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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Thought reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Case studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_parapsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_parapsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In parapsychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_parapsychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In parapsychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_parapsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zener_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zener_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Zener cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zener_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dream_telepathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dream_telepathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dream telepathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dream_telepathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganzfeld_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganzfeld_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ganzfeld experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganzfeld_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_telepathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_telepathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Twin telepathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_telepathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telepathy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="تخاطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخاطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatiya" title="Telepatiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Telepatiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অতীন্দ্রিয় দূরানুভূতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতীন্দ্রিয় দূরানুভূতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatiya" title="Telepatiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Telepatiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телепатия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телепатия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatie" title="Telepatie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telepatie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathie" title="Telepathie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telepathie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepaatia" title="Telepaatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telepaatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Τηλεπάθεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεπάθεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepat%C3%ADa" title="Telepatía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telepatía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatio" title="Telepatio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telepatio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="دورآگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دورآگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9pathie" title="Télépathie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télépathie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C" title="텔레파시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레파시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տելեպատիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տելեպատիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="परचित्‍तज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परचित्‍तज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatija" title="Telepatija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telepatija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94" title="טלפתיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלפתיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%83%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅನ್ಯಮನಃಸ್ಪರ್ಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನ್ಯಮನಃಸ್ಪರ್ಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტელეპათია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელეპათია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathia" title="Telepathia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telepathia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telep%C4%81tija" title="Telepātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telepātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatija" title="Telepatija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Telepatija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telep%C3%A1tia" title="Telepátia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Telepátia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телепатија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телепатија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ദ്രിയാതീത സന്ദേശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ദ്രിയാതീത സന്ദേശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="تخاطر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تخاطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="တယ်လီပသီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တယ်လီပသီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathie" title="Telepathie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telepathie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="テレパシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレパシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatiya" title="Telepatiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telepatiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatie" title="Telepatie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telepatie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu%C3%B1ak%27ariy" title="Karuñak'ariy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karuñak'ariy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телепатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телепатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telepathy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatija" title="Telepatija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telepatija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دوورەزانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورەزانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телепатија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телепатија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatija" title="Telepatija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Telepatija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatia" title="Telepatia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Telepatia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepatiya" title="Telepatiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Telepatiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தொலை நுண்ணுணர்வு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலை நுண்ணுணர்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80" title="టెలిపతీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెలిపతీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="โทรจิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรจิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepati" title="Telepati – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telepati" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Телепатія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телепатія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نقل افکار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقل افکار" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Psychic ability</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Telepathy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telepathy (disambiguation)">Telepathy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Telepath" redirects here. For the American musician, see <a href="/wiki/Telepath_(musician)" title="Telepath (musician)">Telepath (musician)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganzfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Ganzfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiments</a> that aimed to demonstrate telepathy have been criticized for lack of replication and poor controls.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Telepathy</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%E1%BF%86%CE%BB%CE%B5#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τῆλε">τῆλε</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>têle</i></span>)</i> 'distant' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πάθος">πάθος</a></span>/<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-πάθεια">-πάθεια</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>páthos/-pátheia</i></span>)</i> '<a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">passion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">affliction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>')<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the purported <a href="/wiki/Vicariousness" title="Vicariousness">vicarious</a> transmission of information from one person's mind to another's without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was first coined in 1882 by the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Henry_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic William Henry Myers">Frederic W. H. Myers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> (SPR),<sup id="cite_ref-skepdic1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepdic1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has remained more popular than the earlier expression <i>thought-transference</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-skepdic1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepdic1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parasocie1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasocie1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for a lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no good evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Planer1980_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planer1980-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalkvist1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalkvist1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drees1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drees1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telepathy is a common theme in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_concept">Origins of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historians such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Luckhurst" title="Roger Luckhurst">Roger Luckhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Oppenheim" title="Janet Oppenheim">Janet Oppenheim</a> the origin of the concept of telepathy in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a> can be traced to the late 19th century and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luckhurst2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luckhurst2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">animal magnetism</a>), with the hope that this would help to understand <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena. The modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-Luckhurst2002_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luckhurst2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a> criticized SPR founding members <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Henry_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic William Henry Myers">Frederic W. H. Myers</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Barrett" title="William F. Barrett">William F. Barrett</a> for trying to "prove" telepathy rather than objectively analyze whether or not it existed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought_reading">Thought reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thought reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the magician and mentalist <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Bishop" title="Washington Irving Bishop">Washington Irving Bishop</a> would perform "thought reading" demonstrations. Bishop claimed no <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers and ascribed his powers to <a href="/wiki/Muscle_reading" title="Muscle reading">muscular sensitivity</a> (reading thoughts from unconscious bodily cues).