теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ภาษาไอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ирландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ирландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandaca" title="İrlandaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlandaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiri%CC%B1t_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Ayiri̱t (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ayiri̱t (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ирланд кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирланд кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آئرستانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئرستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئرېلاندىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئرېلاندىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_irlandeze" title="Łéngua irlandeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua irlandeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandijan_kel%27" title="Irlandijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irlandijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ireland" title="Tiếng Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirey%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Lireyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lireyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri_kiil" title="Iiri kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iiri kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Irlandès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irlandès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iers" title="Iers – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iers" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="爱尔兰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9" title="איריש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איריש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Ireland" title="Èdè Ireland – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ireland" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Irish language (disambiguation)">Irish language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see <a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Irish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Irish Gaelic</li><li>Gaelic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Irish">Standard Irish</a>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Connacht Irish: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]</a></span><br />Munster Irish: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ]</a></span><br />Ulster Irish: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲəc]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: unknown<br />People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well":<br />(ROI, 2022) 195,029<br />Daily users outside education system:<br />(ROI, 2022) 71,968<br />(NI, 2021) 43,557<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: unknown<br />People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish:<br />(ROI, 2022) 1,873,997<br />(NI, 2021) 228,600</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Irish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></span></span> (written only)</td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish alphabet">Irish alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> (historically)<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ga">ga</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=164">gle</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gle" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gle">gle</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iris1253">iris1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3437">Irish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=50-AAA">50-AAA</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/250px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/375px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Irish_speakers_in_2011.png/500px-Irish_speakers_in_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="11541" data-file-height="14788" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Irish is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:MSF_chapter_1.ogg" title="File:MSF chapter 1.ogg">Spoken Irish</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="882" data-mwtitle="MSF_chapter_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/MSF_chapter_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/MSF_chapter_1.ogg/MSF_chapter_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht (Gaeltacht Mhúscraí)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Irish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Irish">Standard Irish</a>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span>), also known as <b>Irish Gaelic</b> or simply <b>Gaelic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/95\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gaelic.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Gaelic.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Gaelic.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Gaelic.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAY</span>-lik</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language family">Celtic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OG_18772_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG_18772-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FnG_21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FnG_21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a> languages of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a> sub branch of the family and is <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the majority of the population's <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> until the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic imperialism</a>. </p><p>Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic analyses of Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968.<sup id="cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the 2021 census of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> reported speaking Irish as their <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">first language at home</a>, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of recorded <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Irish history</a>, Irish was the dominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">took it with them to other regions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">unique dialect</a> of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century. </p><p>With a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> since the 5th century AD, Irish has <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">one of the oldest vernacular literatures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. On the island, the language has three major dialects: <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a>. All three have distinctions in their <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. There is also <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardised</a> written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Irish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish alphabet">Irish alphabet</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with 18 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, has been succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">standard Latin alphabet</a> (albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>). </p><p>Irish has <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitutional</a> status as the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">national and first official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, and is also an official language of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and among the official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">languages of the European Union</a>. The public body <a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a> is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</i></span>, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Irish">In Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span> ("The Official [Written] <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard</a>") the name of the language is <b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span></b>, from the south <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> form, spelled <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhilge</i></span> prior the spelling reform of 1948, in which the silent <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span> was removed. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhilge</i></span> was originally the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhealg</i></span>, the form used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older spellings include <span title="Middle Irish (900-1200)-language text"><i lang="mga">Gaoidhealg</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ]</a></span> in Classical Gaelic and <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Goídelc</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ]</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a>, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonyms</a> of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include: <b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]</a></span> in Galway, <b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilg</i></span></b>/<b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilic</i></span></b>/<b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilig</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːlʲəc]</a></span> in Mayo and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster</a>, <b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaelainn</i></span></b>/<b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoluinn</i></span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ]</a></span> in West/Cork, Kerry <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a>, as well as <b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhealaing</i></span></b> in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a> to reflect local pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span> as a term can apply to the very closely related languages <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> as well as Irish Gaeilc. When context requires it, these three are distinguished as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gaeilge na hAlban</i></span>, <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaeilge Mhanann</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge na hÉireann</i></span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English (including <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>), the language is usually referred to as <i>Irish</i>, as well as <i>Gaelic</i> and <i>Irish Gaelic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Irish Gaelic</i> may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gaelic</i> is a collective term for the Goidelic languages,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name "Erse" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">URS</span></i></a>) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish;<sup id="cite_ref-Erse_cite_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erse_cite-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Scottish Gaelic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Irish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Irish language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Irish+language%22">"Irish language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Irish+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Irish+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Irish+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Irish+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Irish+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitive_Irish">Primitive Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primitive Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></div> <p>Written Irish is first attested in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></i></span> inscriptions from the 4th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a stage of the language known as <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a>. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Irish">Old Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></div> <p>Primitive Irish underwent a change into <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and is attested primarily in <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words, some via <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical terms</a>: examples are <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">easpag</i></span> (bishop) from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">episcopus</i></span>, and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Domhnach</i></span> (Sunday, from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dominica</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Irish">Middle Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></div> <p>By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>, which was spoken throughout Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a>. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> in Scotland, and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Irish">Early Modern Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Modern Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a>, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic-speaking Scotland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Irish">Modern Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Geoffrey Keating</a>, is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shift</a> were complex but came down to a number of factors: </p> <ul><li>Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s support of English over Irish.</li> <li>The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irishin1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/220px-Irishin1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/330px-Irishin1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Irishin1871.jpg/440px-Irishin1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of the Irish language in 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>The change was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_bilingualism" title="Transitional bilingualism">transitional bilingualism</a> (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Ó_Gráda_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Gráda-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing interest in emigrating to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> were Irish speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></i></span>), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. </p><p>Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93g_%C3%93_C%C3%ADonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muircheartach Óg Ó Cíonga">Muircheartach Ó Cíonga</a></span></span>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Bedell" title="William Bedell">Bishop Bedell</a>, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been estimated that there were around 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Monoglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoglot">monoglot</a> Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gaelic_Revival">The Gaelic Revival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Gaelic Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Revival">Gaelic Revival</a></div> <p>The Gaelic revival (Irish: <i lang="ga">Athbheochan na Gaeilge</i>) was the late-nineteenth-century national revival of interest in the Irish language <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Irish Gaelic culture (including folklore, mythology, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Games">sports</a>, music, arts, etc.). