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ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା - ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ
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title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ ରେ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ବିଶେଷ:ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ନିଜର ଟୁଲ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ଦେଖଣା"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ଫଣ୍ଟ ଆକାର, ଓସାର ଏବଂ ରଙ୍ଗର ବଦଳାନ୍ତୁ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ଦେଖଣା" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ଦେଖଣା</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_or.wikipedia.org&uselang=or" class=""><span>ଦାନ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87&returnto=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟେ ଖାତା ଖୋଲି ଲଗ ଇନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରାଯାଉଛି, ଏମିତିବି ଏହା କରିବା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୁହେଁ ।" class=""><span>ଖାତାଟିଏ ଖୋଲନ୍ତୁ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8&returnto=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଲଗ-ଇନ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଉଅଛି ସିନା, ବାଧ୍ୟ କରାଯାଉନାହିଁ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ଲଗ-ଇନ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ନିଜର ଟୁଲ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ନିଜର ଟୁଲ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_or.wikipedia.org&uselang=or"><span>ଦାନ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87&returnto=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟେ ଖାତା ଖୋଲି ଲଗ ଇନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରାଯାଉଛି, ଏମିତିବି ଏହା କରିବା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୁହେଁ ।"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ଖାତାଟିଏ ଖୋଲନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8&returnto=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଲଗ-ଇନ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଉଅଛି ସିନା, ବାଧ୍ୟ କରାଯାଉନାହିଁ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ଲଗ-ଇନ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ଅବଦାନ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଏହି IP ଠିକଣାରୁ କେହିଜଣେ କରିଥିବା ସମ୍ପାଦନାର ଆଲୋଚନା [n]" 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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">କଡ଼କୁ ଘୁଞ୍ଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ଲୁଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ଆରମ୍ଭ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ଜୀବନ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ଜୀବନ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧</span> <span>ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଜୀବନ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ଜୀବନ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଜୀବନ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ଜୀବନ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ବାଲ୍ୟ_ଜୀବନ:_୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବାଲ୍ୟ_ଜୀବନ:_୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧.୧</span> <span>ବାଲ୍ୟ ଜୀବନ: ୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ବାଲ୍ୟ_ଜୀବନ:_୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ_ଓ_ଫୋର୍ଟ_ହାରେ:_୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ_ଓ_ଫୋର୍ଟ_ହାରେ:_୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧.୨</span> <span>କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ ଓ ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ: ୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ_ଓ_ଫୋର୍ଟ_ହାରେ:_୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ_ରହଣି:_୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ_ରହଣି:_୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧.୩</span> <span>ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ରହଣି: ୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ_ରହଣି:_୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨</span> <span>ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଆଇନ_ଶିକ୍ଷା_ଓ_ଯୁବ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଆଇନ_ଶିକ୍ଷା_ଓ_ଯୁବ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨.୧</span> <span>ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଓ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଆଇନ_ଶିକ୍ଷା_ଓ_ଯୁବ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଅସହଯୋଗ_ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ_ଓ_ଜାତୀୟ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଅସହଯୋଗ_ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ_ଓ_ଜାତୀୟ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨.୨</span> <span>ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଅସହଯୋଗ_ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ_ଓ_ଜାତୀୟ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ଅଫ_ଦି_ପିପୁଲ_ଓ_ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ_ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ଅଫ_ଦି_ପିପୁଲ_ଓ_ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ_ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨.୩</span> <span>କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଫ ଦି ପିପୁଲ ଓ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ଅଫ_ଦି_ପିପୁଲ_ଓ_ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ_ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଉମଖୋଂତ_ୱେ_ସିଜୱେ_ଏବଂ_ଆଫ୍ରିକା_ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଉମଖୋଂତ_ୱେ_ସିଜୱେ_ଏବଂ_ଆଫ୍ରିକା_ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨.୪</span> <span>ଉମଖୋଂତ ୱେ ସିଜୱେ ଏବଂ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଉମଖୋଂତ_ୱେ_ସିଜୱେ_ଏବଂ_ଆଫ୍ରିକା_ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-କାରାବାସ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#କାରାବାସ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩</span> <span>କାରାବାସ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-କାରାବାସ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle କାରାବାସ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-କାରାବାସ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଗିରଫ_ଓ_ରିଭୋନିଆରେ_ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଗିରଫ_ଓ_ରିଭୋନିଆରେ_ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩.୧</span> <span>ଗିରଫ ଓ ରିଭୋନିଆରେ ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଗିରଫ_ଓ_ରିଭୋନିଆରେ_ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ରୋବେନ_ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ରୋବେନ_ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩.୨</span> <span>ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ରୋବେନ_ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର_କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର_କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩.୩</span> <span>ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର_କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଭିକ୍ଟର_ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର_କାରାଗାର_ଓ_ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଭିକ୍ଟର_ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର_କାରାଗାର_ଓ_ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩.୪</span> <span>ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାର ଓ ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଭିକ୍ଟର_ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର_କାରାଗାର_ଓ_ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର_ଅନ୍ତ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର_ଅନ୍ତ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪</span> <span>ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ଅନ୍ତ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର_ଅନ୍ତ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ଅନ୍ତ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର_ଅନ୍ତ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪.୧</span> <span>ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪.୨</span> <span>କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ସାଧାରଣ_ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସାଧାରଣ_ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪.୩</span> <span>ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସାଧାରଣ_ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଦକ୍ଷିଣ_ଆଫ୍ରିକାର_ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଦକ୍ଷିଣ_ଆଫ୍ରିକାର_ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫</span> <span>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ଦକ୍ଷିଣ_ଆଫ୍ରିକାର_ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ଦକ୍ଷିଣ_ଆଫ୍ରିକାର_ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଜାତୀୟ_ଆପୋଷ_ବୁଝାମଣା" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଜାତୀୟ_ଆପୋଷ_ବୁଝାମଣା"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫.୧</span> <span>ଜାତୀୟ ଆପୋଷ ବୁଝାମଣା</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଜାତୀୟ_ଆପୋଷ_ବୁଝାମଣା-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଘରୋଇ_ଯୋଜନା" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଘରୋଇ_ଯୋଜନା"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫.୨</span> <span>ଘରୋଇ ଯୋଜନା</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଘରୋଇ_ଯୋଜନା-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ବୈଦେଶିକ_ବ୍ୟାପାର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବୈଦେଶିକ_ବ୍ୟାପାର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫.୩</span> <span>ବୈଦେଶିକ ବ୍ୟାପାର</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ବୈଦେଶିକ_ବ୍ୟାପାର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ରାଜନୀତିରୁ_ଅବସର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ରାଜନୀତିରୁ_ଅବସର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫.୪</span> <span>ରାଜନୀତିରୁ ଅବସର</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ରାଜନୀତିରୁ_ଅବସର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଅବସର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଅବସର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୬</span> <span>ଅବସର</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ଅବସର-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ଅବସର subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ଅବସର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ସାମାଜିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସାମାଜିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୬.୧</span> <span>ସାମାଜିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସାମାଜିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ_ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ_ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୬.୨</span> <span>ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ_ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ_ଅବସ୍ଥା" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ_ଅବସ୍ଥା"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୬.୨.୧</span> <span>ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ_ଅବସ୍ଥା-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ_ଓ_ସାମାଜିକ_ଜୀବନ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ_ଓ_ସାମାଜିକ_ଜୀବନ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭</span> <span>ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଓ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ_ଓ_ସାମାଜିକ_ଜୀବନ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଓ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ_ଓ_ସାମାଜିକ_ଜୀବନ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭.୧</span> <span>ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ରାଜନୈତିକ_ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ରାଜନୈତିକ_ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭.୨</span> <span>ରାଜନୈତିକ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ରାଜନୈତିକ_ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ପରିବାର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ପରିବାର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭.୩</span> <span>ପରିବାର</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ପରିବାର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ମୃତ୍ୟୁ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ମୃତ୍ୟୁ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୮</span> <span>ମୃତ୍ୟୁ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ମୃତ୍ୟୁ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ପ୍ରଭାବ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ପ୍ରଭାବ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୯</span> <span>ପ୍ରଭାବ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ପ୍ରଭାବ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ପ୍ରଭାବ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ପ୍ରଭାବ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ସମ୍ମାନ_ଓ_ସ୍ମୃତି_ସ୍ମାରକୀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସମ୍ମାନ_ଓ_ସ୍ମୃତି_ସ୍ମାରକୀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୯.୧</span> <span>ସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ସ୍ମୃତି ସ୍ମାରକୀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସମ୍ମାନ_ଓ_ସ୍ମୃତି_ସ୍ମାରକୀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-କଳାକାରଙ୍କ_ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#କଳାକାରଙ୍କ_ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୯.୨</span> <span>କଳାକାରଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-କଳାକାରଙ୍କ_ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର_ଓ_ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର_ଓ_ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୯.୩</span> <span>ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର ଓ ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର_ଓ_ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଆଧାର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଆଧାର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୦</span> <span>ଆଧାର</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ଆଧାର-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ଆଧାର subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ଆଧାର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ସହାୟକ_ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ_ସୂଚୀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସହାୟକ_ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ_ସୂଚୀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୦.୧</span> <span>ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସୂଚୀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସହାୟକ_ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ_ସୂଚୀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ବାହ୍ୟ_ଆଧାର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବାହ୍ୟ_ଆଧାର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୧</span> <span>ବାହ୍ୟ ଆଧାର</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ବାହ୍ୟ_ଆଧାର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ୨୨୩ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-223" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">୨୨୩ଟି ଭାଷା</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мандела, Нельсон – ଆବ୍ଖାଜିଆନ୍" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мандела, Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="ଆବ୍ଖାଜିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଚାଇନୀଜ୍" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ଆଚାଇନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୁଇସ୍ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ସୁଇସ୍ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%8B" title="ኔልሰን ማንዴላ – ଆମହାରକି" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔልሰን ማንዴላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ଆମହାରକି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆର୍ଗୋନୀ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ଆର୍ଗୋନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପୁରୁଣା ଇଁରାଜୀ" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ପୁରୁଣା ଇଁରାଜୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मंडेला – ଅଁଗୀକା" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नेल्सन मंडेला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ଅଁଗୀକା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيلسون مانديلا – ଆରବିକ୍" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيلسون مانديلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ଆରବିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A0%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A2_%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܢܠܣܘܢ ܡܐܢܕܝܠܐ – ଆରାମାଇକ୍" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܠܣܘܢ ܡܐܢܕܝܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="ଆରାମାଇକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيلسون مانديلا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيلسون مانديلا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيلسون مانديلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيلسون مانديلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা – ଆସାମୀୟ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ଆସାମୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଷ୍ଟୁରିଆନ୍" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ଆଷ୍ଟୁରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मण्डेला – ଆୱାଧି" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नेल्सन मण्डेला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="ଆୱାଧି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆୟମାରା" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ଆୟମାରା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଜେରବାଇଜାନି" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ଆଜେରବାଇଜାନି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نلسون ماندلا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نلسون ماندلا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – ବାଶକିର୍" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ବାଶକିର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବାଲିନୀଜ୍" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="ବାଲିନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsons_Mandela" title="Nelsons Mandela – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nelsons Mandela" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсан Мандэла – ବେଲାରୁଷିଆନ୍" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нельсан Мандэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ବେଲାରୁଷିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нэльсан Мандэла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэльсан Мандэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсън Мандела – ବୁଲଗେରିଆନ୍" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нелсън Мандела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ବୁଲଗେରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मंडेला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेल्सन मंडेला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବାମ୍ବାରା" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="ବାମ୍ବାରା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="নেলসন ম্যান্ডেলা – ବଙ୍ଗଳା" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেলসন ম্যান্ডেলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ବଙ୍ଗଳା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ནེལ་སོན་མཱན་ཌེ་ལ། – ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནེལ་སོན་མཱན་ཌེ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବ୍ରେଟନ୍" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ବ୍ରେଟନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବୋସନିଆନ୍" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ବୋସନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କାଟାଲାନ୍" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="କାଟାଲାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мандела, Нельсон – ଚେଚନ୍" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мандела, Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ଚେଚନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୀବୁଆନୋ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ସୀବୁଆନୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଚାମୋରୋ" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="ଚାମୋରୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଚେରୋକୀ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ଚେରୋକୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଚେଚେନା" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="ଚେଚେନା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نێلسۆن ماندێلا – କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କୁରଡିସ୍" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێلسۆن ماندێلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କୁରଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କୋର୍ସିକାନ୍" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="କୋର୍ସିକାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଚେକ୍" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ଚେକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – ଚୁଭାଶ୍" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ଚୁଭାଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ୱେଲ୍ସ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ୱେଲ୍ସ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଡାନ୍ନିସ୍" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ଡାନ୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandella" title="Nelson Mandella – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nelson Mandella" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଜର୍ମାନ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ଜର୍ମାନ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଦିଙ୍କା" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="ଦିଙ୍କା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନିମ୍ନ ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ନିମ୍ନ ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मण्डेला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेल्सन मण्डेला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AD%DE%8D%DE%A7" title="ނެލްސަން މަންޑޭލާ – ଡିଭେହୀ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެލްސަން މަންޑޭލާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ଡିଭେହୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇୱେ" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ଇୱେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Νέλσον Μαντέλα – ଗ୍ରୀକ୍" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέλσον Μαντέλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ଗ୍ରୀକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଂରାଜୀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ଇଂରାଜୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଏସ୍ପାରେଣ୍ଟୋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ଏସ୍ପାରେଣ୍ଟୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ପେନିୟ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ପେନିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆନ୍" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବାସ୍କ୍ୱି" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ବାସ୍କ୍ୱି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نلسون ماندلا – ପର୍ସିଆନ୍" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نلسون ماندلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ପର୍ସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Manndelaa" title="Nelson Manndelaa – ଫୁଲାହ" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Nelson Manndelaa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ଫୁଲାହ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଫିନ୍ନିସ୍" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ଫିନ୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandela_Nelson" title="Mandela Nelson – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mandela Nelson" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଫାରୋଏସେ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ଫାରୋଏସେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ଭଲ ଲେଖା"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଫରାସୀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ଫରାସୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଉତ୍ତର ଫ୍ରିସିୟାନ୍" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ଉତ୍ତର ଫ୍ରିସିୟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଫ୍ରିୟୁଲୀୟାନ୍" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ଫ୍ରିୟୁଲୀୟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଫ୍ରିସିଆନ୍" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଫ୍ରିସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇରିସ୍" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ଇରିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍କଟିସ୍ ଗାଏଲିକ୍" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ସ୍କଟିସ୍ ଗାଏଲିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଗାଲସିଆନ୍" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ଗାଲସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଗୁଆରାନୀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ଗୁଆରାନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD_%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌻𐌰 – ଗୋଥିକ୍" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌻𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="ଗୋଥିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="નેલ્સન મંડેલા – ଗୁଜୁରାଟୀ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેલ્સન મંડેલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ଗୁଜୁରାଟୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ମାଁକ୍ସ" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="ମାଁକ୍ସ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ହୌସା" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ହୌସା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ହାୱାଇନ୍" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ହାୱାଇନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%94" title="נלסון מנדלה – ହେବ୍ର୍ୟୁ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נלסון מנדלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ହେବ୍ର୍ୟୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मंडेला – ହିନ୍ଦୀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेल्सन मंडेला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ହିନ୍ଦୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଉପର ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ଉପର ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ହୈତାୟିନ୍" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ହୈତାୟିନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ହଙ୍ଗେରୀୟ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ହଙ୍ଗେରୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Նելսոն Մանդելա – ଆର୍ମେନିଆନ୍" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նելսոն Մանդելա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ଆର୍ମେନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Նելսըն Մանտելա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նելսըն Մանտելա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟଲିଙ୍ଗୁଆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟଲିଙ୍ଗୁଆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସୀୟ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟରଲିଙ୍ଗୁଇ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟରଲିଙ୍ଗୁଇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଗବୋ" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ଇଗବୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଲୋକୋ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ଇଲୋକୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଡୋ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ଇଡୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଇସଲାଣ୍ଡିକ୍" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ଆଇସଲାଣ୍ଡିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇଟାଲୀୟ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ଇଟାଲୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%A9" title="ネルソン・マンデラ – ଜାପାନୀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネルソン・マンデラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ଜାପାନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଜାଭାନୀଜ୍" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ଜାଭାନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ნელსონ მანდელა – ଜର୍ଜିୟ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნელსონ მანდელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ଜର୍ଜିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କାରା-କଲ୍ପକ୍" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="କାରା-କଲ୍ପକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କବାଇଲ୍" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="କବାଇଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – କାଜାକ୍" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="କାଜାକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ನೆಲ್ಸನ್ ಮಂಡೇಲಾ – କନ୍ନଡ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಲ್ಸನ್ ಮಂಡೇಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="କନ୍ନଡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%AC%EC%8A%A8_%EB%A7%8C%EB%8D%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="넬슨 만델라 – କୋରିଆନ୍" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="넬슨 만델라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="କୋରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8E" title="نیلسَن منٛڈیلَ – କାଶ୍ମିରୀ" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیلسَن منٛڈیلَ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="କାଶ୍ମିରୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କୋଲୋବନିୟ" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="କୋଲୋବନିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିଶ୍" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="କୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କୋର୍ନିସ୍" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="କୋର୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – କୀରଗୀଜ୍" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="କୀରଗୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲାଟିନ୍" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ଲାଟିନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲାଦିନୋ" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ଲାଦିନୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲକ୍ସେମବର୍ଗିସ୍" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ଲକ୍ସେମବର୍ଗିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – ଲେଜଗିୟାନ୍" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ଲେଜଗିୟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଗନ୍ଦା" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ଗନ୍ଦା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲିମ୍ବୁର୍ଗିସ୍" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ଲିମ୍ବୁର୍ଗିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲିଙ୍ଗାଲା" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ଲିଙ୍ଗାଲା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ເນລສັນ ແມນເດລາ – ଲାଓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເນລສັນ ແມນເດລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ଲାଓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲିଥୁଆନିଆନ୍" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ଲିଥୁଆନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsons_Mandela" title="Nelsons Mandela – ଲାଟଭିଆନ୍" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nelsons Mandela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ଲାଟଭିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मन्डेला – ମୈଥିଳୀ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेल्सन मन्डेला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ମୈଥିଳୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ମାଲାଗାସୀ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ମାଲାଗାସୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ମିନାଙ୍ଗାବାଉ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ମିନାଙ୍ଗାବାଉ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсон Мандела – ମାସେଡୋନିଆନ୍" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нелсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ମାସେଡୋନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2" title="നെൽസൺ മണ്ടേല – ମାଲାୟଲମ୍" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെൽസൺ മണ്ടേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ମାଲାୟଲମ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсон Мандела – ମଙ୍ଗୋଳିୟ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нелсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ମଙ୍ଗୋଳିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मंडेला – ମରାଠୀ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेल्सन मंडेला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ମରାଠୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ମାଲୟ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ମାଲୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ମାଲଟୀଜ୍" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="ମାଲଟୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="နယ်လ်ဆင် မန်ဒဲလား – ବର୍ମୀଜ୍" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယ်လ်ဆင် မန်ဒဲလား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ବର୍ମୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نلسون ماندلا – ମାଜାନଡେରାନି" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نلسون ماندلا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ମାଜାନଡେରାନି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନୀପୋଲିଟାନ୍" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ନୀପୋଲିଟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଲୋ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ଲୋ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मन्डेला – ନେପାଳୀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेल्सन मन्डेला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ନେପାଳୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन मन्डेला – ନେୱାରୀ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेल्सन मन्डेला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ନେୱାରୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଡଚ୍" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ଡଚ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ନିୟୋର୍ସ୍କ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ନିୟୋର୍ସ୍କ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ଭଲ ଲେଖା"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ବୋକମଲ୍" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ବୋକମଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ନେଡବେଲେ" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ନେଡବେଲେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଉତ୍ତରୀ ସୋଥୋ" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="ଉତ୍ତରୀ ସୋଥୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନିୟାଞ୍ଜ" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="ନିୟାଞ୍ଜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଓସିଟାନ୍" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ଓସିଟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мандела, Нельсон – ଓସେଟିକ୍" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мандела, Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ଓସେଟିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੈਲਸਨ ਮੰਡੇਲਾ – ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈਲਸਨ ਮੰਡੇਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପାମ୍ପାଙ୍ଗା" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="ପାମ୍ପାଙ୍ଗା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପାପିଆମେଣ୍ଟୋ" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ପାପିଆମେଣ୍ଟୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ନାଇଜେରୀୟ ପିଡଗିନ୍" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="ନାଇଜେରୀୟ ପିଡଗିନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପୋଲିଶ୍" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ପୋଲିଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیلسن منڈیلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیلسن منڈیلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نېلسن مانډېلا – ପାସ୍ତୋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېلسن مانډېلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ପାସ୍ତୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – କ୍ୱେଚୁଆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="କ୍ୱେଚୁଆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ରୋମାନିଆନ୍" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ରୋମାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мандела, Нельсон – ରୁଷିୟ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандела, Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ରୁଷିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсон Мандела – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нелсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नेल्सन् मण्डेला – ସଂସ୍କୃତ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेल्सन् मण्डेला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ସଂସ୍କୃତ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мандела Нельсон – ସାଖା" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мандела Нельсон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ସାଖା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱮᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞᱟ – ସାନ୍ତାଳି" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ସାନ୍ତାଳି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସର୍ଦିନିଆନ୍" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ଦିନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସିଶିଲିଆନ୍" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ସିଶିଲିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍କଟସ୍" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ସ୍କଟସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيلسن منڊيلا – ସିନ୍ଧୀ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيلسن منڊيلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ସିନ୍ଧୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଉତ୍ତର ସାମି" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ଉତ୍ତର ସାମି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସର୍ବୋ-କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ବୋ-କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="නෙල්සන් මැන්ඩෙලා – ସିଂହଳ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙල්සන් මැන්ඩෙලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ସିଂହଳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ଲୋଭାକ୍" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ଲୋଭାକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ଲୋଭେନିଆନ୍" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ଲୋଭେନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଇନାରୀ ସାମି" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ଇନାରୀ ସାମି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଶୋନା" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ଶୋନା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୋମାଲିଆ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ସୋମାଲିଆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଆଲବାନିଆନ୍" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ଆଲବାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсон Мандела – ସର୍ବିୟ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нелсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ବିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ଵାତି" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ଵାତି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୁଦାନୀଜ୍" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ସୁଦାନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ୱେଡିସ୍" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ୱେଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସ୍ୱାହିଲ୍" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ୱାହିଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="நெல்சன் மண்டேலா – ତାମିଲ୍" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெல்சன் மண்டேலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ତାମିଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="నెల్సన్ మండేలా – ତେଲୁଗୁ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెల్సన్ మండేలా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ତେଲୁଗୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ତେତୁମ୍" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="ତେତୁମ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нелсон Мандела – ତାଜିକ୍" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нелсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ତାଜିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เนลสัน แมนเดลา – ଥାଇ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนลสัน แมนเดลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ଥାଇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଟାଗାଲଗ୍" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ଟାଗାଲଗ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୱାନା" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="ସୱାନା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଟୋକ୍ ପିସିନ୍" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ଟୋକ୍ ପିସିନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ତୁର୍କିସ୍" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ତୁର୍କିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ସୋଙ୍ଗା" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ସୋଙ୍ଗା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – ତାତାର୍" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ତାତାର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نىلسۇن ماندىلا – ୟୁଘୁର୍" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىلسۇن ماندىلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ୟୁଘୁର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нельсон Мандела – ୟୁକ୍ରାନିଆନ୍" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нельсон Мандела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ୟୁକ୍ରାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیلسن منڈیلا – ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلسن منڈیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଉଜବେକ୍" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ଉଜବେକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandela_Nel%27son" title="Mandela Nel'son – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mandela Nel'son" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଭିଏତନାମିଜ୍" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ଭିଏତନାମିଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ବୋଲାପୁକ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ବୋଲାପୁକ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ୱାଲୁନ୍" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ୱାଲୁନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ୱାରୈ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ୱାରୈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="纳尔逊·曼德拉 – ୱୁ ଚାଇନିଜ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳尔逊·曼德拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ୱୁ ଚାଇନିଜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଖୋସା" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ଖୋସା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ნელსონ მანდელა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნელსონ მანდელა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="נעלסאן מאנדעלע – ୟିଡିସ୍" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעלסאן מאנדעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ୟିଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ୟୋରୁବା" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ୟୋରୁବା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="纳尔逊·曼德拉 – ଚାଇନିଜ୍" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳尔逊·曼德拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ଚାଇନିଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" title="納爾遜·曼德拉 – କାନଟୋନେସେ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納爾遜·曼德拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="କାନଟୋନେସେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela – ଜୁଲୁ" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Nelson Mandela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ଜୁଲୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ଭାଷା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଲିଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ" class="wbc-editpage">ଲିଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></b></div><div class="NavContent" align="right" style="background:#eae9e9; width:auto"> <span class="plainlinks"><br /><a class="external free" href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela">https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r488502">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Nelson_Mandela-2008_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg/220px-Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg/330px-Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg/440px-Nelson_Mandela-2008_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="778" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">ମେ ୨୦୦୮ରେ ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r488502"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାଳ</b></span><br />୧୦ ମେ ୧୯୯୪ – ୧୪ ଜୁନ ୧୯୯୯</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r488502"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">ପୂର୍ବ ଅଧିକାରୀ</span></th><td class="infobox-data">ଫେଡ଼୍ରିକ ୱିଲିଅମ ଦେ କ୍ଲର୍କ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">ପର ଅଧିକାରୀ</span></th><td class="infobox-data">ଥାବୋ ମବେକି</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ସବିଶେଷ</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ଜନ୍ମ</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">ରୋଲିହ୍ହଲ୍ଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1918-07-18</span>) </span>୧୮ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୧୮<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (ବୟସ ୧୦୬)</span><br />ମ୍ବେଜୋ, ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ମୃତ୍ୟୁ</th><td class="infobox-data">୫ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୦୧୩<span style="display:none">(2013-12-05)</span> (ବୟସ ୯୫)<br />ହଗଟନ, ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା">ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ଜାତୀୟତା</th><td class="infobox-data">ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ରାଜନୀତିକ ଦଳ</th><td class="infobox-data">ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ଜୀବନ ସାଥୀ</th><td class="infobox-data">ଏଭେଲିନ ନତୋକୋ ମାସେ (୧୯୪୪–୧୯୫୭)<br />ୱିନି ମାଦିକିଜେଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା (୧୯୫୮–୧୯୬୬)<br />ଗ୍ରାକା ମାସେଲ (୧୯୯୮–୨୦୧୩; ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ସନ୍ତାନ</th><td class="infobox-data">ମାଦିବା ଥେମ୍ବେକିଲେ<br />ମାକଗାଥୋ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା<br />ମାକାଜିୱେ<br />ମାକି<br />ଜେନାନି<br />ଜିନ୍ଦଜିସ୍ୱା</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ଘର</th><td class="infobox-data">ହଫଟନ ଇଷ୍ଟେଟ, ଗଉଟେଙ୍ଗ, ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ଶିକ୍ଷାନୁଷ୍ଠାନ</th><td class="infobox-data">ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ<br />ୟୁନିଭର୍ସିଟି ଅଫ ଲଣ୍ଡନ ଏକ୍ସଟରନାଲ ସିଷ୍ଟମ<br /> ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ<br />ୱିଟୱାଟର୍ସରାଣ୍ଡ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ସନ୍ତକ</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg/128px-Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg/192px-Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg/256px-Nelson_Mandela_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ୱେବସାଇଟ</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelsonmandela.org/">www<wbr />.nelsonmandela<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ନେଲସନ ରୋଲିହ୍ହଲ୍ଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</b> (୧୮ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୧୮ - ୫ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୦୧୩) <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା">ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର</a> ପୂର୍ବତନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରମୁଖ୍ୟ (୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯) ଥିଲେ । ସେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଣ ଶ୍ୱେତାଙ୍ଗ ବା କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଭାବେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କ ଶାସନକାଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ନୀତିର ପତନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ତଥା ଚାଲିଆସୁଥିବା ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ, ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ, ସାମାଜିକ ଅସମାନତାକୁ ଦୂର କରିବାକୁ ବିଶେଷ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ରାଜନୈତିକ ଭାବେ ସେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି ଭାବେ ୧୯୯୧ରୁ ୧୯୯୭ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ପଦବୀ ଭାବେ "ନନ-ଆଲାଇନଡ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟ"ର ସାଧାରଣ-ସଚିବ ଭାବେ ୧୯୯୮-୧୯୯୯ ପାଇଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରତ ଥିଲେ । </p><p>ଯୋସା ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟର ଥେମ୍ବୁ ରାଜପରିବାରରେ ଜନ୍ମ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଓ ୱିଟୱାଟର୍ସରାଣ୍ଡ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲେ । ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ରହିବା ସମୟରେ ଔପନିବେଶ ବିରୋଧୀ ରାଜନୀତିରେ ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରେ ଯୋଗଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଏହାର ଯୁବ ସଂଘର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାତା ସଭ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ । ୧୯୪୮ରେ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟିର "ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ" ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀମାନେ ସରକାର ଗଠନ କରି କ୍ଷମତାକୁ ଆସିବା ପରେ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼କୁ ନୀତିକୁ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ସେହି ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସଦ୍ୱାରା ୧୯୫୨ରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ୧୯୫୫ରେ "ପିପୁଲ ଅଫ କଂଗ୍ରେସ"କୁ ଉଦବୋଧନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଜଣେ ଓକିଲ ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିବା ସମୟରେ ସନ୍ଦେହଜନକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ପାଇଁ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା ଭାବେ ୧୯୫୫ରୁ ୧୯୬୧ ଯାଏଁ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ ପାଇଁ ଅଭିଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶେଷରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଷ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଯଦିଓ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ସେ ଅହିଂସା ନୀତିରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖିଥିଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ପାର୍ଟି ସହ ମିଶି ୧୯୬୧ରେ "ଉମଖୋଂତ ୱେ ସିଜୱେ" ନାମରେ ଏକ ସଶସ୍ତ୍ର ବାହିନୀ ଗଠନ କରି, ସରକାର ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ବହୁ ବୋମାମାଡ଼ର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେଇଥିଲେ । ୧୯୬୨ ମସିହାରେ ଗଣସଂହାର ଓ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଘାତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇ ରିଭିନିଆ ଶୁଣାଣୀରେ ଆଜୀବନ କାରାବାସ ପାଇଁ ଦଣ୍ଡ ପାଇଥିଲେ । </p><p>ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତି ଓ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୋଧରେ ଲଢ଼ି ସେ ନିଜ ଜୀବନକାଳର ୨୭ ବର୍ଷ କାଳ ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପର କାରାଗାର, ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର କାରାଗାର ଓ ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାରରେ କଟାଇଥିଲେ । ତାଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଚାପ ବଢ଼ିବାରୁ ୧୯୯୦ରେ ଛାଡ଼ ପାଇଥିଲେ । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି ଥିବା ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ଆତ୍ମଜୀବନୀ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ତତକାଳୀନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଏଫ.ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ଅନ୍ତ ପାଇଁ ବୁଝାମଣା କରିଥିଲେ । ସେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଥିବା ସମୟରେ ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ବିତି ଯାଇଥିବା ମାନବଧିକାର ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଘନର ତଦନ୍ତ ପାଇଁ "ଟ୍ରୁଥ ଏଣ୍ଡ ରିକୋନସିଲିଏସନ କମିଶନ"ର ଗଠନ କରିଥିଲେ । ପୂର୍ବ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ଉଦାରବାଦୀ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ନୀତିକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ଜମି ସୁଧାର ନିୟମକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହନ, ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ଦୂରୀକରଣ ଓ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଉନ୍ନତୀକରଣ ପାଇଁ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ସ୍ତରରେ ଲିବ୍ୟା ଓ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର "ପ୍ୟାନ ଆମ ଫ୍ଲାଇଟ ୧୦୩ ବମ୍ବିଙ୍ଗ ଟ୍ରାଏଲ" ବୁଝାମଣାରେ ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥି ଭାବେ ଓ ଲେସୋଥୋରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ସାମରିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାନୁଷ୍ଠାନର ସମାଧାନ କରିଥିଲେ । ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦ ପାଇଁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାର ନିର୍ବାଚନ ନ ଲଢ଼ି, ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନଦ୍ୱାରା ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ତଥା ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି./ଏଡ଼ସ ଦୂରୀକରଣ ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ସମାଜସେବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଭୂମିକା ନେଇଥିଲେ । </p><p>ସାରା ଜୀବନ ସେ ଏକ ବିତର୍କିତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ, ଏପରିକି ଉଗ୍ରବାଦୀମାନେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆତଙ୍କବାଦୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ଚାକର ବୋଲି ଆଖ୍ୟା ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଏସବୁ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଔପନିବେଶ ବିରୋଧୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଓ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ନୀତି ପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅନେକ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ମିଳିଛି । ୧୯୯୩ରେ ନୋବେଲ ଶାନ୍ତି ପୁରସ୍କାର, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା">ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାର</a> ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ବେସାମରିକ "ପ୍ରେସିଡ଼େଣ୍ଟସିଆଲ ମେଡ଼ାଲ ଅଫ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ", <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଋଷିଆ">ଋଷିଆର</a> ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ "ଅର୍ଡର ଅଫ ଲେନିନ", <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ଭାରତ">ଭାରତର</a> ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ବେସାମରିକ ସମ୍ମାନ " <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାରତ ରତ୍ନ">ଭାରତ ରତ୍ନ</a> " ସହିତ ୨୫୦ରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱ ସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ପୁରସ୍କାରରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବହୁ ସମ୍ମାନାଷ୍ପଦ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ଯୋସା ନାମ "ମାଦିବା" ବା "ତାତା", ଯାହାର ଆକ୍ଷରିକ ଅର୍ଥ ପିତା, ସେ "ଜାତିର ପିତା" ଓ "ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଗାନ୍ଧୀ" ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ । </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ଜୀବନ"><span id=".E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.A8"></span>ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଜୀବନ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଜୀବନ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ବାଲ୍ୟ_ଜୀବନ:_୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B2.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.A8:_.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AE-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A9.E0.AD.AC"></span>ବାଲ୍ୟ ଜୀବନ: ୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="ବାଲ୍ୟ ଜୀବନ: ୧୯୧୮-୧୯୩୬ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ୧୮ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୧୮ରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର କେପ ରାଜ୍ୟର ଉମତାତୁର ମ୍ବେଜୋ ଗ୍ରାମରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା <sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_3_Smith_17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela_3_Smith_17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କର ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଯୋଗ ହୋଇଥିବା "ରୋଲିହ୍ହଲ୍ଲା"ର ଅର୍ଥ ଯୋହା ଭାଷାରେ "ସଙ୍କଟକାରୀ"<sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_3_Smith_17_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela_3_Smith_17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ଏବଂ ପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବଂଶର ନାମ ଅନୁସାରେ ସେ "ମାଦିବା" ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନେଲସନଙ୍କ ପୈତୃକ ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷ ନଗୁବେଙ୍ଗଚୁକା ତାସ୍କେଇଆନ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ(ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ପୂର୍ବ କେପ ରାଜ୍ୟ)ରେ<sup id="cite_ref-Guiloineau_23_Mafela_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiloineau_23_Mafela-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବସବାସ କରୁଥିବା "ଥେମ୍ବୁ" ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାୟର ରାଜା ଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଜଣେ ରାଜାଙ୍କ ନାମ "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ଥିବାରୁ ତାଙ୍କର ଶେଷନାମଟି ସେହିଠାରୁ ଆସିଅଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-Guiloineau_26_Mafela_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiloineau_26_Mafela-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ଗାଡ଼ଲା ହେନେରୀ ମଫାକାନ୍ୟିସ୍ୱା ୧୯୧୫ରେ ଜଣେ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_19_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୨୬ରେ ଗାଡ଼ଲା ଦୁର୍ନୀତି ପାଇଁ ବରଖାସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ; ଓ ନେଲସନଙ୍କୁ କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲାଯେ ଉପରିସ୍ଥ ମାଜିଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଟଙ୍କ ଦାବୀ ପୂରଣ ନ କରିପାରିବାରୁ ସେ ବରଖାସ୍ତ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଗାଡ଼ଲା କାମାତା ଦେବୀଙ୍କ ଭକ୍ତ<sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela_17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଥିଲେ ଓ ଜଣେ ବହୁପତ୍ନୀଧାରୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି(ଚାରି ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ, ଚାରି ପୁଅ ଏବଂ ନଅ ଝିଅ) ଥିଲେ । ନେଲସନ ଗାଡ଼ାଲାଙ୍କ ତୃତୀୟ ପତ୍ନୀ ନୋସେକେନି ଫାନ୍ନିଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width: 246px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea." </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">— Mandela, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela_19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>ନେଲସନଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁସାରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାଲ୍ୟକାଳ ମା ଓ ଦୁଇ ଭଉଣୀଙ୍କ ସହିତ କୁନୁ ଗ୍ରାମରେ ବହୁ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସଂସ୍କାର, ରୀତିନୀତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ କଟିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Mandela_15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandela_15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବାଲ୍ୟକାଳରେ ସେ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟ ଗୋ-ଚାରଣ ବାଳକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କାଟିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା ମାଆ ଅଶିକ୍ଷିତ ଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟିଆନ ଧର୍ମାବଲମ୍ବୀ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସାତ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ଏକ ଆଞ୍ଚଳିକ ମେଥୋଡ଼ିଷ୍ଟ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ଶିକ୍ଷାଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ପଠାଇଥିଲେ । ମୋଥୋଡିଷ୍ଟ ଭାବେ ବାପ୍ଟାଇଜଡ ହେବା ପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଶିକ୍ଷକଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସେ ଇଂରାଜୀ ପୂର୍ବନାମ "ନେଲସନ" ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ନଅ ବର୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବାପା କୁନୁ ଗ୍ରାମରେ ପରିବାର ସହ ବସବାସ କରିବାକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ଓ ଏକ ଅଜଣା ଶ୍ୱାସ ରୋଗରେ ପ୍ରାଣ ହରାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନେଲସନ ଏହା ମାନନ୍ତି ଯେ କ୍ରାନ୍ତିକାରୀ ଅଭିମାନ ଓ ସ୍ୱଚ୍ଛ ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ସେ ନିଜ ବାପାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆହରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ନେଲସଙ୍କ ମାଆ ତାଙ୍କୁ ମାକହେକେଜ୍ୱନିସ୍ଥିତ "ଗ୍ରେଟ ପ୍ୟାଲେସ"କୁ ନେଇ ଯାଇଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ସେଠାରେ ଜୋଙ୍ଗିନ୍ତାବା ଡାଲିନ୍ଦ୍ୟେବୋଙ୍କ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱାବଧାନରେ ଛାଡ଼ିଆସିଥିଲେ । ମାଆଙ୍କୁ ବହୁବର୍ଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ନ ଦେଖିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ନେଲସନ ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଜୋଙ୍ଗିନ୍ତାବା ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ ନୋଏଙ୍ଗଲାଣ୍ଡ ତାଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ସନ୍ତାନ ଭାବେ ଦେଖୁଥିଲେ; ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ନିଜ ପୁତ୍ର ଜଷ୍ଟିସ ତଥା ଝିଅ ନୋମାଫୁଙ୍କ ପରି ସମାନ ଅଧିକାର ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ପ୍ରତି ରବିବାର ଚର୍ଚ୍ଚର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମରେ ଭାଗ ନେଉଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରେ ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟିଆନ ଧର୍ମ ଏକ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଅଂଶ ହୋଇ ଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପ୍ୟାଲେସ ନିକଟସ୍ଥ ଏକ ମେଥୋଡିଷ୍ଟ ମିଶନ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ସେ ଇଂରାଜୀ, ଯୋହା ଓ ଭୂଗୋଳ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପ୍ୟାଲେସକୁ ଆସୁଥିବା ବୁଦ୍ଧିଜୀବୀଙ୍କ ଭାଷଣରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଇତିହାସ ପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କର ଆଗ୍ରହ ବଢ଼ିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କୁ ୧୬ ବର୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମୟରେ ସେ ଜଷ୍ଟିସ ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟ ବାଳକମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶି ତ୍ୱକଛେଦନ ସମାରୋହରେ(circumcision ritual) ଅଂଶ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ଟାଇହାଲାର୍ହା ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ ଏହାପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ନାମ "ଡାଲିବୁଙ୍ଗା" ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ_ଓ_ଫୋର୍ଟ_ହାରେ:_୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦"><span id=".E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B2.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.80.2C.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B2.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A1.E0.AC.9F.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.89.E0.AC.A8_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.AB.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9F_.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87:_.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A9.E0.AD.AC-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA.E0.AD.A6"></span>କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ ଓ ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ: ୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ,ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ ଓ ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ: ୧୯୩୬-୧୯୪୦ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Young_Mandela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Young_Mandela.jpg/170px-Young_Mandela.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Young_Mandela.jpg/255px-Young_Mandela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Young_Mandela.jpg/340px-Young_Mandela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା,୧୯୩୭</figcaption></figure> <p>ଥେମ୍ବୁ ରାଜକୀୟ ପରିଷଦରେ ସଭ୍ୟ ହେବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଜ୍ଞାନ ଆହରଣ ପାଇଁ ଇଙ୍ଗକୋବୋଠାରେ ଥିବା କ୍ଲାର୍କବରୀ ବୋର୍ଡିଙ୍ଗ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହି ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନଟି ଥେମ୍ବୁଲାଣ୍ଡରେ କଳା ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନଙ୍କ ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଶିକ୍ଷାନୁଷ୍ଠାନ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେଠାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶିବା ପାଇଁ ଖେଳକୁଦରେ ବିଶେଷ ଆଗ୍ରହ ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦୁଇ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ "ଜୁନିଅର ସାର୍ଟିଫିକେସନ" ସମାପ୍ତ କରି,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୩୭ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ହିଲ୍ଡଟାଉନ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟୁଫୋର୍ଟରେ ଥିବା ମୋଥୋଡ଼ିଷ୍ଟ କଲେଜରେ ଜଷ୍ଟିସଙ୍କ ସହିତ ନାମ ଲେଖାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେଠାରେ ପ୍ରଧାନ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଇଂରାଜୀ ସଂସ୍କୃତି ଓ ସରକାରୀ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଉପରେ ଜୋର ଦେଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ମନୋନିବେଶ କରି ସୋଥୋ ଭାଷା କହୁଥିବା ଜଣକ ସହ ପ୍ରଥମ ଅଣ-ଯୋହା ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନିଜର ଖାଲି ସମୟରେ ଦୂର ଦୌଡ଼ ଏବଂ ବକ୍ସିଂରେ ମନଦେଇ ସେ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବର୍ଷ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ପାରଙ୍ଗମ ହୋଇ ଉଠିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଯୋଙ୍ଗିନ୍ତାବାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା; ଆଲିସ, ଇଷ୍ଟର୍ଣ୍ଣ କେପରେ ଥିବା ଫୋର୍ଟ ହାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୫୦ ଜଣ ସହପାଠୀଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଳାରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ସେଠାରେ ସେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80" class="mw-disambig" title="ଇଂରାଜୀ">ଇଂରାଜୀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ନୃତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ">ନୃତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ">ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ</a>, ସରକାରୀ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଓ ରୋମାନ ଡଚ ନିୟମ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ପ୍ରଥମ ବର୍ଷରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ୱେଷ୍ଟର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହାଉସ ଛାତ୍ରାବାସରେ ରହିବା ସମୟରେ ଅଲିଭର ଟାମ୍ବୋ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀ କେ.ଡ଼ି. ମାଟାଞ୍ଜିମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଖେଳକୁଦରେ ବିଶେଷ ଆଗ୍ରହ ହେତୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲାଟିନ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ବଲରୁମ ନୃତ୍ୟଶୈଳୀ ଶିଖିଥିଲେ ଓ ଆବ୍ରାହମ ଲିଙ୍କନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଏକ ଡ୍ରାମାରେ ଅଭିନୟ ମଧ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟିଆନ ଛାତ୍ରସଂଘର ସଭ୍ୟଭାବେ ସେ ପାଖାପାଖି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବାଇବେଲ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବାଇବେଲ</a> ଶିକ୍ଷା ଦେଉଥିଲେ<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଓ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ ସମୟରେ ବ୍ରିଟେନକୁ ବାଚନିକ ସମର୍ଥନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ହୋଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେ କୌଣସି ଆଖିଦୃଶିଆ ସମର୍ଥନ ଦେଖାଇ ନଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବର୍ଷର ଛାତ୍ରଙ୍କ ଅତ୍ୟାଚାରରେ ପିଡ଼ୀତ ଜଣେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବର୍ଷ ଛାତ୍ରଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା କରି<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏବଂ ଷ୍ଟୁଡ଼େଣ୍ଟ ରିପ୍ରେଜେଣ୍ଟେଟିଭ କାଉନସିଲ ସହ ମିଶି ଦିଆଯାଉଥିବା ଖାଦ୍ୟର ନିମ୍ନ ଗୁଣବତ୍ତା ବିରୋଧରେ ଅନଶନ କରି ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରୁ ସାମୟିକ ଭାବେ ବରଖାସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ_ରହଣି:_୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩"><span id=".E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.97.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87_.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.A3.E0.AC.BF:_.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA.E0.AD.A7-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA.E0.AD.A9"></span>ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ରହଣି: ୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ରହଣି: ୧୯୪୧-୧୯୪୩ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୪୦ରେ ମାକହେକେଜ୍ୱନିକୁ ଫେରିବା ପରେ ସେ ଜାଣିଲେ ଯେ ଯୋଙ୍ଗିନ୍ତାବା ତାଙ୍କର ଏବଂ ନିଜ ପୁଅ ଜଷ୍ଟିସଙ୍କର ବିବାହ ଅଲଗା ଜାଗାରେ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ କରିସାରିଛନ୍ତି, ତେଣୁ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ ଭାବେ ଦୁହେଁ କୁଇନ୍ସଟାଉନ ଦେଇ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୪୧ରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେଠାରେ ଏକ ହୀରାଖଣିରେ ରାତ୍ର ଜଗୁଆଳ ଭାବେ ସେ କାମ ପାଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ପରେ ଘର ଛାଡ଼ି ଆସିଥିବା ଜଣାପଡ଼ିବାରୁ ବହିଷ୍କୃତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜର୍ଜ ଗୁଚ ଟାଉନସିପରେ ନିଜ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଭାଇଙ୍କ ସହ ରହିବା ସମୟରେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକର୍ତ୍ତା ୱାଲଟର ସିସୁଲୁଙ୍କ ସହ ପରିଚୟ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସହାୟତାରେ "ୱିଟକିନ, ସିଡେଲସ୍କି ଏଣ୍ଡ ଏଲଡରମେନ" ଆଇନ ସହାୟତା କେନ୍ଦ୍ରରେ କିରାଣୀ ଭାବେ କାମ ପାଇଥିଲେ । କେନ୍ଦ୍ରର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଜଣେ ଉଦାରପନ୍ଥୀ ଜୀଉ ଲାଜାର ସିଡେଲସ୍କି ଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେଠାରେ କାମ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ଗୌର ରେଡ଼େବେଙ୍କ ସହ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଯିଏକି ଜଣେ ଯୋହା ଥିଲେ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ତଥା କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଦଳର ସଦସ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ । ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରଥମ ଶ୍ୱେତାଙ୍ଗ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଭାବେ ନାଟ ବ୍ରେଗମ୍ୟାନଙ୍କ ସହ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଭାଷଣ ଶୁଣିବା ପରେ ତାଙ୍କର ଧାରଣା ହୋଇଥିଲା ଯେ ୟୁରୋପୀୟ, ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ, ଭାରତୀୟମାନେ ମେଳାପି ଓ ସମାନତାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖନ୍ତି । କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ; ସେ କୌଣସି ଦଳୀୟ ରାଜନୀତିରେ ଯୋଗ ନ ଦେବାର ପ୍ରମୁଖ କାରଣ ଥିଲା ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟବାଦ ଓ ନାସ୍ତିକବାଦ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ; ଏବଂ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ସଂଘର୍ଷ ସମାନ ବର୍ଗ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ନ ହୋଇ କଳା-ଗୋରା ଭେଦଭାବରେ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ରାଜନୀତିରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୪୩ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦରଦାମ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ବିଶାଳ ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରାରେ ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନିଜ ଉଚ୍ଚଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ଜାରିରଖିବାକୁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରୁରୁ ରାତ୍ରକାଳୀନ ଦୂରଶିକ୍ଷା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାଦ୍ୱାରା କଳାରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଚାଲୁ ରଖିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦରମା">ବେତନ</a> ପାଉଥିବାରୁ, ଆଲେକଜାଣ୍ଡ୍ରା ଟାଉନସିପରେ ଏକ ଯୋହା ପରିବାରରେ ସେ ଘରଭଡ଼ା ନେଇ ରହୁଥିଲେ । ଯଦିଓ ଆଲେକଜାଣ୍ଡ୍ରା ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ, ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ, ଅପରାଧ ଜର୍ଜରିତ ଥିଲା ଏହା ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନରେ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ।<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟର ପୀଡ଼ାରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ପାଇଁ ସେ ଜଣେ ସ୍ୱାଜୀ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ସହ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଘରଭଡ଼ା ଆହୁରି କମ ଦାମରେ ପାଇବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୱିଟୱାଟର୍ସରାଣ୍ଡ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଶ୍ରମିକ ସଂଘର କମ୍ପାଉଣ୍ଡରେ ରହିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ; ଏବଂ ସେହି ସମୟରେ ବାସୁତୋଲାଣ୍ଡର କୁଇନ ରିଜେଣ୍ଟଙ୍କ ସହ ପରିଚୟ ହେଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୪୧ର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ଯୋଙ୍ଗିନ୍ତାବା ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିବାକୁ ଆସିଲେ ଏବଂ ଘର ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲି ଆସିଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ କ୍ଷମା କରିଦେଲେ । ୧୯୪୨ର ଶୀତ ସମୟରେ ଥେମ୍ବୁଲାଣ୍ଡ ଫେରିବା ପରେ, ରିଜେଣ୍ଟଙ୍କ ଦେହାବସାନ ଘଟିଲା ଏବଂ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଜଷ୍ଟିସ ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ଗୋଟିଏ ଦିନ ପରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୪୩ର ଆଦ୍ୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କଳାରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଡିଗ୍ରୀ ହାସଲ କଲାପରେ, ଏକ ଓକିଲ ଭାବେ ରାଜନୈତିକ ପଥ ଆପଣାଇବା ଆଶାରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ ଆସିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.88.E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AA"></span>ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="ବୈପ୍ଳବିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଆଇନ_ଶିକ୍ଷା_ଓ_ଯୁବ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯"><span id=".E0.AC.86.E0.AC.87.E0.AC.A8_.E0.AC.B6.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B7.E0.AC.BE_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.AC_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B8:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA.E0.AD.A9-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA.E0.AD.AF"></span>ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଓ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଓ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ:୧୯୪୩-୧୯୪୯ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ୱିଟୱାଟର୍ସରାଣ୍ଡ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସେଠାରେ ଏକମାତ୍ର ମୂଳ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଥିଲେ ଓ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତିର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଥିଲେ; ଫଳତଃ ସେ ଅନେକ ଉଦାରପନ୍ଥୀ ଓ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ୟୁରୋପୀୟ, ଭାରତୀୟ ଓ ଜୀଉମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଜୋଏ ସ୍ଲୋଭୋ, ହ୍ୟାରି ସ୍କ୍ୱାର୍ଜ, ରୁଥ ଫାର୍ଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ।<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରେ ଯୋଗଦେବା ପରେ ସେ ସିସୁଲୁଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ନିଜ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଅଲିଭର ଟାମ୍ବୋଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟ ସିସୁଲୁଙ୍କ ଓର୍ଲାଣ୍ଡୋଠାରେ ଥିବା ଘରେ ବିତାଉଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୪୩ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆଣ୍ଟୋନ ଲେମ୍ବେଡ଼େଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶିଥିଲେ; ଯିଏକି ଜଣେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଥିଲେ ଓ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଦଳ ସହ ମିଶି ବ୍ରିଟିଶରାଜ ଓ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତି ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଦୃଢ଼ ସ୍ୱର ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟ ଓ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ; ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲେମ୍ବେଡ଼େଙ୍କ ମତକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କରି ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖିଥିଲେ ଯେ କଳା ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନେ ନିଜର ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଯୁବଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତାକୁ ଅନୁଭବ କରି ସେ ଅନ୍ୟକିଛି ଯୁବ ସଂଗ୍ରାମୀଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶି ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି "ଆଲଫ୍ରେଡ଼ ବିତିନି ଜୁମା"ଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କ ସୋଫିଆଟାଉନସ୍ଥିତ ବାସଭବନରେ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ । ୧୯୪୪ ଇଷ୍ଟର ରବିବାର ଦିନ ଏଲୋଫ ଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଟରେ ଥିବା ବାଣ୍ଟୁ ମେନ’ସ ସୋସିଆଲ ସେଣ୍ଟରଠାରେ "ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଂଘ"ର ସ୍ଥାପନା କରିଥିଲେ; ଏହାର ସଭାପତି ଲେମ୍ବେଡ଼େ ଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀ ପରିଷଦର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ସଭ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg/220px-Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg/330px-Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୪୪ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଏଭେଲିନ</figcaption></figure> <p>ସିସୁଲୁଙ୍କ ବାସଭବନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏଭେଲିନ ମାସେଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ; ଯିଏକି ଏଙ୍ଗକୋବୋ, ଟ୍ରାନସ୍କେଇରୁ ଜଣେ ନର୍ସ ତଥା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକର୍ତ୍ତା ଥିଲେ । ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ବିବାହ ୫ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର, ୧୯୪୪ରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ କିଛି ଦିନ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀଙ୍କ ଘରେ ରହିବା ପରେ ୧୯୪୬ର ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗରେ ଓର୍ଲାଣ୍ଡୋଠାରେ ଥିବା ଘର ନଂ-୮୧୧୫ରେ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-mandela144_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela144-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ସନ୍ତାନ ମାଦିବା "ଥେମ୍ବି" ଥେମ୍ବେକିଲେର ଜନ୍ମ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୪୬ରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ୧୯୪୭ରେ ମାକାଜିୱେ ନାମ୍ନୀ ଏକ ଶିଶୁକନ୍ୟାର ଜନ୍ମ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଯାହାର ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଜନ୍ମର ୯ ମାସ ପରେ ମେନିଞ୍ଜାଇଟିସ କାରଣରୁ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପାରିବାରିକ ଜୀବନ ଖୁସିରେ କାଟୁଥିଲେ ଓ ନିଜର ମା ଏବଂ ଭଉଣୀ ଲିଆବିଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ପାଖରେ ରଖିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୱିଟକିନ, ସିଡେଲସ୍କି ଏଣ୍ଡ ଏଲଡରମେନରେ ୩ ବର୍ଷ କାମ କରିବା ପରେ ୧୯୪୭ର ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗରେ ସେ ବାଣ୍ଟୁ ୱେଲଫେଆର ଟ୍ରଷ୍ଟରୁ ଋଣ ନେଇ ଏକ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମୟ ଛାତ୍ର ରୂପେ ପଞ୍ଜିକରଣ କରିବାକୁ ମନସ୍ଥ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୪୭ରେ ଲେମ୍ବେଡ଼େଙ୍କ ଏକ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁହେବା ପରେ, ପିଟର ମଦା ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଂଘର ମୁଖ୍ୟଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଭାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସଚିବ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମଦାଙ୍କ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଏବଂ ଶ୍ୱେତାଙ୍କଙ୍କୁ ପାର୍ଟି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମର୍ଥନ କରିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ବିରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୪୭ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀକୁ ମନୋନୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଆଞ୍ଚଳିକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସି.ଏସ. ରାମୋହାନୋଏଙ୍କ ଅଧୀନରେ କାମ କରିଥିଲେ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଯେତେବେଳେ ରାମୋହାନୋଏ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀ ପରିଷଦର ମତ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ଓ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟଙ୍କ ସହଯୋଗ ନେଇଥିଲେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ତାଙ୍କୁ ଇସ୍ତଫା ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ବାଧ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୧୯୪୮ରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ କେବଳ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟମାନେ ମତଦାନ କରିବାକୁ ଅଧିକାର ପାଇଥିଲେ ଓ ହେରେନିଗଡେ ନାସିଓନାଲ ପାର୍ଟି ଡାନିଏଲ ଫ୍ରାଙ୍କୋଇସ ମାଲାନଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ କ୍ଷମତାର ଅଧିକାରୀ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତିକୁ ଖୋଲାଖୋଲି ସମର୍ଥନ କରି ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବୈଧାନିକ ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରେ ଅଧିକରୁ ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରଭାବଶାଳୀ ହୋଇ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ସହକର୍ମୀମାନେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଥିବା ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂଘଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୋଧରେ ଅନଶନ, ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରା, ଅସହଯୋଗ ପ୍ରଭୃତି କରିଥିଲେ । ଜୁମା ଏହି ସବୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ନାପସନ୍ଦ କରିବାରୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅନାସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବଦ୍ୱାରା ବରଖାସ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ଜେମ୍ସ ମୋରୋକାଙ୍କ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ସିସୁଲୁ, ମଦା, ଟାମ୍ବୋ, ଗଡ଼ଫ୍ରେ ପିଟଜେ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଏକ ସଂଗ୍ରାମୀ ଦଳ ଗଠନ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଏବଂ ପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ତରଫରୁ ଏକ ବାସ୍ତବ ଓ କ୍ରାନ୍ତିକାରୀ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ରାଜନୀତିରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ସମୟ ଦେବାରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୱିଟୱାଟର୍ସରାଣ୍ଡ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟର ତୃତୀୟ ବର୍ଷ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ଅକୃତକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଶେଷରେ ୧୯୪୯ରେ ଡ଼ିଗ୍ରୀ ପାଇବାରୁ ବଞ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଅସହଯୋଗ_ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ_ଓ_ଜାତୀୟ_କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪"><span id=".E0.AC.85.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.97_.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.A8_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.80.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B8_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AB.E0.AD.A6-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AB.E0.AD.AA"></span>ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=7" title="ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭାପତି:୧୯୫୦-୧୯୫୪ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ପତାକା</figcaption></figure> <p>ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୫୦ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜୁମାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀରେ ନେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେହି ମାସରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗଠାରେ ହୋଇଥିବା "ଡିଫେଣ୍ଡ ଫ୍ରି ସ୍ପିଚ କନଭେନସନ"ରେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ, ଭାରତୀୟ ଓ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟମାନେ ମିଳିତ ଭାବେ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଅନଶନ କରିଥିଲେ । ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହାକୁ ବିରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେହେତୁ ଏହା ଅଣ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା; କିନ୍ତୁ ଅନେକ କଳା ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଏଥିରେ ଭାଗ ନେବାରୁ "ସପ୍ରେସନ ଅଫ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୫୦"ର ପ୍ରଣୟନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ ବିରୋଧୀ ଦଳକୁ ଏହି ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୫୦ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ ଯୁବ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଂଘର ସଭାପତି ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୫୧ରେ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ବିରୋଧୀ ଏକ ଦଳ ସହ ଯୁକ୍ତି କରି ପରାସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାପରେ ତାଙ୍କ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପରେ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆସିଥିଲା ଓ ନିଜ ବନ୍ଧୁ ମୋସେସ କୋତାନେଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ପ୍ରତି ଥିବା ଅବିଶ୍ୱାସ ଭାଙ୍ଗିଯାଇଥିଲା । ପରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8" title="କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ">କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଫ୍ରେଡ଼ରିକ ଏଙ୍ଗେଲ୍ସ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଫ୍ରେଡ଼ରିକ ଏଙ୍ଗେଲ୍ସ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଭ୍ଲାଦିମିର ଲେନିନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଭ୍ଲାଦିମିର ଲେନିନ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AB_%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଜୋସେଫ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଜୋସେଫ ଷ୍ଟାଲିନ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମାଓ ସେତୁଙ୍ଗ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମାଓ ସେତୁଙ୍ଗଙ୍କ</a> ଲେଖାଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୫୨ ମସିହା ଏପ୍ରିଲ ମାସରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏଚ. ଏମ. ବାସନର ଆଇନ ସଂସ୍ଥାରେ କାମ କରିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ କାମ ପ୍ରତି ଅଧିକା ଆଗ୍ରହ ଦେଇ ପରିବାରକୁ ଅବହେଳା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୧୯୫୨ରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଭାରତୀୟ ସଂଘ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଦଳମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶି ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଏକ ମିଳିତ ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ମୋହନଦାସ କରମଚାନ୍ଦ ଗାନ୍ଧୀ">ମୋହନଦାସ କରମଚାନ୍ଦ ଗାନ୍ଧୀଙ୍କ</a> ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ କିଛି ଲୋକ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ନୈତିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପନ୍ଥା ବୋଲି ଭାବିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହି ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଉପରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଆସ୍ଥା ରଖିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁନ ୨୨ରେ ଡର୍ବାନଠାରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦୦୦୦ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ଏକ ସମାବେଶରେ ଉଦବୋଧନ ଦେଉଥିବା ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପକାଳ ଲାଗି ଗିରଫ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ ମାର୍ଶାଳ ସ୍କୋୟାର କାରାଗାରରେ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଜାରି ରହିବାରୁ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭ୍ୟ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ୨୦,୦୦୦ରୁ ୧,୦୦,୦୦୦ ପହଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ସରକାର ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ କାରାଗାରରେ ଭରିବା ଅଭିଯାନ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି "ପବ୍ଲିକ ସେଫଟି ଲ, ୧୯୫୩"ର ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମେ ମାସରେ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭାପତି ଜେ.ବି. ମାର୍କସଙ୍କୁ ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟ କରିବାକୁ ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ ନିବୃତ କରିଥିଲେ; ଫଳତଃ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ତାଙ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଭାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ମନୋନୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ମାସରେ ବାଫାବେଗିୟା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀର ପ୍ରତିବାଦ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସଭାପତି ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:309px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:305px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Marx1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marx1867.jpg/146px-Marx1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marx1867.jpg/219px-Marx1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marx1867.jpg/292px-Marx1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="4474" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:NehruY.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NehruY.gif/155px-NehruY.gif" decoding="async" width="155" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/NehruY.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption">୧୯୫୦ର ଆଦ୍ୟ ଭାଗରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8" title="କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ">କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ</a> (ବାମ) ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81" title="ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ">ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁଙ୍କ</a> (ଡାହାଣ)ଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ଥିଲେ</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>ଜୁଲାଇ ୩୦, ୧୯୫୨ରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗଠାରେ ସପ୍ରେସନ ଅଫ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଆକ୍ଟ ବଳରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ମୋରୋକା, ସିସୁଲୁ, ଡାଦୁଙ୍କ ସମେତ ୨୧ଜଣ ଗିରଫ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ କୋର୍ଟ ଚାଲାଣ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ବୈଧାନିକ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦ ପାଇଁ ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇ ତାଙ୍କର ଦଣ୍ଡ ଅବଧିକୁ ୯ ମାସରୁ ୨ ବର୍ଷ ପାଇଁ ବଢ଼ାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ୬ ମାସ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରକାର ସାଧାରଣ ସଭାରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେବାକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇ ନଥିଲା ଓ କୌଣସି ସମୟର୍ ମାତ୍ର ଜଣଙ୍କ ସହ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିବାକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି ପଦରେ ରହିବା ଅସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୫୩ରେ ଆଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଉ କୁନେନେ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଧିବେସନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ "ନୋ ଇଜି ୱାକ ଟୁ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ" ଭାଷଣଟିକୁ ପାଠ କରିଥିଲେ; ଯାହାର ଶୀର୍ଷକଟି ଭାରତୀୟ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ସଂଗ୍ରାମୀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81" title="ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ">ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁଙ୍କ</a> ଏକ ରଚନାରୁ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନେହେରୁଙ୍କ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାରେ ବହୁ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ଥିଲେ । ଏହି ଭାଷଣ ଫଳରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ବାଜ୍ୟାପ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପ୍ଲାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏକ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ଧର୍ମୀ ଦଳ ଗଠନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଆଇନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାପକ ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ କୃତକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇ "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଟେର୍ବାଲାଞ୍ଚେ ଏଣ୍ଡ ବ୍ରିଗିଶ ଲ ଫାର୍ମ"ରେ ଏକ ଆଟର୍ଣ୍ଣି ରୂପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୫୩ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଅଲିଭର ଟାମ୍ବୋ ମିଳିତ ଭାବେ ନିଜସ୍ୱ "ଟାମ୍ବୋ ଏଣ୍ଡ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ସଂସ୍ଥା ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ସମଗ୍ର ଦେଶରେ ଏକମାତ୍ର ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଆଇନ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଭାବେ କଳାମାନଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ହେଉଥିବା ପୋଲିସ ଅତ୍ୟାଚାର ବିରୋଧରେ ଲଢ଼ି ଏହା ଖୁବ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହେବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲା । ତେଣୁ ସରକାରୀ ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ "ଗ୍ରୁପ ଏରିଆସ ଆକ୍ଟ" ବଳରେ ଅହାକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଜାଗାକୁ ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରିତ କରାଇଦେଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମେ ୧୯୫୪ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ କନ୍ୟା ମାକାଜିୱେ ଫୁମିଆଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ସହ ତାଙ୍କ ସଂପର୍କ ତିକ୍ତ ହେବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ଓ ଏଭେଲିନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଅନୈତିକ ସଂପର୍କ ପାଇଁ ଦୋଷୀ କଲେ । ପରେ ଏହା ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଲା ଯେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସଂପର୍କ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭ୍ୟା ଲିଲିଆନ ଏନଗୋୟି ତଥା ସଚିବ ରୁଥ ମୋମ୍ପାତିଙ୍କ ସହ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ; ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଅଭାବରୁ ଏହି ସବୁ ଦୋଷ ଖାରଜ ହୋଇଗଲା । ନିଜ ପୁତ୍ରର ଏଭଳି ଆଚରଣରେ ଦୁଃଖିତ ହୋଇ ପିତା ନୋସେକେନି ଟ୍ରାନସ୍କେଇ ଫେରିଆସିଲେ ଓ ଏଭେଲିନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ରାଜନୀତିରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ସଂପୃକ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ଭର୍ତ୍ସନା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="କଂଗ୍ରେସ_ଅଫ_ଦି_ପିପୁଲ_ଓ_ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ_ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧"><span id=".E0.AC.95.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B8_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AB_.E0.AC.A6.E0.AC.BF_.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.B2_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B6.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B9_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.97:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AB.E0.AD.AB-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.A7"></span>କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଫ ଦି ପିପୁଲ ଓ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=8" title="କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଫ ଦି ପିପୁଲ ଓ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ ଅଭିଯୋଗ:୧୯୫୫-୧୯୬୧ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width: 246px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:<br />That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people." </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">— The opening of the Freedom Charter<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୫୫ରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗର ସୋଫିଆଟାଉନଠାରେ କଳା ଲୋକ ବସବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଅଞ୍ଚଳକୁ ଧ୍ୱଂସ କରିବାର ପ୍ରୟାସ ପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେଯେ; ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ପାଖରେ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଛଡ଼ା କୌଣସି ବିକଳ୍ପ ନାହିଁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ସିସୁଲୁଙ୍କୁ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ଚୀନ ପାଖରୁ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ରର ସହାୟତା ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିବେଦନ କରିବାକୁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଚୀନ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେଠାକାର ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରୁଥିଲେ ଯେ ଗରିଲା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପାଇଁ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକାରୀମାନେ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ନୁହନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଭାରତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ, କଲର ପିପୁଲ୍ସ କଂଗ୍ରେସ, ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଶ୍ରମିକ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଓ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଫ ଡେମୋକ୍ରାଟସଙ୍କ ମିଳିତ ଉଦ୍ୟମରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ "କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଅଫ ଦି ପିପୁଲ" ଗଠନ କରିବାର ପ୍ରୟାସ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ମତ ଦେବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ସଂଗୃହୀତ ମତ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଉପରେ ରଷ୍ଟି ବାର୍ଣ୍ଣେଷ୍ଟାଇନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଏହ ଗାଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ "ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ ଚାର୍ଟର" ଲେଖାଯାଇଥିଲା । ଜୁନ ୧୯୫୫ରେ କ୍ଳିପଟନଠାରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୩୦୦୦ ସଭ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମାବେଶରେ ଏହି ଚାର୍ଟର ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଏହା ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନର ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୫୫ରେ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାରଣାଦେଶର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବାଣ୍ଟୁ ଅଥୋରିଟିଜ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୫୫ ବିଷୟରେ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ନେତୃବୃନ୍ଦଙ୍କ ସହ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବାକୁ ଟ୍ରାନସ୍କେଇ ଯାତ୍ରା କରିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ନିଜ ମାଆ ନୋଏଙ୍ଗଲାଣ୍ଡଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରି କେପ ଟାଉନ ଫେରିଯାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୫୬ରେ ସେ ତୃତୀୟ ବାରଣ ଆଦେଶ ପାଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ୫ ବର୍ଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ପ୍ରବେଶକରିବାକୁ ନିଷେଦ୍ଧାଦେଶ ଜାରି ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମେ ୧୯୫୬ରେ ଏଭେଲିନ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ନିଜ ଭାଇଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥିଲେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ତାଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ଯ୍ୟାତନା ଦେଉଥିବା ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖାନ କରିଥିଲେ । ପରେ ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଏଭେଲିନ ନିଜର ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଫେରାଇ ନେଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜାନୁଆରୀ ୧୯୫୮ରେ ଦୁଇଜଣଙ୍କ ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ଘଟିଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ସନ୍ତାନମାନେ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱାବଧାନରେ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-mandela296_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela296-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ବିହାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପରିଚୟ ୱିନି ମାଦିକିଜେଲାଙ୍କ ସହ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଯାହାଙ୍କୁ ସେ ଜୁନ ୧୪, ୧୯୫୮ରେ ବିଜାନାଠାରେ ବିବାହ କରିଥିଲେ । ୱିନି ପରେ ବହୁ ସମୟ ଧରି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ କାରାବାସ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭୋଗିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/220px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/330px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/440px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ବ୍ୟତିବସ୍ଥ କରି ପକାଇଥିଲା</figcaption></figure> <p>୫ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୫୬ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଅନ୍ୟ କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତାଙ୍କ ସହ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହ ଅପରାଧରେ ଗିରଫ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ୧୯ ଡିସେମ୍ବରରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବେଲ ମିଳିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଏକ ଜେଲରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୯ ଜାନୁଆରୀ ୧୯୫୭ରେ ଭେର୍ଣ୍ଣୋନ ବେରାଙ୍ଗେଙ୍କ ସପକ୍ଷ ଓକିଲାତି ଫଳରେ କେସ ପ୍ରାୟ ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ମାସ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଚାଲିଲା ଓ ଜାନୁଆତୀ ୧୯୫୮ରେ ବିଚାରପତି ଭାବେ ଓସୱାଲଡ ପିରୋଓ ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ । ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀରେ ପିରୋଓ ରାୟ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ଅଭିଯୁକ୍ତମାନେ ଆଗକୁ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଭାଲ ଉଚ୍ଚତମ ନ୍ୟାୟାଳୟରେ କେସ ଲଢ଼ି ପାରିବେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସରକାରୀ ଭାବେ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୫୮ରେ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରେ କେସର ଶୁଣାଣୀ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ଓ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଭିଯୋଗରୁ ମୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଅକ୍ଟୋବରମାସରେ ପ୍ରତିପକ୍ଷ ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ରାୟ ଉପରେ ପୁଣି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ନେତାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଦେଶଦ୍ରୋହରେ ଅଭିଯୁକ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ଯାହାକୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ସାଥୀ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖାନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୫୯ରେ ସଶସ୍ତ୍ରବାଦୀ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ନାପସନ୍ଦ କରି ପ୍ୟାନ-ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ-କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଗଠନ କଲେ; ଯାହାର ସଭାପତି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଧୁ ରବର୍ଟ ସୋବୁକ୍ୱେ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମେ ୧୯୬୦ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୁଇଦଳ ଆଣ୍ଟି-ପାସ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଜାରି ରଖିଲେ । ପୋଲିସଦ୍ୱାରା ଜଣେ ପ୍ୟାନ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ ଜଳେଇ ଦିଆଯିବା ପରେ ଶାର୍ପଭିଲ୍ଲେ ସଂହାରରେ ୬୯ଜଣ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକାରୀଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଘଟିଲା । ଏହାର ପ୍ରତିବାଦରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ପାସ ଜଳାଇ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଦେଶ ସାରା ବିରୋଧ ହେବାରୁ ସରକାର ସାମରିକ ଆଇନ ଲାଗୁ କରିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ ହେଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜରୁରୀକାଳୀନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କର ସହକର୍ମୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ମାର୍ଚ ୩୦ ତାରିଖରେ ଅନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ କାଳ ପାଇଁ ଗିରଫ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ତଥା ପ୍ୟାନ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୁଣି ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସରେ ଜରୁରୀକାଳୀନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିର ସମାପ୍ତି ପରେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରିଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜ ଖାଲି ସମୟରେ ଅଲ-ଇନ-ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ କନଫରେନ୍ସକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରି ପିଟରମାରିଜବର୍ଗ, ନାଟାଲରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୪୦୦ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶି ମେ ୩୧ରେ (ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ) ଘରେ ରହି ବିରୋଧ କରିବାକୁ ନିଷ୍ପତି ନେଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାର୍ଚ ୨୯, ୧୯୬୧ରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ଛଅ ବର୍ଷ କେସ ଚାଲିବା ପରେ ବିଚାରପତି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୋଷମୁକ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯାହା ସରକାରଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଲଜ୍ଜ୍ୟାର ବିଷୟ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଉମଖୋଂତ_ୱେ_ସିଜୱେ_ଏବଂ_ଆଫ୍ରିକା_ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨"><span id=".E0.AC.89.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.96.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.A4_.E0.AD.B1.E0.AD.87_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.B1.E0.AD.87_.E0.AC.8F.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.82_.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.AB.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE_.E0.AC.97.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.A7-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.A8"></span>ଉମଖୋଂତ ୱେ ସିଜୱେ ଏବଂ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=9" title="ଉମଖୋଂତ ୱେ ସିଜୱେ ଏବଂ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ଗସ୍ତ:୧୯୬୧-୧୯୬୨ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg/220px-Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg/330px-Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg/440px-Liliesleaf_hut1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>ଲିଲିସଲିଫ ଫାର୍ମରେ ଥିବା କୁଡ଼ିଆ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲୁଚିଥିଲେ</figcaption></figure> <p>୨୯ ମେ’ରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସାରା ଦେଶ ଅଜ୍ଞାତ ରୂପେ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ପୋଲିସ ତାଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ୱାରାଣ୍ଟ ଜାରୀ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନ୍ୟ ସମ୍ବାଦଦାତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଗୋପନରେ ସାକ୍ଷାତ କରି ଏହା ଜଣେଇଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ପ୍ୟାନ-ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ-କଂଗ୍ରେସର ପୋକୋ ଗୋଠସହ ମିଶି ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ମାନେ ଏକ ବଡ଼ ବିପ୍ଳବ କରିବେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ଅହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରୁଥିଲେ ଯେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଏକ ସଶସ୍ତ୍ର ବାହିନୀ ଗଠନ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ଏବଂ ଅହିଂସାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖୁଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା ଆଲବର୍ଟ ଲୁଥୁଲିଙ୍କୁ ମନାଇବାରେ ସଫଳ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="କ୍ୟୁବା">କ୍ୟୁବାର</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଫିଡ଼େଲ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଫିଡ଼େଲ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋଙ୍କ</a> "୨୬ ଜୁଲାଇ ବିପ୍ଳବ"ରେ ଅନୁପ୍ରାଣିତ ହୋଇ ୧୯୬୧ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ସିସୁଲୁ ଏବଂ ଜୋଏ ସ୍ଲୋଭୋଙ୍କ ସହ "ଉମଖୋଂତ ୱେ ସିଜୱେ" (ଏମ.କେ.) ଗଠନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସଶସ୍ତ୍ରବାହିନୀର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଧିକାରୀ ଭାବେ ସେ ଅନୈତିକ ଭାବେ ମାଓ ଏବଂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଚେ ଗୁଏଭରା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଚେ ଗୁଏଭରାଙ୍କ</a> ଗରିଲା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କୌଶଳ ଶିକ୍ଷା କରିଥିଲେ । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରୁ ବିଛିନ୍ନ ହେବାପରେ ଏମ.କେ. ଏକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ସଶସ୍ତ୍ର ବାହିନୀ ଭାବେ ଉଭା ହେଲା । ପରେ ରେମଣ୍ଡ ମହଲ୍ଲାବା, ସ୍ଲୋଭୋ ଓ ବାର୍ଣ୍ଣେଷ୍ଟାଇନଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶି ଏମ.କେ.ର ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ଗୋଠରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିବା ଦଳ ନେଇ ସରକାରୀ ଅଫିସ ଗୃହ, ସାମରିକ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାନ, ବିଜୁଳି, ଟେଲିଫୋନ ଓ ଗମନାଗମନ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାକୁ ରାତିରେ ବୋମାମାଡ଼ କରି ଅଚଳ କରିଦେବାକୁ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ସେଥିରେ ଅସଫଳ ହେଲେ ଗରିଲା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କରିବାକୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ନେତା ଲୁଥୁଲିଙ୍କୁ ନୋବେଲେ ଶାନ୍ତି ସମ୍ମାନ ମିଳିବା ପରେ ପରେ ୧୬ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୬୧ରେ ଏମ.କେ. ୫୭ଟି ବୋମାମାଡ଼ ସହ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ନିଜର ଅବସ୍ଥିତି ସଂପର୍କରେ ଜଣାଇ ଦେଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୬୨ରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇଥିଓପିଆ">ଇଥିଓପିଆର</a> ଆଦ୍ଦିସ ଆବାବାରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ପ୍ୟାନ-ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟ ଫର ଇଷ୍ଟ, ସେଣ୍ଟ୍ରାଲ ଏଣ୍ଡ ସଦର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ସମାବେଶରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେବାକୁ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ମନୋନୀତ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ସେଠାକୁ ଗୋପନରେ ଯାଇ ସମ୍ରାଟ ହାଇଲେ ସେଲାସି-୧ଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ତାଙ୍କ ପରେ ନିଜ ଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସମାବେଶ ପରେ ସେ କାଇରୋ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ">ଇଜିପ୍ଟ</a> ଯାତ୍ରା କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ତତକାଳୀନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଗମାଲ ଅବ୍ଦେଲ ନାସେରଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରସଂଶା କରିଥିଲେ; ଏହା ପରେ ଟ୍ୟୁନିସିଆର ଟ୍ୟୁନିସ ଯାତ୍ରା କରି ସେଠାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହବିବ ବୌରଗୁଇବାଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ଅସ୍ତ୍ରଶସ୍ତ୍ର ପାଇଁ ୫୦୦୦ ପାଉଣ୍ଡର ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଥିଲେ । ଏହା ପରେ ମରୋକ୍କୋ, ମାଲି, ଗୁଏନିଆ, ସିଏରା ଲିଓନ, ଲିବେରିଆ ଓ ସେନେଗାଲ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଲିବେରିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ୱିଲିଅମ ଟ୍ୟୁବମ୍ୟାନ,ଗୁଏନିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଅହମଦ ସେକୌ ଟୌରେଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆଫ୍ରିକା ଛାଡ଼ି ସେ ଲଣ୍ଡନ ଯାଇ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକର୍ତ୍ତା,ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକର୍ତ୍ତା ତଥା ଅନ୍ୟ ବାମପନ୍ଥୀ ନେତାଙ୍କ ସହ ଭେଟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଇଥିଓପିଆକୁ ଫେରିବା ପରେ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ ଛଅ ମାସ ଗରିଲା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କୌଶଳ ଶିଖିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦୁଇ ମାସ ପରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରୁ ଡାକରା ଆସିବା ଫଳରେ ଫେରିଯାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="କାରାବାସ"><span id=".E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B8"></span>କାରାବାସ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=10" title="କାରାବାସ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଗିରଫ_ଓ_ରିଭୋନିଆରେ_ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪"><span id=".E0.AC.97.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.AB_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.AD.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.A8.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.87_.E0.AC.9A.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B2.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A3:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.A8-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.AA"></span>ଗିରଫ ଓ ରିଭୋନିଆରେ ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=11" title="ଗିରଫ ଓ ରିଭୋନିଆରେ ଚାଲାଣ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୬୪ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>୫ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୬୨ରେ ପୋଲିସ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସେସିଲ ୱିଲିଅମସଙ୍କ ସହିତ ହୋୱିକରୁ ଗିରଫ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗର ମାର୍ଶାଲ ସ୍କୋୟାର କାରାଗାରରେ ସରକାର ବିରୋଧୀ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ଓ ବିନା ଅନୁମତିରେ ଦେଶ ଛାଡ଼ି ଯିବା ଅପରାଧରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା । ସ୍ଲୋଭୋଙ୍କୁ ଆଇନ ସହାୟକଭାବେ ନେଇ ସେ ନିଜ କେସ ନିଜେ ଲଢ଼ିଥିଲେ ଓ ଦର୍ଶାଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ଚାଲିଆସୁଥିବା ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତି ବିରୋଧରେ ଏହା ଏକ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ କୋର୍ଟ ବାହାରେ ସମର୍ଥକମାନେ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ, ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରା ଚାଲୁ ରଖିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାପରେ ସେ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆ ଚାଲିଯାଇଥିଲେ ଯାହା ଫଳରେ ୱିନି ତାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ଦୂରଶିକ୍ଷାଦ୍ୱାରା ଲଣ୍ଡନ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରୁ ଆଇନରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଶିକ୍ଷା(ଏଲ.ଏଲ.ବି.) ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୫ ଅକ୍ଟୋବରରେ ତାଙ୍କର କେସ ଶୁଣାଣି ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା; କିନ୍ତୁ ସେ ବିଚାରାଳୟର କାମରେ ବାଧା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରି ପାରମ୍ପାରିକ ପୋଷାକ "କାରୋସ" ପିନ୍ଧି ବିନା କୌଣସି ସାକ୍ଷୀରେ ନିଜର ସପକ୍ଷ ଯୁକ୍ତିକୁ ଏକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଭାଷଣ ଭାବେ ବଦଳାଇଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇ ତାଙ୍କୁ ୫ ବର୍ଷର ଜେଲ ଦଣ୍ଡାଦେଶ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ସେ କୋର୍ଟ ପରିସର ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯିବା ପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ସମର୍ଥକମାନେ "ନକୋସି ସିକେଲେଲ ଆଫ୍ରିକା" ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଗାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="quotebox" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width: 246px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>"In a way I had never quite comprehended before, I realized the role I could play in court and the possibilities before me as a defendant. I was the symbol of justice in the court of the oppressor, the representative of the great ideals of freedom, fairness and democracy in a society that dishonoured those virtues. I realized then and there that I could carry on the fight even in the fortress of the enemy." </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: right;">— Mandela, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <p>୧୧ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୬୩ରେ ପୋଲିସ ଲିଲିସଲିଫ ଫାର୍ମରେ ଚଢ଼ାଉ କରି ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ଗିରଫ କରିଥିଲା ଏମ.କେ.ର କିଛି କାଗଜପତ୍ର ଜବତ କରିଥିଲା । ଏହାପରେ ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୯ରେ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆ ସୁପ୍ରିମ କୋର୍ଟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କର ଚାରି ସହଯୋଗୀଙ୍କୁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଘାତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଓ ସରକାର ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଷଡ଼ଯନ୍ତ୍ରରେ ଅଭିଯୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା । ସରକାରଙ୍କ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ଲଢ଼ୁଥିବା ଓକିଲ ପର୍ସି ୟୁଟାର ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁଦଣ୍ଡ ଦାବୀ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ବିଚାରପତି କ୍ୱାର୍ଟସ ଦେ ୱେଟ ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଅଭାବରୁ ଏହି କେସକୁ ଖାରଜ କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ । ପୁଣି ୟୁଟାର ଡିସେମ୍ବରରୁ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୬୪ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ୧୭୩ଜଣ ସାକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କୁ ଡ଼ାକି, ହଜାରେ ଉପରେ କାଗଜପତ୍ର ତଥା ଛବି ସହ ନୂଆ କେସ କୋର୍ଟରେ ଦର୍ଶାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜେମ୍ସ କାଣ୍ଟୋରଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି (ଯିଏ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଷ ଥିଲେ), ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ସହଯୋଗୀମାନେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଘାତୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିବା ସ୍ୱୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଗରିଲା ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା ଦାବୀକୁ ମାନି ନଥିଲେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଶୁଣାଣିକୁ ସେମାନେ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିଲେ; ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଏକ ଭାଷଣ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋଙ୍କ "ହିଷ୍ଟୋରି ୱିଲ ଆବଜର୍ଭ ମି"ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅତି ମାତ୍ରାରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ଥିଲା - ଯାହା ସରକାରୀ ନିଷେଧାଦେଶ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଶୁଣାଣି ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଭାବେ ଆଖିଦୃଶିଆ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଫଳରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ</a> ଓ ବିଶ୍ୱ ଶାନ୍ତି ପରିଷଦ ତରଫରୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଆସିଥିଲା । ଲଣ୍ଡନ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ପରିଷଦ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସେଣ୍ଟ ପଲ କ୍ୟାଥେଡ଼୍ରାଲ, ଲଣ୍ଡନରେ ନାଇଟ ଉପାଧି ପାଇଁ ମନୋନୀତ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ସରକାର ସମସ୍ତ ଚାପକୁ ନଜରଅନ୍ଦାଜ କରି ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅଭିଯୋଗରୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରିନଥିଲା । ଶେଷରେ ୧୨ ଜୁନ ୧୯୬୪ରେ ବିଚାର ପତି ଦେ ୱେଟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କର ଦୁଇ ସହଯୋଗୀଙ୍କୁ ସମସ୍ତ ଅଭିଯୋଗରେ ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ କରି ମୃତ୍ୟୁଦଣ୍ଡ ନଦେଇ ଆଜୀବନ କାରାବାସ ପାଇଁ ରାୟ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ରୋବେନ_ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨"><span id=".E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.A8_.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.B1.