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>. Bishop performed several feats successfully, such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table and locating a hidden object. During the experiment, Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer. He would hold the hand or wrist of the helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a genuine telepath but was instead using a highly trained skill to detect <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">ideomotor movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another famous thought reader was the magician <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a>. He was famous for performing <a href="/wiki/Blindfold" title="Blindfold">blindfolded</a> feats such as identifying a hidden object in a room that a person had picked out or asking someone to imagine a murder scene and then attempt to read the subject's thoughts and identify the victim and reenact the crime. Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought-reading performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that both telepathy and communication with the dead were impossible and that the minds of people cannot be read through telepathy, but only by <a href="/wiki/Muscle_reading" title="Muscle reading">muscle reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BownBeer2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BownBeer2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_studies">Case studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Case studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Murray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gilbert_Murray.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Murray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gilbert_Murray.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Murray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gilbert_Murray.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Murray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a> conducted early telepathy experiments.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters (Mary, Alice, Maud, Kathleen, and Emily) were tested by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> and believed to have genuine psychic ability. However, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith_(film_pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Smith (film pioneer)">George Albert Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Blackburn" title="Douglas Blackburn">Douglas Blackburn</a> were claimed to be genuine psychics by the Society for Psychical Research but Blackburn confessed to fraud: </p> <blockquote><p>For nearly thirty years the telepathic experiments conducted by Mr. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the basic evidence of the truth of thought transference... ...the whole of those alleged experiments were bogus, and originated in the honest desire of two youths to show how easily men of scientific mind and training could be deceived when seeking for evidence in support of a theory they were wishful to establish.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Between 1916 and 1924, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a> conducted 236 experiments into telepathy and reported 36% as successful. However, it was suggested that the results could be explained by <a href="/wiki/Hyperaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperaesthesia">hyperaesthesia</a> as he could hear what was being said by the sender.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_T._Troland" title="Leonard T. Troland">Leonard T. Troland</a> had carried out experiments in telepathy at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> which were reported in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjects produced below chance expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">W. T. Stead</a> were duped into believing <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Agnes_Zancig" title="Julius and Agnes Zancig">Julius and Agnes Zancig</a> had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote that the Zancigs performed telepathy. In 1924, Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their <a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">mind reading</a> act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of <i>Our Secrets!!</i> in a London newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, Robert H. Gault of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> conducted the first American radio test for telepathy. The results were entirely negative. One of their experiments involved the attempted thought transmission of a chosen number between one and one-thousand. Out of 2,010 replies, none was correct. This is below the <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">theoretical chance figure</a> of two correct replies in such a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1927, with the co-operation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), V. J. Woolley, who was at the time the Research Officer for the SPR, arranged a telepathy experiment in which radio listeners were asked to take part. The experiment involved 'agents' thinking about five selected objects in an office at <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Square" title="Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a>, whilst listeners on the radio were asked to identify the objects from the BBC studio at <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Hill">Savoy Hill</a>. 24,659 answers were received. The results revealed no evidence of telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A famous experiment in telepathy was recorded by the American author <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i> which documents Sinclair's test of psychic abilities of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Craig_Sinclair" title="Mary Craig Sinclair">Mary Craig Sinclair</a>, his second wife. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband. Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 "partial successes" and 70 failures. However, these experiments were not conducted in a controlled scientific laboratory environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner1957_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner1957-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science writer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> suggested that the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">sensory leakage</a> during the experiment had not been ruled out: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first place, an intuitive wife, who knows her husband intimately, may be able to guess with a fair degree of accuracy what he is likely to draw—particularly if the picture is related to some freshly recalled event the two experienced in common. At first, simple pictures like chairs and tables would likely predominate, but as these are exhausted, the field of choice narrows and pictures are more likely to be suggested by recent experiences. It is also possible that Sinclair may have given conversational hints during some of the tests—hints which in his strong will to believe, he would promptly forget about. Also, one must not rule out the possibility that in many tests, made across the width of a room, Mrs. Sinclair may have seen the wiggling of the top of a pencil, or arm movements, which would convey to her unconscious a rough notion of the drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner1957_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner1957-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Marion_mentalist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Marion_mentalist.png/220px-Frederick_Marion_mentalist.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Frederick_Marion_mentalist.png 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Marion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Marion (page does not exist)">Frederick Marion</a> who was investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> in the late 1930–1940s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Turner-Ownbey long distance telepathy experiment was discovered to contain flaws. May Frances Turner positioned herself in the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory whilst Sara Ownbey claimed to receive transmissions 250 miles away. For the experiment Turner would think of a symbol and write it down whilst Ownbey would write her guesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Sladek_1974_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sladek_1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scores were highly successful and both records were supposed to be sent to <a href="/wiki/J._B._Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a>; however, Ownbey sent them to Turner. Critics pointed out this invalidated the results as she could have simply written her own record to agree with the other. When the experiment was repeated and the records were sent to Rhine the scores dropped to average.<sup id="cite_ref-Sladek_1974_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sladek_1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is the experiment carried out by the author <a href="/wiki/Harold_Sherman" title="Harold Sherman">Harold Sherman</a> with the explorer <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Hubert Wilkins</a> who carried out their own experiment in telepathy for five and a half months starting in October 1937. This took place when Sherman was in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and Wilkins was in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. The experiment consisted of Sherman and Wilkins at the end of each day to relax and visualise a mental image or "thought impression" of the events or thoughts they had experienced in the day and then to record those images and thoughts on paper in a diary. The results at the end when comparing Sherman's and Wilkins' diaries were claimed to be more than 60 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full results of the experiments were published in 1942 in a book by Sherman and Wilkins titled <i>Thoughts Through Space</i>. In the book, both Sherman and Wilkins had written they believed they had demonstrated that it was possible to send and receive thought impressions from the mind of one person to another.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magician <a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(magician)" title="John Booth (magician)">John Booth</a> wrote that the experiment was not an example of telepathy as a high percentage of misses had occurred. Booth wrote it was more likely that the "hits" were the result of "coincidence, law of averages, subconscious expectancy, logical inference or a plain lucky guess".