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> (Conradh na Gaeilge) was established in 1893 by <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> and other enthusiasts of Gaelic language and culture. Its first president was <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>. The objective of the league was to encourage the use of Irish in everyday life in order to counter the ongoing anglicisation of the country. It organised weekly gatherings to discuss Irish culture, hosted conversation meetings, edited and periodically published a newspaper named <i>An Claidheamh Soluis</i>, and successfully campaigned to have Irish included in the school curriculum. The league grew quickly, having more than 48 branches within four years of its foundation and 400 within 10. It had fraught relationships with other cultural movements of the time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celtic movement</a> and the Irish Literary Revival. </p><p>Important writers of the Gaelic revival include <a href="/wiki/Peadar_Ua_Laoghaire" title="Peadar Ua Laoghaire">Peadar Ua Laoghaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a> (Pádraig Mac Piarais) and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_policy">Status and policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Status and policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status of the Irish language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> as the national and first official language of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, the founder of <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></span></span> (Gaelic League), <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>, was inaugurated as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>. The record of his delivering his inaugural <i>Declaration of Office</i> in <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">Roscommon</a> Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/220px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/330px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg/440px-Bilingual_sign_Grafton_Street_Dublin_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">History of the Republic of Ireland</a>), new appointees to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Postal_worker" title="Postal worker">postal workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collectors</a>, agricultural inspectors, <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Language_Freedom_Movement" title="Language Freedom Movement">Language Freedom Movement</a>, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. </p><p>Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education in the Republic of Ireland</a>). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge</i></span>. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Certificate</a> Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</i></span>, the Irish language ombudsman). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">GCE</a>/<a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NUI_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="NUI Galway">NUI Galway</a> is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the university faced controversy when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misneach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misneach (page does not exist)">Misneach</a></i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciar%C3%A1n_%C3%93_h%C3%93gartaigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh (page does not exist)">Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh</a>, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_Creggs2764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/250px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/330px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMG_Creggs2764.jpg/500px-IMG_Creggs2764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road signs in <a href="/wiki/Creggs" title="Creggs">Creggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Manch%C3%A1n_Magan" title="Manchán Magan">Manchán Magan</a> found few Irish speakers in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary <i><a href="/wiki/No_B%C3%A9arla" title="No Béarla">No Béarla</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoileanna</a></i></span> at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2016, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> app.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish president <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gaeltacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/250px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/500px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x" data-file-width="10560" data-file-height="14885" /></a><figcaption>The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. These regions are known individually and collectively as the <i>Gaeltacht</i> (plural <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltachtaí</i></span>). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Siggins_5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siggins_5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in <i>Gaeltacht</i> areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent. </p><p>According to data compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, <i>Gaeltacht</i>, Sport and Media</a>, only 1/4 of households in <i>Gaeltacht</i> areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the <a href="/wiki/Galway-Mayo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology">Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology</a>, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Foinse" title="Foinse">Foinse</a></i></span>, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000."<sup id="cite_ref-Siggins_5_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siggins_5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as <i>Gaeltacht</i>. Today, the strongest <i>Gaeltacht</i> areas, numerically and socially, are those of South <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>, the west of the <a href="/wiki/Dingle_Peninsula" title="Dingle Peninsula">Dingle Peninsula</a>, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Fíor-Ghaeltacht</i></span> (true <i>Gaeltacht</i>), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. </p><p>There are <i>Gaeltacht</i> regions in the following counties:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae na Gaillimhe</i></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Conamara</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Oileáin Árann</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carraroe" title="Carraroe">Carraroe</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Cheathrú Rua</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiddal" title="Spiddal">Spiddal</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Spidéal</i></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Mayo_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Mayo</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Mhaigh Eo</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Dhún na nGall</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Chiarraí</i></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingle_Peninsula" title="Dingle Peninsula">Dingle Peninsula</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Corca Dhuibhne</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Iveragh Peninsula</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Uibh Rathach</i></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Cork_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Cork</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Chorcaí</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Waterford_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Waterford</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Phort Láirge</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht#Meath_Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">County Meath</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae na Mí</i></span>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoth Dobhair</i></span>), County Donegal, is the largest <i>Gaeltacht</i> parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the <i>Gaeltacht</i> are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">céilithe</a></i></span></i> and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_Languages_Act_2003">Official Languages Act 2003</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Official Languages Act 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_2003" title="Official Languages Act 2003">Official Languages Act 2003</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/250px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/330px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg/500px-Dublin_airport_sign_in_both_English_and_Irish_Gaelic_languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages</figcaption></figure><p>The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance with the Act is monitored by the <i><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></i> (Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the act are brought to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 35 sections in the act detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in courts, official publications, and placenames.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_Languages_Scheme_2019–2022"><span id="Official_Languages_Scheme_2019.E2.80.932022"></span>Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the <i>Official Languages Act 2003</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the <i>Department of the Taoiseach,</i> it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010–2030"><span id="20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010.E2.80.932030"></span>20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20-Year_Strategy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010%E2%80%932030" title="20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030">20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030</a></div> <p>The strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and runs to 2030; it targets language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30-page document published by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four phases to improve 9 main areas: </p> <ul><li>"Education"</li> <li>"The <i>Gaeltacht</i>"</li> <li>"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention"</li> <li>"Administration, Services and Community"</li> <li>"Media and Technology"</li> <li>"Dictionaries"</li> <li>"Legislation and Status"</li> <li>"Economic Life"</li> <li>"Cross-cutting Initiatives"<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/220px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/330px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg/440px-Multilingual_sign_Department_Culture_Leisure_Arts_Northern_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ulster Scots</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, government in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was devolved. During those years, the political party holding power in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Stormont Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP), was hostile to the language as it was almost exclusively used by nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In broadcasting, reporting minority cultural issues was prohibited and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the devolved government.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, Irish in Northern Ireland gradually gained a degree of <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">formal recognition</a> from the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-belfast_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfast-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in 2003, the British government ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> with respect to the use of Irish in Northern Ireland. In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a>, the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language<sup id="cite_ref-bbc13dec2006_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc13dec2006-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2022 it approved legislation to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Language_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Language Act">recognise Irish as an official language</a> alongside English. The bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 6 December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of Irish has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Dream_Dearg" class="mw-redirect" title="An Dream Dearg">An Dream Dearg</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs fluent in Irish can now speak the language in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and at committees, though in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. </p><p>Although Irish was an official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">EU language</a>, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation requested by the Irish government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the derogation ended on 1 January 2022, Irish became a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the Republic's history.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Irish became an official language, it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Ireland">Outside Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Outside Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Irish language outside Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Irish language in Newfoundland</a></div> <p>The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, chiefly to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and North America, but also to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>, which saw many Irish sent to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">the Famine</a>. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. </p><p>Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Gael" title="An Gael">An Gaodhal</a></i></span>. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></i></span> being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated. </p><p>The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> claimed to speak Irish at home.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish language is also one of the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a>, a non-governmental organisation that promotes <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, Celtic identity and culture in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>. </p><p>Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Newfoundland">island of Newfoundland</a>, in a form known as <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The 2016 census data shows:</p><blockquote><p>The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Cens_16_Irish_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cens_16_Irish-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_Irish_speakers_in_Gaeltacht_areas_between_2011_and_2022">Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Gaeltacht Area </th> <th rowspan="2">2011 </th> <th rowspan="2">2016 </th> <th rowspan="2">2022 </th> <th colspan="2">Change 2011–2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Cork </td> <td align="right">982 </td> <td align="right">872 </td> <td align="right">847 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 135 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Donegal </td> <td align="right">7,047 </td> <td align="right">5,929 </td> <td align="right">5,753 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,294 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Galway City </td> <td align="right">636 </td> <td align="right">646 </td> <td align="right">646 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Galway </td> <td align="right">10,085 </td> <td align="right">9,445 </td> <td align="right">9,373 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 712 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Kerry </td> <td align="right">2,501 </td> <td align="right">2,049 </td> <td align="right">2,131 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 370 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Mayo </td> <td align="right">1,172 </td> <td align="right">895 </td> <td align="right">727 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 445 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Meath </td> <td align="right">314 </td> <td align="right">283 </td> <td align="right">276 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 38 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">County Waterford </td> <td align="right">438 </td> <td align="right">467 </td> <td align="right">508 </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 70 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15.9% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#DDFFEE;"> <td align="center"><b>All Gaeltacht Areas</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>23,175</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>20,586</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>20,261</b> </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>2,914</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>12.5%</b> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10"><div class="center"><i>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social media has provided new tools for promoting the Irish language. Influencers on platforms like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Aisling O'Neill and Irish Language Learner, share lessons, challenges, and everyday phrases in Irish as a way to engage their followers. This creative content can help to increase awareness and encourage younger audiences to embrace their cultural heritage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="While this is probably true, it's specific enough that it merits citing research (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, channels such as Briathra - The Irish Language and TG Lurgan offer instructional videos ranging from pronunciation guides to grammar explanations. TG Lurgan<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is known for transforming popular songs into Irish versions, promoting the language and cultural pride through music. </p><p>Developments in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> technology may affect the future of Irish language learning. Platforms incorporating AI can provide personalized learning experiences. Tools like the Gaeilgeoir AI provide a way to use AI in the context of traditional language learning,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may increase the accessibility and appeal of the Irish language for new generations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish is represented by several traditional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features. </p><p>Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Chonnacht</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Mumhan</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Uladh</i></span>). Records of some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Laighean</i></span>) were made by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission" title="Irish Folklore Commission">Irish Folklore Commission</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connacht">Connacht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Connacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></div> <p>Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a>. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaillimh</i></span>) and Mayo (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Maigh Eo</i></span>). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. </p><p>Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-achan</i></span>, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">lagachan</i></span> instead of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">lagú</i></span>, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Cois_Fharraige" title="Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a> with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, rather than as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vˠ]</span> in Munster. For example, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sliabh</i></span> ("mountain") is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃlʲiəw]</span> in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃlʲiəβ]</span> in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhí muid</i></span> is used for "we were" instead of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhíomar</i></span>. </p><p>As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before <span class="nowrap">⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩</span>, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant. This can be seen in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cɑːn̪ˠ]</span> "head", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cam</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːmˠ]</span> "crooked", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gearr</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟɑːɾˠ]</span> "short", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ord</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ouɾˠd̪ˠ]</span> "sledgehammer", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gall</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gɑːl̪ˠ]</span> "foreigner, non-Gael", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iontas</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈiːn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ]</span> "a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form <span class="nowrap">⟨(a)ibh⟩</span>, when occurring at the end of words like <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">agaibh</i></span>, tends to be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>. </p><p>In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vʲ/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʲ/</span>, in word such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sibh</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">libh</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dóibh</i></span> (pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and "<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dófa</i></span>" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">acu</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈakəbˠ]</span>) and '<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leo</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʲoːbˠ]</span>). There is also a tendency to omit <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span> in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">agam</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">agat</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">againn</i></span>, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. </p><p>The pronunciation prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Country" title="Joyce Country">Joyce Country</a> (the area around <a href="/wiki/Lough_Corrib" title="Lough Corrib">Lough Corrib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lough_Mask" title="Lough Mask">Lough Mask</a>) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">agam</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">agat</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">againn</i></span> and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">doiligh</i></span> (difficult) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">foscailte</i></span> being preferred to the more usual <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">deacair</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">oscailte</i></span>. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">eile</i></span> (other), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cosa</i></span> (feet) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">déanta</i></span> (done) tend to be pronounced as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">eilí</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cosaí</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">déantaí</i></span> respectively. </p><p>The northern Mayo dialect of <a href="/wiki/Erris" title="Erris">Erris</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Iorras</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Achill" class="mw-redirect" title="Achill">Achill</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Acaill</i></span>) is in grammar and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. For example, words ending -<span class="nowrap">⟨bh, mh⟩</span> have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leo</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dóibh</i></span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, giving <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leofa</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dófa</i></span> respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">amharc</i></span> (meaning "to look"), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nimhneach</i></span> (painful or sore), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">druid</i></span> (close), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mothaigh</i></span> (hear), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">doiligh</i></span> (difficult), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">úr</i></span> (new), and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tig le</i></span> (to be able to – i.e. a form similar to <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">féidir</i></span>). </p><p>Irish President <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a> was possibly one of the last speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Roscommon" title="Roscommon">Roscommon</a> dialect of Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munster">Munster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Munster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></div> <p>Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Chorcaí</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Chiarraí</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Phort Láirge</i></span>). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Cape Clear Island</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Oileán Chléire</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Muskerry</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Múscraí</i></span>); those of Kerry lie in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Corca_Dhuibhne" class="mw-redirect" title="Corca Dhuibhne">Corca Dhuibhne</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Iveragh Peninsula</a>; and those of Waterford in <a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">Ring</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Rinn</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Parish" title="Old Parish">Old Parish</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Sean Phobal</i></span>), both of which together form <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_na_nD%C3%A9ise" title="Gaeltacht na nDéise">Gaeltacht na nDéise</a>. Of the three counties, the Irish spoken in Cork and Kerry is quite similar while that of Waterford is more distinct. </p><p>Some typical features of Munster Irish are: </p> <ol><li>The use of <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">synthetic</a> verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caithfead</i></span> in Munster, while other dialects prefer <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caithfidh mé</i></span> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mé</i></span> means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhíos</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhís</i></span> in Munster but more commonly <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhí mé</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhí tú</i></span> in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhíos</i></span> etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.</li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">independent/dependent forms of verbs</a> that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">chím</i></span>, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tchím</i></span>, whereas "I do not see" is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní fheicim</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">feicim</i></span> being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní</i></span> ("not"). <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Chím</i></span> is replaced by <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">feicim</i></span> in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bheirim</i></span> "I give"/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní thugaim</i></span> is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tugaim</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní thugaim</i></span> in the Standard; <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gheibhim</i></span> I get/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní bhfaighim</i></span> is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faighim</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní bhfaighim</i></span>.</li> <li>When before <span class="nowrap">⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩</span> and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongised</a>, in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cɑun̪ˠ]</span> "head", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cam</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑumˠ]</span> "crooked", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gearr</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟɑːɾˠ]</span> "short", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ord</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oːɾˠd̪ˠ]</span> "sledgehammer", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gall</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gɑul̪ˠ]</span> "foreigner, non-Gael", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iontas</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uːn̪ˠt̪ˠəsˠ]</span> "a wonder, a marvel", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">compánach</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kəumˠˈpˠɑːnˠəx]</span> "companion, mate", etc.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a> construction involving <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ea</i></span> "it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">is Éireannach mé</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éireannach is ea mé</i></span> in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éireannach</i></span>. In effect the construction is a type of "<a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">fronting</a>".</li> <li>Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">insan</i></span> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sa</i></span>/<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">san</i></span>) "in the", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">den</i></span> "of the", and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">don</i></span> "to/for the": <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sa tsiopa</i></span> "in the shop", compared to the Standard <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sa siopa</i></span> (the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases).</li> <li>Eclipsis of <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> after <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sa</i></span>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sa bhfeirm</i></span>, "in the farm", instead of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">san fheirm</i></span>.</li> <li>Eclipsis of <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">insan</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">den</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">don</i></span>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ar an dtigh</i></span> "on the house", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ag an ndoras</i></span> "at the door".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -<span class="nowrap">⟨(e)ach⟩</span>, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ciarán</i></span> is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ]</a></span> opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈciəɾˠaːn̪ˠ]</span> in Connacht and Ulster.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulster">Ulster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ulster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></div> <p>Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home. </p><p>Linguistically, the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both <a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gweedore</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoth Dobhair</i></span> = Inlet of Streaming Water) and <a href="/wiki/The_Rosses" title="The Rosses">The Rosses</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">na Rossa</i></span>). </p><p>Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. </p><p>One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cha(n)</i></span> in place of the Munster and Connacht <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní</i></span>. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní</i></span> more than <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cha(n)</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cha(n)</i></span> has almost ousted <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ní</i></span> in northernmost dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rosguill" title="Rosguill">Rosguill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tory_Island" title="Tory Island">Tory Island</a>), though even in these areas <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">níl</i></span> "is not" is more common than <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">chan fhuil</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cha bhfuil</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-(a)im</i></span> as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">-(e)am</i></span>, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">siúlaim</i></span> "I walk", Ulster <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">siúlam</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leinster">Leinster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Leinster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">Liffey estuary</a> and southwards to <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">Boyne valley</a>, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. </p><p>The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation <span class="nowrap">⟨cr⟩</span> where the standard spelling is <span class="nowrap">⟨cn⟩</span>. The word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cnoc</i></span> (hill) would therefore be pronounced <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">croc</i></span>. Examples are the placenames Crooksling (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cnoc Slinne</i></span>) in County Dublin and Crukeen (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cnoicín</i></span>) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">poll</i></span> (hole), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cill</i></span> (monastery), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">coill</i></span> (wood), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span> (head), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cam</i></span> (crooked) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dream</i></span> (crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨ao⟩</span>, which generally became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> in east Leinster (as in Munster), and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> in the west (as in Connacht).