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.AA:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AC.E0.AD.A8-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AE.E0.AD.A8"></span>ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=12" title="ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ:୧୯୬୨-୧୯୮୨ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG/220px-RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG/330px-RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG/440px-RobbenIslandSteinbruchA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ଥିବା ଚୂନ ପଥର ଖଣି</figcaption></figure> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ସହଯୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରୁ ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପକୁ ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ୧୮ବର୍ଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସେଠାରେ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅଣ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅଲଗା କରି କାରାଗାରର ଖ ବିଭାଗରେ ଏକ ଛୋଟ କଂକ୍ରିଟ କୋଠରୀରେ (୮ ଫୁଟ x ୭ ଫୁଟ)ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ଶୋଇବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ମସିଣା ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାନୁଆରୀ ୧୯୬୫ରେ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଏକ ଚୂନ ଖଣିରେ କାମ କରିବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟ ବନ୍ଦୀମାନେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଶାରିରୀକ ଓ ମାନସିକ ଭାବେ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ନିର୍ଯ୍ୟାତନା ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଚଷମା ପିନ୍ଧିବାକୁ ବାରଣ କରାଯାଇଥିବାରୁ ଚୂନ ପଥର ଚମକରେ ସେ ତାଙ୍କର ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିଶକ୍ତି ହରାଇ ବସିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ରାତିରେ ସେ ନିଜର ଆଇନରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଜାରି ରଖିଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଖବରକାଗଜ ନିଷେଧ ଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଚୋରାରେ ଆସୁଥିବା ବହୁ ଖବର ପତ୍ରିକା ତାଙ୍କ ନିକଟରୁ ମିଳିଥିବାରୁ କଳାକୋଠରୀ ଦଣ୍ଡ ମଧ୍ୟ ମିଳିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ସବୁଠାରୁ ନିମ୍ନଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଘ ବିଭାଗର ବନ୍ଦୀ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଭୁକ୍ତ ଥିଲେ ଯାହା ଫଳରେ ପ୍ରତି ୬ ମାସରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଚିଠି ଓ ଥରେ ଦେଖାକରିବାର ଅନୁମତି ମିଳିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀମାନେ କାରାଗାରରେ ଜୀବନଯାପନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ ଉନ୍ନତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଭୋକ ହରତାଳ କରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହାକୁ ବହୁ ମାତ୍ରାରେ ନିରର୍ଥକ ଭାବୁଥିଲେ ଓ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ଏହାର ବହୁ ଛୋଟ ଭୂମିକା ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କାରାଗାରରେ ଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ବନ୍ଦୀମାନେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସିସୁଲୁ, ଗୋଭାନ ମବେକି, ରେମଣ୍ଡ ମହଲାବାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଚାରି ପ୍ରମୁଖ "ହାଇ ଅର୍ଗାନ" ଭାବେ ନିର୍ବାଚିତ କରିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ସେଠାରେ ଥିବା ଉଲୁଣ୍ଡି ଦ୍ୱୀପର ବନ୍ଦୀମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ପ୍ୟାନ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ତଥା ୟୁ ଚି ଚାନ କ୍ଲବର ସଭ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପରେ ସେ ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେଉଁଠି ବନ୍ଦୀମାନେ ନିଜେ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞ ଥିବା ବିଷୟ ସହ ରାଜନୀତି, ସମଯୌନତା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ବିଷୟରେ ବିତର୍କ ହେଉଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦୀ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖୁଥିବା ମବେକି ଓ ହ୍ୟାରି ଗ୍ୱାଲାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ପ୍ରବଳ ଯୁକ୍ତିତର୍କ ହେଉଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟିଆନ ହୋଇଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଇସଲାମ ଧର୍ମ ବିଷୟରେ ପଢ଼ିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ କାରାଗାରରେ ଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଅନ୍ତେବାସୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ କାରଣରେ ସାମିଲ କରିବା ପାଇଁ "ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ"ର ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅନେକ ଅଧିକାରୀ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସହ ଦେଖାକରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରେସିଭ ପାର୍ଟିର ହେଲେନ ସୁଜମାନ କାରାଗାର ବାହାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ କାରଣକୁ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ କରାଇବାରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୭୦ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ଲେବର ପାର୍ଟିର ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ସଭ୍ୟ ଡେନିସ ହିଲିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଦେଖା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୭୪ରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଆଇନ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଜେମସ କ୍ରୁଗର ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କିଛି ସମାଧାନ ହୋଇ ପାରିନଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୬୮ରେ ତାଙ୍କ ମାଆ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିବାର କିଛି ଦିନ ପରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ବର୍ଷ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଥମ ସନ୍ତାନ ଥେମ୍ବି ଏକ କାର ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ - ଏହା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଅନ୍ତିମ ସଂସ୍କାରରେ ଯୋଗଦେବାକୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇନଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କର ପତ୍ନୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ରାଜନୈତିକ କାରଣରୁ ଅନେକ ସମୟ ଅନ୍ୟ କାରାଗାରରେ କାଟୁଥିବାରୁ ଦେଖା କରିବାକୁ ବହୁତ କମ ସୁଯୋଗ ପାଉଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୭୫ରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଝିଅମାନେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାକରିବାକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ । ୱିନି ୧୯୭୭ରେ କାରାଗାରାରୁ ମୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କୁ ବ୍ରାଣ୍ଡଫୋର୍ଟରେ ରହିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ସେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖା କରିବାକୁ ସୁଯୋଗ ପାଇ ନଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:404px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell,_Robben_Island,_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg/210px-Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg/315px-Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg/420px-Nelson_Mandela%27s_prison_cell%2C_Robben_Island%2C_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:RobbenIslandHof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RobbenIslandHof.jpg/190px-RobbenIslandHof.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RobbenIslandHof.jpg/285px-RobbenIslandHof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RobbenIslandHof.jpg/380px-RobbenIslandHof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption">ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ରହୁଥିବା କୋଠରୀ ଓ ବନ୍ଦୀ କରି ରଖାଯାଇଥିବା ରୋବେନ କାରାଗାରର ଅଗଣା</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>୧୯୬୭ ପରଠାରୁ କାରାଗାରର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ କିଛି ଉନ୍ନତି ଆସିଥିଲା ଯଦ୍ୱାରା କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ବନ୍ଦୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ହାଫପ୍ୟାଣ୍ଟ ବଦଳରେ ଟ୍ରାଉଜର, ଖେଳାଖେଳି କରିବାକୁ ଅନୁମତି, ଏବଂ ଖାଦ୍ୟପେୟରେ ଉନ୍ନତି ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୬୯ରେ ଗର୍ଡନ ବୁସଙ୍କ ସହାୟତାରେ କାରାଗାରରୁ ଖସିଯିବାକୁ ଏକ ଯୋଜନା ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, "ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ବ୍ୟୁରୋ ଅଫ ଷ୍ଟେଟ ସିକ୍ୟୁରିଟି"ର ଜଣେ କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଖବର ପାଇଁ ଏହା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ରଦ୍ଦ କରିଦେଥିଲେ; କାରଣ ସେ ଖସିଯିବା ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଗୁଳିମାରି ଦିଆଯିବାର ଯୋଜନା ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୭୦ରେ କମାଣ୍ଡର ପିଟ ବାଡେନହୋଷ୍ଟ କମାଣ୍ଡିଙ୍ଗ ଅଫିସର ଭାବେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ । କାରାଗାରେ ବନ୍ଦୀମାନଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ହେଉଥିବା ଶାରିରୀକ ଓ ମାସସିକ ଅତ୍ୟାଚାର ବଢ଼ିବା ଦେଖି, ବାଡେନହୋଷ୍ଟଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପୁଣି ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିବା ବିଚାରପତିଙ୍କ ଆଗରେ ଏହା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାପରେ କମାଣ୍ଡର ୱିଲି ୱିଲେମସେ ବାଡେନହୋଷ୍ଟଙ୍କ ଯାଗାରେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସହଯୋଗ କରି କାରାଗାରର ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଆହୁରି ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଣିବାକୁ ପ୍ରତିଶ୍ରୁତି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୭୫ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କ ବିଭାଗ ବନ୍ଦୀକୁ ପଦନ୍ନୋତି ପାଇଯାଇଥିଲେ<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ଫଳରେ ଅନେକ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖାସାକ୍ଷାତ କରିପାରିବା ସହ ଅଧିକ ଚିଠିପତ୍ରର ଆଦାନ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିପାରୁଥିଲେ; ସେହି ସମୟରେ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନର ସକ୍ରିୟ କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତା ମାଙ୍ଗୋସୁଥୁ ବୁଥେଲେଜି, ଡେସମଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଟୁଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେହିବର୍ଷ ସେ ନିଜର ଆତ୍ମଜୀବନୀ ଲେଖିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯାହା ଲଣ୍ଡନକୁ ଚୋରାରେ ଚାଲାଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇନଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ କାରାଗାର ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ କିଛି ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଜବତ କରିନେଇଥିବାରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ୪ ବର୍ଷ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପଢ଼ାପଢ଼ି କରିବାକୁ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିଷେଧାଦେଶ ମିଳିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ସମୟରେ ସେ କାରାଗାର ପରିସରେ ବୃକ୍ଷରୋପଣ ଓ ତା’ର ରକ୍ଷଣାବେକ୍ଷଣରେ ମନଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ୧୯୮୦ରୁ ପୁଣି ନିଜ ଅସମାପ୍ତ ଆଇନ ଶିକ୍ଷା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୧୯୬୦ର ଶେଷଭାଗ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଷ୍ଟିଭ ବିକୋ ଓ ବ୍ଲାକ କନସିଅସନେସ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଯଶ ଲୋକଲୋଚନକୁ ଆସି ପାରିନଥିଲା । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଅକ୍ଷମତା ଦେଖି ବ୍ଲାକ କନସିଅସନେସ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟ ସାମରିକ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ପାଇଁ ଆହ୍ୱାନ ଦେଇଥିଲା, କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ୧୯୭୬ରେ ସୱେଟୋଙ୍କ ବଢ଼ୁଥିବା ପ୍ରଭାବ ଫଳରେ ଅନେକ ବ୍ଲାକ କନସିଅସନେସ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟର ସଦସ୍ୟ ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ବନ୍ଦୀଭାବେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେମାନଙ୍କ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତି ଓ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୋଧୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମାଲୋଚନା କରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସଂପର୍କ ବଢ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଆଗ୍ରହୀ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୭୮ରେ ନିଜର ୬୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମବାର୍ଷିକୀ ପାଳନ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ନୂଆକରି ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାବେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ସ୍ତରରେ ସ୍ୱୀକୃତି ମିଳିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଲେସେଥୋରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସମ୍ମାନଜନକ ଡକ୍ଟରେଟ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ଭାରତ">ଭାରତରେ</a> ୧୯୭୯ରେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ ପୁରସ୍କାର, ୧୯୮୧ରେ ଗ୍ଲାସଗୋ, ସ୍କଟଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡରେ "ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ ଅଫ ଦି ସିଟି" ଆଦି ପୁରସ୍କାର ମିଳିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୮୦ରେ ପତ୍ରକାର ପର୍ସି କୋବୋଜାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା "ଫ୍ରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" (ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ କର) ସ୍ଲୋଗାନ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ସ୍ତରରେ ଆଲୋଡ଼ନ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା, ଫଳରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପରିଷଦ ତରଫରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼ କରିଦେବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଉଥିବା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଚାପ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଋଷିଆ">ଋଷିଆ</a> ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା ଶୀତଳ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ସହଯୋଗୀ ଥିବା ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଆମେରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A1_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ରୋନାଲଡ ରିଗାନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ରୋନାଲଡ ରିଗାନ</a> ଓ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଜ୍ୟଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ(ୟୁନାଇଟେଡ଼ କିଙ୍ଗଡମ)ର ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମାର୍ଗାରେଟ ଥାଚର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମାର୍ଗାରେଟ ଥାଚର</a> ଉପରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖି, ସରକାର କୌଣସି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେଇ ନଥିଲେ; ମାର୍ଗାରେଟ ଥାଚର ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଅପପ୍ରଚାରକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସାମ୍ୟବାଦର ଆତଙ୍କବାଦୀ ଆଖ୍ୟା ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର_କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮"><span id=".E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B2.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.97.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AE.E0.AD.A8-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AE.E0.AD.AE"></span>ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=13" title="ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର କାରାଗାର:୧୯୮୨-୧୯୮୮ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୮୨ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ବରିଷ୍ଠ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା ୱାଲଟର ସିସୁଲୁ, ଆଣ୍ଡ୍ରିଉ ମଲାନଜେନି, ଅହମଦ କାଥ୍ରାଡ଼ା ରେମଣ୍ଡ ମହଲାବାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଟୋକାଇ, କେପ ଟାଉନରେ ଥିବା ପୋଲ୍ସମୁର କାରାଗାରକୁ ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରିତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା; ଏହି ବିଶ୍ୱାସରେ ଯେ ଯୁବ ସଂଗ୍ରାମୀମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ତାଙ୍କର କମ ପ୍ରଭାବ ରହିବ ।<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୋଲ୍ସମୁରରେ ରୋବେନ କାରାଗାର ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଅଧିକା ସୁବିଧାସୁଯୋଗ ଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ରୋବେନର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଝୁରି ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୋଲ୍ସମୁରର କମାଣ୍ଡିଙ୍ଗ ଅଫିସର ବ୍ରିଗେଡ଼ିଅର ମୁନରୋଙ୍କ୍ ସହିତ ଭଲ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଛାତ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତିଆରି କରିବାର ସୁଯୋଗ, ଅଧିକ ପଢ଼ାପଢ଼ି ଓ ବର୍ଷକୁ ୫୨ଟି ଚିଠି ଲେଖିବାର ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତତକାଳୀନ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପି.ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ବୋଥାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଣାଯାଇଥିବା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ସମୂହର ବିରୋଧ ପାଇଁ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ବହୁ-ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସଂଘ "ୟୁନାଇଟେଡ଼ ଡେମୋକ୍ରାଟିକ ଫ୍ରଣ୍ଟ"ର ଆବାହକ ଭାବେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ । ବୋଥାଙ୍କ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟି ସରକାର ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟ ଓ ଭାରତୀୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ସଂସଦର ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପାଇଁ ମତଦାନର ଅଧିକାର ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କି କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନେ ଏଥିରୁ ବଞ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ; ଏହା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ୟୁନାଇଟେଡ଼ ଡେମୋକ୍ରାଟିକ ଫ୍ରଣ୍ଟ ମତ ଅନୁସାରେ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନକୁ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ଅନୁସାରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିବାର ଚକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଦେଶବ୍ୟାପୀ ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଥିଲା ଓ ଗୃହଯୁଦ୍ଧର ଆଶଙ୍କା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଚାପ ପାଇଁ ବିଦେଶୀ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କମାନେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ନିବେଶ କରିବା ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦେଲେ, ଫଳରେ ଅଥନୈତିକ ଅଚଳାବସ୍ଥା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଲା । ଥାଚର ଓ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କମାନଙ୍କ ତରଫରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଛାଡ଼କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବୋଥାଙ୍କୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା, ଯେଉଁ ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଖ୍ୟାତିର ଶୀର୍ଷରେ ଥିଲେ; ଯାହା ଫଳରେ ହିଂସା ପରିସ୍ଥିତିକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରାଯାଇପାରିଥାନ୍ତା ।<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଯଦିଓ ବୋଥା ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ସଙ୍କଟକାରୀ "ଆର୍ଚ-ମାର୍କସିଷ୍ଟ"<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମନେକରୁଥିଲେ, ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୮୫ରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସର୍ତ୍ତମୂଳକ ଭାବେ କାରାଗାରରୁ ଛାଡ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି ହେଲେ ଓ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ଥିଲା - ନିଃସର୍ତ୍ତମୂଳକ ଭାବେ ହିଂସାକୁ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ ତ୍ୟାଗ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ । ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହି ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନ କରି ନିଜ ଝିଅ ଜିଣ୍ଡିଙ୍କ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଏହା ଜଣାଇଥିଲେ - ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନିଷେଧାଦେଶରେ ଥିବା ସମୟରେ ସେ କିପରି ଭାବେ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ପାଇ ପାରିବେ ? କେବଳ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନେ ବୁଝାମଣା କରିପାରନ୍ତି । ବନ୍ଦୀମାନଙ୍କର ଚୁକ୍ତି କରିବାର କୌଣସି ଅଧିକାର ନାହିଁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>କାରାଗାରର ତଳ ମହଲାକୁ ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରିତ ହେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ୧୯୮୫ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କର ଏକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ରୋପଚାର ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପରେ ସାତ ଜଣ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ ଏକ ଦଳ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସହ ବୁଝାମଣା କରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବୋଥାଙ୍କ ସରକାର କୌଣସି ପ୍ରକାର ସହଯୋଗ ନ କରି ଜୁନ ମାସରେ ଜରୁରୀକାଳୀନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ଲାଗୁ କରିଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ବହୁ ଜୋରରେ ତେଜି ଉଠି, ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ୧୯୮୬ରେରେ ୨୩୧ଟି ଓ ୧୯୮୭ରେ ୨୩୫ଟି ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥିଲା । ସୈନ୍ୟବାହିନୀ ଓ ଉଗ୍ରବାଦୀଙ୍କ ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ-ସାମରିକ ବାହିନୀ ସହାୟତାରେ ସରକାର ଗୋପନରେ ଜୁଲୁ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଇଙ୍କାଥାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରି ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପକୁ ଆହୁରି ବଢ଼ାଇ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବୋଥାଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବୋଥା ମନା କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଗୋପନରେ ଆଇନ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କୋବୋ କୋଏଷ୍ଟିଙ୍କୁ ୧୯୮୭ରେ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ୩ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ୧୧ଥର ଦେଖାସାକ୍ଷାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ମେ ୧୯୮୮ରେ କୋଏଷ୍ଟିଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ୟମରେ ୪ ଜଣ ସରକାରୀ ଅଧିକାରୀ ଏବଂ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସରକାର ଏହି ସର୍ତ୍ତରେ ରାଜି ହେଲେଯେ - ଯଦି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଦଳରୁ ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହୋଇ ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପେ ବନ୍ଦ କରିବ, ତେବେ ସମସ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରାଯିବ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ବୈଧ ହେବ । କିନ୍ତୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହି ସର୍ତ୍ତଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ରାଜି ନ ହୋଇ କହିଲେ; ଯେ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ତରଫରୁ ଆକ୍ରମଣ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବନ୍ଦ ନ ହୋଇଛି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଶସ୍ତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ବନ୍ଦ ହେବନାହିଁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୮୮ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ୭୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମ ଦିବସଟି ବିଶେଷ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଆକର୍ଷଣ କରିଥିଲା, କାରଣ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ବ୍ରୋଡକାଷ୍ଟିଙ୍ଗ କର୍ପୋରେସନ (ବି.ବି.ସି.)ଦ୍ୱାରା ଲଣ୍ଡନର ୱେମ୍ବଲେ ଷ୍ଟାଡ଼ିୟମଠାରେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୭୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମଦିବସ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି" ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ସମାରୋହ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ସେ ଜଣେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରନାୟକ ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ ହେଉଥିବା ସମୟରେ, ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଅସୁବିଧାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତାମାନେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ୍ ଏହା ଜଣାଇଥିଲେ ଯେ - ୱିନି "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୟୁନାଇଟେଡ଼ ଫୁଟବଲ କ୍ଲବ" ନାମକ ଏକ ଅପରାଧୀ ସଂସ୍ଥାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଇଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସୋୱେଟୋରେ ବିରୋଧୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ନିର୍ଯ୍ୟାତନା ଦେଇ ମାରି ଦେଉଛନ୍ତି । କିଛି ଲୋକ ଛାଡ଼ପତ୍ର ଦେବାକୁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଷ୍ପତି ନେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ବିଚାରାଳୟରେ ୱିନି ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ନ ହେବା ଯାଏଁ ସେ ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ବିଶ୍ୱସ୍ତ ରହିବେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଭିକ୍ଟର_ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର_କାରାଗାର_ଓ_ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦"><span id=".E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9F.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B7.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9F.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.97.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AE.E0.AD.AE-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A6"></span>ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାର ଓ ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=14" title="ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାର ଓ ମୁକ୍ତି:୧୯୮୮-୧୯୯୦ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5971_stamp_(70th_birth_anniversary_of_Nelson_Mandela,_South_African_anti-apartheid_revolutionary,_political_leader_and_philanthropist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5971_stamp_%2870th_birth_anniversary_of_Nelson_Mandela%2C_South_African_anti-apartheid_revolutionary%2C_political_leader_and_philanthropist%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5971_stamp_%2870th_birth_anniversary_of_Nelson_Mandela%2C_South_African_anti-apartheid_revolutionary%2C_political_leader_and_philanthropist%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5971_stamp_%2870th_birth_anniversary_of_Nelson_Mandela%2C_South_African_anti-apartheid_revolutionary%2C_political_leader_and_philanthropist%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୮୮ରେ ସୋଭିଏତ ସଂଘ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମାନରେ ଷ୍ଟାମ୍ପ</figcaption></figure> <p>ଓଦା ପ୍ରକୋଷ୍ଠରେ ରହୁଥିବା ହେତୁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଯକ୍ଷ୍ମା">ଯକ୍ଷ୍ମାରେ</a> ପିଡ଼ୀତ ହୋଇ ଭଲ ହେବାପରେ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୮୮ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ପାର୍ଲ ନିକଟସ୍ଥ ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାରକୁ ବଦଳି କରିଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏଠାରେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ରୋଷେଇଆ ସହିତ ଅଧିକ ସ୍ୱାଛନ୍ଦରେ ରହିବାର ସୁବିଧା ଥିଲା, ଫଳରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜ ସମୟକୁ ଆଇନରେ ସ୍ନାତକ ଶିକ୍ଷା ସମାପ୍ତ କରିବାରେ ଲଗାଇଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅଧିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଦେଖାକରିବାର ସୁଯୋଗ ଥିବାରୁ ସେ ପରଦେଶରେ ଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା ଅଲିଭର ଟାମ୍ବୋଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଗୋପନ ସଂପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିବାରେ ସମର୍ଥ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୮୯ରେ ବୋଥାଙ୍କୁ ହୃଦାଘାତ ହେବାଦ୍ୱାରା ସେ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟିର ନେତୃତ୍ୱରୁ ଓହରି ଯାଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଏଫ.ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ ଭାବେ ବୋଥା ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୮୯ରେ ଏକ ଚା ପାନ ପାଇଁ ନିମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାର ୬ ସପ୍ତାହ ପରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦଭାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲେ, ଏବଂ ସେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରୁଥିଲେ ଯେ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ସ୍ଥିତି ଅମୂଳକ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତାଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନଭେମ୍ବର ୧୯୮୯ରେ "ବର୍ଲିନ ୱାଲ"ର ପତନ ହେବା ପରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ କ୍ୟାବିନେଟ ବୈଠକ ଡାକି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ବୈଧ ଘୋଷଣା କରିବା ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ମୁକ୍ତି ସଂପର୍କରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ । କିଛିଜଣ ଏହାର ଦୃଢ଼ ବିରୋଧ କରିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ମାସରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ସଂପର୍କରେ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ଶେଷରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ନିଃସର୍ତ୍ତମୂଳକ ଭାବେ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମୁକ୍ତି ମିଳିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ୨ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୯୦ରେ ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ଘୋଷିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଦଳକୁ ପୁଣି ଥରେ ମାନ୍ୟତା ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସରକାରଙ୍କ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ କେପ ଟାଉନରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ମିଳନର ଏକ ଛବି ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା, ଯାହାକି ୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଥମ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ଛବି ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଅନ୍ତରେ ୧୧ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୯୦ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ କାରାବାସରୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟରରୁ ଯିବା ସମୟରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୱିନିଙ୍କ ହାତ ଧରି ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମ ଓ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣକୁ ଦେଖା କରିଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ଏହା ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ସିଧା ପ୍ରସାରଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣଙ୍କ ଗହଣରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କେପ ଟାଉନର ସିଟି ହଲ ପହଞ୍ଚି ଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ସେଠାରେ ନିଜ ଅଭିଭାଷଣରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାକୁ ପ୍ରତିଶ୍ରୁତି ଦେବା ସହ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବୁଝାମଣା କରିବାକୁ କହିଥିଲେ; ଏହା ସହିତ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଶେଷ ହୋଇନାହିଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଏହା ଏକ ରକ୍ଷଣାତ୍ମକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବ । ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ସେ ଆଶାବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ସରକାର ବୁଝାମଣାରେ ରାଜି ହୋଇଗଲେ, ଆଇ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରାମର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ରହିବ ନାହିଁ, ଏବଂ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ସମାଜରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଆଞ୍ଚଳିକ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ ସ୍ତରରେ ମତଦାନର ଅଧିକାର ପାଇଁ ଲଢ଼ିବା ।<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଡେସମଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଟୁଙ୍କ ଘରେ ରହିବା ସମୟରେ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଦିନ ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବନ୍ଧୁବାନ୍ଧବ, ସାମାଜିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକର୍ତ୍ତା ଓ ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମର ପ୍ରତିନିଧିମାନଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗର "ସକ୍କର ସିଟି"ରେ ୧,୦୦,୦୦୦ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଉଦବୋଧନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର_ଅନ୍ତ"><span id=".E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A5.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.A1.E0.AC.BC.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4"></span>ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ଅନ୍ତ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=15" title="ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ଅନ୍ତ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ_ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧"><span id=".E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.9D.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.A3.E0.AC.BE:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A6-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A7"></span>ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=16" title="ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ବୁଝାମଣା:୧୯୯୦-୧୯୯୧ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Luthuli_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Luthuli_House.jpg/220px-Luthuli_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Luthuli_House.jpg/330px-Luthuli_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Luthuli_House.jpg/440px-Luthuli_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୯୧ରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟ ହୋଇଥିବା ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗସ୍ଥିତ "ସେଲ ହାଉସ"</figcaption></figure> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ଆଫ୍ରିକା ଗସ୍ତ ଜାରି ରଖି ଜାମ୍ବିଆ, ଜିମ୍ଭାୱେ, ନାମିବିଆ, ଲିବ୍ୟା ଓ ଆଲଜେରିଆରେ ସମର୍ଥକ ଓ ରାଜନୀତିଜ୍ଞମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମିଶିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ପରେ ସ୍ୱିଡ଼େନ ଯାଇ ଟାମ୍ବୋଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଳିତ ହେଲେ । ଏହା ପରେ ଲଣ୍ଡନର ୱେମ୍ବଲି ଷ୍ଟାଡ଼ିୟମରେ ହେଉଥିବା "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା - ଆନ ଇଣ୍ଟରନେସନାଲ ଟ୍ରିବ୍ୟୁଟ ଫର ଏ ଫ୍ରି ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକା" କନସର୍ଟରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ସରକାର ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଁ ସେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବିଦେଶୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରଙ୍କୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରୁଥିଲେ ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଫ୍ରାନ୍ସର</a> ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଫ୍ରାଙ୍କୋଇସ ମିତ୍ତେରାଣ୍ଡ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଭାଟିକାନ ସିଟି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଭାଟିକାନ ସିଟିରେ</a> ପୋପ ଜନ ପଲ-୨ ତଥା ଲଣ୍ଡନରେ ମାର୍ଗାରେଟ ଥାଚରଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସ୍ୱାଗତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜର୍ଜ ଏଚ.ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ବୁଶଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଉଭୟ ସଦନକୁ ଉଦବୋଧନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଆଠଟି ସହରକୁ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ; ଓ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବରେ ଆଫ୍ରୋ-ଆମେରିକୀୟ ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କ୍ୟୁବାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଫିଡ଼େଲ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋଙ୍କ ସହ ଭେଟ କରି ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏସିଆ ମହାଦେଶରେ ଭାରତର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0._%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆର. ଭେଙ୍କଟରମଣ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆର. ଭେଙ୍କଟରମଣ</a> , <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆ">ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆର</a> ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ସୁହାର୍ତ୍ତୋ ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ମାଲେସିଆ">ମାଲେସିଆର</a> ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ମହାଥିର ମହମ୍ମଦଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିସାରି ଜାପାନ ଓ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ବହୁ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସମର୍ଥକ ରହି ଆସିଥିବା ସୋଭିଏତ ସଂଘ ଗସ୍ତ କରିନଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ମେ ୧୯୯୦ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏକ ବହୁ-ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦଳର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେଇ ୧୧ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ସଭ୍ୟ ବିଷିଷ୍ଟ ସରକାରୀ ଦଳ ସହିତ ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ । ସରକାରୀ ଦଳ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ଇତିହାସ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା ଶୁଣି ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଓ "ଗ୍ରୁଟ ସ୍କୁର ବୁଝାମଣା"ର ଫଳ ସ୍ୱରୂପ ସରକାର ଜରୁରୀକାଳୀନ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାହାର କରିନେଇଥିଲେ । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସାମରିକ ହିଂସାର ଅପରିଣାମକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରି ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅସ୍ତ୍ରବିରତି ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେଇଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ଏମ.କେ. କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁ ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଡିସେମ୍ବରରେ ହୋଇଥିବା କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୬୦୦ ସଭ୍ୟଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ସୁଦୃଢ଼ କରିବାକୁ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୯୧ରେ ଡର୍ବାନରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ଭୁଲ ସବୁ ସ୍ୱୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗରିଷ୍ଠତା ପାଇଁ ଏକ "ସୁଦୃଢ଼ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧିଜୀବୀ ଟାସ୍କଫୋର୍ସ" ଗଠନ କରିବାକୁ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ସେହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ଟାମ୍ବୋଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ସଭାପତି ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ୫୦ ବଳିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ଥିବା ସଭ୍ୟ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଏକ ବହୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀ ପରିଷଦ ଗଠିତ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ୱିନିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସୋୱେଟୋସ୍ଥିତ ବାସଭବନ ଯିବା ସମୟରେ, କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ନୂତନ ଭାବେ କିଣା ଯାଇଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟ "ସେଲ ହାଉସ"ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ କାର୍ଯାଳୟ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଡାଲି ମପୋଫୁଙ୍କ ସହିତ ୱିନିଙ୍ଗ ସଂପର୍କ ଜାଣିବା ପାରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବୈବାହିକ ଜୀବନରେ ତିକ୍ତତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୱିନିଙ୍କୁ କୋର୍ଟରେ ଅପହରଣ ଓ ନିର୍ଯ୍ୟାତନା ଶୁଣାଣୀ ଚାଲିଥିବା ସମୟରେ ସମର୍ଥନ କରିଥିଲେ । ୱିନିଙ୍କ ଶୁଣାଣୀ ପାଇଁ "ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ଡିଫେନ୍ସ ଏଣ୍ଡ ଏଡ଼ ଫଣ୍ଡ ଫର ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକା" ଓ ଲିବ୍ୟାର ନେତା ମୁଆମ୍ମର ଗଦ୍ଦାଫିଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ପାଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ଜୁନ ୧୯୯୧ରେ ୱିନି ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇ ୬ ବର୍ଷ କାରାବାସ ପାଇଁ ଦଣ୍ଡ ପାଇଥିଲେ; ଯାହା ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଅପିଲଦ୍ୱାରା ୨ ବର୍ଷକୁ କମାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ୧୩ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୯୨, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୱିନିଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଅଲଗା ହୋଇ ରହିବା ପାଇଁ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ, ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଦଳୀୟ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିବା ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଆଣି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀ ପରିଷଦରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ବହିଷ୍କାର ଦାବୀ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କ୍ୱାଜୁଲୁ-ନାଟାଲରେ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟଙ୍କ ନିଜ ନିଜ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ, ବିଶେଷ କରି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଓ ଇଙ୍କାଥା ସମର୍ଥକଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହିଂସା ଫଳରେ ହଜାରେରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମାନ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ କ୍ଷୁର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଇଙ୍କାଥାର ନେତା ବୁଥେଲେଜିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦେଖାକରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କୌଣସି କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିବାକୁ ମନା କରିଦେଇଥିଲା । ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ବୁଝାପଡ଼ିଯାଇଥିଲା ଯେ ଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହିଂସାକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହନ ଦେବାପାଇଁ ଏକ "ତୃତୀୟ ଶକ୍ତି" କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରତ ଓ ସେଥିପାଇଁ ସେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କୁ ସେବୋକେଙ୍ଗ ଗଣସଂହାର ପାଇଁ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଦାୟୀ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୧ରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଜାତୀୟ ଶାନ୍ତି ସଭା ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ବୁଥେଲେଜି ତଥା ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସ୍ୱାକ୍ଷରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ହିଂସାତ୍ମକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ଜାରି ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨"><span id=".E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.A1.E0.AC.BC.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BE.28CODESA.29.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.A5.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BE:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A7-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.A8"></span>କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=17" title="କୋଡ଼େସା(CODESA)କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା:୧୯୯୧-୧୯୯୨ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୧ରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ ୱାର୍ଲଡ ଟ୍ରେଡ଼ ସେଣ୍ଟରରେ "କନଭେନସନ ଫର ଏ ଡେମୋକ୍ରାଟିକ ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକା" (କୋଡ଼େସା) ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ୧୯ଟି ରାଜନୈତିକ ଦଳର ୨୨୮ଜଣ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଏଥିରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ସିରିଲ ରାମାଫୋସା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜଣେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ ଥିଲେ, କାରଣ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ଅନ୍ତିମ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ପରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଜଣେ "ଅନୈତିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଲଘୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି" ବୋଲି ଅଭିହିତ କରିଥିଲେ । ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟି ଓ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଏହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ ପ୍ରଭାବଶାଳୀ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅତି କମ ବୁଝାମଣା ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମେ ୧୯୯୨ରେ କୋଡ଼େସା-୨ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ଦେ କ୍ଲାରକ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ "ଫେଡ଼େରାଲ ନୀତି" ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରି କୌଳିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଲଘୁଙ୍କ ଅଧିକାରକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବାପାଇଁ ନିମନ୍ତେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ କରିବା କରିବା ଉଚିତ; କିନ୍ତୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହାର ଦୃଢ଼ ବିରୋଧ କରି ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗରିଷ୍ଠତାରେ ଏକକ ସରକାର ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ଦାବୀ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସରକାରୀ ସହାୟତା ପାଉଥିବା ଇଙ୍କାଥା ଉଗ୍ରବାଦୀଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସଭ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ବୋଇପାଟୋଙ୍ଗ ଗଣସଂହାର ପରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସବୁ ବୁଝାମଣା ଓ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତାରୁ ଓହରି ଯାଇଥିଲେ । ଏହା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସେନେଗାଲରେ ହୋଇଥିବା "ଅର୍ଗାନାଇଜେସନ ଅଫ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ୟୁନିଟି"ର ଏକ ସଭାରେ ଯୋଗଦେଇ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପରିଷଦର ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ବୈଠକ ଡ଼କାଇଥିଲେ ଓ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା "ଗୃହ ଆତଙ୍କବାଦ"ର ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ପାଇଁ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର ଶାନ୍ତିସେନା ମୁତୟନ ହେବା ଦରକାର । ଏବଂ ପରେ, ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ସାଇରସ ଭାନ୍ସଙ୍କୁ ବିଶେଷ ଦୂତ ଭାବେ ବୁଝାମଣା କରିବାକୁ ପଠା ଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୯୨ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସଦ୍ୱାରା ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଇତିହାସର ସବୁଠାରୁ ବିଶାଳ ଅନଶନର ଡ଼ାକରା ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ଏହାର ସମର୍ଥକମାନେ ପ୍ରୋଟୋରିଆରେ ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରାରେ ବାହାରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/220px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/330px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/440px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>ୱାର୍ଲଡ଼ ଇକୋନୋମିକ ଫୋରମ, ୧୯୯୨ରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ହାତ ମିଳାଉଥିବାର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ</figcaption></figure> <p>ସିସ୍କେଇ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ବଳଦ୍ୱାରା ହୋଇଥିବା ବିଶୋ ଗଣସଂହାରରେ ୨୮ଜଣ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କର୍ମୀ ଓ ଜଣେ ସୈନିକଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ହେବାପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏକ ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରାରେ ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ସାମୂହିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ପାଇଁ ହିଂସା ବୃଦ୍ଧିପାଉଛି, ଓ ସେ ପୁଣି ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବରରେ ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ ଆଗ୍ରହୀ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ ସେ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ରଖିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ସମସ୍ତ ରାଜନୈତିକ ବନ୍ଦୀଙ୍କ ମୁକ୍ତି, ଜୁଲୁ ପାରମ୍ପାରିକ ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ବ୍ୟବହାରର ନିଷେଧାଦେଶ ଓ ଜୁଲୁ ଛାତ୍ରାବାସ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଘେରାବନ୍ଦୀ କରି ରଖିବାକୁ; ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଚାପ କାରଣରୁ ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଏହି ସବୁ ସର୍ତ୍ତ ମାନି ନେଇଥିଲେ । ବୁଝାମଣାରେ ଏହା ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ କରାଗଲା ଯେ ବହୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାରେ ୫ ବର୍ଷିଆ ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହେବ ଓ ଫଳସ୍ୱରୂପ ଏକ ୫ ବର୍ଷିଆ ଗଠବନ୍ଧନ ସରକାର ତଥା ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ବିଧାନ ହେଲା ଏବଂ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟିର ପ୍ରଭାବ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଲା । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟମାନଙ୍କ ନିଯୁକ୍ତିକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥିବାରୁ ଆଭ୍ୟନ୍ତରୀଣ ସମାଲୋଚନାର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦୁଇ ଦଳ ଏକ ମଧ୍ୟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ପାଇଁ ରାଜି ହୋଇ କ୍ଷମତାର ବିକେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀକରଣ,ଏକ ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ବିଚାରାଳୟ, ଆମେରିକୀୟ ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ "ବିଲ ଅଫ ରାଇଟ୍ସ" ସହିତ ଦେଶକୁ ନଅଟି ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ପ୍ରତି ରାଜ୍ୟର ନିଜ ପ୍ରଶାସନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ରହିବାକୁ ସ୍ଥିର ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଏହା ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ "ଫେଡ଼େରାଲିଜିମ" ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ "ଏକକ ସରକାର"ର ଏକ ମଧ୍ୟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁନ ୧୯୯୩ରେ "ଆଫ୍ରିକାନର ୱିରଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡସବେୱେଗିଙ୍ଗ" "କନସର୍ଣ୍ଣଡ ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ଗ୍ରୁପ" ଇଙ୍କାଥା ସମର୍ଥକମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମିଶି "କେମ୍ପଟନ ପାର୍କ ୱାର୍ଲଡ଼ ଟ୍ରେଡ଼ ସେଣ୍ଟର" ଉପରେ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରି ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଧକ୍କା ପହଞ୍ଚାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା କ୍ରିସ ହାନିଙ୍କୁ ହତ୍ୟା କରାଯିବା ପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ଦଙ୍ଗା ଶାନ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ଏକ ଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୯୩ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଆମେରିକା ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ପୃଥକ ଭାବେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ବିଲ କ୍ଲିଣ୍ଟନ">ବିଲ କ୍ଲିଣ୍ଟନଙ୍କୁ</a> ଭେଟି ଉଭୟ "ଲିବର୍ଟି ମେଡ଼ାଲ" ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାର ଅଳ୍ପକିଛି ଦିନ ପରେ ଉଭୟଙ୍କୁ ନରୱେଠାରେ ଶାନ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାରରେ ସମ୍ମାନିତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଯୁବ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତା ଥାବୋ ମବେକିଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବଡ଼ ବୈବସାୟିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱମାନଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ, ଏବଂ ଦେଶର ବିକାଶ ପାଇଁ ବିଦେଶୀ ପୁଞ୍ଜି-ନିବେଶରେ ବିଶେଷ ସହାୟକ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କର୍ମୀଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ୧୯୯୨ରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସ୍ୱିଜରଲାଣ୍ଡ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସ୍ୱିଜରଲାଣ୍ଡରେ</a> ହୋଇଥିବା "ୱାର୍ଲଡ଼ ଇକୋନୋମିକ ଫୋରମ"ରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚୀନ">ଚୀନ</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଭିଏତନାମ">ଭିଏତନାମରୁ</a> ଆସିଥିବା କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ଦଳର ବେସରକାରୀ ସଂସ୍ଥାମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୨ରେ ନିର୍ମିତ ଚଲଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର "ମାଲକମ ଏକ୍ସ"ରେ ସେ ଜଣେ ସ୍କୁଲ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଭାବେ ଏକ ଛୋଟ ଚରିତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଭିନୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ସାଧାରଣ_ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A3_.E0.AC.A8.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9A.E0.AC.A8:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA"></span>ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=18" title="ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ:୧୯୯୪ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/170px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/255px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/340px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୯୪ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜ ମତଦାନ କରୁଥିବାର ଛବି</figcaption></figure> <p>୨୭ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୯୪ରେ ସାଧାରଣ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ହେବାକୁ ସ୍ଥିର ହେଲାପରେ, ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ୧୦୦ଟି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଅଫିସ ଓ "ଷ୍ଟାନଲେ ଗ୍ରୀନବର୍ଗ"ଙ୍କୁ ପରାମର୍ଶଦାତା ଭାବେ ନେଇ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରସାର ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା । ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଯେଉଁ ଯେଉଁ ସାଧାରଣ ସଭାରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେବାର ଥିଲା ସେଥିପାଇଁ ଗ୍ରୀନବର୍ଗ ଭାଷଣ ଲେଖିବାରେ ସହାୟତା କରିଥିଲେ ଯେହେତୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଭଲଭାବେ ବକ୍ତୃତା ଦେଇ ପାରୁନଥିଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବହୁ ଲୋକପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଏକ "ରିକନଷ୍ଟ୍ରକସନ ଏଣ୍ଡ ଡେଭେଲପମେଣ୍ଟ ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମ"(ଆର.ଡି.ସି.)ଜରିଆରେ ପ୍ରଚାର ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲା ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ୫ ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ୧୦ଲକ୍ଷ ବାସଗୃହ, ମୁକ୍ତ ଶିକ୍ଷା, ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ଓ ଜଳଯୋଗାଣ ପାଇଁ ସୁବିଧା କରାଯିବାର ପ୍ରତିଶ୍ରୁତି ଥିଲା । ଦଳର ସ୍ଲୋଗାନ ଥିଲା "ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଉନ୍ନତ ଜୀବନ", କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି କାମପାଇଁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା କେଉଁଠାରୁ ଆସିବ କିଛି ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ନଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ୱିକଲି ମେଲ" ଓ "ନ୍ୟୁ ନେସନ" ପତ୍ରିକାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଶର ଅନ୍ୟସବୁ ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀତ୍ୱକୁ ବିରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଆଶଙ୍କା କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ସାମ୍ପ୍ରଦାୟିକ ହିଂସାର ପରିସମାପ୍ତି ହେବ ନାହିଁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ପାଣ୍ଠି ଯୋଗାଡ଼ ପାଇଁ ଅଧିକ ସମୟ ବ୍ୟୟକରି ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକା, ୟୁରୋପ ଏବଂ ଏସିଆର ବିତ୍ତଶାଳୀ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କୁ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ର ସମର୍ଥକମାନଙ୍କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମତଦାନର ବୟସସୀମା ୧୮ରୁ ୧୪ ବର୍ଷକୁ କମାଇ ଦେବା ଲାଗି ଦାବୀ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ପରେ ଏହି ନୀତି ଉପହାସର ପାତ୍ର ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଶେଷରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସଦ୍ୱାରା ଏହି ଦାବୀ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନ କରିଦିଆ ଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ବପ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଓ ସେଲ ହାଉସ ଗଣସଂହାର ପରେ "କନସର୍ଣ୍ଣଡ ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ଗ୍ରୁପ"ଦ୍ୱାରା ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ବାଧା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା ଆଶଙ୍କା କରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆଫ୍ରିକାନର ରାଜନୀତିଜ୍ଞ ଓ ଜେନେରାଲ, ପି.ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ବୋଥା, ପିକ ବୋଥା ଓ କନଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଡ ଭିଲଯୋଏନ ଇତ୍ୟାଦିଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟ କରି ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାରେ ସହଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟପକ୍ଷରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଇଙ୍କାଥାର ନେତା ବୁଥେଲେଜିଙ୍କୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ଛାଡ଼ି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଲଢ଼ିବାକୁ ରାଜି କରାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦୁଇ ବିପକ୍ଷ ଦଳର ନେତା ଭାବେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏକ ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ ବିତର୍କ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମରେ ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ; ଦେ କ୍ଳାର୍କ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଭଲ ବକ୍ତା ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମଞ୍ଚ ଉପରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ସହ ହାତ ମିଳାଇ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଅନେକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଏହାକୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବିଜୟ ବୋଲି ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏକ ବୋମା ବିସ୍ଫୋରଣରେ ୨୦ ଜଣଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ଛୋଟମୋଟ ହିଂସା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଠିକ ଭାବେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଡର୍ବାନର "ଓହଲାଙ୍ଗେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ"ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ମତଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ ବହୁ ଅନିୟମିତା ହୋଇଥିବା ସ୍ୱୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାତୀୟ ମତଦାନର ୬୨% ପାଇ, ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଦୁଇ-ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ଗରିଷ୍ଠତାରୁ କିଛି ସଂଖ୍ୟା କମ ପଡ଼ିଯାଇଥିଲା; ଏବଂ ଏପରି ହୋଇଥିଲେ ଏକକ ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନର କ୍ଷମତା ମିଳିଯାଇଥାନ୍ତା । ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ୯ଟିରୁ ୭ଟି ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ବିଜୟ ହାସଲ କରିଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ଇଙ୍କାଥା ଓ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟି ଗୋଟିଏ ଗୋଟିଏ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ବିଜୟ ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ_ଆଫ୍ରିକାର_ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯"><span id=".E0.AC.A6.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B7.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.A3_.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.AB.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B7.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9F.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.B1:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AA-.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF"></span>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=19" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ:୧୯୯୪-୧୯୯୯ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>୧୦ ମେ ୧୯୯୪ରେ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଶପଥ ଗ୍ରହଣ ଉତ୍ସବ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ଓ ସାରା ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦୦ କୋଟି ଲୋକ ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ ଜରିଆରେ ଏହାକୁ ଦେଖିଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସମାରୋହରେ ବିଶ୍ୱର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଆସିଥିବା ପ୍ରାୟ ୪୦୦୦ ଅତିଥି ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ପ୍ରଥମ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଭାବେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ନେତୃତ୍ୱରେ "ଗଭର୍ଣ୍ଣମେଣ୍ଟ ଅଫ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ୟୁନିଟି"ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭାବେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏକ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା ବିହୀନ ସରକାରର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ, ପୂର୍ବ ବୁଝାମଣା ଅନୁସାରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଉପ-ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ମବେକି ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଭାବେ ମନୋନୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମବେକି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଥମ ପସନ୍ଦ ନଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଅଧିକା ନିର୍ଭରଶାଳୀ ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ ଓ ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ପାଇଁ ପୁଙ୍ଖାନୁପୁଙ୍ଖ ତଦାରଖର ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କେପଟାଉନର "ଟୁଇନହୁଇସ"ରେ ଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟକୁ ଚାଲିଯାଇ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କୁ "ଗ୍ରୁଟ ସ୍କୁର"ରେ ଥିବା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ବଙ୍ଗଳାରେ ରହିବାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଇଥିଲେ; ଓ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ୱେଷ୍ଟବ୍ରୁକ ମାନୋରରେ ରହି ତାହାକୁ "ଜେନାଡ଼େଣ୍ଡାଲ" ନାମ ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନରରେ "ଦୟାର ଉପତ୍ୟକା" ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହଗଟନରେ ଥିବା ନିଜ ଘରକୁ ଦଖଲ କରି, ସେ ନିଜ ଗ୍ରାମ କୁନୁରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ଘର ନିର୍ମାଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ସେଠାକୁ ନିୟମିତ ଯିବାଆସିବା କରିବା ସହ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଅଧିବାସୀଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ଆଦିବାସୀ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Detuynhuys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detuynhuys.jpg/220px-Detuynhuys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detuynhuys.jpg/330px-Detuynhuys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Detuynhuys.jpg/440px-Detuynhuys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>ଟୁଇନହୁଇସ,କେପଟାଉନରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟ</figcaption></figure> <p>୭୬ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ସେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ଓ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଉତ୍ସାହ ଦେଖାଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକୁଟିଆ ଅନୁଭବ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ତାରକାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ, ଯେପରିକି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମାଇକେଲ ଜ୍ୟାକସନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମାଇକେଲ ଜ୍ୟାକସନ</a> , "ହୁପି ଗୋଲଡବର୍ଗ" ଓ "ସ୍ପାଇସ ଗାର୍ଲ"ଙ୍କୁ ଆମନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଆଙ୍ଗ୍ଲୋ-ଆମେରିକୀୟ "ହ୍ୟାରି ଓପେମହେଇନର"ଙ୍କ ପରି ଅନେକ ବିତ୍ତଶାଳୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱଙ୍କ ସହ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ତଥା ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୯୫ରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାକୁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଗସ୍ତ କରିଥିବା "ଏଲିଜାବେଥ-୨"ଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଅଣ-କ୍ୟାପିଟାଲିଷ୍ଟମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହିସବୁ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏକ ସରଳ ଜୀବନ କଟାଉଥିଲେ ଓ ନିଜ ବାର୍ଷିକ ଆୟ ୫୫୨,୦୦୦ ରାଣ୍ଡର ଏକ-ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ନିଜେ୧୯୯୫ରେ ଗଠନ କରିଥିବା "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଚିଲଡ୍ରେନ’ସ ଫଣ୍ଡ"କୁ ଦାନ କରି ଦେଉଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମର ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ରତା ଅଧିକାର" ପ୍ରତି ସେ ସମର୍ଥନରେ ମତବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଶର ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମକୁ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରି କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ନିମ୍ନ ମଧ୍ୟବିତ୍ତ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପରିଚାଳିତ ହୋଇ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅପରାଧ ବିରୋଧରେ ସେମାନେ ଲେଖିବାକୁ ସାହସ କରିପାରୁନାହାନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଭାର ନେବା ପରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦିନରେ ଅନେକ ଥର ନିଜର ପୋଷାକ ବଦଳାଉଥିଲେ ଓ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟ "ବାଟିକ" ସାର୍ଟ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିଲେ ଯାହା ପରେ "ମାଦିବା ସାର୍ଟ" ନାମରେ ଜଣାଶୁଣା ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୪ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଆତ୍ମଜୀବନୀ "ଲଙ୍ଗ ୱାକ ଟୁ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ" ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୪ରେ ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ବ୍ଳୋଏମଫୋଣ୍ଟୈନରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ୪୯ତମ ମହାସଭାରେ ସେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଓ ଏକ ସାମରିକ ଜାତୀୟ ପରିଷଦ ମନୋନୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା; ଯେଉଁଠି ୱିନି ମଧ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ଓ ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ ଆଗ୍ରହ ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୯୯୫ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦର ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୫ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ଗ୍ରାକା ମାସେଲ"ଙ୍କ ସହିତ ସଂପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯିଏକି ତାଙ୍କଠାରୁ ୨୭ବର୍ଷ ସାନ ଥିଲେ ଓ ପୂର୍ବତନ ମୋଜାମ୍ବିକ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି "ସମୋରା ମାସେଲ"ଙ୍କ ବିଧବା ଥିଲେ । ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୯୯୦ରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଥମ ସାକ୍ଷାତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ବଢ଼ିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ପରେ ଅନେକ ବିଦେଶ ଗସ୍ତରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଯାଇଥିଲେ । ସେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବିବାହ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବକୁ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଅସ୍ୱୀକାର କରିଦେଇ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାବେ କିଛି ସମୟ ଦରକାର, ଓ ସେହି ସମୟରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ ଓ ମୋଜାମ୍ବିକରେ ନିୟମିତ ଭାବେ ଯିବାଆସିବା କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଜାତୀୟ_ଆପୋଷ_ବୁଝାମଣା"><span id=".E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.80.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B7_.E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.9D.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.A3.E0.AC.BE"></span>ଜାତୀୟ ଆପୋଷ ବୁଝାମଣା</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=20" title="ଜାତୀୟ ଆପୋଷ ବୁଝାମଣା ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ସଂଖ୍ୟାଲଘୁ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଶାସନରୁ ଏକ ବହୁ-ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗରିଷ୍ଠ ସରକାରର ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେଇ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥିଲେଯେ ତାଙ୍କ ଶାସନକାଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଜାତୀୟ ଆପୋଷ ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଉଦ୍ୟମ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ ।<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟମାନେ ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯାଉଥିବାରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଔପନିବେଶିକ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କ ଅର୍ଥନୀତିର ପତନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ଏହାକୁ ଦେଖି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟମାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ୱାର୍ଥର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ "ଦି ରେନବୋ ନେସନ"ରେ ସ୍ଥାନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ନିଜ କ୍ୟାବିନେଟରେ ଯଥାସମ୍ଭବ ବଡ଼ ଗଠବନ୍ଧନ ରଖିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରିଥିଲେ; ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କୁ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦ, ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟିର ଅଧିକାରୀମାନଙ୍କୁ କୃଷି, ଶକ୍ତି, ପରିବେଶ, ଖଣିଜ ଓ ଶକ୍ତି ବିଭାଗର ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ବୁଥେଲେଜିଙ୍କୁ ଗୃହ ବ୍ୟାପାର ମନ୍ତ୍ରଣାଳୟର ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କ୍ୟାବିନେଟର ଅନ୍ୟ ପଦବୀ ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ବରିଷ୍ଠ ନେତାମାନେ - "ଜୋଏ ମୋଦିସେ", "ଆଲଫ୍ରେଡ଼ ନଜୋ", "ଜୋଏ ସ୍ଲୋଭୋ", "ମାକ ମହାରାଜ", "ଦୁଲ୍ଲାଦ ଓମାର" ଆଦି ଥିଲେ ଓ ଅପେକ୍ଷାକୃତ ଯୁବମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଭାବେ "ଟିଟୋ ମବୋୱେନି" ଓ "ଜେଫ ରାଡ଼େବେ" ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ତିକ୍ତତା ବଢ଼ିବାରେ ଲାଗିଲା ଓ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ୩୫୦୦ ପୋଲିସଙ୍କୁ କ୍ଷମା କରିଥିବାରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ତାଙ୍କୁ କଟୁକ୍ତି ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ ପୂର୍ବତନ ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ "ମାଗ୍ନସ ମାଲାନ"ଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ହତ୍ୟା ଅଭିଯୋଗ ପାଇଁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇଥିବାରୁ ତୀବ୍ର ସମାଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/220px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/330px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/440px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୯୪ରେ ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିବା ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ପତାକା</figcaption></figure> <p>ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଶାସନକାଳର ବରିଷ୍ଠ ନେତାମାନଙ୍କୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଭାବେ ଦେଖା କରିଥିଲେ, ଯେଉଁମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ "ହେଣ୍ଡ୍ରିକ ଭେରୱୋଏର୍ଡ଼"ଙ୍କ ବିଧବା "ବେଟସି ସ୍କୁମ୍ବି", ଓକିଲ ପର୍ସି ୟୁଟାର ଥିଲେ, ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ କ୍ଷମାକରିଦେଇ ବୁଝାମଣା ପାଇଁ କହିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ସାହସୀ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗଣ ଶାନ୍ତି ପାଇଁ କ୍ଷମାଦେବାକୁ ପଛଘୁଞ୍ଚା ଦିଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ।<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଘୃଣିତ ଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ ଖେଳ ରଗବୀର ଦଳ "ସ୍ପ୍ରିଙ୍ଗବୋକ୍ସ"ରେ ଯୋଗଦେବାପାଇଁ ସେ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟଙ୍କୁ ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିଥିଲେ, ଯେହେତୁ ୧୯୯୫ରେ ରଗବୀ ବିଶ୍ୱକପ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠିତ ହେବାର ଥିଲା । <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନ୍ୟୁଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନ୍ୟୁଜିଲାଣ୍ଡ</a> ବିପକ୍ଷରେ ଏକ ରୋମାଞ୍ଚକର ଫାଇନାଲରେ ବିଜୟ ହାସଲ ପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସ୍ପ୍ରିଙ୍ଗବୋକ୍ସର ଅଧିନାୟକ "ଫ୍ରାଙ୍କୋଇସ ପିଏନାର"ଙ୍କୁ ଟ୍ରଫି ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ ପିଏନାର ଜଣେ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନର ଥିଲେ ଓ ୬ ନମ୍ବର ଜର୍ସି ପିନ୍ଧିଥିଲେ । ଏହା କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ଓ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟଙ୍କ ମିଳନରେ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁସାରେ - ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲକ୍ଷ ଲକ୍ଷ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟ ରଗବୀ ପ୍ରଶଂସକଙ୍କ ହୃଦୟ ଜିତି ନେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହିପରି ଭାବେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବୁଝାମଣା ପ୍ରୟାସ ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟଙ୍କ ଭୟ କମାଇ ଦେଇଥିଲା ଓ ସେଥିପାଇଁ ସେ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ସାମରିକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠିମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ସମାଲୋଚନାର ଶରବ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିବା ପତ୍ନୀ ୱିନି କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟଙ୍କୁ ସହାୟତା ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଶ୍ୱେତକାୟଙ୍କୁ ଖୁସି କରିବା ଆଗ୍ରହରେ ଲାଗିପଡ଼ିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଆହୁରି ବିତର୍କିତ ଭାବେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଶାସନକାଳରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅପରାଧର ତଦନ୍ତ ପାଇଁ "ଟ୍ରୁଥ ଏଣ୍ଡ ରିକୋନସିଲିଏସନ କମିସନ" ଗଠନ କରି,ଡେସମଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଟୁଙ୍କୁ ଏହାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଶହୀଦ ଘୋଷଣା ବନ୍ଦ କରିବାକୁ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଶାସନ କାଳରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅନେକ ଅପରାଧକୁ କମିସନ କ୍ଷମା କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୯୬ରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିବା ତଦନ୍ତ ସମୟରେ ଅନେକ ଅତ୍ୟାଚାର, ବୋମାମାଡ଼, ଧର୍ଷଣ, ହତ୍ୟା ମାମଲାର ଶୁଣାଣି କରି ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୧୯୯୮ରେ କମିସନ ଚୂଡ଼ାନ୍ତ ରିପୋର୍ଟ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଉଭୟ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଓ ମବେକି ରିପୋର୍ଟର କିଛି ଭାଗ ବାଦ ଦେବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ କେବଳ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ଅନୁରୋଧ ରକ୍ଷା ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କମିସନର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ଉଚ୍ଚ ପ୍ରଶଂସା କରି କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ଏହା ଅତୀତକୁ ପଛରେ ପକାଇ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଓ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବାକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବ ।<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଘରୋଇ_ଯୋଜନା"><span id=".E0.AC.98.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.87_.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.A8.E0.AC.BE"></span>ଘରୋଇ ଯୋଜନା</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=21" title="ଘରୋଇ ଯୋଜନା ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG/170px-Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG/255px-Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG/340px-Nelson_Mandela_1998.JPG 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୯୮ରେ ବ୍ରାଜିଲ ଗସ୍ତରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</figcaption></figure> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସରକାର ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ନେବା ସମୟରେ ଦେଶରେ କଳା ଓ ଗୋରା ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଓ ସେବା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବହୁ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ରହିଥିଲା । ୪କୋଟି ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାରୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ୨.୩କୋଟିଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତଯୋଗାଣ ଓ ପାଇଖାନା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ନ ଥିଲା, ୧.୨ କୋଟିଙ୍କ ପାଖରେ ଜଳଯୋଗାଣର ସୁବିଧା ନ ଥିଲା, ୨୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଶିଶୁ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଯାଉନଥିଲେ ଓ ଏକ-ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ଜନତା ଅଶିକ୍ଷିତ ଥିଲେ । ୩୩% ଲୋକ ବେରୋଜଗାର ଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଏବଂ ଦେଶର ୫୦% ଜନତା ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ସୀମାରେଖା ତଳେ ରହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜାତୀୟ ବ୍ୟୟବରାଦର ଏକ-ପଞ୍ଚମାଂଶ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଋଣ ପରିଶୋଧରେ ଯାଉଥିବାରୁ ରାଜକୋଷ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଶୂନ୍ୟ ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା, ଫଳରେ ପ୍ରତିଶ୍ରୁତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା "ରିକନଷ୍ଟ୍ରକସନ ଏଣ୍ଡ ଡେଭେଲପମେଣ୍ଟ ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମ" ଅନୁସାରେ ଜାତୀୟତାକରଣ ଓ ରୋଜଗାର ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରିବା ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ସରକାର ଉଦାରପନ୍ଥୀ ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ନୀତି ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ବିଦେଶ ପୁଞ୍ଜି ନିବେଶକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବିଶ୍ୱ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବିଶ୍ୱ ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ</a> ତଥା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ମୁଦ୍ରା ପାଣ୍ଠି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ମୁଦ୍ରା ପାଣ୍ଠିଦ୍ୱାରା</a> "ୱାସିଂଟନ କନସେନସ" ସପକ୍ଷରେ ନୀତି ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ ସମୟରେ ବିକାଶ ଯୋଜନା ମାନ, ୧୯୯୬/୯୭ରେ ୧୩%, ୧୯୯୭/୯୮ରେ ୧୩% ଓ ୧୯୯୮/୯୯ରେ ୭% ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Houston62_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston62-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସରକାର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସଂପ୍ରଦାୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅନୁଦାନ ଦେବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ, ଓ ତା ସହିତ ଅକ୍ଷମଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଅନୁଦାନ, ଶିଶୁଙ୍କ ଲାଳନପାଳନ ପାଇଁ ଅନୁଦାନ, ବୃଦ୍ଧଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଁ ଅନୁଦାନ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Houston62_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston62-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୬ବର୍ଷରୁ କମ ଶିଶୁ ଓ ଗର୍ଭବତୀ ମହିଳାମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟସେବାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ୧୯୯୪ରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ପରେ ୧୯୯୬ରେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟସେବା ମୁକ୍ତ କରିଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୯ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ କହିପାରିଥିଲା ଯେ - ୩୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଟେଲିଫୋନ ସଂଯୋଗ, ୧୫ ଲକ୍ଷ ଶିଶୁଙ୍କୁ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଆଣିବା, ୫୦୦ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନା ଓ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ଚିକିତ୍ସାଳୟ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା, ୨୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ସଂଯୋଗ, ୩୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ଜଳଯୋଗାଣର ସୁବିଧା, ୭.୫ ଲକ୍ଷ ଗୃହ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରି ୩୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ବାସଗୃହ ଯୋଗାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"ନେଟିଭସ ଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୧୩"ଦ୍ୱାରା ଜମି ହରାଇଥିବା ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ "ଦି ଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ ରିଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁସନ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୯୪" ବଳରେ ପୁରୁଣା ଜମି ଫେରାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇ ହଜାର ହଜାର ଜମିଜମା ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ହୋଇ ପାରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୬ରେ "ଦି ଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ତ ରିଫର୍ମ ଆକ୍ଟ ୩"ଦ୍ୱାରା କୃଷିକ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ କାମକରୁଥିବା ଶ୍ରମିକମାନଙ୍କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ, ୬୫ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବରୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରୁ ବହିଷ୍କାର/ବିତାଡ଼ିତ କରାଯିବା ଉପରେ ବାରଣାଦେଶ ଦେଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ଦି ସ୍କିଲସ ଡେଭେଲପମେଣ୍ଟ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୯୮"ଦ୍ୱାରା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ଥଳରେ କୁଶଳତା ବଢ଼ାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତା ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ଦି ଲେବର ରିଲେସନସ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୯୫"ଦ୍ୱାରା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ପଦ୍ଧତି, ଓ ଶ୍ରମିକ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ଦି ବେସିକ କଣ୍ଡିସନସ ଅଫ ଏମପ୍ଲୟମେଣ୍ଟ ଆକ୍ଟ, ୧୯୯୭"ଦ୍ୱାରା ସମସ୍ତ କର୍ମୀଙ୍କୁ ସମାନ ଅଧିକାର ମିଳିଥିଲା<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଓ ୧୯୯୮ରେ "ଏମପ୍ଲୟମେଣ୍ଟ ଇକ୍ୱିଟି ଆକ୍ଟ", ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ହେଉଥିବା ପାତରଅନ୍ତର ସମସ୍ୟାର ଅନ୍ତ ପାଇଁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଏହି ସବୁ ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ଅନେକ ଘରୋଇ ସମସ୍ୟା ରହିଥିଲା । "ଏଡ଼ୱିନ କ୍ୟାମେରୁନ" ସମାଲୋଚନା କରି କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସରକାର ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି./ଏଡ଼ସ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ପ୍ରତି ବିଶେଷ କିଛି କରିନଥିଲା; ଏବଂ ୧୯୯୯ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ସମଗ୍ର ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୦% ଜନତା ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି.+ ହୋଇସାରିଥିଲେ । ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହି ଅଭିଯୋଗକୁ ସ୍ୱୀକାର କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ମବେକିଙ୍କୁ ଏହାର ସମାଧାନ କରିବାକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ଅପରାଧକୁ ସଠିକ ଭାବେ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ନ କରିପାରିଥିବାରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ଓ ଏହାର ପ୍ରମୁଖ କାରଣ ୧୯୯୦ ଦଶକର ଶେଷଭାଗରେ ୭.୫ଲକ୍ଷ ଗୋରାଙ୍କ ଅନୁପ୍ରବେଶ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସରକାର ଦୁର୍ନୀତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୁଡ଼ି ରହିଥିଲା ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦୁର୍ନୀତିକାରୀଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଉଦାର ମନୋଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କରୁଥିଲେ ବୋଲି ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଆସିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ବୈଦେଶିକ_ବ୍ୟାପାର"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.88.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B6.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0"></span>ବୈଦେଶିକ ବ୍ୟାପାର</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=22" title="ବୈଦେଶିକ ବ୍ୟାପାର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg/220px-Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg/330px-Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg/440px-Bill-Clinton-with-Nelson-Mandela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>ଆମେରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବିଲ କ୍ଳିଣ୍ଟନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବିଲ କ୍ଳିଣ୍ଟନଙ୍କ</a> ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା । ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କ୍ଲିଣ୍ଟନଙ୍କୁ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ତାଙ୍କୁ ପସନ୍ଦ କରୁଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଯୌନ ନିର୍ଯ୍ୟାତନା ଅଭିଯୋଗ ଶୁଣାଣି ସମୟରେ ସମର୍ଥନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନ୍ୟଦେଶମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେଯେ ଆପୋଷ ବୁଝାମଣା ଓ କୁଟନୀତି ସହାୟତାରେ ଦେଶ ଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ କରିବା ଉଚିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ମବେକିଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଆହ୍ୱାନ କରାଯାଇଥିବା "ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ରେନାଇସାନସ" ପାଇଁ ଜୋର ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନାଇଜେରିଆ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନାଇଜେରିଆରୁ</a> "ସାନି ଆବାକା"ଙ୍କ ସାମରିକ ସେନା ହଟାଇବାପାଇଁ ଉଦାର କୁଟନୀତିର ସହାୟତା ନେଇଥିଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ନାଇଜେରିଆରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଘନ ପାଇଁ ଆବାକାଙ୍କ ଶାସନର ଅନ୍ତ ଘଟାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୯୬ରେ ସେ "ସଦର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ଡେଭେଲପମେଣ୍ଟ କମ୍ୟୁନିଟି"ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ନିୟୋଜିତ ହୋଉଥିଲେ ଓ "ଜାଇରେ"ଠାରେ ହୋଇଥିବା "ପ୍ରଥମ କଙ୍ଗୋ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ"ର ଅନ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରି ଅସଫଳ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ପ୍ରଥମ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଅନ୍ତ ସାମରିକ ଯୋଜନାରେ ସେ ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୮ରେ ଲେସୋଥୋରେ ସୈନ୍ୟ ମୁତୟନ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ "ପାକାଲିଥା ମୋସିସିଲି"ଙ୍କୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୮ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ନନ-ଆଲାଇନଡ ମୁଭମେଣ୍ଟ"ର ସାଧାରଣ-ସଚିବ ଭାବେ ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇଥିଲେ, ଓ ଡର୍ବାନରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଜାତୀୟ ମହାସଭା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସେହି ପଦବୀରେ ଥିଲେ । ସେହି ସମ୍ମିଳନୀରେ "ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ-ପାଲେଷ୍ଟାଇନ" ସମସ୍ୟାରେ ଅନ୍ତ ନହେବା ପାଇଁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B2" title="ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ">ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ</a> ସରକାରଙ୍କ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାକୁ "କ୍ଷୀଣ" ବୋଲି ଅଭିହିତ କରିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଭାରତ ଓ ପାକିସ୍ତାନକୁ କାଶ୍ମୀର ସମସ୍ୟାର ଅନ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ କହିଥିଲେ; ଫଳରେ ଉଭୟ ଭାରତ ଓ ଇସ୍ରାଏଲଦ୍ୱାରା ତୀବ୍ର ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୂର୍ବ ଏସିଆର ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଅଭିବୃଦ୍ଧିରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ, ସେହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସଂପର୍କ ବଢ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ; ଓ ପରେ ୧୯୯୭ରେ ଏସିଆରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଅଚଳାବସ୍ଥା ପାଇଁ ବିଚଳିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ସୁହାର୍ତ୍ତୋଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କର ନିକଟତମ ସଂପର୍କ ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, କାରଣ ସୁହାର୍ତ୍ତୋଙ୍କ ଶାସନ ସମୟରେ ସେଠାରେ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଘନ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ସେହିପରି ଭାବେ ଫିଡ଼େଲ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋ ଓ ମୁଆମ୍ମର ଗଦ୍ଦାଫିଙ୍କ ସହିତ ବନ୍ଧୁତା ପାଇଁ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଦେଶଗୁଡ଼ିକଦ୍ୱାରା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ୧୯୯୮ରେ କାଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖା କରିବାକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲିବ୍ୟାରେ ଗଦ୍ଦାଫିଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟି "ଅର୍ଡ଼ର ଅଫ ଗୁଡ଼ ହୋପ" ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଯେତେବେଳେ ବିଶ୍ୱର ଅନ୍ୟ ଦେଶ ଓ ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମଦ୍ୱାରା ଏହି ସବୁ ଗସ୍ତ ସମାଲୋଚିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏହାକୁ ରଙ୍ଗଭେଦ ନୀତିର ମୁଖା ବୋଲି ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରି ଅଭିଯୋଗ ପ୍ରତି ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେଇ ନଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଲିବ୍ୟା, ଆମେରିକା ଓ ବ୍ରିଟେନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦୀର୍ଘ ଦିନରୁ ଚାଲିଥିବା ସମସ୍ୟାର ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ, ନଭେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୧ରେ ହୋଇଥିବା "ପ୍ୟାନ ଆମ ଫ୍ଲାଇଟ ୧୦୩" ହତ୍ୟାରେ ଅଭିଯୁକ୍ତ ଦୁଇ ଲିବ୍ୟା ନାଗରିକ "ଆବଦେଲବାସେତ ଅଲ-ମେଗ୍ରାହୀ" ଓ "ଲାମିନ ଖଲିଫା ଫିମହା"ଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ତୃତୀୟ ଦେଶରେ ଶୁଣାଣି କରିବାକୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ଦେଶ ଏଥିରେ ରାଜି ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ; ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୯୯ରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନେଦରଲାଣ୍ଡ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନେଦରଲାଣ୍ଡର</a> "କ୍ୟାମ୍ପ ଜେଇଷ୍ଟ"ରେ "ସ୍କଟସ ଲ" ଅନୁସାରେ ଦୁଇଜଣଙ୍କ ଶୁଣାଣି ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ଜଣେ ଦୋଷୀ ସାବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ରାଜନୀତିରୁ_ଅବସର"><span id=".E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.81_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.B0"></span>ରାଜନୀତିରୁ ଅବସର</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=23" title="ରାଜନୀତିରୁ ଅବସର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ମେ ୧୯୯୬ରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର "ନୂତନ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ" ସଂସଦଦ୍ୱାରା ଗୃହୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ଫଳରେ ଅନେକ ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଅନୁଷ୍ଠାନ ରାଜନୈତିକ ଓ ପ୍ରଶାସନିକ ଅଧିକାରକୁ ଏକ ସାମ୍ବିଧାନିକ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଅନୁସାରେ ପାଳିବାକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ ହେଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ ଏହି ସମ୍ବିଧାନକୁ ବିରୋଧ କରି ଗଠବନ୍ଧନ ସରକାରରୁ ଓହରି ଗଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତେଣୁ ନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପାର୍ଟି ଅଧୀନରେ ଥିବା କ୍ୟାବିନେଟ ପଦକୁ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଗ୍ରହଣ କଲା ଓ ମବେକି ଉପ-ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଉଭୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ମବେକି ଏକ ଅବସରରେ ବିଦେଶରେ ଥିବାବେଳେ ବୁଥେଲେଜି "କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି" ନିଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୧୯୯୭ରେ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ପରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସଭାପତି ପଦରୁ ଓହରି ଆସିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ଭାବିଥିଲେ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରାମାଫୋସା ନିଯୁକ୍ତି ପାଇବେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ମବେକିଙ୍କୁ ମନୋନୀତ କରିଥିଲା । ମବେକିଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଉପ-ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରିଣୀ ପରିଷଦ "ଜାକୋବ ଜୁମା"ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀତ୍ୱକୁ ସମର୍ଥନ କଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ତାଙ୍କ ବିପକ୍ଷରେ ୱିନି ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦିତା କରିବାକୁ ବାହାରିଲେ ଓ ଶେଷରେ ଜୁମାଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ବହୁ ବ୍ୟବଧାନରେ ପରାଜିତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ମାସେଲଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସଂପର୍କ ବଢ଼ିବାରେ ଲାଗିଲା, ଓ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୯୮ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ ଘୋଷଣା କଲେ - ସେ ଜଣେ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ନାରୀଙ୍କ ସହିତ ପ୍ରେମସଂପର୍କରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି; ଏବଂ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଡେସମଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଟୁଙ୍କ ଚାପ ଫଳରେ ଯୁବ ସମାଜ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଆଦର୍ଶ ଭାବେ ଜୁଲାଇରେ ତାଙ୍କ ୮୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମଦିବସରେ ପୁନଃ-ବିବାହ କଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାର ପରଦିନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବିଦେଶରୁ ଆସିଥିବା ଅନେକ ଅତିଥିଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ଭୋଜିଦ୍ୱାରା ଆପ୍ୟାୟିତ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବାର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବାପାଇଁ କେବେ ଚାହିଁ ନଥିଲେ ଓ ୨୯ ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୯୯ରେ ନିଜର ବିଦାୟକାଳୀନ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ, ଓ ଅବସର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଅବସର"><span id=".E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.B0"></span>ଅବସର</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=24" title="ଅବସର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ସାମାଜିକ_କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AF.