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of their book in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Orthopsychiatry" title="American Journal of Orthopsychiatry">American Journal of Orthopsychiatry</a></i> cast doubt on their experiment, noting "the study was published five years after it was conducted, arouses suspicion on the validity of the conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, on the BBC radio <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fogel" title="Maurice Fogel">Maurice Fogel</a> made the claim that he could demonstrate telepathy. This intrigued the journalist Arthur Helliwell who wanted to discover his methods. He found that Fogel's mind reading acts were all based on trickery as he relied on information about members of his audience before the show started. Helliwell exposed Fogel's methods in a newspaper article. Although Fogel managed to fool some people into believing he could perform genuine telepathy, the majority of his audience knew he was a showman.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamont_2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamont_2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of experiments <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Soal" title="Samuel Soal">Samuel Soal</a> and his assistant <a href="/wiki/K._M._Goldney" title="K. M. Goldney">K. M. Goldney</a> examined 160 subjects over 128,000 trials and obtained no evidence for the existence of telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-Reznek_2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reznek_2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soal tested Basil Shackleton and Gloria Stewart between 1941 and 1943 in over five hundred sittings and over twenty thousand guesses. Shackleton scored 2890 compared with a chance expectation of 2308 and Gloria scored 9410 compared with a chance level of 7420. It was later discovered the results had been tampered with. Gretl Albert who was present during many of the experiments said she had witnessed Soal altering the records during the sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Reznek_2010_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reznek_2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betty Marwick discovered Soal had not used the method of random selection of numbers as he had claimed. Marwick showed that there had been manipulation of the score sheets and all experiments reported by Soal had thereby become discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979 the physicists <a href="/wiki/John_G._Taylor" title="John G. Taylor">John G. Taylor</a> and Eduardo Balanovski wrote the only scientifically feasible explanation for telepathy could be electromagnetism (EM) involving <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">EM fields</a>. In a series of experiments the EM levels were many orders of magnitude lower than calculated and no paranormal effects were observed. Both Taylor and Balanovski wrote their results were a strong argument against the validity of telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">anomalistic psychology</a> has discovered that in some cases telepathy can be explained by a <a href="/wiki/Covariance" title="Covariance">covariation bias</a>. In an experiment (Schienle <i>et al</i>. 1996) 22 believers and 20 skeptics were asked to judge the covariation between transmitted symbols and the corresponding feedback given by a receiver. According to the results the believers overestimated the number of successful transmissions whilst the skeptics made accurate hit judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results from another telepathy experiment involving 48 undergraduate college students (Rudski, 2002) were explained by <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">hindsight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation</a> biases.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_parapsychology">In parapsychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In parapsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>, telepathy, often along with <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>, is described as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a> (ESP) or "anomalous cognition" that parapsychologists believe is transferred through a hypothetical psychic mechanism they call "<a href="/wiki/Psi_(parapsychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (parapsychology)">psi</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-parasoc2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasoc2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parapsychologists have reported experiments they use to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of <a href="/wiki/Zener_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Zener card">Zener cards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several forms of telepathy have been suggested:<sup id="cite_ref-parasocie1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasocie1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Latent telepathy</b>, formerly known as "deferred telepathy",<sup id="cite_ref-sciam1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes a transfer of information with an observable time-lag between transmission and reception.<sup id="cite_ref-parasocie1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasocie1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Retrocognitive, precognitive, and intuitive telepathy</b> describes the transfer of information about the past, future or present state of an individual's mind to another individual.<sup id="cite_ref-parasocie1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasocie1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Emotive telepathy</b>, also known as remote influence<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or emotional transfer, describes the transfer of kinesthetic sensations through altered states.</li> <li><b>Superconscious telepathy</b> describes use of the supposed <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">superconscious</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to access the collective wisdom of the human species for knowledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zener_cards">Zener cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zener cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_cards_(color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg/200px-Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg/300px-Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg/400px-Zener_cards_%28color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Zener cards</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a> are marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender selects a random card and visualizes the symbol on it, while the receiver attempts to determine that symbol telepathically. Statistically, the receiver has a 20% chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not conducted properly, this method is vulnerable to sensory leakage and <a href="/wiki/Card_counting" title="Card counting">card counting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skepdic2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepdic2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a>'s experiments with Zener cards were discredited due to the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">sensory leakage</a> or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he was unable to find any high-scoring subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the methodological problems, parapsychologists no longer utilize card-guessing studies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dream_telepathy">Dream telepathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dream telepathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parapsychological studies into <a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">dream telepathy</a> were carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center" title="Maimonides Medical Center">Maimonides Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Krippner" title="Stanley Krippner">Stanley Krippner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montague_Ullman" title="Montague Ullman">Montague Ullman</a>. They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmanweb_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmanweb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the results have not been independently replicated.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychologist <a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">James Alcock</a> has written the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman were criticized by <a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>. According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt to replicate the experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ganzfeld_experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ganzfeld experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When using the <a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a> to test for telepathy, one individual is designated as the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">deprived of sensory input</a>, and another person is designated as the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The nature of the information may vary between experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Conscious_Universe_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conscious_Universe-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ganzfeld experiment studies that were examined by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Honorton" title="Charles Honorton">Charles Honorton</a> had methodological problems that were well documented. Honorton reported only 36% of the studies used duplicate target sets of pictures to avoid handling cues.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyman discovered flaws in all of the 42 Ganzfeld experiments and to access each experiment, he devised a set of 12 categories of flaws. Six of these concerned statistical defects, the other six covered procedural flaws such as inadequate <a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">documentation</a>, randomization and security as well as possibilities of sensory leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of the studies failed to safeguard against sensory leakage and all of the studies contained at least one of the 12 flaws. Because of the flaws, Honorton agreed with Hyman the 42 Ganzfeld studies could not support the claim for the existence of psi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibilities of sensory leakage in the Ganzfeld experiments included the receivers hearing what was going on in the sender's room next door as the rooms were not soundproof and the sender's fingerprints to be visible on the target object for the receiver to see.