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in <i>The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge</i> (1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Leinster Irish </th></tr> <tr> <th>Anglicised spelling </th> <th>Irish spelling </th></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td><i>Kanys stato?</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Conas 'tá tú?</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am well, thank you</td> <td><i>Tam a goomah gramahagood.</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Tá mé go maith, go raibh maith agat.</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir, can you speak Irish?</td> <td><i>Sor, woll galow oket?</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sir, 'bhfuil Gaeilig [Gaela'] agat?</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wife, give me bread!</td> <td><i>Benytee, toor haran!</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">A bhean an tí, tabhair arán!</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>How far is it to Waterford?</td> <td><i>Gath haad o showh go part laarg?</i>.</td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gá fhad as [a] seo go Port Láirge?</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>It is one a twenty mile.</td> <td><i>Myle hewryht.</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Míle a haon ar fhichid.</i></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>When shall I go to sleep, wife?</td> <td><i>Gah hon rah moyd holow?</i></td> <td>[<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gathain a rachamaoid a chodladh?</i></span>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Pale">The Pale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Pale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/250px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/330px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg/500px-The_Pale_According_to_the_Statute_of_1488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a> – According to Statute of 1488</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Pháil</i></span>) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from <a href="/wiki/Dalkey" title="Dalkey">Dalkey</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, to the garrison town of <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a>, with an inland boundary encompassing <a href="/wiki/Naas" title="Naas">Naas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leixlip" title="Leixlip">Leixlip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Kildare" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Kildare">Earldom of Kildare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath" title="Trim, County Meath">Trim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath" title="Kells, County Meath">Kells</a> in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_decline">General decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Kilkenny 57%</dd> <dd>Louth 57%</dd> <dd>Longford 22%</dd> <dd>Westmeath 17%</dd></dl> <p>The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in <a href="/wiki/Omeath" title="Omeath">Omeath</a>, County Louth (now available in digital form).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Ó_Gráda_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Gráda-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_use_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_19th_century">Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator <a href="/wiki/William_Gerard" title="William Gerard">William Gerard</a> (1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish,"<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanihurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stanihurst">Richard Stanihurst</a> (1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gnóthuimh</i></span> (accusative case, the standard form being <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gnóthaí</i></span>), <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tíorthuibh</i></span> (accusative case, the standard form being <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tíortha</i></span>) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leithscéalaibh</i></span> (genitive case, the standard form being <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leithscéalta</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athy" title="Athy">Athy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> so that people could understand it.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in <i>Faulkner's Dublin Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> at the time of the 1851 census.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English</a>, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English administrator and traveller <a href="/wiki/Fynes_Moryson" title="Fynes Moryson">Fynes Moryson</a>, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> (1536), ordaining as follows: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne [Galway] endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke English...</i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations. Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork, <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a> and even the Protestant town of <a href="/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork" title="Bandon, County Cork">Bandon</a>, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_urban_usage">Modern urban usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern urban usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></i></span>, and accompanied by renewed literary activity.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoileanna</a></i></span>, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media.<sup id="cite_ref-schism_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schism-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nuachainteoirí</i></span> ("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht,<sup id="cite_ref-Seoighe_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seoighe-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-schism_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schism-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-Nic_Mhuiris_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nic_Mhuiris-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-schism_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schism-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Standardisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></div> <p>There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Foclóir Póca</i></span>, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as <i>Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge</i><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the dialects are less noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</i></span> ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Caighdeán</i></span>, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></i></span> in 1953<sup id="cite_ref-blas_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blas-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and updated in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish phonology</a></div> <p>In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. One notable feature is that consonants (except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>) come in pairs, one "broad" (<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarised</a>, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalised</a>, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>), in Irish they have a grammatical function. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">broad</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slender</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">pˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">bˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuant consonant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">fˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">fʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">sˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">vʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized dental lateral approximant">l̪ˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">mˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">n̪ˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">ɾˠ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɾʲ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>short</small></a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>long</small></a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>short</small></a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>short</small></a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length"><small>long</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> of Irish are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə,<span class="wrap"> </span>uə,<span class="wrap"> </span>əi,<span class="wrap"> </span>əu/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_morphology">Syntax and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syntax and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish declension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">Irish conjugation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">Irish syntax</a></div> <p>Irish is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb-subject-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb-subject-object">VSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative-accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative-accusative language">nominative-accusative language</a>. It is neither <a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">verb</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">satellite framed</a>, and makes liberal use of <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> verbs. </p><p>Nouns <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> (only in conjunction with the number <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dhá</i></span> "two"), <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine; and 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nomino</a>-<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ainmneach</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gairmeach</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ginideach</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">prepositional</a>-<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tabharthach</i></span>), with fossilised traces of the older <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cuspóireach</i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with nouns in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> nouns. <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> have <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">proximal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">medial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives" title="Demonstrative">distal</a> forms. The <a href="/wiki/Prepositional" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional">prepositional</a>-<a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> case is called the <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative. </p><p>Verbs <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#perfective" title="Uses of English verb forms">perfective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">imperfective</a>; 2 numbers: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">dependent</a> forms. Verbs <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugate</a> for 3 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> and an impersonal form which is <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">actor</a>-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. </p><p>There are two verbs for "to be", one for <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">inherent qualities</a> with only two forms, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">is</i></span> "present" and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ba</i></span> "past" and "conditional", and one for <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory#Aristotle" title="Substance theory">transient qualities</a>, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. </p><p>Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molaim</i></span> 'I praise', <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molaimid</i></span> 'we praise', <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">moltar</i></span> 'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molann sé</i></span> 'he praises', <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">molann sibh</i></span> 'you <span style="font-size: 85%;">pl.</span> praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly analytical forms. </p><p>The meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resultative" title="Resultative">resultative</a> constructions. There are also a number of preverbal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_and_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative and negative">negative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>, etc. There is a <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">verbal adjective</a>. Verb forms are highly <a href="/wiki/Inflection#Regular_and_irregular_inflection" title="Inflection">regular</a>, many grammars recognise only <a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation#Irregular_verbs" title="Irish conjugation">11 irregular verbs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Prepositions</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflect</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Different prepositions <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">govern</a> different <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions <a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">governed</a> different cases depending on intended <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. </p><p>Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ag</i></span> ("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bheith</i></span>: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> agam.</span></span> "I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish <i>minulla on kirja</i>, French <i>le livre est à moi</i>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> agat.</span></span> "You (singular) have a book."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> aige.</span></span> "He has a book."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> aici.</span></span> "She has a book."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> againn.</span></span> "We have a book."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> agaibh.</span></span> "You (plural) have a book."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga"><i>Tá leabhar</i> acu.</span></span> "They have a book."</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Numerals_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerals (linguistics)">Numerals</a> have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a dó</i></span> "Two."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dhá leabhar</i></span> "Two books."</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beirt</i></span> "Two people, a couple", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beirt fhear</i></span> "Two men", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beirt bhan</i></span> "Two women".</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dara</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tarna</i></span> (free variation) "Second."