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AA:.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF.E0.AD.AF-.E0.AD.A8.E0.AD.A6.E0.AD.A6.E0.AD.AA"></span>ସାମାଜିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=25" title="ସାମାଜିକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ:୧୯୯୯-୨୦୦୪ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Nelson_Mandela,_2000_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/220px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/330px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/440px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>୨୦୦୦ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ "ଲଣ୍ଡନ ସ୍କୁଲ ଅଫ ଇକୋନୋମିକ୍ସ" ପରିଦର୍ଶନ</figcaption></figure> <p>ଜୁନ ୧୯୯୯ରେ ଅବସର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗ ଓ କୁନୁସ୍ଥିତ ନିଜ ବାସଭବନରେ ଏକ ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପାରିବାରିକ ଜୀବନ କଟାଉଥିଲେ । ସେ ନିଜର ପ୍ରଥମ ଆତ୍ମଜୀବନୀ "ଦି ପ୍ରେସିଡ଼େନସିଆଲ ଇୟର୍ସ"ର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଭାଗ ଲେଖିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାଶନ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏହାକୁ ବନ୍ଦ କରି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏକୁଟିଆ ଜୀବନଯାପନରେ ବିଚଳିତ ହୋଇ ସେ ଏକ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତବହୁଳ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ ପାଇଁ ଆଗେଇ ଆସିଥିଲେ; ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ, ବିଶ୍ୱର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ତାରକା ଓ ନେତାଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିବା ଆଦି ସଂପୃକ୍ତ ଥିଲା ଏବଂ ସେହି ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଥିବା ସମୟରେ ୧୯୯୯ରେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନ"ର ସ୍ଥାପନା କରି ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି./ଏଡ଼ସ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଲଢ଼େଇ, ଗ୍ରାମ୍ୟ ଉନ୍ନୟନ ଓ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ସ୍ଥାପନ ପାଇଁ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନିଜର ଶାସନକାଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଂକ୍ରମିତ ରୋଗ ପାଇଁ ବିଶେଷ କିଛି କରି ନଥିବାରୁ ସେ କଟୁ ସମାଲୋଚନାର ପାତ୍ର ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ସେଥି ନିମନ୍ତେ ନିଜ ଅବସର କାଳରେ ଏହା ପ୍ରତି ଅଧିକ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେଇ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏହା "ଏକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" ଯେଉଁଥିରେ "ଅନ୍ୟ ସବୁ ପୂର୍ବ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଅଧିକ ଲୋକ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଛନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ ତତକାଳୀମ ମବେକିଙ୍କ ସରକାରକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି.+ ସମସ୍ତ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଭାରତୀୟଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରତିଷେଧକ (ରୋଟ୍ରୋଭାଇରାଲ୍ସ) ଯୋଗାଇ ଦିଆଯାଉ ।<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୦ରେ "ଗ୍ୟାରି ପ୍ଲେୟାର"ଙ୍କ ପୃଷ୍ଠପୋଷକତାରେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଇନଭିଟେସନାଲ ଗଲଫ ଟୁର୍ଣ୍ଣାମେଣ୍ଟ" ଆୟୋଜିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁଲାଇ ୨୦୦୧ରେ ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ "ପ୍ରୋଷ୍ଟେଟ କ୍ୟାନସର" ପାଇଁ ସଫଳ ଉପଚାର ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୨୦୦୨ରେ ସେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆନୁଆଲ ଲେକଚର"ର ଉଦଘାଟନ କରିଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ବିଦ୍ୟାର୍ଥୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ନାତକୋତ୍ତର ବୃତ୍ତି ପାଇଁ ୨୦୦୩ରେ ରୋଡ଼ସ ହାଉସ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଅକ୍ସଫୋର୍ଡ଼ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଅକ୍ସଫୋର୍ଡ଼ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟଠାରେ</a> "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ରୋଡ଼ସ ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନ" ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଏହି ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସେଣ୍ଟର ଅଫ ମେମୋରୀ" ତଥା ଏଚ.ଆଇ.ଭି./ଏଡ଼ସ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ "୪୬୬୬୪ କ୍ୟାମ୍ପେନ" ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୦ରେ ଡର୍ବାନରେ ହୋଇଥିବା "୧୩ତମ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଏଡ଼ସ ମହାସଭା"ରେ ସେ ଅନ୍ତିମ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ,<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଓ ୨୦୦୪ରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବ୍ୟାଙ୍ଗକକ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବ୍ୟାଙ୍ଗକକ</a> , <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଥାଇଲାଣ୍ଡ">ଥାଇଲାଣ୍ଡରେ</a> "୧୫ତମ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ଏଡ଼ସ ମହାସଭା"ରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଶକ୍ତିକୁ ସମାଲୋଚନା କରିବାରେ ଲାଗିଲେ । ୧୯୯୯ରେ "ନାଟୋ ଇଣ୍ଟରଭେନସନ ଇନ କୋସୋଭୋ"କୁ ସେ ଦୃଢ଼ ବିରୋଧ କରି କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ବିଶ୍ୱର ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଦେଶମାନେ ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥିବୀକୁ ନୈତିକତା ଦେଖାଇବାର ଏହା ଏକ ପ୍ରୟାସ ।<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୩ରେ ବ୍ରିଟେନ ଓ ଆମେରିକାଦ୍ୱାରା "<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ">ଇରାକ</a> ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" ବିପକ୍ଷରେ ସେ ସ୍ୱର ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ କରି ଆମେରିକୀୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81._%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଜର୍ଜ ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ବୁଶ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଜର୍ଜ ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ. ବୁଶ</a> ଓ ବ୍ରିଟେନର ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଟୋନି ବ୍ଲେୟାର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଟୋନି ବ୍ଲେୟାରଙ୍କୁ</a> ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘର ନିୟମକୁ ଅଣଦେଖା କରୁଥିବାର ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରିଥିଲେ । ଆମେରିକା ଉପରେ ଅଧିକ ଆକ୍ରମଣକରି ସେ କହିଥିଲେ, ବିଶ୍ୱର ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ଦେଶ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଆମେରିକା ଅନ୍ୟ ଦେଶ ଉପରେ "ଅକଥନୀୟ ଅତ୍ୟାଚାର" କରିଛି, ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ "ଜାପାନରେ ଆଣବିବ ବୋମା ପକାଇବା", ଏହା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ବିତର୍କର ରୂପ ଧାରଣ କରିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ପରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବ୍ଲେୟାରଙ୍କ ସହିତ ପୁନଃ-ସଂପର୍କ ସ୍ଥାପନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଲିବ୍ୟା-ବ୍ରିଟେନ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସଂପର୍କକୁ ନେଇ ବାର୍ଲିନ୍ନି କାରାଗାରରେ ସେ "ମେଗ୍ରାହି"ଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ବୁଝାମଣାର ସର୍ତ୍ତ ବିରୋଧରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଅବଗତ କରାଇ କହିଥିଲେ ଏହା ଏକ "ମନସ୍ତାତ୍ତ୍ୱିକ ଅବୁଝାମଣା" ।<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ_ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.82.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A3.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A3_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.B0:.E0.AD.A8.E0.AD.A6.E0.AD.A6.E0.AD.AA-.E0.AD.A8.E0.AD.A6.E0.AD.A7.E0.AD.A9"></span>ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=26" title="ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅବସର:୨୦୦୪-୨୦୧୩ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଜୁନ ୨୦୦୪ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ୮୫ ବର୍ଷ ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ଶରୀର ଅବକ୍ଷୟ ଘଟିବାରୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ଅବସରରୁ ଅବସର" ନେବା ଘୋଷଣା କରି କହିଥିଲେ "ମୋତେ ଡାକିବ ନାହିଁ, ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଡାକିବି ।"<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅତି ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ବନ୍ଧୁ ଓ ପରିବାରର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କୁ କେବଳ ଭେଟ କରିବା ଜାରି ରଖିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ, ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନ ତରଫରୁ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ ସଭା ତଥା ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମ ସାକ୍ଷାତକାର ପାଇଁ ଅନୁରୋଧକୁ ମନା କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପରେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ସମସ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସେ କିଛି ମାତ୍ରରେ ଆଗ୍ରହ ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ । </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_and_Nelson_Mandela_-_walking_-_Oval_Office_-_May_17_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>ମେ ୨୦୦୫ରେ ଓଭାଲ ଅଫିସରେ ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଜର୍ଜ ଡବଲ୍ୟୁ ବୁଶ</figcaption></figure> <p>୨୦୦୫ରେ ସେ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଲିଗାସି ଟ୍ରଷ୍ଟ"ର ଗଠନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ସଂସ୍ଥାର ଉଦଘାଟନ ପାଇଁ ସେ ଆମେରିକା ଗସ୍ତ କରି "ବ୍ରୁକିଙ୍ଗସ ଇନଷ୍ଟିଚ୍ୟୁଟ"ରେ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସହାୟତାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ରହିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAT_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ସିନେଟର ସଦସ୍ୟ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ହିଲାରୀ କ୍ଲିଣ୍ଟନ">ହିଲାରୀ କ୍ଲିଣ୍ଟନ</a> , ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ବୁଶ, ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଥମ ଥର ପାଇଁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାରାକ ଓବାମା">ବାରାକ ଓବାମାଙ୍କୁ</a> ଭେଟି କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_274-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜିମ୍ବାୱେରେ ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଘନ ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ତତକାଳୀନ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87" title="ରବର୍ଟ ମୁଗାବେ">ରବର୍ଟ ମୁଗାବେଙ୍କୁ</a> ସେ ଇସ୍ତଫା ଦେବାପାଇଁ ପରାମର୍ଶ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଏହାର କିଛି ପ୍ରଭାବ ନ ପଡ଼ିବାରୁ ୨୦୦୭ରେ ସେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ ଭାବେ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ ମୁଗାବେ "ସମ୍ମାନର ସହିତ" ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପଦରୁ ଓହରି ଆସିବା ଉଚିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେହି ବର୍ଷ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ମାସେଲ ଓ ଡେସମଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଟୁ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଏକ ବିଶ୍ୱନେତାଙ୍କ ସଂଘ କରି ବିଶ୍ୱର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅସୁବିଧା ଓ ସମାଧାନ ହୋଇ ନ ପାରୁଥିବା ସମସ୍ୟା ପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞତା ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧିର ସହାୟତା ଦେବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ । ନିଜର ୮୯ତମ ଜନ୍ମଦିନରେ ଏକ ଭାଷଣରେ ସେ ଏହି ସଂଗଠନ "ଦି ଏଲଡ଼ର୍ସ"ର ଗଠନ ହେବା ବିଷୟରେ କହିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png/220px-Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png/330px-Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png/440px-Gra%C3%A7a_Machel_-_Sri_Chinmoy_-_Nelson_Mandela.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>ଭାରତୀୟ ଗୁରୁ ଶ୍ରୀ ଚିନ୍ମୟଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ପତ୍ନୀ ଗ୍ରାକା ମାସେଲ</figcaption></figure> <p>୧୮ ଜୁଲାଇ ୨୦୦୮ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ୯୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମବାର୍ଷିକୀକୁ ସମଗ୍ର ଦେଶରେ ପାଳନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା, ଓ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ସମାରୋହ କୁନୁଠାରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା<sup id="cite_ref-FOXNews_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOXNews-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତଥା "ହାଇଡ଼ ପାର୍କ, ଲଣ୍ଡନ"ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମାନରେ ଏକ କନସର୍ଟ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ସମାରୋହର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଭାଷଣ ଦେଇ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଧନୀ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କୁ ଗରିବ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କ ସହାୟତା ପାଇଁ ଆଗେଇ ଆସିବାକୁ ଆହ୍ୱାନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-FOXNews_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOXNews-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମବେକିଙ୍କ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିତ୍ୱ ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସକୁ ନିଜର ସମର୍ଥନ ଜାରି ରଖିଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି "ଜାକୋବ ଜୁମା"ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଅଧିକ ସମଥନ ଦେଖାଇଥିଲେ; କିନ୍ତୁ ୨୦୦୯ରେ ଏକ ଝଡ଼ ମଝିରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ନାତି "ଚିଫ ମଣ୍ଡଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ଜୁମା-ସମର୍ଥିତ ସଭାରେ ଯୋଗଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଆକାଶ ମାର୍ଗରେ ନେଇଯାଇଥିବା ପାଇଁ ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଫାଉଣ୍ଡେସନ ଅସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୨୦୦୪ଠାରୁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା "୨୦୧୦ ଫିଫା ବିଶ୍ୱ କପ" ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସଫଳ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରଚାର କରିଥିଲେ, କହିଥିଲେ "ଆଗାମୀ ବର୍ଷରେ ଆମ ପାଇଁ କିଛି ନୂତନ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଅଛି"; ଓ ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଅନ୍ତହେବାର ଏକ ଦଶନ୍ଧି ବିତିସାରିଥିଲା । ବିଶ୍ୱକପ ସମୟରେ ବିଶେଷ ଲୋକଲୋଚନଙ୍କୁ ନ ଆସି, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନ୍ତିମ ସମାରୋହରେ ଏକ ବିରଳ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ ଦର୍ଶନ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଓ ପ୍ରଚୁର କରତାଳି ସହ ତାଙ୍କୁ ସ୍ୱାଗତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୨୦୦୫ରୁ ୨୦୧୩ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ପରିବାରର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ନାମରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଟ୍ରଷ୍ଟରେ ନିୟୋଯିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ଅର୍ଥ ଲାଗି ଅନେକ ଆଇନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିର ସାମନା କରିବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୨୦୧୩ ମଧ୍ୟଭାଗରେ ଏକ ଫୁସଫୁସ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରେ ଡ଼ାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ଏହି ସମୟରେ ତାଙ୍କ ବଂଶଧରମାନେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ସନ୍ତାନମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମାଧି ସ୍ଥଳ ପାଇଁ ଆନ୍ତଃ-ପାରିବାରିକ ଆଇନ-କନ୍ଦଳରେ ମାତିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ_ଅବସ୍ଥା"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.B1.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A5.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A5.E0.AC.BE"></span>ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=27" title="ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୨୦୧୧ରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଶ୍ୱାସପ୍ରଶ୍ୱାସ ଜନିତ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ପାଇଁ ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପକାଳ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା, ଓ ଏହା ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ଆକର୍ଷଣ କରିଥିଲା;<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୁଣି ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୦୧୨ରେ ଫୁସଫୁସ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ଓ "ଗାଲଷ୍ଟୋନ" ହଟାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନା ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାର୍ଚ ୨୦୧୩ର ପ୍ରଥମ ଭାଗରେ ଏକ ସଫଳ ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ଉପଚାର ପରେ,<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପୁଣି ଫୁସଫୁସ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଏବଂ କିଛିଦିନ ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରେ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ରଖାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁନ ୮ ୨୦୧୩ରେ, ତାଙ୍କର ଫୁସଫୁସ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ ଖରାପ ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ଗତି କରିଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ଗୁରୁତର ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପ୍ରିଟୋରିଆରେ ପୁଣି ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନା ନିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଚାରିଦିନ ପରେ, ତାଙ୍କ ଅବସ୍ଥା "ଗୁରୁତର କିନ୍ତୁ ସ୍ଥିର" ବୋଲି ରାୟ ଦିଆ ଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନା ନିଆଯିବା ସମୟରେ ଆମ୍ବୁଲାନସରେ ଯାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ତ୍ରୁଟି ହେବାରୁ, ସେ ୪୦ମିନିଟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ରାସ୍ତାରେ ଅଟକି ରହିଥିଲେ, ଏବଂ ଏଥି ନିମନ୍ତେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ସରକାରଙ୍କୁ ତୀବ୍ର ସମାଲୋଚନାର ଶିକାର ହେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା, ଏବଂ କିଛି ସପ୍ତାହ ପରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜାକୋବ ଜୁମା କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଯତ୍ନ ନେବାକୁ ୭ଜଣିଆ ଅଭିଜ୍ଞ ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ଦଳ ଗାଡ଼ିରେ ରହିଥିଲା ଓ ସବୁ ସମୟରେ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣରେ ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-23-06-13_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-23-06-13-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁନ ୨୨ ୨୦୧୩ରେ, "ସି.ବି.ଏସ. ନ୍ୟୁଜ" ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରିଥିଲା ଯେ ବିଗତ କିଛି ଦିନ ପାଇଁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଆଖି ଖୋଲିନାହାନି ଏବଂ କୌଣସି ଶାରୀରିକ ପ୍ରତିକ୍ରିୟା ଦେଖାଉନାହାନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ପରିବାରର ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କେତେ ପରିମାଣର ଡାକ୍ତରୀ ଉପଚାର ଦିଆଯିବ ତାହା ଆଲୋଚ୍ୟ ବିଷୟ ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ଦୀର୍ଘ ୧୨ବର୍ଷ ଧରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବତନ ଅଙ୍ଗରକ୍ଷୀ "ଶନ ଭ୍ୟାନ ହୀର୍ଡ଼େନ"ଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁସାରେ ସେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ସପ୍ତାହ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ମୁକ୍ତି କରିଦେବାକୁ , ପରିବାର ବର୍ଗଙ୍କୁ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣରେ କହିଥିଲେ ।)<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜୁନ ୨୩ ୨୦୧୩ରେ, ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜାକୋବ ଜୁମା ଏକ ଇସ୍ତାହାରରେ କହିଥିଲେ ଯେ - ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି "ଉଦବେଗଜନକ" ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁମାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ଉପସଭାପତି "ସିରିଲ ରାମାଫୋସା" ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପତ୍ନୀ ଗ୍ରାକା ମାସେଲଙ୍କୁ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ଭେଟି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ବିଷୟରେ ବୁଝିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୫ ଜୁନରେ କେପ ଟାଉନର ଆର୍କବିଶପ "ଥାବୋ ମାକଗୋବା" ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଡାକ୍ତରଖାନାରେ ଭେଟି ଗ୍ରାକାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମିଶି ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହା ପର ଦିନ ଜୁମା ପୁଣି ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିବାକୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ଓ ପରଦିନ ଥିବା ମୋଜାମ୍ବିକ ଗସ୍ତକୁ ନାକଚ କରିଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଜଣେ ସଂପର୍କୀୟ "ଦି ଡେଲି ଟେଲିଗ୍ରାଫ"କୁ ସୂଚନା ଦେଇଥିଲେ ଯେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଜୀବନ ସହାୟକରେ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୪ ଜୁଲାଇରେ ଖବର ଆସିଥିଲା ଯେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଅବସ୍ଥା ସଂଜ୍ଞାହୀନ(ପରମାନେଣ୍ଟ ଭେଜିଟେଟିଭ ଷ୍ଟେଟ)ଅଛି, ଓ ଜୀବନ ସହାୟତାକୁ ବନ୍ଦ କରିଦିଆଯିବା ଉଚିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟ ତରଫରୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟୀକରଣ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ଯେ - ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଚିକିତ୍ସା କରୁଥିବା ଡାକ୍ତରମାନଙ୍କ ମତ ଅନୁସାରେ ସେ ସଂଜ୍ଞାହୀନ ନାହାନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ_ଓ_ସାମାଜିକ_ଜୀବନ"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.97.E0.AC.A4_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.A8"></span>ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଓ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=28" title="ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଓ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି"><span id=".E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.82.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF"></span>ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=29" title="ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ସମଗ୍ର ବିଶ୍ୱରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ସତ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତି ନିଷ୍ଠା" ରଖୁଥିବା ଜଣେ "ନୈତିକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ" ଭାବେ ଜଣାଶୁଣା ।<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅନ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷ ତଥା ନିଜ ବିପକ୍ଷମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ସମୟରେ ସେ ବହୁ ନମ୍ର ଓ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବୋଲି ମତପୋଷନ କରାଯାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟ ବିତ୍ତଶାଳୀ ଓ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଙ୍କ ଗହଣରେ ବିତାଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅଫିସରେ ଉତ୍ସବ ସମୟରେ କର୍ମକର୍ତ୍ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ମେଳାପ କରିବାକୁ ଉପଭୋଗ କରନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୀବନର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ସେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଭଲଗୁଣ ଖୋଜିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଛନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ କିଛି ଲୋକ ଭାବନ୍ତି ଯେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜ ଜିଦିଆ ଗୁଣ ତଥା ବିଶ୍ୱସ୍ତ ଭାବ ପାଇଁ ଜଣାଶୁଣା ଅଟନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ସମୟ ସମୟରେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ କ୍ରୋଧିତ ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନେକ ମାତ୍ରରେ ରସିକତାରେ ପ୍ରବୀଣ ।<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୪ତମ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଦଲାଇ ଲାମା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଦଲାଇ ଲାମା</a> ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ବହୁ ପୁରାତନ ମିତ୍ର ଅଟନ୍ତି । </p><p>ନିଜ ଭାବମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ପ୍ରତି ସର୍ବଦା ସଚେତନ ରହୁଥିବା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସର୍ବଦା ଭଲ ପୋଷାକପତ୍ର ପିନ୍ଧିବାକୁ ଭଲ ପାଆନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଥେମ୍ବୁ ରାଜ ପରିବାରରେ ନିଜ ବାଲ୍ୟଜୀବନ କଟାଇଥିବାରୁ ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନଯାପନ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀରେ କିଛି ମାତ୍ରାରେ ରାଜକୀୟତା ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ; ନିଜ ଶାସନ କାଳରେ ସେ "ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମ୍ରାଟ" ଆଖ୍ୟା ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ଭବିଷ୍ୟ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ଓ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ"ରେ ପ୍ରବୀଣ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ସେ ସର୍ବଦା ନିଜକୁ ସୌମ୍ୟ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିଥାନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କର ଛବି ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗଣମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ସମୟରେ ଭଲ ଆସିଥାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ରାଜନୈତିକ_ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା"><span id=".E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.88.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.9A.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BE"></span>ରାଜନୈତିକ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=30" title="ରାଜନୈତିକ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest,_Germany_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Free_Nelson_Mandela_Protest%2C_Germany_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୮୬ରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବର୍ଲିନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବର୍ଲିନରେ</a> ହୋଇଥିବା "ଫ୍ରି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରା</figcaption></figure> <p>ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସରେ ଯୋଗଦେବା ପରଠାରୁ ସେ ଜଣେ "ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ"<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ, ଏବଂ ଆହୁରି ମଧ୍ୟ "ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ଓ ସମାଜବାଦୀ"<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଭାବେ ଜଣାଶୁଣା । ଯଦିଓ ତାଙ୍କର ଅନେକ ଭାଷଣରେ ସେ ଜଣେ ଏକଛତ୍ରବାଦୀ ଭାବେ ପ୍ରତୀୟ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ଜଣେ ନିଚ୍ଛକ ପୂଜାରୀ ଅଟନ୍ତି; ଏବଂ ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ନିଜ ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଗରିଷ୍ଠ ମତକୁ ସମ୍ମାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କ ମତ ଅନୁସାରେ "ବିସ୍ତୃତତା, ସ୍ୱଚ୍ଛତା ଓ ମତବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିବାର ଅଧିକାର"<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ମୂଳଦୂଆ ଅଟେ ଓ ସେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ମାନବ ଅଧିକାରରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଜଣେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଭାବେ ସେ "ଜମିର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ମାଲିକାନା ଓ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ପୁଞ୍ଜି(କ୍ୟାପିଟାଲିଜିମ)"ର ଦୃଢ଼ ବିରୋଧ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାର୍କସଙ୍କ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରେରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହୋଇ ସେ "ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ପଦ୍ଧତିରେ ସମାଜବାଦ"<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସପକ୍ଷରେ ଯୁକ୍ତି କରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ୱାସଘାତ ଶୁଣାଣି ସମୟରେ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ ବୋଲି ମାନି ନ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତାଙ୍କ ଜୀବନୀ ଲେଖିଥିବା "ଡେଭିଡ଼ ଜେମସ ସ୍ମିଥ" ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହାକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିନଥିଲେ ଏବଂ କହିଥିଲେ - ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୧୯୫୦ ଦଶକର ଶେଷଭାଗ ଓ ୧୯୬୦ ଦଶକର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଉଭୟ "ସମାଜବାଦ ଓ କମ୍ୟୁନିଷ୍ଟ" ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରୁଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୫୫ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ ଚାର୍ଟରରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ, ସୁନା ଖଣି ଓ ଜମିର ଜାତୀୟକରଣ କରି, ଅର୍ଥର ସମାନ ବିତରଣ କରିବାକୁ ମତ ଦେଇଥିଲେ । ଏହି ସବୁ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରଖିଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜ ଶାସନ କାଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବିଦେଶୀ ପୁଞ୍ଜିନିବେଶକୁ ଆଖି ଆଗରେ ରଖି କୌଣସି ସଂସ୍ଥାର ଜାତୀୟକରଣ କରିନଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ ପଛରେ ଆଦ୍ୟ ୧୯୯୦ ଦଶକରେ ହୋଇଥିବା ସୋଭିଏତ ସଂଘର ଓ ଇଷ୍ଟର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବ୍ଲୋକର ପତନ ପ୍ରଭାବଶାଳୀ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ପରିବାର"><span id=".E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0"></span>ପରିବାର</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=31" title="ପରିବାର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg/220px-Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg/330px-Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg/440px-Mandela_museum_soweto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>ସୋୱେଟୋରେ ଥିବା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପାରିବାରିକ ମ୍ୟୁଜିୟମ</figcaption></figure> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ୩ ଥର ବିବାହ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ୬ଟି ସନ୍ତାନଙ୍କ ପିତା ତଥା ୧୭ଜଣ ନାତି-ନାତୁଣୀଙ୍କ<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପିତାମହ ଥିଲେ; ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କର ବହୁ ଅଣ ନାତି-ନାତୁଣୀ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନିଜ ସନ୍ତାନ ସନ୍ତତିଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ସେ କଠୋର ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନାତି ନାତୁଣୀଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ବହୁ ଉଦାର ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଟ୍ରାନସ୍କେଇରୁ ଆସିଥିବା "ଏଭେଲିନ ନତୋକୋ ମାସେ"ଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତାଙ୍କର ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୧୯୪୪ରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବିବାହ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ବିବାହ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସେମାନେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଭେଟ ହୋଇ ସାରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-mandela144_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela144-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦୀର୍ଘ ୧୩ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ୧୯୫୭ରେ, ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତି ଓ ଅନୈତିକ ସଂପର୍କକୁ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର କରି ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବିବାହବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ହୋଇଥିଲା ଓ ଏଭେଲିନ "ଜେଓୱାହ’ସ ୱିଟନେସ"ର ସଦସ୍ୟ ଥିଲେ ଓ ସେଥିପାଇଁ ରାଜନୀତିରୁ ଦୂର ରହିବା ଜରୁରୀ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-mandela296_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela296-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଓ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ଔରସରୁ ଦୁଇ ପୁତ୍ର - ମାଦିବା "ଥେମ୍ବି" ଥେମ୍ବେକିଲେ (୧୯୪୬-୧୯୬୯) ଓ "ମାକଗାଥୋ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "(୧୯୫୦-୨୦୦୫); ଦୁଇ କନ୍ୟା - ମାକାଜିୱେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା (ଦୁଇ ଜଣଙ୍କ ନାମ ସମାନ ଥିଲା, ୧୯୪୭ ଓ ୧୯୫୩ରେ ଜନ୍ମିତ) ଜାତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ । ପ୍ରଥମ କନ୍ୟାର ନଅ ମାସରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ହେବାରୁ, ତାଙ୍କରି ସ୍ମୃତିରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ କନ୍ୟାର ନାମ ସମାନ ରଖିଥିଲେ । ମାସେ ୨୦୦୪ରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଅନ୍ତିମ ସଂସ୍କାରରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମାକଗାଥୋଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର "ମଣ୍ଡଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ୨୦୦୭ରେ ମଭେଜୋ ଆଦିବାସୀ ପରିଷଦର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg/147px-Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg/220px-Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg/294px-Mandela_e_Evelyn_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>୧୯୪୪ରେ ନେଲସନ ଓ ଏଭେଲିନଙ୍କ ବିବାହ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Winnie_Mandela00.jpg/159px-Winnie_Mandela00.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Winnie_Mandela00.jpg/239px-Winnie_Mandela00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Winnie_Mandela00.jpg/318px-Winnie_Mandela00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>ୱିନି ମଣ୍ଡେଲା, ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ପତ୍ନୀ</figcaption></figure> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ପତ୍ନୀ "ୱିନି ମାଦିକିଜେଲା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ମଧ୍ୟ ଟ୍ରାନସ୍କେଇରୁ ଆସିଥିଲେ ଓ ତାଙ୍କର ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖା ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା, ଯେଉଁଠି ସେ ସହରର ପ୍ରଥମ କୃଷ୍ଣକାୟ ସାମାଜିକ କର୍ମୀ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-ANCWinnie_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANCWinnie-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୱିନି ଓ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଦୁଇ କନ୍ୟା - ଜେନାନି(ଜେନି)ଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ୪ ଫେବ୍ରୁଆରୀ ୧୯୫୮ ଓ ଜିନ୍ଦଜିସ୍ୱା(ଜିନ୍ଦଜି) ମଣ୍ଡେଲା-ହଲଙ୍ଗୱାନେଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ ୧୯୬୦ରେ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-ANCWinnie_329-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANCWinnie-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜିନ୍ଦଜିଙ୍କୁ ମାତ୍ର ୧୮ମାସ ହୋଇଥିବା ସମୟରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ରୋବେନ ଦ୍ୱୀପକୁ କାରାବାସରେ ପଠାଇ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ପରେ ଦେଶରେ ଚାଲିଥିବା ରାଜନୈତିକ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିଦ୍ୱାରା ୱିନି ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାଙ୍ଗି ପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ ଓ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧୯୯୨ରେ ଅଲଗା ରହିବାକୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କଲେ, ଓ ମାର୍ଚ ୧୯୯୬ରେ ଦୁଇଜଣଙ୍କ ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ମଣ୍ଡେଲା କାରାବାସରେ ଥିବା ବେଳେ ୧୯୭୩ରେ ତାଙ୍କ ଝିଅ ଜେନାନିଙ୍କ ବିବାହ, ଉଭୟ ସ୍ୱାଜିଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡର ରାଜା "ମସ୍ୱାତି ଇଲ"<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଓ ଜୁଲୁସର ରାଣୀ "ମାଣ୍ଟଫୋମ୍ବି"ଙ୍କ<sup id="cite_ref-burke_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଭାଇ, "ପ୍ରିନ୍ସ ଥୁମ୍ବୁମୁଜି ଦଲାମିନି"ଙ୍କ ସହିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଜେନାନି ନିଜ ପିତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ମୃତିକୁ ଅତିଭଲ ଭାବେ ମନେ ରଖିଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ସରକାରଙ୍କ ବାରଣ ପାଇଁ ୪ ବର୍ଷରୁ ୧୬ବର୍ଷ ହେବା ହେବାପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ତାଙ୍କୁ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଦେଖା କରିବାକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇନଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଜୁଲାଇ ୨୦୧୨ରେ, ଜେନାନିଙ୍କୁ ଆର୍ଜେଣ୍ଟିନା ପାଇଁ ବୈଦେଶିକ ଦୂତ ଭାବେ ମୁତୟନ କରାଗଲା, ଓ ସେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ତୃତୀୟ ସନ୍ତାନ ଭାବେ ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନ ପାଇଁ ଆଗଭର ହୋଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>୧୯୯୮ରେ ନିଜ ୮୦ତମ ଜନ୍ମବାର୍ଷିକୀ ଅବସରରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ଗ୍ରାକା ମାସେଲ"ଙ୍କୁ ପୁଣି ବିବାହ କରିଥିଲେ; ଯିଏକି ୧୨ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆକାଶ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାରେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରିଥିବା ମୋଜାମ୍ବିକର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି "ସମୋରା ମାସେଲ"ଙ୍କ ବିଧବା ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ମୃତ୍ୟୁ"><span id=".E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.83.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F.E0.AD.81"></span>ମୃତ୍ୟୁ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=32" title="ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ହଗଟନ, ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗଠାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଫୁସଫୁସ ଜନିତ ସଂକ୍ରମଣଦ୍ୱାରା ୫ ଡିସେମ୍ବର ୨୦୧୩ରେ ୯୫ ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ନିଜ ପରିବାର ବର୍ଗଙ୍କ ଗହଣରେ ପ୍ରାଣ ବିସର୍ଜନ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-BBCD_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCD-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଜାକୋବ ଜୁମା ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ମୃତ୍ୟୁର ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-BBCD_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCD-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ପ୍ରଭାବ"><span id=".E0.AC.AA.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.AD.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AC"></span>ପ୍ରଭାବ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=33" title="ପ୍ରଭାବ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜର ଯୋସା ବଂଶନାମ <b>ମାଦିବା</b> ନାମରେ ପରିଚିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ସମ୍ମାନ_ଓ_ସ୍ମୃତି_ସ୍ମାରକୀ"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A8_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.83.