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyman also reviewed the autoganzfeld experiments and discovered a pattern in the data that implied a visual cue may have taken place: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most suspicious pattern was that the hit rate for a given target increased with the frequency of occurrence of that target in the experiment. The hit rate for the targets that occurred only once was right at the chance expectation of 25%. For targets that appeared twice the hit rate crept up to 28%. For those that occurred three times it was 38%, and for those targets that occurred six or more times, the hit rate was 52%. Each time a videotape is played its quality can degrade. It is plausible then, that when a frequently used clip is the target for a given session, it may be physically distinguishable from the other three decoy clips that are presented to the subject for judging. Surprisingly, the parapsychological community has not taken this finding seriously. They still include the autoganzfeld series in their meta-analyses and treat it as convincing evidence for the reality of psi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hyman wrote the autoganzfeld experiments were flawed because they did not preclude the possibility of sensory leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyman2007-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Lance Storm, Patrizio Tressoldi, and Lorenzo Di Risio analyzed 29 ganzfeld studies from 1997 to 2008. Of the 1,498 trials, 483 produced hits, corresponding to a hit rate of 32.2%. This hit rate is <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> with p < .001. Participants selected for personality traits and personal characteristics thought to be psi-conducive were found to perform significantly better than unselected participants in the ganzfeld condition.<sup id="cite_ref-StormEtAl2010_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StormEtAl2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyman (2010) published a rebuttal to Storm <i>et al</i>. According to Hyman "reliance on meta-analysis as the sole basis for justifying the claim that an anomaly exists and that the evidence for it is consistent and replicable is fallacious. It distorts what scientists mean by confirmatory evidence." Hyman wrote the ganzfeld studies have not been independently replicated and have failed to produce evidence for telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storm <i>et al</i>. published a response to Hyman claiming the ganzfeld experimental design has proved to be consistent and reliable but parapsychology is a struggling discipline that has not received much attention so further research on the subject is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rouder <i>et al</i>. 2013 wrote that critical evaluation of Storm <i>et al</i>.'s meta-analysis reveals no evidence for telepathy, no plausible mechanism and omitted replication failures.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 paper examined questionable research practices in the ganzfeld experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_telepathy">Twin telepathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Twin telepathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twin telepathy is a belief that has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> in psychological literature. Psychologists Stephen Hupp and Jeremy Jewell have noted that all experiments on the subject have failed to provide any scientific evidence for telepathy between <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hupp_2015_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hupp_2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hupp and Jewell there are various behavioral and genetic factors that contribute to the twin telepathy myth "identical twins typically spend a lot of time together and are usually exposed to very similar environments. Thus, it's not at all surprising that they act in similar ways and are adept at anticipating and forecasting each other's reactions to events."<sup id="cite_ref-Hupp_2015_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hupp_2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1993 study by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> investigated the claims of twin telepathy. In an experiment with six sets of twins one subject would act as the sender and the other the receiver. The sender was given selected objects, photographs or numbers and would attempt to psychically send the information to the receiver. The results from the experiment were negative, no evidence of telepathy was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skeptical investigator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Benjamin Radford</a> has noted that "Despite decades of research trying to prove telepathy, there is no credible scientific evidence that psychic powers exist, either in the general population or among twins specifically. The idea that two people who shared their mother's womb—or even who share the same DNA—have a mysterious mental connection is an intriguing one not borne out in science."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_reception">Scientific reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scientific reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of tests have been performed to demonstrate telepathy, but there is no scientific evidence that the power exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalkvist1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalkvist1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A panel commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> to study paranormal claims concluded that "despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or 'mind over matter' exercises... Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific community considers <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> a pseudoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no known mechanism for telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher and physicist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a> has written that telepathy would contradict <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of science">laws of science</a> and the claim that "signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance is inconsistent with physics".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicist <a href="/wiki/John_G._Taylor" title="John G. Taylor">John Taylor</a> has written that the experiments that have been claimed by parapsychologists to support evidence for the existence of telepathy are based on the use of shaky statistical analysis and poor design, and attempts to duplicate such experiments by the scientific community have failed. Taylor also wrote the arguments used by parapsychologists for the feasibility of such phenomena are based on distortions of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> as well as "complete ignorance" of relevant areas of physics.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Sutherland" title="Stuart Sutherland">Stuart Sutherland</a> wrote that cases of telepathy can be explained by people underestimating the probability of <a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">coincidences</a>. According to Sutherland, "most stories about this phenomenon concern people who are close to one another—husband and wife or brother and sister. Since such people have much in common, it is highly probable that they will sometimes think the same thought at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Reed_(psychologist)" title="Graham Reed (psychologist)">Graham Reed</a>, a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">anomalistic psychology</a>, noted that experiments into telepathy often involve the subject relaxing and reporting the 'messages' to consist of colored geometric shapes. Reed wrote that these are a common type of <a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">hypnagogic image</a> and not evidence for telepathic communication.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of parapsychology, telepathy is generally explained as the result of fraud, self-delusion and/or self-deception and not as a paranormal power.<sup id="cite_ref-Planer1980_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planer1980-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychological research has also revealed other explanations such as <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">expectancy bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">sensory leakage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjective_validation" title="Subjective validation">subjective validation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually all of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena, such as <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">cold reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rowland" title="Ian Rowland">Ian Rowland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a> have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, albeit without claiming paranormal skills. They have identified, described, and developed psychological techniques of cold reading and <a href="/wiki/Hot_reading" title="Hot reading">hot reading</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of telepathy is not dissimilar to three clinical concepts: <a href="/wiki/Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions">delusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thought_insertion" title="Thought insertion">thought insertion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thought_withdrawal" title="Thought withdrawal">removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought_broadcasting" title="Thought broadcasting">thought broadcasting</a>. This similarity might explain how an individual might come to the conclusion that he or she were experiencing telepathy. Thought insertion/removal is a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">schizoaffective disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">substance-induced psychosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatric patients who experience this symptom falsely believe that some of their thoughts are not their own and that others (e.g., other people, aliens, demons or fallen angels, or conspiring intelligence agencies, or artificial intelligences) are putting thoughts into their minds (thought insertion). Some patients feel as if thoughts are being taken out of their minds or deleted (thought removal). Schizophrenic patients suffering from the form of alleged telepathy known as thought broadcasting believe that their private thoughts are being broadcast to other people against their informed consent. Along with other symptoms of psychosis, delusions of thought insertion may be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> medication. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists believe and empirical findings support the idea that people with <a href="/wiki/Schizotypy" title="Schizotypy">schizotypy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal personality disorder</a> are particularly likely to believe in telepathy.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_fiction">Use in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_telepathy" title="Category:Fiction about telepathy">Fiction about telepathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_telepaths" title="Category:Fictional telepaths">Fictional telepaths</a></div> <p>Telepathy is a common theme in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SFETelepathy_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFETelepathy-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93brain_interface" title="Brain–brain interface">Brain–brain interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Mind" class="mw-redirect" title="The Extended Mind">Extended Mind</a>, the concept that things frequently used by the mind become part of it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin-denshin" title="Ishin-denshin">Ishin-denshin</a>, traditional Japanese concept of unspoken mutual understanding, sometimes translated as "telepathy".