</li></ul> <p>Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: </p><p>10: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a deich</i></span> </p><p>20: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fiche</i></span> </p><p>30: vigesimal – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a deich is fiche</i></span>; decimal – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tríocha</i></span> </p><p>40: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">daichead, dá fhichead</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceathracha</i></span> </p><p>50: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a deich is daichead</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caoga</i></span> (also: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leathchéad</i></span> "half-hundred") </p><p>60: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">trí fichid</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">seasca</i></span> </p><p>70: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a deich is trí fichid</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">seachtó</i></span> </p><p>80: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cheithre fichid</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ochtó</i></span> </p><p>90: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a deich is cheithre fichid</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">nócha</i></span> </p><p>100: v. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cúig fichid</i></span>; d. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">céad</i></span> </p><p>A number such as 35 has various forms: </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúigdéag is fichid</i></span> "15 and 20" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúig is tríocha</i></span> "5 and 30" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúigdéag ar fhichid</i></span> "15 on 20" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúig ar thríochaid</i></span> "5 on 30" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúigdéag fichead</i></span> "15 of 20 (genitive)" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a cúig tríochad</i></span> "5 of 30 (genitive)" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fiche 's a cúigdéag</i></span> "20 and 15" </p><p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tríocha 's a cúig</i></span> "30 and 5" </p><p>The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_mutations">Initial mutations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Initial mutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Irish initial mutations</a></div> <p>In Irish, there are two classes of initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a>, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">séimhiú</i></span>) describes the change of <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indicated in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">overdot</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ponc séimhithe</i></span>), it is shown in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> by adding an <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>. <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caith!</i></span> "throw!" – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">chaith mé</i></span> "I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">do</i></span>, now generally omitted)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gá</i></span> "requirement" – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">easpa an ghá</i></span> "lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Seán</i></span> "John" – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a Sheáin!</i></span> "John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a</i></span>, the vocative marker before <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sheáin</i></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations#Eclipsis" title="Irish initial mutations">Eclipsis</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">urú</i></span>) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a> of voiced stops. <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Athair</i></span> "Father" – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ár nAthair</i></span> "our Father"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tús</i></span> "start", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ar dtús</i></span> "at the start"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaillimh</i></span> "Galway" – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">i nGaillimh</i></span> "in Galway"</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Pronoun#Possessive" title="Pronoun">possessive pronouns</a> "her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a</i></span>. </p> <ul><li>his shoe – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a bhróg</i></span> (lenition)</li> <li>their shoe – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a mbróg</i></span> (eclipsis)</li> <li>her shoe – <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">a bróg</i></span> (unchanged)</li></ul> <p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">initial mutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/330px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/440px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics</figcaption></figure> <p>A native <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> was introduced in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the introduction of Latin script, the main <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> used to write Irish was <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a> until it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> during the mid-20th century. </p><p>The traditional Irish <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">áibítir</i></span>) consists of 18 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>: <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="wrap">a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u</span>⟩</span>; it does not contain <span class="nowrap">⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>; <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> occurs in a small number of (mainly <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a>) native words and <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a>. </p><p>Vowels may be <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accented</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩</span>; Irish and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>: <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">(síneadh) fada</i></span> "long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used, among other conventions, to mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨é⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">overdot</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ponc séimhithe</i></span> "dot of lenition") was used in traditional <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>; An Caighdeán uses a following <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">litreacha buailte</i></span> "struck letters") <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="wrap">ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ</span>⟩</span> are equivalent to <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="wrap">bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th</span>⟩</span>. </p><p>The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Óglaiġ na h-Éireann</i></span> on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces_cap_badge" title="Irish Defence Forces cap badge">Irish Defence Forces cap badge</a> (see <a href="#Orthography">above</a>). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gheobhaidh sibh</i></span> "you (pl.) will get" would become <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_reform">Spelling reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Spelling reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Séamas Daltún, in charge of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rann%C3%B3g_an_Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rannóg an Aistriúcháin (page does not exist)">Rannóg an Aistriúcháin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann%C3%B3g_an_Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" class="extiw" title="ga:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin">ga</a>]</span> (The Translation Department of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish government">Irish government</a>), issued his own guidelines about how to <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardise</a> Irish <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>. This <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">an Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span>, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letters</a> and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beirbhiughadh</i></span> → <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beiriú</i></span> "cook"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">biadh</i></span> → <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bia</i></span> "food"</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhealg</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhilg</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhealaing</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilic</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaelainn</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaoidhealg</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaolainn</i></span> → <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span> "Irish language"</li></ul> <p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Caighdeán</i></span> does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cruaidh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɾˠuəj/</span> "hard", <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leabaidh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/</span> "bed", and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tráigh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ˠɾˠaːj/</span> "beach" were standardised as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">crua</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leaba</i></span>, and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">trá</i></span> despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾˠuə],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈl̠ʲabˠə],<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>[t̪ˠɾˠaː]</span>, failing to represent the other dialectal realisations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾˠui],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈl̠ʲabˠi],<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>[t̪ˠɾˠaːi]</span> (in Mayo and Ulster) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾˠuəɟ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈl̠ʲabˠəɟ],<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>[t̪ˠɾˠaːɟ]</span> (in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. </p><p>Other examples include the genitive of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bia</i></span> "food" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʲiə/</span>; pre-reform <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">biadh</i></span>) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">saol</i></span> "life, world" (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˠeːlˠ/</span>; pre-reform <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">saoghal</i></span>), realised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲiːɟ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˠeːlʲ]</span> in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bídh</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">saoghail</i></span>, which were standardised as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bia</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">saoil</i></span> despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></b> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Irish</b>: <br /><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left: 1em"><b>English</b>: <br /> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arlachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Béarlachas">Béarlachas</a></i></span>, Anglicisms in Irish</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Bunt%C3%BAs_Cainte" title="Buntús Cainte">Buntús Cainte</a></i></span>, a course in basic spoken Irish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Scottish_Gaelic_and_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish">Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Gaelach" title="Cumann Gaelach">Cumann Gaelach</a></i></span>, Irish language Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Irish_Language" title="Dictionary of the Irish Language">Dictionary of the Irish Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a>, a lapel pin for Irish speakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Goidelic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Irish language outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_words_used_in_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish words used in the English language">Irish words used in the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_(Junior_Cert)" title="Irish (Junior Cert)">Irish</a>, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_released_Irish-language_songs" title="List of artists who have released Irish-language songs">List of artists who have released Irish-language songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Irish_origin" title="List of English words of Irish origin">List of English words of Irish origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">List of Ireland-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_given_names" title="List of Irish-language given names">List of Irish-language given names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_media" title="List of Irish-language media">List of Irish-language media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status of the Irish language</a>, a detailed account of the current state of the language.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge" title="Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge">Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge</a></i></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irish is the first official language of the Irish state.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish is not widely used as an <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> in most of Ireland, but its use is encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717092821/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/html%20files/Constitution%20of%20Ireland%20%28Eng%29.htm">"Constitution of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. 1 July 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/html%20files/Constitution%20of%20Ireland%20(Eng).htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Government+of+Ireland&rft.date=1937-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Fattached_files%2Fhtml%2520files%2FConstitution%2520of%2520Ireland%2520%28Eng%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2022" class="citation web cs1">Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/2022/12/06/news/_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law"</a>. <i>The Irish News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic+milestone%27+passed+as+Irish+language+legislation+becomes+law&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F06%2Fnews%2F_historic_milestone_passed_as_irish_language_legislation_becomes_law-2932333%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/gaelic">"Gaelic definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gaelic+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/gaelic?q=Gaelic">"Gaelic"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gaelic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgaelic%3Fq%3DGaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwm.edu/celtic-studies/certificate-program/irish-at-uwm/">"Irish Language at UW-Milwaukee | Center for Celtic Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Language+at+UW-Milwaukee+%7C+Center+for+Celtic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwm.edu%2Fceltic-studies%2Fcertificate-program%2Firish-at-uwm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OG_18772-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OG_18772_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Gallagher1877" class="citation book cs1">O'Gallagher, J. (1877). <i>Sermons in Irish-Gaelic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>...  between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foras+na+Gaeilge&rft.atitle=Our+Role+Supporting+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forasnagaeilge.ie%2Fabout%2Fsupporting-you%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gaelic">"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com</i>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Gaelic%3A+Definition+of+Gaelic+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1085869.