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.80"></span>ସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ସ୍ମୃତି ସ୍ମାରକୀ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=34" title="ସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ସ୍ମୃତି ସ୍ମାରକୀ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg/330px-South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg/440px-South_Africa-Johannesburg-Nelson_Mandela_Bridge001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ଥିବା ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପୋଲ</figcaption></figure> <p>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ "ଜାତିର ପିତା"<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଓ "ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାତା"<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସହ "ଜାତୀୟ ମୁକ୍ତିଦାତା" କୁହାଯାଇଥାଏ ଓ ତାଙ୍କୁ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଜର୍ଜ ୱାସିଂଟନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଜର୍ଜ ୱାସିଂଟନ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆବ୍ରାହମ ଲିଙ୍କନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆବ୍ରାହମ ଲିଙ୍କନଙ୍କ</a> ସମ୍ମିଶ୍ରଣର ପ୍ରତିରୂପ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୪ରେ ଜୋହାନ୍ସବର୍ଗରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ "ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ ଅଫ ଦି ସିଟି"<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା ଓ ସାଣ୍ଡଷ୍ଟୋନ ସ୍କୋୟାର ସପିଂ ସେଣ୍ଟରକୁ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସ୍କୋୟାର" ନାମିତ କରି ତାଙ୍କର ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୮ରେ "ଗ୍ରୂଟ ଡ୍ରାଙ୍କେନଷ୍ଟେଇନ କରେକସନାଲ ସେଣ୍ଟର"ରେ (ପୂର୍ବନାମ -କେପ ଟାଉନ ନିକଟରେ ଥିବା ଭିକ୍ଟର ଭର୍ଷ୍ଟର କାରାଗାର; ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ମୁକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା) ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ଉନ୍ମୋଚନ କରାଯାଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବହୁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଓ ସ୍ୱୀକୃତି ମିଳିଛି । ୧୯୯୩ରେ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କଙ୍କ ସହିତ ନୋବେଲ ଶାନ୍ତି ପୁରସ୍କାର ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ନଭେମ୍ବର ୨୦୦୯ରେ "ୟୁନାଇଟେଡ଼ ନେସନ୍ସ ଜେନେରାଲ ଆସେମ୍ବଲି" ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମଦିନ ଜୁଲାଇ ୧୮କୁ, ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନରେ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଭୂମିକା ନେଇଥିବାରୁ; "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦିବସ" ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲା । ଏହି ଦିନରେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ଅନ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ "୬୭ ମିନିଟ"ର କିଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲା, କାରଣ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ନିଜ ଜୀବନକାଳର ୬୭ ବର୍ଷ ଅଣ-ଅପାର୍ଥିଡ଼ ସଂଗ୍ରାମ କରିବାରେ କାଟି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକାରୁ "ପ୍ରେସିଡ଼େନସିଆଲ ମେଡ଼ାଲ ଅଫ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ"<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, "ଅର୍ଡ଼ର ଅଫ କାନାଡ଼ା"<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ଓ ପ୍ରଥମ ଜୀବିତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଭାବେ "କାନାଡ଼ାର ସମ୍ମାନୀୟ ନାଗରିକତ୍ୱ" ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ପାଇଛନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସୋଭିଏତ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରସଂଘ ତରଫରୁ ଶେଷ "ଲେନିନ ଶାନ୍ତି ପୁରସ୍କାର"<sup id="cite_ref-CT12_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT12-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ମାନବ ଅଧିକାର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଥମ "ଅଲ-ଗଦ୍ଦାଫି ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ପ୍ରାଇଜ ଫର ହ୍ୟୁମାନ ରାଇଟ୍ସ"<sup id="cite_ref-TimeGadafiPrize_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeGadafiPrize-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ୧୯୯୦ରେ ଭାରତ ସରକାରଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା "ଭାରତ ରତ୍ନ"<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ୧୯୯୨ରେ ପାକିସ୍ତାନଦ୍ୱାରା "ନିସାନ-ଏ-ପାକିସ୍ତାନ"<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଆଦି ପୁରସ୍କାରରେ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ସମ୍ବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । ୧୯୯୨ରେ ତୁର୍କୀଦ୍ୱାରା "ଅତାତୁର୍କ ଶାନ୍ତି ପୁରସ୍କାର" ପାଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେହି ସମୟରେ ତୁର୍କୀ ମାନବ ଅଧିକାର ଉଲ୍ଲଙ୍ଗନ କରିଥିବା କାରଣ ଦର୍ଶାଇ ପୁରସ୍କାର ଗ୍ରହଣ କରି ନଥିଲେ;<sup id="cite_ref-ataturk_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataturk-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ୧୯୯୯ରେ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-CT12_351-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CT12-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏଲିଜାବେଥ-୨ଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ମଣ୍ଡେଲା "ବୈଲିଫ ଗ୍ରାଣ୍ଡ କ୍ରସ ଅଫ ଦି ଅର୍ଡ଼ର ଅଫ ସେଣ୍ଟ ଜନ" ଓ "ଅର୍ଡ଼ର ଅଫ ମେରିଟ" ପାଇଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="କଳାକାରଙ୍କ_ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି"><span id=".E0.AC.95.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.99.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.B6.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.9E.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.BF"></span>କଳାକାରଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=35" title="କଳାକାରଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ଅନେକ କଳକାର ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ବହୁ ସଂଗୀତ ଉତ୍ସର୍ଗ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସବୁଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଜନପ୍ରିୟ ଥିଲା ୧୯୮୩ରେ "ଦି ସ୍ପେସିଆଲ ଆକା"ଦ୍ୱାରା ରେକର୍ଡ଼ ହୋଇଥିବା "ଫ୍ରି ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" । ୧୯୮୫ରେ ଓସ୍କାର ପୁରସ୍କାର ପାଇଥିବା ଗୀତ "ଆଇ ଜଷ୍ଟ କଲଡ ଟୁ ସେ ଆଇ ଲଭ ୟୁ"କୁ ଷ୍ଟିଭି ୱଣ୍ଡର ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ଉତ୍ସର୍ଗୀକୃତ କରିଦେଇଥିବାରୁ "ସାଉଥ ଆଫ୍ରିକାନ ବ୍ରୋଡ଼କାଷ୍ଟିଙ୍ଗ କର୍ପୋରେସନ" ୱଣ୍ଡରଙ୍କ ସଙ୍ଗୀତକୁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ନିଷିଦ୍ଧ ଘୋଷଣା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-wonder_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wonder-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୧୯୮୫ରେ ସେନେଗାଲର କଳାକାର "ୟୁସୌ ନ’ଦୌର"ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଥମ ଆମେରୀୟ ଆଲବମ "ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" ଥିଲା । ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କୁ ସମ୍ମାନ ଜଣାଇ ଗୀତ ବା ଭିଡ଼ିଓ ସଂଗୀତ କରିଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟ କଳାକାରମାନେ ହେଲେ - "ଜନି କ୍ଲେଗ",<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ହ୍ୟୁଗ ମାସେକେଲା",<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ବ୍ରେଣ୍ଡା ଫାସି",<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ବିୟଣ୍ଡ",<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ନିକେଲବ୍ୟାକ",<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "ରଫି",<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏବଂ "ଆମ୍ପି ଡୁ ପ୍ରିଜ" ଓ "ଆବ୍ରାହମ ଡି ଭିଲିଅର୍ସ" ।<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର_ଓ_ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ"><span id=".E0.AC.9A.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.9A.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9A.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.82.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A6.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B6.E0.AC.A8"></span>ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର ଓ ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=36" title="ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର ଓ ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଦୂରଦର୍ଶନ ଓ ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଅନେକ ଥର ଚିତ୍ରିତ ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । ୧୯୯୭ରେ "ସିଡ଼ନୀ ପୋଏଟିଅର" ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଭୂମିକାରେ "ମଣ୍ଡେଲା ଏଣ୍ଡ ଦେ କ୍ଲାର୍କ" ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଅଭିନୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେହିପରି ୨୦୦୭ରେ ନିର୍ମିତ ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର "ଗୁଡ଼ବାୟ ବାଫାନା"ରେ "ଡେନିସ ହେସବର୍ଟ" ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଭୂମିକା କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୨୦୦୯ରେ ବି.ବି.ସି. ଟେଲିଭିଜନ ସଂସ୍ଥାଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରଯୋଜିତ "ମିସେସ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା" କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମରେ "ଡାଭିଡ଼ ହେୟାରଉଡ଼"<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏବଂ ୨୦୦୯ରେ "ଇନଭିକ୍ଟସ" ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ରରେ " <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମୋର୍ଗାନ ଫ୍ରିମ୍ୟାନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମୋର୍ଗାନ ଫ୍ରିମ୍ୟାନ</a> " ମଣ୍ଡେଲାଙ୍କ ଚରିତ୍ରାଭିନୟ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଆଧାର"><span id=".E0.AC.86.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0"></span>ଆଧାର</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=37" title="ଆଧାର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mandela_3_Smith_17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mandela_3_Smith_17_1-0">୧.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mandela_3_Smith_17_1-1">୧.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiloineau_23_Mafela-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guiloineau_23_Mafela_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiloineau2002">Guiloineau 2002</a>, p. 23<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuiloineau2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:Harv and Sfn template errors (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFMafela2008">Mafela 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiloineau_26_Mafela-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guiloineau_26_Mafela_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiloineau2002">Guiloineau 2002</a>, p. 26<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuiloineau2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:Harv and Sfn template errors (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFMafela2008">Mafela 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_19-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_19_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 8–9; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandela_17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandela_17_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 7–8; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 16, 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandela_19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandela_19_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandela_15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandela_15_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 18–19; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 5, 7; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 20; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 8, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 22–25; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 7–9; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 31–34; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 36–42; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 45–47; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 48–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 53–54; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 18–21; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 62–65; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 21, 25; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 70–71; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 78–86; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 73–76; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 27–28; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 89–94; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 29–30; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 96–101; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 104–105; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 32–33; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 43, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 122–123; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 99, 108–110; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 113–116; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 118–119; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 116–117, 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 122, 126–27; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 127–131; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 34–35; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 136; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 137–139; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 38–39; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 142–143; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 139–143; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 39–41; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 52–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandela144-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mandela144_51-0">୫୧.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mandela144_51-1">୫୧.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 144, 148–149; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 149, 152; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 60–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 150, 210; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 151; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 153–154; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 154–157; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 49; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 159–162; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 51–52; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 162–165; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 53–55; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 165–167; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 176; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 63–64; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 177–172; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 170; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 182–183; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 66–67; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 77, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 183–188; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 188–192; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 194–195; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 72–73; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 195–198; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 71–72; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 199–200, 204; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 73; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 205–207, 231; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 81–82, 84–85; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 209–210; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 210–216; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 77–80; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 87–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 293–294; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 76–77; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 95–99, 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 218–233, 234–236; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 82–84; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 120–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 226–227; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 243–249; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 87–95; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 118–120, 125–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 253–274; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 96–99; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 130–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 275; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandela296-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mandela296_83-0">୮୩.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mandela296_83-1">୮୩.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 110; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 99–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 306–311; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 110–113; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 104, 132–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 283–292; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 103–106; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 299–305; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 331–334; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 122–123; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 327–330; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 117–122; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 171–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 342–346; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 173–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 347–357; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 132–133; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 357–364; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 134–135; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 373–374; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 140–143; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 377–380; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 283–287; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 144–146, 154; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 186–188, 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 289–291; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 147–149; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 393–396; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 150–151; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 206–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 397–398; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 151–154; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 209–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 397–409; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 154–156; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 191, 222–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 413–415; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 158–159; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 239–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 418–425; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 160–162; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 251–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 427–432; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 163–165; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 432–440; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 165–167; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 256–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 441–443; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 167–169; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 259–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 443–445; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 169–170; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 435–435; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 170–172; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 456–459; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 463–465; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, pp. 468–482; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 27–32; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 183–186; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 292–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 33–42; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 186–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 42–57; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 190–194; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 300–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 194–195; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 63–68; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 196–197; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 75–78; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 79–80; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 82–84, 108–116; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 206–207; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 281–283, 290–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 205, 258; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 102–108; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela2004">Mandela 2004</a>, pp. 83, 90, 136–138; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 284, 296–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 210–214; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 236–241, 288–294; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 292–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 232; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 301, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 229; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 295, 299–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 301–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 241; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 246–247; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 248–254, 302; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 287–288, 304–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 222, 235; <a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 242–243; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 259–276; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 324–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 277–283; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r485312">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410085706/http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html">"List of the Recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award"</a>. ICCR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrindia.net/jnawardlist.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+the+Recipients+of+the+Jawaharlal+Nehru+Award&rft.pub=ICCR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccrindia.net%2Fjnawardlist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFReddy1988" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, ES (July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926122729/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=43">"Free Nelson Mandela – an account of the Campaign to Free Nelson Mandela and all other Political Prisoners in South Africa"</a>. ANC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=43">the original</a> on 26 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>In August 1981, the City of Glasgow awarded the Freedom of the City to Nelson Mandela.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Nelson+Mandela+%E2%80%93+an+account+of+the+Campaign+to+Free+Nelson+Mandela+and+all+other+Political+Prisoners+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=ANC&rft.date=1988-07&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=ES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 319–320; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 324–325; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 324–325; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 326; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 335–336; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 341–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 338–342; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 249–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 330–332; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 351–352; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-90/jabulani.html">"Mandela's response to being offered freedom"</a>. ANC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622004124/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-90/jabulani.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela%27s+response+to+being+offered+freedom&rft.pub=ANC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fancdocs%2Fhistory%2Fmandela%2F64-90%2Fjabulani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 343–345; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 347–355; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 359–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 363–378; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 362–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 368; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum" class="citation web cs1">Ketchum, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/awards/wembley88.html">"The Mandela Concert, Wembley 1988"</a>. African National Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709063908/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/awards/wembley88.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mandela+Concert%2C+Wembley+1988&rft.pub=African+National+Congress&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fancdocs%2Fhistory%2Fmandela%2Fawards%2Fwembley88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 373–380; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 371–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 369–370; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 381; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 384–385, 392–393; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_S._Wren1988" class="citation news cs1">Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501172541/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/world/mandela-moved-to-house-at-prison-farm.html">"Mandela Moved to House at Prison Farm"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/world/mandela-moved-to-house-at-prison-farm.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mandela+Moved+to+House+at+Prison+Farm&rft.date=1988-12-08&rft.au=Christopher+S.+Wren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F12%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmandela-moved-to-house-at-prison-farm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 386; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 390–392; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 387–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 392–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 399–402; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 369–397; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217203054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539947.stm">"1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela"</a>. BBC. 11 February 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539947.stm">the original</a> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1990%3A+Freedom+for+Nelson+Mandela&rft.date=1990-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F11%2Fnewsid_2539000%2F2539947.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1990" class="citation news cs1">Burns, John F. (11 February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/world/south-africa-s-new-era-mandela-go-free-today-de-klerk-proclaims-ending-chapter.html">"South Africa's new era; Mandela to go free today; De Klerk proclaims ending of 'chapter' after 27 years"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>ordinary South Africans have not heard his voice in a generation. Until tonight, when the Government released a photograph of him meeting on Friday with Mr. de Klerk, they had not even seen what Mr. Mandela looked like since the last published photograph was taken in a prison garden in 1968.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+new+era%3B+Mandela+to+go+free+today%3B+De+Klerk+proclaims+ending+of+%27chapter%27+after+27+years&rft.date=1990-02-11&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F11%2Fworld%2Fsouth-africa-s-new-era-mandela-go-free-today-de-klerk-proclaims-ending-chapter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1990" class="citation news cs1">Kraft, Scott (11 February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1990-02-11/news/mn-1023_1_south-africa">"S. Africa to Free Black Leader Mandela Today : Apartheid: Activist has been in prison for 27 years. De Klerk's action is the latest step to lure black anti-apartheid leaders to the negotiating table"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>The government also released the first photograph of Mandela in 27 years. It showed a smiling, trim Mandela, dressed in a gray suit, standing beside De Klerk in the presidential offices in Cape Town.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=S.+Africa+to+Free+Black+Leader+Mandela+Today+%3A+Apartheid%3A+Activist+has+been+in+prison+for+27+years.+De+Klerk%27s+action+is+the+latest+step+to+lure+black+anti-apartheid+leaders+to+the+negotiating+table.&rft.date=1990-02-11&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1990-02-11%2Fnews%2Fmn-1023_1_south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fwdeklerk.org/cause_data/images/2137/FW_de_Klerk_&_Nelson_Mandela_-_first_meeting_1990.jpg">"FW de Klerk & Nelson Mandela – first meeting 1990"</a>. FW de Klerk Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FW+de+Klerk+%26+Nelson+Mandela+%E2%80%93+first+meeting+1990&rft.pub=FW+de+Klerk+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fwdeklerk.org%2Fcause_data%2Fimages%2F2137%2FFW_de_Klerk_%26_Nelson_Mandela_-_first_meeting_1990.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Link_rot" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 407; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 399–402; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFOrmond1990" class="citation news cs1">Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011162025/http://century.guardian.co.uk/1990-1999/Story/0,,112389,00.html">"Mandela free after 27 years"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://century.guardian.co.uk/1990-1999/Story/0,,112389,00.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mandela+free+after+27+years&rft.date=1990-02-12&rft.aulast=Ormond&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentury.guardian.co.uk%2F1990-1999%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C112389%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 408–409; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 400–402; The text of Mandela's speech can be found at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1990/release.html">"Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison"</a>. ANC. 11 February 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080728021713/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1990/release.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%27s+address+to+Rally+in+Cape+Town+on+his+Release+from+Prison&rft.pub=ANC&rft.date=1990-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fancdocs%2Fhistory%2Fmandela%2F1990%2Frelease.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 409–410; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 403–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 412–414; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 409–410; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603111011/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/1990/04/16/CR2216/?s">"ITN Source website: "...Mandela onto stage..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Itnsource.com. 16 April 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/1990/04/16/CR2216/?s">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITN+Source+website%3A+%22...Mandela+onto+stage...%22&rft.pub=Itnsource.com&rft.date=1990-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2F%2FITN%2F1990%2F04%2F16%2FCR2216%2F%3Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 415–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 420; ; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 418–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 424–427; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 412–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 428–429; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 429–430; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 439–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 431, 448; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 431, 448; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 429–436, 435–460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 436–442; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 418–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 444; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 425–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 456–459; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 443–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 460; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+Nelson+Mandela+won+the+rugby+World+Cup&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.aulast=Carlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fportal%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fview%3DDETAILS%26grid%3D%26xml%3D%2Fportal%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2Fftmandela119.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 516</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 491, 496, 524; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 517, 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 528–532; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 527, 551–564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 532; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 518–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 514–515; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 520–521; <a href="#CITEREFMuthienKhoseMagubane2000">Muthien, Khose & Magubane 2000</a>, pp. 369–370<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMuthienKhoseMagubane2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:Harv and Sfn template errors (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston62-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Houston62_231-0">୨୩୧.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Houston62_231-1">୨୩୧.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoustonMuthien2000">Houston & Muthien 2000</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 521; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLeatt,_Annie;_Shung-King,_Maylene;_and_Monson,_Jo" class="citation web cs1">Leatt, Annie; Shung-King, Maylene; and Monson, Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719125735/http://www.ci.org.za/depts/ci/pubs/pdf/general/gauge2006/gauge2006_healing.pdf">"Healing inequalities: The free health care policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Childrens Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.org.za/depts/ci/pubs/pdf/general/gauge2006/gauge2006_healing.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healing+inequalities%3A+The+free+health+care+policy&rft.pub=Childrens+Institute&rft.au=Leatt%2C+Annie%3B+Shung-King%2C+Maylene%3B+and+Monson%2C+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.org.za%2Fdepts%2Fci%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fgeneral%2Fgauge2006%2Fgauge2006_healing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbst2003">Herbst 2003</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-234">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126192944/http://www.ngopulse.org/article/land-redistribution-case-land-reform-south-africa">"Land Redistribution: A Case for Land Reform in South Africa"</a>. NGO Pulse. 10 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngopulse.org/article/land-redistribution-case-land-reform-south-africa">the original</a> on 26 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Redistribution%3A+A+Case+for+Land+Reform+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=NGO+Pulse&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngopulse.org%2Farticle%2Fland-redistribution-case-land-reform-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331101705/http://www.nmmu.ac.za/documents/theses/AAFabbriciani.pdf">"Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmmu.ac.za/documents/theses/AAFabbriciani.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Reform+Policies+in+South+Africa+Compare+To+Human+Rights+Internationally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmmu.ac.za%2Fdocuments%2Ftheses%2FAAFabbriciani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530231428/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a3-96.htm">"No. 3 of 1996: Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996"</a>. South African Government Online. 22 March 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a3-96.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+3+of+1996%3A+Land+Reform+%28Labour+Tenants%29+Act%2C+1996&rft.pub=South+African+Government+Online&rft.date=1996-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fgazette%2Facts%2F1996%2Fa3-96.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_236-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811104310/http://www.commerce.uct.ac.za/Research_Units/dpru/WorkingPapers/PDF_Files/wp34.pdf">"Faculty of Commerce at the University of Cape Town"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commerce.uct.ac.za. 25 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commerce.uct.ac.za/Research_Units/dpru/WorkingPapers/PDF_Files/wp34.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+of+Commerce+at+the+University+of+Cape+Town&rft.pub=Commerce.uct.ac.za&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.uct.ac.za%2FResearch_Units%2Fdpru%2FWorkingPapers%2FPDF_Files%2Fwp34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-0">୨୩୭.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-1">୨୩୭.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_237-2">୨୩୭.୨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430222606/http://cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=2248">"Why workers should vote ANC"</a>. Cosatu.org.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=2248">the original</a> on 30 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+workers+should+vote+ANC&rft.pub=Cosatu.org.