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Wonder" title="Lady Wonder">Lady Wonder</a>, a horse that appeared to answer questions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a> for hearing and <a href="/wiki/Subvocal_recognition" title="Subvocal recognition">subvocal recognition</a> for speaking.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface#Synthetic_telepathy/silent_communication" title="Brain–computer interface">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 29em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>; Kammann, Richard. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–106. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573927988" title="Special:BookSources/1573927988">1573927988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Hyman, Ray</a>. <i>Evaluating Parapsychological Claims</i>. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007). <i>Critical Thinking in Psychology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 216–231. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521608343" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521608343">978-0521608343</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/telepathy">"telepathy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=telepathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftelepathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the model of <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sym<b>pathy</b></a> and <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">em<b>pathy</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton121_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Trevor (2009). <i>Immortal Longings: F.W.H. Myers and the Victorian search for life after death</i>. Imprint Academic. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845402488" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845402488"><bdi>978-1845402488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal+Longings%3A+F.W.H.+Myers+and+the+Victorian+search+for+life+after+death&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1845402488&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skepdic1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skepdic1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepdic1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_Robert_Todd2005" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/telepath.html">"The Skeptic's Dictionary; Telepathy"</a>. Skepdic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary%3B+Telepathy&rft.pub=Skepdic.com&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Robert+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Ftelepath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parasocie1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parasocie1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parasocie1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parasocie1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parasocie1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parapsych.org/glossary_s_z.html#t">Glossary of Parapsychological terms – Telepathy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927060915/http://parapsych.org/glossary_s_z.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a>. Retrieved December 19, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planer1980-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Planer1980_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planer1980_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Planer. (1980). <i>Superstition</i>. Cassell. p. 218. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304306916" title="Special:BookSources/0304306916">0304306916</a> "Many experiments have attempted to bring scientific methods to bear on the investigation of the subject. Their results based on literally millions of tests, have made it abundantly clear that there exists no such phenomenon as telepathy, and that the seemingly successful scores have relied either on illusion, or on deception."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalkvist1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalkvist1994_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalkvist1994_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Dalkvist1994" class="citation book cs1">Jan Dalkvist (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhsRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Telepathic Group Communication of Emotions as a Function of Belief in Telepathy</i></a>. Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Within the scientific community however, the claim that psi anomalies exist or may exist is in general regarded with skepticism. One reason for this difference between the scientist and the non scientist is that the former relies on his own experiences and anecdotal reports of psi phenomena, whereas the scientist at least officially requires replicable results from well controlled experiments to believe in such phenomena—results which according to the prevailing view among scientists, do not exist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telepathic+Group+Communication+of+Emotions+as+a+Function+of+Belief+in+Telepathy&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Psychology%2C+Stockholm+University&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Jan+Dalkvist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhsRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drees1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drees1998_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_B._Drees1998" class="citation book cs1">Willem B. Drees (28 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxmcHWCv2c4C&pg=PA242"><i>Religion, Science and Naturalism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521645621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521645621"><bdi>978-0521645621</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Let me take the example of claims in parapsychology regarding telepathy across spatial or temporal distances, apparently without a mediating physical process. Such claims are at odds with the scientific consensus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Science+and+Naturalism&rft.pages=242-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0521645621&rft.au=Willem+B.+Drees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxmcHWCv2c4C%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer Rathus. (2011). <i>Psychology: Concepts and Connections</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111344856" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111344856">978-1111344856</a> "There is no adequate scientific evidence that people can read other people's minds. Research has not identified one single indisputable telepath or clairvoyant."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Oppenheim" title="Janet Oppenheim">Oppenheim, Janet</a>. (1985). <i>The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–249. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521265058" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521265058">978-0521265058</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luckhurst2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luckhurst2002_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luckhurst2002_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Luckhurst" title="Roger Luckhurst">Luckhurst, Roger</a>. (2002). <i>The Invention of Telepathy, 1870–1901</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199249626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199249626">978-0199249626</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Dingwall, Eric</a>. (1985). <i>The Need for Responsibility in Parapsychology: My Sixty Years in Psychical Research</i>. In <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 161–174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879753005" title="Special:BookSources/0879753005">0879753005</a> "Let me give an example, such as thought-transference, which is as good as any. When the British SPR was founded, the public was led to believe that at least a scientific survey was to be made, and I have no doubt that even some of those closely associated with the early days thought so too. But Myers, among others, had no such intention and cherished no such illusion. He knew that the primary aim of the Society was not objective experimentation but the establishment of telepathy. (...) What was wanted was proof that mind could communicate with mind apart from the normal avenues, for if mental sharing was a fact when the persons concerned were incarnate it could plausibly be suggested that the same mechanism might operate when death had occurred. Thus the supernatural might be proved by science, and psychical research might become, in the words of Sir William Barrett, a handmaid to religion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Luckhurst. (2002). <i>The Invention of Telepathy: 18701901</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199249626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199249626">978-0199249626</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a>. (2011). <i>Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There</i>. Macmillan. pp. 140–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230752986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230752986">978-0230752986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BownBeer2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BownBeer2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurschwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Thurschwell, Pamela (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQV_718ROkC&q=%22Cumberland+himself+always+insisted+that+his+readings%22&pg=PA89">"Chapter 4: George Eliot's Prophecies: Coercive Second Sight and Everyday Though Reading"</a>. In Nicola Bown; Carolyn Burdett; Pamela Thurschwell; Gillian Beer (eds.). <i>The Victorian Supernatural</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521810159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521810159"><bdi>978-0521810159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+George+Eliot%27s+Prophecies%3A+Coercive+Second+Sight+and+Everyday+Though+Reading&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Supernatural&rft.pages=87-108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521810159&rft.aulast=Thurschwell&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkQV_718ROkC%26q%3D%2522Cumberland%2Bhimself%2Balways%2Binsisted%2Bthat%2Bhis%2Breadings%2522%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a>. (1989). <i>The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 99–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a>. (1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 688</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neher, Andrew. (2011). <i>Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination</i>. Dover Publications. p. 220. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486261670" title="Special:BookSources/0486261670">0486261670</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Kenneth Wilcox. (1928). <i>Is Telepathy all Bunk?</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couttie, Bob. (1988). <i>Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox</i>. Lutterworth Press. p. 129. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718826864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718826864">978-0718826864</a> "In the early 1900s Gilbert Murray, who died in 1957, carried out some experiments in ESP in which he was in one room and the sender in a hallway, often with an open door between them. These experiments were successful. Most of the time the target was spoken aloud. When it was not, there were negative results. This is suggestive of a hyperacuity of hearing, especially since on at least one occasion Murray complained about noise coming from a milk-cart in the street next to the one in which the experiments were being carried out."