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Reawakening+the+Irish+Language+through+the+Irish+Education+System%3A+Challenges+and+Priorities%22&rft.pub=International+Electronic+Journal+of+Elementary+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ1085869.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROI_census_2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROI_census_2023_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp8/census2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation/irishlanguageandthegaeltacht/">"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>www.cso.ie</i>. 19 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Language+and+the+Gaeltacht+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpp8%2Fcensus2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation%2Firishlanguageandthegaeltacht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b07.xlsx">"Frequency of Speaking Irish"</a>. <i>nisra.gov.uk</i>. 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nisra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Frequency+of+Speaking+Irish&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b07.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/">"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008"</a>, <i>Language</i> (table), Census, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over+for+the+United+States%3A+2006%E2%80%932008&rft.btitle=Language&rft.pub=Census&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fsocdemo%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Danny (2015). <i>Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada</i>. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88887-631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88887-631-7"><bdi>978-0-88887-631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%ADle+M%C3%ADle+i+gC%C3%A9in%3A+The+Irish+Language+in+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Borealis+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-88887-631-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Danny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinneen1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Dinneen, Patrick S.</a> (1927). <i>Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla</i> [<i>Irish and English dictionary</i>] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. <i>Gaedhealg</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870166-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-870166-00-0"><bdi>1-870166-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaedhilge+agus+B%C3%A9arla&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=507+s.v.+%27%27Gaedhealg%27%27&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Irish+Texts+Society&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=1-870166-00-0&rft.aulast=Dinneen&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyleGussmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gussmann" title="Edmund Gussmann">Gussmann, Edmund</a> (2005). <i>An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego</i>. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=423k&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillonÓ_Cróinín1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Myles_Dillon" title="Myles Dillon">Dillon, Myles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donncha_%C3%93_Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Donncha Ó Cróinín">Ó Cróinín, Donncha</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TeachYourselfIrish"><i>Teach Yourself Irish</i></a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Universities_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Universities Press (page does not exist)">English Universities Press</a>. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Irish&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft.au=%C3%93+Cr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn%2C+Donncha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTeachYourselfIrish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Dónaill1977" class="citation book cs1">Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). <i>Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla</i>. p. 600 s.v. <i>Gaeilge</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focl%C3%B3ir+Gaeilge%E2%80%93B%C3%A9arla&rft.pages=600+s.v.+%27%27Gaeilge%27%27&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108141042/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+speaks+up+loudly+for+Gaelic&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28iht-irish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span> An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gle">"Irish: Ethnologue"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Irish%3A+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fgle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalton2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects". <i>International Conference of Phonetic Science</i>. <b>XVI</b>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.4615">10.1.1.486.4615</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+of+Phonetic+Science&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Accents+in+Four+Irish+%28Gaelic%29+Dialects&rft.volume=XVI&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.486.4615%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370204.htm">"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interinstitutional+Style+Guide%3A+Section+7.2.4.+Rules+governing+the+languages+of+the+institutions&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fcode%2Fen%2Fen-370204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Gaelic">"Gaelic"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gaelic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FGaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erse_cite-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erse_cite_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". <i>Hansard</i>. <b>157</b>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. <q>Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons%2C+1+August+1922%3A+Ireland%3A+Erse+language+%2818%29&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=1240-1242&rft.date=1922-08-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrving" class="citation web cs1">Irving, Jenni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ogham/">"Ogham"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ogham&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FOgham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NolwCQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6"><bdi>978-0-19-872476-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>Modern Irish (MI), sometimes called Late Modern Irish (LMI), is regarded as beginning about 1600 and extending to the present day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+From+the+Norman+Invasion+to+Independence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872476-6&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNolwCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NolwCQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872476-6"><bdi>978-0-19-872476-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+From+the+Norman+Invasion+to+Independence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872476-6&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNolwCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Fréine1978" class="citation book cs1">De Fréine, Seán (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2NiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality</i></a>. Irish Books & Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-516-8"><bdi>978-0-85342-516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Silence%3A+The+Study+of+a+Relationship+Between+Language+and+Nationality&rft.pub=Irish+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-85342-516-8&rft.aulast=De+Fr%C3%A9ine&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2NiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ó_Gráda-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ó_Gráda_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ó_Gráda_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Gráda 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2015" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nyhistory.org/the-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729225257/http://blog.nyhistory.org/the-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=%22The+unadulterated+Irish+language%22%3A+Irish+Speakers+in+Nineteenth+Century+New+York&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nyhistory.org%2Fthe-unadulterated-irish-language-irish-speakers-in-nineteenth-century-new-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the discussion in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf2014" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l37VBQAAQBAJ"><i>An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30274-0"><bdi>978-0-299-30274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Irish-Speaking+Island%3A+State%2C+Religion%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Linguistic+Landscape+in+Ireland%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-299-30274-0&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl37VBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ireland.anglican.org/our-faith/apck/the-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland">"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710061104/https://www.ireland.anglican.org/our-faith/apck/the-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Irish+language+and+the+Church+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ireland.anglican.org%2Four-faith%2Fapck%2Fthe-irish-language-and-the-church-of-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatsonNic_Ghiolla_Phádraig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/handle/10197/5649">"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_the_Sociology_of_Language" title="International Journal of the Sociology of Language">International Journal of the Sociology of Language</a></i> (199): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.039">10.1515/IJSL.2009.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F5649">10197/5649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144222872">144222872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Is+there+an+educational+advantage+to+speaking+Irish%3F+An+investigation+of+the+relationship+between+education+and+ability+to+speak+Irish&rft.issue=199&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F5649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144222872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FIJSL.2009.039&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Iarfhlaith&rft.au=Nic+Ghiolla+Ph%C3%A1draig%2C+M%C3%A1ire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fhandle%2F10197%2F5649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackshire-Belay1994" class="citation web cs1">Blackshire-Belay, Carol (23 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ie/books?id=3uTEll4ZsbcC&pg=PA32&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Current Issues in Second Language Acquisition and Development"</a>. University Press of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+Issues+in+Second+Language+Acquisition+and+Development&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1994-02-23&rft.aulast=Blackshire-Belay&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ie%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uTEll4ZsbcC%26pg%3DPA32%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 29 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108141042/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/28/world/europe/28iht-irish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+speaks+up+loudly+for+Gaelic&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28iht-irish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2018" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Brian (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/eile/brainstorm/2018/0621/972102-douglas-hydes-inauguration-new-ireland/">"Douglas Hyde's inauguration – a signal of a new Ireland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032427/https://www.rte.ie/eile/brainstorm/2018/0621/972102-douglas-hydes-inauguration-new-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Douglas+Hyde%27s+inauguration+%E2%80%93+a+signal+of+a+new+Ireland&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Feile%2Fbrainstorm%2F2018%2F0621%2F972102-douglas-hydes-inauguration-new-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/681-history-of-rte/682-rte-1920s/289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926/">"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_News" title="RTÉ News">RTÉ News</a></i>. 15 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106173216/http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/681-history-of-rte/682-rte-1920s/289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+News&rft.atitle=Douglas+Hyde+Opens+2RN+1+January+1926&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F681-history-of-rte%2F682-rte-1920s%2F289997-first-radio-broadcast-from-2rn-1-january-1926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k129076t.r=">"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></i>. 28 January 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.atitle=Allocution+en+irlandais%2C+par+M.+Douglas+Hyde&rft.date=1922-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k129076t.r%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21756">"The Doegen Records Web Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032255/https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21756">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doegen+Records+Web+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoegen.ie%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F21756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/">"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. 23 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083359/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2016+%E2%80%93+Profile+10+Education%2C+Skills+and+the+Irish+Language+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cp10esil%2Fp10esil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Murchú1993" class="citation book cs1">Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). <i>The Celtic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">471–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7"><bdi>0-415-01035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+societal+status+of+Modern+Irish&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-01035-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Murch%C3%BA&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nui.ie/college/entry-requirements.asp">"NUI Entry Requirements – Ollscoil na hÉireann – National University of Ireland"</a>. Nui.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705142738/http://www.nui.ie/college/entry-requirements.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NUI+Entry+Requirements+%E2%80%93+Ollscoil+na+h%C3%89ireann+%E2%80%93+National+University+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Nui.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nui.ie%2Fcollege%2Fentry-requirements.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130121122/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA35Y1929S3.html">"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA35Y1929S3.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obligation+to+appoint+Irish+speakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2FZZA35Y1929S3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2024" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Jade (26 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/education/2024/06/26/university-of-galway-president-ciaran-o-hogartaigh-to-step-down-from-his-role/">"University of Galway president Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh to step down from his role"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=University+of+Galway+president+Ciar%C3%A1n+%C3%93+h%C3%93gartaigh+to+step+down+from+his+role&rft.date=2024-06-26&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fireland%2Feducation%2F2024%2F06%2F26%2Funiversity-of-galway-president-ciaran-o-hogartaigh-to-step-down-from-his-role%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/national-news/academic-claims-the-forced-learning-of-irish-has-failed-118356.html">"Academic claims the forced learning of Irish 'has failed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Independent.ie</i>. 19 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent.ie&rft.atitle=Academic+claims+the+forced+learning+of+Irish+%27has+failed%27&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fnational-news%2Facademic-claims-the-forced-learning-of-irish-has-failed-118356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegan2010" class="citation news cs1">Regan, Mary (4 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/education/end-compulsory-irish-says-fg-as-14000-drop-subject-118897.html">"End compulsory Irish, says FG, as 14,000 drop subject"</a>. <i>Irish Examiner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=End+compulsory+Irish%2C+says+FG%2C+as+14%2C000+drop+subject&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Feducation%2Fend-compulsory-irish-says-fg-as-14000-drop-subject-118897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donncha Ó hÉallaithe: "Litir oscailte chuig Enda Kenny": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beo.ie/alt-litir-oscailte-chuig-enda-kenny-td.aspx">BEO.ie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120013022/http://www.beo.ie/alt-litir-oscailte-chuig-enda-kenny-td.aspx">Archived</a> 20 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiggins2007" class="citation news cs1">Siggins, Lorna (16 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/study-sees-decline-of-irish-in-gaeltacht-1.949907">"Study sees decline of Irish in Gaeltacht"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Study+sees+decline+of+Irish+in+Gaeltacht&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Siggins&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fstudy-sees-decline-of-irish-in-gaeltacht-1.949907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nollaig Ó Gadhra, 'The Gaeltacht and the Future of Irish, <i>Studies</i>, Volume 90, Number 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). 'Gaeltacht,' <i>The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley, Reg (1991). <i>The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary</i>. Taylor & Francis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagan2007" class="citation news cs1">Magan, Manchán (9 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/jan/05/ireland.features">"Cá Bhfuil Na Gaeilg eoirí? *"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129063301/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/jan/05/ireland.features">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1+Bhfuil+Na+Gaeilg+eoir%C3%AD%3F+%2A&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft.aulast=Magan&rft.aufirst=Manch%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2007%2Fjan%2F05%2Fireland.features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaeloideachas.ie/why-choose-an-irish-medium-school/">"Why choose Irish-medium education? | Gaeloideachas"</a>. <i>gaeloideachas.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gaeloideachas.ie&rft.atitle=Why+choose+Irish-medium+education%3F+%7C+Gaeloideachas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaeloideachas.ie%2Fwhy-choose-an-irish-medium-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the discussion and the conclusions reached in 'Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,' The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/eso/journl/v40y2009i4p435-460.html">Ideas.repec.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329152128/https://ideas.repec.org/a/eso/journl/v40y2009i4p435-460.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2016/1125/834370-duolingo-language-learning-app-irish/">"Over 2.3m people using language app to learn Irish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></i>. 25 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904153245/https://www.rte.ie/lifestyle/living/2016/1125/834370-duolingo-language-learning-app-irish/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Over+2.3m+people+using+language+app+to+learn+Irish&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Flifestyle%2Fliving%2F2016%2F1125%2F834370-duolingo-language-learning-app-irish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ar-fheabhas-president-praises-volunteer-duolingo-translators-1.2882374">"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123725/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ar-fheabhas-president-praises-volunteer-duolingo-translators-1.2882374">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ar+fheabhas%21+President+praises+volunteer+Duolingo+translators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Far-fheabhas-president-praises-volunteer-duolingo-translators-1.2882374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siggins_5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siggins_5_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siggins_5_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiggins2003" class="citation news cs1">Siggins, Lorna (6 January 2003). "Only 25% of Gaeltacht households fluent in Irish – survey". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Only+25%25+of+Gaeltacht+households+fluent+in+Irish+%E2%80%93+survey&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2003-01-06&rft.aulast=Siggins&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley 1991, Map 7: Irish speakers by towns and distinct electoral divisions, census 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udaras.ie/en/our-language-the-gaeltacht/the-gaeltacht/">"The Gaeltacht | Our Language & the Ghaeltacht"</a>. <i>Údarás na Gaeltachta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s+na+Gaeltachta&rft.atitle=The+Gaeltacht+%7C+Our+Language+%26+the+Ghaeltacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudaras.ie%2Fen%2Four-language-the-gaeltacht%2Fthe-gaeltacht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/policy-information/2061c-gaeltacht-affairs/">"Gaeltacht Affairs"</a>. <i>www.gov.ie</i>. 5 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+to+be+fully+recognised+as+an+official+EU+language+from+New+Year%27s+Day&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Firish-gaeilge-eu-language-5643611-Dec2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO_Broin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O Broin, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wpunj.academia.edu/Brian%C3%93Broin/Talks/61329/An_Analysis_of_the_Irish-Speaking_Communities_of_North_America_Who_are_they_what_are_their_opinions_and_what_are_their_needs">"An Analysis of the Irish-Speaking Communities of North America: Who are they, what are their opinions, and what are their needs?"</a>. <i>Academia</i> (in Irish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510104027/http://wpunj.academia.edu/Brian%C3%93Broin/Talks/61329/An_Analysis_of_the_Irish-Speaking_Communities_of_North_America_Who_are_they_what_are_their_opinions_and_what_are_their_needs">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Irish-Speaking+Communities+of+North+America%3A+Who+are+they%2C+what+are+their+opinions%2C+and+what+are+their+needs%3F&rft.aulast=O+Broin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwpunj.academia.edu%2FBrian%25C3%2593Broin%2FTalks%2F61329%2FAn_Analysis_of_the_Irish-Speaking_Communities_of_North_America_Who_are_they_what_are_their_opinions_and_what_are_their_needs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMannion2003" class="citation web cs1">Mannion, John (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/irish-newfoundland.php">"The Irish in Newfoundland"</a>. <i>Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage%3A+Newfoundland+%26+Labrador&rft.atitle=The+Irish+in+Newfoundland&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Mannion&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fsociety%2Firish-newfoundland.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkePaddockMacKenzie1999" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/language.php">"Language"</a>. <i>Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage%3A+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft.atitle=Language&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Paddock%2C+Harold&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fsociety%2Flanguage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cens_16_Irish-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cens_16_Irish_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"7. Irish". <i>Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland</i>. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69. <q>Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Irish&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+2016+Census+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pages=66%2C+69&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/presspages/2017/census2016summaryresults-part1/">"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>Cso.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730013846/http://www.cso.ie/en/csolatestnews/presspages/2017/census2016summaryresults-part1/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cso.ie&rft.atitle=Census+2016+Summary+Results+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fcsolatestnews%2Fpresspages%2F2017%2Fcensus2016summaryresults-part1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp8/censusofpopulation2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation/irishlanguageandthegaeltacht/">"Census of Population 2022 Profile 8 - The Irish Language and Education"</a>. <i>Cso.ie</i>. 19 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240717101434/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp8/censusofpopulation2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation/irishlanguageandthegaeltacht/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cso.ie&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+2022+Profile+8+-+The+Irish+Language+and+Education&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cpp8%2Fcensusofpopulation2022profile8-theirishlanguageandeducation%2Firishlanguageandthegaeltacht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-of-tourism-culture-arts-gaeltacht-sport-and-media/?referrer=http://www.chg.gov.ie/app/uploads/2018/07/report-of-coimisiun-na-gaeltachta.pdf">"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.gov.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.ie&rft.atitle=Department+of+Tourism%2C+Culture%2C+Arts%2C+Gaeltacht%2C+Sport+and+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ie%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fdepartment-of-tourism-culture-arts-gaeltacht-sport-and-media%2F%3Freferrer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chg.gov.ie%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2Freport-of-coimisiun-na-gaeltachta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/tiktok-as-gaeilge-seamus-lehane-on-keeping-irish-alive-for-future-generations/42366528.html">"TikTok as Gaeilge: Séamus Lehane on keeping Irish alive for future generations"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=TikTok+as+Gaeilge%3A+S%C3%A9amus+Lehane+on+keeping+Irish+alive+for+future+generations&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Ftiktok-as-gaeilge-seamus-lehane-on-keeping-irish-alive-for-future-generations%2F42366528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2014" class="citation web cs1">Flaherty, Ciara (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30637833.html">"The Irish college that's making Gaeilge cool"</a>. <i>Irish Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=The+Irish+college+that%E2%80%99s+making+Gaeilge+cool&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Flifestyle%2Farid-30637833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitson2024" class="citation web cs1">Kitson, Niall (10 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techcentral.ie/irish-language-app-uses-ai-to-build-bridges/">"Irish language app uses AI to build bridges"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+language+app+uses+AI+to+build+bridges&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcentral.ie%2Firish-language-app-uses-ai-to-build-bridges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21984">"The Doegen Records Web Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015716/https://doegen.ie/taxonomy/term/21984">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doegen+Records+Web+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoegen.ie%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F21984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1974" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John Noel (1974). <i>A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal</i>. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonetic+Study+of+the+Irish+of+Tory+Island%2C+County+Donegal&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+The+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucas1979" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). <i>Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal</i>. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+Ros+Goill+Irish%2C+County+Donegal&rft.pub=Institute+of+Irish+Studies%2C+The+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams 1994, pp. 467–478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorde1870" class="citation web cs1">Borde, Andrew (1870). Furnivall, F.J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fyrstbokeintrod01boorgoog#page/n140/mode/2up">"<i>The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge</i>"</a>. N. Trubner & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fyrst+Boke+of+the+Introduction+of+Knowledge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=N.+Trubner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Borde&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffyrstbokeintrod01boorgoog%23page%2Fn140%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"State of Ireland & Plan for its Reformation" in <i>State Papers Ireland</i>, Henry VIII, ii, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Fitzgerald 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.wicklowheritage.org/places/county_wicklow_historical_societies/wicklow_historical_society/wicklow_historical_society-2/the_irish_language_in_co_wicklow">"The Irish Language in Co. Wicklow"</a>. 27 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Language+in+Co.+Wicklow&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.wicklowheritage.org%2Fplaces%2Fcounty_wicklow_historical_societies%2Fwicklow_historical_society%2Fwicklow_historical_society-2%2Fthe_irish_language_in_co_wicklow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Ó Gráda 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doegen.ie/">"The Doegen Records Web Project | DHO"</a>. Dho.ie. 5 September 1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319210106/http://www.doegen.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doegen+Records+Web+Project+%26%23124%3B+DHO&rft.pub=Dho.ie&rft.date=1928-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doegen.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1981-proinsias-o-conluain/615547-gaeilgeoir-deireannacha-mith/">"Cur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí AnnluainCur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí Annluain"</a>. RTÉ Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cur+s%C3%ADos+ar+an+chainteoir+%C3%B3+dh%C3%BAchas+deireannach+%C3%B3n+%C3%93+M%C3%A9ith%2C+Co+L%C3%BA%2C+Anna+U%C3%AD+AnnluainCur+s%C3%ADos+ar+an+chainteoir+%C3%B3+dh%C3%BAchas+deireannach+%C3%B3n+%C3%93+M%C3%A9ith%2C+Co+L%C3%BA%2C+Anna+U%C3%AD+Annluain&rft.pub=RT%C3%89+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F1981-proinsias-o-conluain%2F615547-gaeilgeoir-deireannacha-mith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and <a href="/wiki/Joep_Leerssen" title="Joep Leerssen">Leerssen, Joep</a>, <i>Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century</i>, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268014278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0268014278">978-0268014278</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089"><i>The Description of Ireland</i></a>, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ó hÓgáin 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). <i>Hell or Connnaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652–1660</i>, p. 156. Hamish Hamilton. SBN 241-89071-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams & Uí Mhuiríosa 1979, pp. 279 and 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ní Mhunghaile 2010, pp. 239–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Fitzgerald, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCabe, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Graham Kew (ed.), <i>The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary</i> (IMC, Dublin, 1998), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/James_Hardiman" title="James Hardiman">Hardiman, James</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv8HAAAAQAAJ"><i>The History of the Town and Country of the County of Galway</i></a>. 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De Gruyter Mouton. 11 April 2014. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110226607.235">10.1515/9783110226607.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022660-7"><bdi>978-3-11-022660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III+the+morphonology+of+Irish&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Structure+of+Modern+Irish&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110226607.235&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022660-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9783110226607%2F10.1515%2F9783110226607.235.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Celtic-languages/Irish">"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Celtic+languages+%E2%80%93+Irish+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCeltic-languages%2FIrish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46449130"><i>Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai</i></a>. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85791-327-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85791-327-2"><bdi>1-85791-327-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46449130">46449130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graim%C3%A9ar+Gaeilge+na+mBr%C3%A1ithre+Cr%C3%ADostai.&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.edition=Eagr%C3%A1n+nua&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46449130&rft.isbn=1-85791-327-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46449130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031917/http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm">"Irish Orthography"</a>. <i>www.nualeargais.ie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nualeargais.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Orthography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nualeargais.ie%2Fgnag%2Fortho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/irish-fadato-get-legal-protection-and-must-appear-in-all-state-it-systems-and-computer-keyboards-40631034.html">"Irish 'fada' to get legal protection – and must appear in all State IT systems and computer keyboards"</a>. <i>independent</i>. 8 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=Irish+%27fada%27+to+get+legal+protection+%E2%80%93+and+must+appear+in+all+State+IT+systems+and+computer+keyboards&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpolitics%2Firish-fadato-get-legal-protection-and-must-appear-in-all-state-it-systems-and-computer-keyboards-40631034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyleGussmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gussmann" title="Edmund Gussmann">Gussmann, Edmund</a> (2005). <i>An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego</i>. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyleGussmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gussmann" title="Edmund Gussmann">Gussmann, Edmund</a> (2005). <i>An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego</i>. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyleGussmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Aidan; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gussmann" title="Edmund Gussmann">Gussmann, Edmund</a> (2005). <i>An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego</i>. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-7363-275-1"><bdi>83-7363-275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ghaeilge%2C+Podr%C4%99cznik+J%C4%99zyka+Irlandzkiego&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Redakcja+Wydawnictw+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-7363-275-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Gussmann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=gli1">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dgli1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>McCabe, Richard A.. <i>Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818734-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818734-3">0-19-818734-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hickey" title="Raymond Hickey">Hickey, Raymond</a>. <i>The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape</i>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110238306" title="Special:BookSources/3110238306">3110238306</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hickey" title="Raymond Hickey">Hickey, Raymond</a>. <i>The Sound Structure of Modern Irish</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Mouton">De Gruyter Mouton</a> 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022659-1">978-3-11-022659-1</a>.</li> <li>De Brún, Pádraig. <i>Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a> 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85500-212-8">978-1-85500-212-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Doyle" title="Aidan Doyle">Doyle, Aidan</a>, <i>A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence</i>, Oxford, 2015.</li> <li>Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84, <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy">Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</a></i> 1984.</li> <li>Garvin, Tom, <i>Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill_and_MacMillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gill and MacMillan (page does not exist)">Gill and MacMillan</a>, 2005.</li> <li>Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). <i>The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-6481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-6481-1">978-0-4150-6481-1</a></li> <li>McMahon, Timothy G.. <i>Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a> 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3158-3">978-0-8156-3158-3</a></li> <li>Ó Gráda, Cormac. '<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cé Fada le Fán</i></span>' in <i>Dublin Review of Books</i>, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drb.ie/essays/c%C3%A9-fada-le-f%C3%A1n">"CÉ FADA LE FÁN"</a>. <i>Drb.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123934/http://www.drb.ie/essays/c%C3%A9-fada-le-f%C3%A1n">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drb.ie&rft.atitle=C%C3%89+FADA+LE+F%C3%81N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drb.ie%2Fessays%2Fc%25C3%25A9-fada-le-f%25C3%25A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). <i>Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts_Press" title="Four Courts Press">Four Courts Press</a> 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846823404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846823404">978-1846823404</a></li> <li>Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy">Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</a></i>, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276.</li> <li>Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. '<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir</i></span>' in <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Scríobh 5</i></span></i>, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta</i></span> 1981.</li> <li>Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. <i>Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean</i>. Coiscéim 2011.</li> <li>Ó Laoire, Muiris. <i>Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland</i> in <i>Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes</i>, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-929-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-929-8">1-85359-929-8</a></li> <li>Shibakov, Alexey. <i>Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen</i>. epubli 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783745066500" title="Special:BookSources/9783745066500">9783745066500</a></li> <li>Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.). <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael</i></span></i>. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979.</li> <li>Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Stair na Gaeilge</i></span></i>, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-901519-90-1">0-901519-90-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>the Irish language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Irish_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Irish language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Irish language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ga:">Irish edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="mul" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page/Gaeilge" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Main Page/Gaeilge">Main Page/Gaeilge</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-due.de/DI/">Discover Irish</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/features/8/english/">Learning Irish?</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628023038/http://www.digitalaudioproductions.com/radio-shows/"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann</i></span> programmes</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Irish_Swadesh_list">Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/library/exhibitions/directors-choice/first-book-in-irish/">The First Printed Book in Irish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_pronunciation">Grammar and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Grammar and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/irish.php">Learn Irish</a> Grammar with audio and pronunciation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angaelmagazine.com/pronunciation/introduction.htm"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">An Gael</i></span> Magazine</a> – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abair.tcd.ie/?page=synthesis&lang=eng">Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teanglann.ie/"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Teanglann.ie</i></span> – Dictionaries and terminology resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/search.html">General Gaelic Dictionaries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociolinguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-speaking_people" title="List of Irish-speaking people">List of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilgeoirí</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Irish">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinster Irish">Leinster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Status</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_outside_Ireland" title="Irish language outside Ireland">Outside Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">in Newfoundland</a>)</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/English_loanwords_in_Irish" title="English loanwords in Irish">Béarlachas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Initial mutations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">Dependent and independent forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syntax" title="Irish syntax">Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_lexicography" title="Irish lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil" title="An Caighdeán Oifigiúil">An Caighdeán Oifigiúil</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_language_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Comhar" title="Comhar">Comhar</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Feasta" title="Feasta">Feasta</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_tUltach" title="An tUltach">An tUltach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3s" title="Nós">Nós</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/An_Gael" title="An Gael">An Gael</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Seachtain</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAla_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúla 4">Cúla 4</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_One" title="RTÉ One">RTÉ One</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Nuacht_RT%C3%89" title="Nuacht RTÉ">Nuacht RTÉ</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Two Northern Ireland">BBC Two NI</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVTV" title="NVTV">NVTV</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_R%C3%AD-R%C3%A1" title="Raidió Rí-Rá">Raidió Rí-Rá</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Na_Life" title="Raidió Na Life">Raidió Na Life</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_F%C3%A1ilte" title="Raidió Fáilte">Raidió Fáilte</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Blas_(Radio_Ulster)" title="Blas (Radio Ulster)">Blas</a></i></span>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style: normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_Iar-Chonnacht" title="Cló Iar-Chonnacht">Cló Iar-Chonnacht</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coisc%C3%A9im" title="Coiscéim">Coiscéim</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Texts_Society" title="Irish Texts Society">Irish Texts Society</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1irs%C3%A9al_agus_Dill" title="Sáirséal agus Dill">Sáirséal agus Dill</a></span></span></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3r_na_nGael" title="Glór na nGael">Glór na nGael</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Cert Irish</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge" title="Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge">Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Personal and family names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_given_names" title="List of Irish-language given names">List of personal names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_language" title="Category:Irish language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaels223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaels" title="Template:Gaels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaels" title="Template talk:Gaels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaels223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_kinship" title="Irish kinship">Gaelic kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Am Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Gaelic Christian mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Irish21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_royal_families" title="Irish royal families">Royal families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Medical families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Genealogy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="List28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans_in_Ulster" title="List of Irish clans in Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans" title="List of Scottish clans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vannin" title="Culture Vannin">Culture Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heshaght_Ghailckagh" title="Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh">Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge" title="Seachtain na Gaeilge">Seachtain na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTACH_Trust" title="ULTACH Trust">ULTACH Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunn_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Comunn na Gàidhlig">Comunn na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">human genetics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Kingdom of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Ireland74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Ireland" title="Template:Languages of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Languages of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Ireland74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in the Republic of Ireland">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1mh" title="Lámh">Lámh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i>de facto</i> official)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernésiais language">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais language">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelta language">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British–Irish_Council120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British-Irish_Council" title="Template talk:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British–Irish_Council120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government" title="Isle of Man Government">Isle of Man Government</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Work areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">eHealth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Misuse of drugs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion#Social_inclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social inclusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Representatives of states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (of Ireland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of the Isle of Man">Chief Minister of the Isle of Man</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister of Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister of Wales</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9142#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120207-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068101">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irlandais (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977341d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irlandais (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977341d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560113">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="irština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121201&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085305&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt798x6f1zg5w30">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600997405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560419305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a 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