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauskopf, Seymour H; McVaugh, Michael Rogers. (1980). <i>The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 331. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801823312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801823312">978-0801823312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Zusne" title="Leonard Zusne">Zusne, Leonard</a>; Jones, Warren H. (1989). <i>Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805805079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805805079">978-0805805079</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Rodger. (2006). <i>Psychics, Sensitives and Somnambules: A Biographical Dictionary with Bibliographies</i>. McFarland. p. 126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786427701" title="Special:BookSources/0786427701">0786427701</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1971). <i>ESP, Seers & Psychics</i>. Crowell. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0690268157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0690268157">978-0690268157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, Arthur S. (1988). <i>Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850–1897</i>. McFarland. p. 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899503454" title="Special:BookSources/0899503454">0899503454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Luckhurst" title="Roger Luckhurst">Luckhurst, Roger</a>. (2002). <i>The Invention of Telepathy: 1870–1901</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 269. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199249626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199249626">978-0199249626</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannan, Caryn. (2008 edition). <i>Connecticut Biographical Dictionary</i>. State History Publications. p. 526. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1878592726" title="Special:BookSources/1878592726">1878592726</a> "On his return to Harvard in 1916, one of his first enterprises was an investigation of telepathy in the psychology laboratory, which gave negative results."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asprem, Egil. (2014). <i>The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900–1939</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 362–364. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004251922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004251922">978-9004251922</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(magician)" title="John Booth (magician)">John Booth</a>. (1986). <i>Psychic Paradoxes</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gault, Robert H. (August, 1924). <i>Telepathy Put to the Test</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauskopf, Seymour H; McVaugh, Michael Rogers. (1980). <i>The Elusive Science: Origins of Experimental Psychical Research</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 36–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801823312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801823312">978-0801823312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, Simeon. (1965). <i>Miracles of the Mind: An Introduction to Parapsychology</i>. C. C. Thomas. pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner1957-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner1957_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner1957_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fads_%26_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i> (Courier Dover Publications, 1957) Chapter 25: <i>ESP and PK</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwP3SGAUsnkC">available online</a>; accessed July 25, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sladek_1974-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sladek_1974_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sladek_1974_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Sladek" title="John Sladek">John Sladek</a>. (1974). The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Sciences and Occult Beliefs. Panther. pp. 172–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Evans" title="Bergen Evans">Bergen Evans</a>. (1954). <i>The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense</i>. Knopf. p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>. (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 56–58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879755164" title="Special:BookSources/0879755164">0879755164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Nasht. (2006). <i>The Last Explorer: Hubert Wilkins, Hero of the Great Age of Polar Exploration</i>. Arcade Publishing. pp. 267–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Hubert Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Sherman" title="Harold Sherman">Harold Sherman</a>. (2004). <i>Thoughts through Space: A Remarkable Adventure in the Realm of Mind</i>. Hampton Roads Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571743146" title="Special:BookSources/1571743146">1571743146</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(magician)" title="John Booth (magician)">John Booth</a>. (1986). <i>Psychic Paradoxes</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Lee R. (1942). <i>Review of Thoughts Through Space</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Orthopsychiatry" title="American Journal of Orthopsychiatry">American Journal of Orthopsychiatry</a></i> 12 (4): 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamont_2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamont_2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lamont_(historian)" title="Peter Lamont (historian)">Lamont, Peter</a>. (2013). <i>Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107019331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107019331">978-1107019331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reznek_2010-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reznek_2010_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reznek_2010_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrie Reznek. (2010). <i>Delusions and the Madness of the Masses</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>. (1980). <i>ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betty Markwick. (1985). <i>The establishment of data manipulation in the Soal-Shackleton experiments</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>. <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 287–312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorBalanovski1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, J. G; Balanovski, E. (1979). "Is There Any Scientific Explanation of the Paranormal?". <i>Nature</i>. <b>279</b> (5714): 631–633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.279..631T">1979Natur.279..631T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F279631a0">10.1038/279631a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/450111">450111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2885230">2885230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Is+There+Any+Scientific+Explanation+of+the+Paranormal%3F&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=5714&rft.pages=631-633&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F279631a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2885230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F450111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Natur.279..631T&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+G&rft.au=Balanovski%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchienleVaitlStark1996" class="citation journal cs1">Schienle, A.; Vaitl, D.; Stark, R. (1996). "Covariation bias and paranormal belief". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 291–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1996.78.1.291">10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8839320">8839320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34062201">34062201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Covariation+bias+and+paranormal+belief&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=291-305&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34062201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8839320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1996.78.1.291&rft.aulast=Schienle&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vaitl%2C+D.&rft.au=Stark%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudski2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rudski, J. M. (2002). "Hindsight and confirmation biases in an exercise in telepathy". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>91</b> (3): 899–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.2002.91.3.899">10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12530740">12530740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24242574">24242574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Hindsight+and+confirmation+biases+in+an+exercise+in+telepathy&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=899-906&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24242574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12530740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.2002.91.3.899&rft.aulast=Rudski&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parasoc2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parasoc2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#e">Glossary of Parapsychological terms – ESP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111023207/http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html">Archived</a> 2011-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a>. Retrieved December 19, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciam1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciam1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rennie, John (1845), "Test for Telepathy", <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, V3#1 (1847-09-25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plazo, Joseph R., (2002) "Psychic Seduction." pp. 112–114 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0978592239" title="Special:BookSources/0978592239">0978592239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Claire, David., (1989) "Instant ESP." pp. 40–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepdic2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skepdic2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_Robert2006" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Robert (2006-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/zener.html">"Zener ESP Cards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zener+ESP+Cards&rft.pub=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepdic.com%2Fzener.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan C. Smith. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJgONrua8IkC&dq=rhine+pseudoscience&pg=PT226"><i>Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405181228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405181228">978-1405181228</a>. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a>. (1970). <i>ESP, Seers & Psychics</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">James Alcock</a>. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/back_from_the_future"><i>Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. "Despite Rhine's confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhine's work."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullmanweb-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ullmanweb_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montague_Ullman" title="Montague Ullman">Ullman, Montague</a> (2003). "Dream telepathy: experimental and clinical findings". In Totton, Nick (ed.). <i>Psychoanalysis and the paranormal: lands of darkness</i>. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Karnac Books. pp. 14–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855759855" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855759855"><bdi>978-1855759855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dream+telepathy%3A+experimental+and+clinical+findings&rft.btitle=Psychoanalysis+and+the+paranormal%3A+lands+of+darkness&rft.series=Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=14-46&rft.pub=Karnac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1855759855&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Adrian. (1975). <i>States of Mind: ESP and Altered States of Consciousness</i>. Taplinger. p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800873742" title="Special:BookSources/0800873742">0800873742</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemmer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Clemmer, E. J. (1986). "Not so anomalous observations question ESP in dreams". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i>. <b>41</b> (10): 1173–1174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.41.10.1173.b">10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1173.b</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Not+so+anomalous+observations+question+ESP+in+dreams&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1173-1174&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.41.10.1173.b&rft.aulast=Clemmer&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Hyman, Ray</a>. (1986). "Maimonides dream-telepathy experiments". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> 11: 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neher, Andrew. (2011). <i>Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination</i>. Dover Publications. p. 145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486261670" title="Special:BookSources/0486261670">0486261670</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">James, Alcock</a> (2003). "Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>10</b>: 29–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=Give+the+Null+Hypothesis+a+Chance%3A+Reasons+to+Remain+Doubtful+about+the+Existence+of+Psi&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alcock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">Hansel, C. E. M.</a> <i>The Search for a Demonstration of ESP</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Kurtz, Paul</a>. (1985). <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 97–127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879753005" title="Special:BookSources/0879753005">0879753005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelvedereFoulkes1971" class="citation journal cs1">Belvedere, E.; Foulkes, D. (1971). "Telepathy and Dreams: A Failure to Replicate". <i>Perceptual and Motor Skills</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 783–789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.1971.33.3.783">10.2466/pms.1971.33.3.783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4331356">4331356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:974894">974894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perceptual+and+Motor+Skills&rft.atitle=Telepathy+and+Dreams%3A+A+Failure+to+Replicate&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=783-789&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A974894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4331356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpms.1971.33.3.783&rft.aulast=Belvedere&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Foulkes%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">Hansel, C. E. M</a>. (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 141–152. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879755164" title="Special:BookSources/0879755164">0879755164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conscious_Universe-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conscious_Universe_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena</i> by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062515020" title="Special:BookSources/0062515020">0062515020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie Milton, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a>. (2002). <i>A Response to Storm and Ertel (2002)</i>. The Journal of Parapsychology. Volume 66: 183–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyman2007-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyman2007_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a>. <i>Evaluating Parapsychological Claims</i> in Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007). <i>Critical Thinking in Psychology</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Meta-Analysis+of+Free-Response+Studies%2C+1992%E2%80%932008%3A+Assessing+the+Noise+Reduction+Model+in+Parapsychology&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-85&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0019457&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20565164&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft.au=Tressoldi%2C+Patrizio+E.&rft.au=Di+Risio%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psy.unipd.it%2F~tressold%2Fcmssimple%2Fuploads%2Fincludes%2FMetaFreeResp010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman, R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drsmorey.org/bibtex/upload/Hyman:2010.pdf"><i>Meta-analysis that conceals more than it reveals: Comment on Storm et al</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081111/http://drsmorey.org/bibtex/upload/Hyman%3A2010.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136. pp. 486–490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStormTressoldiDi_Risio2010" class="citation journal cs1">Storm, L.; Tressoldi, P. E.; Di Risio, L. (2010). "A meta-analysis with nothing to hide: Reply to Hyman (2010)". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>136</b> (4): 491–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0019840">10.1037/a0019840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20565166">20565166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21103309">21103309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+meta-analysis+with+nothing+to+hide%3A+Reply+to+Hyman+%282010%29&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-494&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21103309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20565166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0019840&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Tressoldi%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Di+Risio%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouderMoreyProvince2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rouder, J. N.; Morey, R. D.; Province, J. M. (2013). "A Bayes factor meta-analysis of recent extrasensory perception experiments: Comment on Storm, Tressoldi, and Di Risio (2010)". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>139</b> (1): 241–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029008">10.1037/a0029008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23294092">23294092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+Bayes+factor+meta-analysis+of+recent+extrasensory+perception+experiments%3A+Comment+on+Storm%2C+Tressoldi%2C+and+Di+Risio+%282010%29&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=241-247&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23294092&rft.aulast=Rouder&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft.au=Morey%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Province%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermanSpottiswoodeBijl2016" class="citation cs2">Bierman, DJ; Spottiswoode, JP; Bijl, A (2016), "Testing for Questionable Research Practices in a Meta-Analysis: An Example from Experimental Parapsychology", <i>PLOS ONE</i>, <b>11</b> (5): 1, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1153049B">2016PLoSO..1153049B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0153049">10.1371/journal.pone.0153049</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856278">4856278</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27144889">27144889</a>, <q>We consider [questionable research practices] in the context of a meta-analysis database of Ganzfeld–telepathy experiments from the field of experimental parapsychology. The Ganzfeld database is particularly suitable for this study, because the parapsychological phenomenon it investigates is widely believed to be nonexistent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Testing+for+Questionable+Research+Practices+in+a+Meta-Analysis%3A+An+Example+from+Experimental+Parapsychology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4856278%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27144889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0153049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1153049B&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Spottiswoode%2C+JP&rft.au=Bijl%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hupp_2015-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hupp_2015_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hupp_2015_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupp, Stephen; Jewell, Jeremy. (2015). <i>Great Myths of Child Development</i>. Wiley. pp. 10–16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118521229" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118521229">978-1118521229</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Wiseman, Richard</a>. (2011). <i>Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There</i>. Macmillan. p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230752986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230752986">978-0230752986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/45405-twin-telepathy.html">"The Riddle of Twin Telepathy"</a>. Retrieved 2014-06-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Hoggart, Mike Hutchinson. (1995). <i>Bizarre Beliefs</i>. Richard Cohen Books. p. 145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573921565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573921565">978-1573921565</a> "The trouble is that the history of research into psi is littered with failed experiments, ambiguous experiments, and experiments which are claimed as great successes but are quickly rejected by conventional scientists. There has also been some spectacular cheating."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Cogan. (1998). <i>Critical Thinking: Step by Step</i>. University Press of America. p. 227. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761810674" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761810674">978-0761810674</a> "When an experiment can't be repeated and get the same result, this tends to show that the result was due to some error in experimental procedure, rather than some real causal process. ESP experiments simply have not turned up any repeatable paranormal phenomena."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a>. (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 144. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573929790" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573929790">978-1573929790</a> "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilovich" title="Thomas Gilovich">Thomas Gilovich</a>. (1993). <i>How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life</i>. Free Press. p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daisie Radner, Michael Radner. (1982). <i>Science and Unreason</i>. Wadsworth. pp. 38–66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534011535" title="Special:BookSources/0534011535">0534011535</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunge1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Bunge, Mario</a> (1987). "Why Parapsychology Cannot Become a Science". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 576–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x00054595">10.1017/s0140525x00054595</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Why+Parapsychology+Cannot+Become+a+Science&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=576-577&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0140525x00054595&rft.aulast=Bunge&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael W. Friedlander. (1998). <i>At the Fringes of Science</i>. Westview Press. p. 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813322006" title="Special:BookSources/0813322006">0813322006</a> "Parapsychology has failed to gain general scientific acceptance even for its improved methods and claimed successes, and it is still treated with a lopsided ambivalence among the scientific community. Most scientists write it off as pseudoscience unworthy of their time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Massimo Pigliucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Maarten Boudry</a>. (2013). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University Of Chicago Press p. 158. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226051963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226051963">978-0226051963</a> "Many observers refer to the field as a "pseudoscience". When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). <i>Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins</i>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309073097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309073097">978-0309073097</a> "One of the reasons scientists have difficulty believing that psi effects are real is that there is no known mechanism by which they could occur. PK action-at-a-distance would presumably employ an action-at-a-distance force that is as yet unknown to science... Similarly, there is no known sense (stimulation and receptor) by which thoughts could travel from one person to another by which the mind could project itself elsewhere in the present, future, or past."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a>. (1983). <i>Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the World</i>. Springer. pp. 225–226. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027716347" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027716347">978-9027716347</a> <ul><li>"Precognition violates the principle of antecedence ("causality"), according to which the effect does not happen before the cause. Psychokinesis violates the principle of conservation of energy as well as the postulate that mind cannot act directly on matter. (If it did no experimenter could trust his own readings of his instruments.) Telepathy and precognition are incompatible with the epistemological principle according to which the gaining of factual knowledge requires sense perception at some point."</li> <li>"Parapsychology makes no use of any knowledge gained in other fields, such as physics and physiological psychology. Moreover, its hypotheses are inconsistent with some basic assumptions of factual science. In particular, the very idea of a disembodied mental entity is incompatible with physiological psychology; and the claim that signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance is inconsistent with physics."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Taylor" title="John G. Taylor">John Taylor</a>. (1980). <i>Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician</i>. Temple Smith. p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851171915" title="Special:BookSources/0851171915">0851171915</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Sutherland" title="Stuart Sutherland">Sutherland, Stuart</a>. (1994). <i>Irrationality: The Enemy Within</i>. p. 314. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140167269" title="Special:BookSources/0140167269">0140167269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Reed_(psychologist)" title="Graham Reed (psychologist)">Graham Reed</a>. (1988). <i>The Psychology of Anomalous Experience</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 38–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879754354" title="Special:BookSources/0879754354">0879754354</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/esp.html">Skepdic.com on ESP</a>. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989). <i>Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking</i>. Psychology Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805805086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805805086">978-0805805086</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rowland" title="Ian Rowland">Ian Rowland</a>. (1998). <i>The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading</i>. Ian Rowland Limited: 4th Revised edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955847608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955847608">978-0955847608</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>. (2007). <i>Tricks of the Mind</i>. Channel 4: New edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905026357" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905026357">978-1905026357</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Richard Noll</a>. (2007). <i>The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders</i>. Facts on File. p. 359. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816064052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816064052">978-0816064052</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Pickup. (2006). <i>Cognitive Neuropsychiatry</i>. Volume 11, Number 2, Number 2/March 2006. pp. 117–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Gumley, Matthias Schwannauer. (2006). <i>Staying Well After Psychosis: A Cognitive Interpersonal Approach to Recovery and Relapse Prevention</i>. Wiley. p. 187. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470021859" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470021859">978-0470021859</a> "Schizotypy refers to a normal personality construct characterised by an enduring tendency to experience attenuated forms of hallucinatory (e.g. hearing one's own thoughts) and delusional experiences (e.g. beliefs in telepathy)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Townsend. (2013). <i>Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice</i>. F. A. Davis Company. p. 613. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803638761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803638761">978-0803638761</a> "Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are aloof and isolated and behave in a bland and apathetic manner. Magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions, and depersonalization are part of their everybody world. Examples include superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or "six sense;" and beliefs that "others can feel my feelings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFETelepathy-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFETelepathy_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordNichollsStableford2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/telepathy">"Telepathy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> (4th ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telepathy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rft.au=Stableford%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ftelepathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelepathy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">James Alcock</a>. (1981). <i>Parapsychology: Science or Magic? A Psychological Perspective</i>. Pergamon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080257720" title="Special:BookSources/0080257720">0080257720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whately_Carington" title="Whately Carington">Whately Carington</a>. (1945). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/telepathy032278mbp#page/n7/mode/2up">Telepathy: An Outline of its Facts, Theory, and Implications</a>.</i> Methuen & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Evans" title="Bergen Evans">Bergen Evans</a>. (1954). <i>The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense</i>. Knopf.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>. (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879755164" title="Special:BookSources/0879755164">0879755164</a></li> <li>Walter Mann. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/folliesfraudsofs00manniala#page/130/mode/2up"><i>The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism</i></a>. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. Chapter XII. pp. 131–191.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a>. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i> (2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573927988" title="Special:BookSources/1573927988">1573927988</a></li> <li>Kenneth Wilcox Payne. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VycDAAAAMBAJ&q=Is+Telepathy+All+Bunk%3F+Kenneth&pg=PA32"><i>Is Telepathy All Bunk?</i></a> <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>.</li> <li>Felix Planer. (1980). <i>Superstition</i>. Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304306916" title="Special:BookSources/0304306916">0304306916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Reed_(psychologist)" title="Graham Reed (psychologist)">Graham Reed</a>. (1988). <i>The Psychology of Anomalous Experience</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879754354" title="Special:BookSources/0879754354">0879754354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Sutherland" title="Stuart Sutherland">Stuart Sutherland</a>. (1994). <i>Irrationality: The Enemy Within</i>. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140167269" title="Special:BookSources/0140167269">0140167269</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telepathy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dana.org/article/the-intuitive-magician/">The Intuitive Magician</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720073802/https://dana.org/article/the-intuitive-magician/">Archived</a> 2021-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hood_(psychologist)" title="Bruce Hood (psychologist)">Bruce Hood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/telepath.html">Telepathy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic's Dictionary">Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/soalgoldney.html">Soal-Goldney Experiment</a> – a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psicoanalisi.it/psicoanalisi/psicosomatica/articoli/psomaing1117.htm">Dream and Telepathy</a> – article in Science and Psychoanalysis</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parapsychology" title="Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parapsychology" title="Template talk:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parapsychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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