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosatu.org.za%2Fshow.php%3FID%3D2248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 571–573; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2003" class="citation news cs1">Sampson, Anthony (6 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122215353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jul/06/nelsonmandela.southafrica">"Mandela at 85"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jul/06/nelsonmandela.southafrica">the original</a> on 22 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Mandela+at+85&rft.date=2003-07-06&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2003%2Fjul%2F06%2Fnelsonmandela.southafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_news" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Text "Anthony Sampson" ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#text_ignored" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309044409/http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print">"Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?"</a>. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center. 9 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print">the original</a> on 9 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Mandela%27s+AIDS+Message+Pierce+the+Walls+of+Shame%3F&rft.pub=Peninsula+Peace+and+Justice+Center&rft.date=2005-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeaceandjustice.org%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20050109125126110%26mode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFQuist-Arcton2003" class="citation news cs1">Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea (19 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604143431/http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html">"South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85"</a>. <i>AllAfrica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+Mandela+Deluged+With+Tributes+as+He+Turns+85&rft.date=2003-07-19&rft.aulast=Quist-Arcton&rft.aufirst=Ofeibea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200307190001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-239">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 510, 565–68; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 510; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 544–547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 561–567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-242">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 556–557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-244">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 558–559;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFThai,_Bethuel1998" class="citation web cs1">Thai, Bethuel (4 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616082958/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html">"Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months"</a>. Lesotho News Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesotho+to+hold+re-elections+within+15+to+18+months&rft.pub=Lesotho+News+Online&rft.date=1998-10-04&rft.au=Thai%2C+Bethuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2FNewsletters%2Flsno8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-246">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 560–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-249">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 562–563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-251">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 563–564; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210004148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm">"Analysis: Lockerbie's long road"</a>. BBC. 31 January 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm">the original</a> on 10 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Lockerbie%27s+long+road&rft.date=2001-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2F1144147.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-252">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuthienKhoseMagubane2000">Muthien, Khose & Magubane 2000</a>, p. 366<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMuthienKhoseMagubane2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:Harv and Sfn template errors (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-253">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 534; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 529–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-254">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-255">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-256">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 537–543; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 549–551; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-258">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 551–552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-259">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-260">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 587–588; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-261">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 588–589; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-262">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 590–591; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 584–586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-263">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224235408/http://garyplayer.com/news/news_detail/nelson_mandela_invitational_tees_off/">"Nelson Mandela Invitational Tees Off"</a>. GaryPlayer.com. 14 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garyplayer.com/news/news_detail/nelson_mandela_invitational_tees_off/">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+Invitational+Tees+Off&rft.pub=GaryPlayer.com&rft.date=2003-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaryplayer.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_detail%2Fnelson_mandela_invitational_tees_off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-264">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 598; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407193420/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm">"Mandela 'responding well to treatment'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 15 August 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm">the original</a> on 7 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+%27responding+well+to+treatment%27&rft.date=2001-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1492865.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-265">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 589–590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-266">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Tebas2000" class="citation web cs1">Pablo Tebas (13 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508133609/http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html">"Closing Ceremony"</a>. The Body. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebody.com/content/art16140.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Closing+Ceremony&rft.pub=The+Body&rft.date=2000-07-13&rft.au=Pablo+Tebas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebody.com%2Fcontent%2Fart16140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-267">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725133716/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/aids2004/kffsyndication.asp?show=portal_071504.html">"XV International AIDS Conference – Daily Coverage"</a>. Kaisernetwork. 15 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaisernetwork.org/aids2004/kffsyndication.asp?show=portal_071504.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XV+International+AIDS+Conference+%E2%80%93+Daily+Coverage&rft.pub=Kaisernetwork&rft.date=2004-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaisernetwork.org%2Faids2004%2Fkffsyndication.asp%3Fshow%3Dportal_071504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-268">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Weir2003" class="citation news cs1">Keith Weir (13 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016044058/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html">"Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq"</a>. Derechos.org. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/iraq/doc/mandela1.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Equipo+Nizkor+%E2%80%93+Mandela+slams+Western+action+in+Kosovo%2C+Iraq&rft.date=2003-04-13&rft.au=Keith+Weir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechos.org%2Fnizkor%2Firaq%2Fdoc%2Fmandela1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-269">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 591–592; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFPienaar2002" class="citation news cs1">Pienaar, John (1 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103130838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2228971.stm">"Mandela warns Bush over Iraq"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2228971.stm">the original</a> on 3 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+warns+Bush+over+Iraq&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.aulast=Pienaar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F2228971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2003" class="citation news cs1">Cornwell, Rupert (31 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20130411022110/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1736438.html">"Mandela lambastes 'arrogant' Bush over Iraq"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1736438.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mandela+lambastes+%27arrogant%27+Bush+over+Iraq&rft.date=2003-01-31&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1736438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFFenton,_Tom2003" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Tom (30 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514233553/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml">"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq"</a>. CBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+Slams+Bush+on+Iraq&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2003%2F01%2F30%2Firaq%2Fmain538607.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-270">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-271">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 598; ; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 593; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122341/http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm">"I'll call you"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. 2 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27ll+call+you&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fmandela%2Fmandela-retirement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-272">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_273-0">୨୭୩.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_273-1">୨୭୩.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2005" class="citation news cs1">Keyes, Allison (May 17, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225025/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4654914">"Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4654914">the original</a> on December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Mandela%2C+Bush+Discuss+Education%2C+AIDS+in+Africa&rft.date=2005-05-17&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4654914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_news" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_274-0">୨୭୪.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_274-1">୨୭୪.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFHennessey2013" class="citation news cs1">Hennessey, Kathleen (June 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626044759/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-mandela-20130625,0,6170889,full.story">"The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-mandela-20130625,0,6170889,full.story">the original</a> on June 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Obama-Mandela+dynamic%2C+reflected+in+a+photo&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-obama-mandela-20130625%2C0%2C6170889%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_news" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-275">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-276">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 600; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626231204/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050/">"Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. 20 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050">the original</a> on 26 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+joins+%27Elders%27+on+turning+89&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F19836050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008024302/http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/theelders.htm">"Mandela launches The Elders"</a>. SAinfo. 19 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/theelders.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela+launches+The+Elders&rft.pub=SAinfo&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fmandela%2Ftheelders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOXNews-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOXNews_277-0">୨୭୭.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOXNews_277-1">୨୭୭.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119002218/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,385561,00.html">"Nelson Mandela Celebrates 90th Birthday by Urging Rich to Help Poor"</a>. Fox News Channel. 18 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,385561,00.html">the original</a> on 19 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+Celebrates+90th+Birthday+by+Urging+Rich+to+Help+Poor&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C385561%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-278">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2008" class="citation news cs1">Bingham, John (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224021018/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hyde-park-concert-to-mark--mandelas-90th-821776.html">"Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London: Independent Print Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hyde-park-concert-to-mark--mandelas-90th-821776.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hyde+Park+concert+to+mark+Mandela%27s+90th&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fhyde-park-concert-to-mark--mandelas-90th-821776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-279">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, pp. 594–597; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-280">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 600; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2010" class="citation news cs1">Batty, David (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724041644/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/11/nelson-mandela-world-cup-final">"Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/11/nelson-mandela-world-cup-final">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+attends+World+Cup+closing+ceremony&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F11%2Fnelson-mandela-world-cup-final&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-281">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/africa/messy-legal-fight-over-mandela-trust-goes-public.html?_r=0">[୧]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-282">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith_in_Johannesburg" class="citation web cs1">David Smith in Johannesburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/03/south-african-courts-mandela-burial">"South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row"</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+courts+step+in+over+Mandela+family+burial+row&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.au=David+Smith+in+Johannesburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjul%2F03%2Fsouth-african-courts-mandela-burial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-283">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMoreton" class="citation web cs1">Moreton, Cole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10155807/Nelson-Mandelas-grandson-Mandla-accused-of-grave-tampering.html">"Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%27s+grandson+Mandla+accused+of+grave+tampering&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft.aulast=Moreton&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnelson-mandela%2F10155807%2FNelson-Mandelas-grandson-Mandla-accused-of-grave-tampering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-284">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJuly_4_2013_at_09:40am_By_Henriette_Geldenhuys" class="citation web cs1">July 4 2013 at 09:40am By Henriette Geldenhuys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/affidavit-points-out-mandla-s-master-plan-1.1541835">"Affidavit points out Mandla's 'master plan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. IOL.co.za<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affidavit+points+out+Mandla%27s+%27master+plan%27&rft.pub=IOL.co.za&rft.au=July+4+2013+at+09%3A40am+By+Henriette+Geldenhuys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fcrime-courts%2Faffidavit-points-out-mandla-s-master-plan-1.1541835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-285">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 607; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724072550/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Nelson-Mandela-breathing-on-his-own-20110128">"Nelson Mandela 'breathing on his own'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. News 24. 18 January. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Nelson-Mandela-breathing-on-his-own-20110128">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 January</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+%27breathing+on+his+own%27&rft.pub=News+24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2FNelson-Mandela-breathing-on-his-own-20110128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-286">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Gambrell2012" class="citation news cs1">Jon Gambrell (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212042724/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/11/nelson-mandela-in-hospital_n_2276365.html">"Mandela Has Lung Infection, South African Officials Say"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/11/nelson-mandela-in-hospital_n_2276365.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Mandela+Has+Lung+Infection%2C+South+African+Officials+Say&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.au=Jon+Gambrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fnelson-mandela-in-hospital_n_2276365.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501200639/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/world/africa/mandela-has-surgery-to-remove-gallstones.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0">"Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/world/africa/mandela-has-surgery-to-remove-gallstones.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mandela+Has+Surgery+for+Gallstones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F16%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmandela-has-surgery-to-remove-gallstones.html%3Fpartner%3Drss%26emc%3Drss%26smid%3Dtw-nytimes%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-287">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nelson-mandela-94-responding-positively-to-treatment-in-hospital-1.1214585">"Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital | CTV News"</a>. Ctvnews.ca. 2013-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%2C+94%2C+responding+positively+to+treatment+in+hospital+%26%23124%3B+CTV+News&rft.pub=Ctvnews.ca&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Fnelson-mandela-94-responding-positively-to-treatment-in-hospital-1.1214585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-288">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/9976102/Nelson-Mandela-arrives-home-in-ambulance.html">"Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance"</a>. The Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+arrives+home+in+ambulance&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnelson-mandela%2F9976102%2FNelson-Mandela-arrives-home-in-ambulance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-289">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/08/world/africa/south-africa-mandela-sick/index.html">"Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition"</a>. CNN. 8 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+hospitalized+in+serious+condition&rft.date=2013-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F06%2F08%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africa-mandela-sick%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-290">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22851404">"Nelson Mandela still in 'serious, but stable condition'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+still+in+%27serious%2C+but+stable+condition%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-22851404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-23-06-13-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-23-06-13_291-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2013" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan (23 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/africa/mandelas-condition-now-said-to-be-critical.html?hp&_r=0">"Mandela's Condition Now Said to Be 'Critical'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mandela%E2%80%99s+Condition+Now+Said+to+Be+%27Critical%27&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F24%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmandelas-condition-now-said-to-be-critical.html%3Fhp%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-292">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57590542/nelson-mandela-unresponsive-family-discussing-options/">"Mandela's ambulance broke down, stranding him for 40 minutes"</a>. CBS News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela%27s+ambulance+broke+down%2C+stranding+him+for+40+minutes&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-18563_162-57590542%2Fnelson-mandela-unresponsive-family-discussing-options%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-293">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57589496/mandelas-former-bodyguard-set-him-free/">"Mandela's former bodyguard: 'Set him free'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Mandela%27s+former+bodyguard%3A+%27Set+him+free%27&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-18563_162-57589496%2Fmandelas-former-bodyguard-set-him-free%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-294">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/1107304/nelson-mandelas-condition-becomes-critical">"Nelson Mandela's Condition Becomes Critical"</a>. Sky News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%27s+Condition+Becomes+Critical&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F1107304%2Fnelson-mandelas-condition-becomes-critical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-295">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKarimiNorgaard2013" class="citation news cs1">Karimi, Faith; Norgaard, Kim (June 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/23/world/africa/south-africa-mandela/index.html">"Nelson Mandela in critical condition, South Africa's presidency says"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+in+critical+condition%2C+South+Africa%27s+presidency+says&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft.au=Norgaard%2C+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F06%2F23%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africa-mandela%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-296">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/06/201362320023466697.html">"Nelson Mandela in critical condition"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. June 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Nelson+Mandela+in+critical+condition&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2013%2F06%2F201362320023466697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-297">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press" class="citation web cs1">Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-african-presidency-says-condition-of-nelson-mandela-has-become-critical/2013/06/23/b20abd80-dc3f-11e2-a484-7b7f79cd66a1_story.html">"South Africa: Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela's condition has turned critical"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20130624234438/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-african-presidency-says-condition-of-nelson-mandela-has-become-critical/2013/06/23/b20abd80-dc3f-11e2-a484-7b7f79cd66a1_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Anti-apartheid+leader+Nelson+Mandela%E2%80%99s+condition+has+turned+critical&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-african-presidency-says-condition-of-nelson-mandela-has-become-critical%2F2013%2F06%2F23%2Fb20abd80-dc3f-11e2-a484-7b7f79cd66a1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-298">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFBy_AFP_10:07AM_BST_26_Jun_20132013" class="citation web cs1">By AFP 10:07AM BST 26 Jun 2013 (2013-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10142863/Nelson-Mandela-wished-a-peaceful-end.html">"Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela+wished+a+%27peaceful+end%27+by+Cape+Town+Archbishop&rft.pub=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=By+AFP+10%3A07AM+BST+26+Jun+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnelson-mandela%2F10142863%2FNelson-Mandela-wished-a-peaceful-end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-299">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-african-archbishop-prays-mandela-19492488#.UctqWju1HxA">"Zuma Cancels Trip Amid Mandela Worry"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zuma+Cancels+Trip+Amid+Mandela+Worry&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fsouth-african-archbishop-prays-mandela-19492488%23.UctqWju1HxA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-300">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/06/26/Report-Nelson-Mandela-on-life-support/UPI-68601372248016/">"Report: Nelson Mandela on life support"</a>. UPI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Nelson+Mandela+on+life+support&rft.pub=UPI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2013%2F06%2F26%2FReport-Nelson-Mandela-on-life-support%2FUPI-68601372248016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-301">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707110827/http://www.news.com.au/world-news/mandela-family-in-bizarre-meltdown/story-fndir2ev-1226674584690">"Nelson Mandela 'in permanent vegetative state'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. news.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world-news/mandela-family-in-bizarre-meltdown/story-fndir2ev-1226674584690">the original</a> on 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+%27in+permanent+vegetative+state%27&rft.pub=news.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fworld-news%2Fmandela-family-in-bizarre-meltdown%2Fstory-fndir2ev-1226674584690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-302">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10160715/Report-Nelson-Mandela-is-in-vegetative-state-and-life-support-should-be-switched-off-say-doctors.html">"Nelson Mandela is in 'vegetative state' and life support 'should be switched off', say doctors"</a>. The Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+is+in+%27vegetative+state%27+and+life+support+%27should+be+switched+off%27%2C+say+doctors&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnelson-mandela%2F10160715%2FReport-Nelson-Mandela-is-in-vegetative-state-and-life-support-should-be-switched-off-say-doctors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-303">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2013" class="citation web cs1">Laing, Aislinn (2013-05-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/10161230/Nelson-Mandelas-doctors-deny-he-was-in-permanent-vegetative-state.html">"Nelson Mandela's doctors deny he was in 'permanent vegetative state'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%27s+doctors+deny+he+was+in+%27permanent+vegetative+state%27&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Aislinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnelson-mandela%2F10161230%2FNelson-Mandelas-doctors-deny-he-was-in-permanent-vegetative-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-304">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711052945/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=15682">"Clarification on the health of former President Mandela"</a>. The Presidency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=15682">the original</a> on 2013-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarification+on+the+health+of+former+President+Mandela&rft.pub=The+Presidency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepresidency.gov.za%2Fpebble.asp%3Frelid%3D15682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-305">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-306">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 411, 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-307">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, pp. 482–483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-308">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 431, 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-309">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 431, 498; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-310">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 599</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-311">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 432, 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-312">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 582–583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-313">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 37, 584; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-314">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-315">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-316">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 605</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-317">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalumba1995">Kalumba 1995</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-318">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-319">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-320">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandela1994">Mandela 1994</a>, p. 365; <a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 135–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-321">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-322">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalumba1995">Kalumba 1995</a>, pp. 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-323">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, pp. 433–435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-324">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_York2013" class="citation web cs1">Geoffrey York (2013-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/south-africans-express-disgust-as-mandela-family-members-cash-in-on-icons-name/article11299841/?service=mobile">"South Africans express disgust as Mandela family members cash in on icon's name"</a>. The Globe and Mail<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africans+express+disgust+as+Mandela+family+members+cash+in+on+icon%E2%80%99s+name&rft.pub=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.au=Geoffrey+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsouth-africans-express-disgust-as-mandela-family-members-cash-in-on-icons-name%2Farticle11299841%2F%3Fservice%3Dmobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-325">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Jeter1999" class="citation web cs1">Jon Jeter (17 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/mhpdH">"In S. Africa, a President Replaces an Icon; Mbeki Takes Over From Mandela, Nation's 'Saintly Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.  – via HighBeam Research <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span> . Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-590332.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+S.+Africa%2C+a+President+Replaces+an+Icon%3B+Mbeki+Takes+Over+From+Mandela%2C+Nation%27s+%27Saintly+Man%27&rft.date=1999-06-17&rft.au=Jon+Jeter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-590332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-326">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson2011">Sampson 2011</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 147; <a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-327">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024136/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_General&set_id=1&click_id=139&art_id=qw1084030021347B211">"Madiba bids final farewell to his first wife"</a>. <i>Independent Online (South Africa)</i>. 8 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_General&set_id=1&click_id=139&art_id=qw1084030021347B211">the original</a> on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online+%28South+Africa%29&rft.atitle=Madiba+bids+final+farewell+to+his+first+wife&rft.date=2004-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Ffrom%3Drss_General%26set_id%3D1%26click_id%3D139%26art_id%3Dqw1084030021347B211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_web" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Text "Independent Online" ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#text_ignored" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-328">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Quinn2007" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Quinn (16 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/04/16/us-safrica-mandela-idUSL168565220070416">"Mandela's grandson becomes tribal chief, political heir"</a>. Reuters  – via HighBeam Research <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela%27s+grandson+becomes+tribal+chief%2C+political+heir&rft.pub=Reuters+%E2%80%93+via+HighBeam+Research+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3E+Category%3ASubscription+required+using+viaCategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.au=Andrew+Quinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2F16%2Fus-safrica-mandela-idUSL168565220070416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANCWinnie-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ANCWinnie_329-0">୩୨୯.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ANCWinnie_329-1">୩୨୯.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela_nw.html">"Winnie Mandela"</a>. ANC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722092427/http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela_nw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winnie+Mandela&rft.pub=ANC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-330">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/svyl">"Nelson and Winnie Mandela divorce; Winnie fails to win $5 million settlement"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. 8 April 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18170308.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Nelson+and+Winnie+Mandela+divorce%3B+Winnie+fails+to+win+%245+million+settlement&rft.date=1996-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-18170308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-331">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.wgbh.org/ton/programs/5069_01.html">"Swaziland prince and princess attend Boston University"</a>. WGBH Boston. 13 May 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swaziland+prince+and+princess+attend+Boston+University&rft.pub=WGBH+Boston&rft.date=1987-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.wgbh.org%2Fton%2Fprograms%2F5069_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-burke_332-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Burke's Peerage</i>. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1980. pp. 217–218, 271, 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-85011-029-7" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-85011-029-7"><bdi>0-85011-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=217-218%2C+271%2C+320&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85011-029-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Text "Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II" ignored (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#text_ignored" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-333">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624033751/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1353217.html">"Daddy Stayed in Jail. That Was His Job'; Zenani Mandela's Life Without Father"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 8 November 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1353217.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Daddy+Stayed+in+Jail.+That+Was+His+Job%27%3B+Zenani+Mandela%27s+Life+Without+Father&rft.date=1987-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1353217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-334">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805081557/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18703172">"Mandela daughter Zenani appointed Argentina ambassador"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18703172">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+daughter+Zenani+appointed+Argentina+ambassador&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-18703172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-335">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9807/18/mandela.wedding.02/">"Mandela gets married on 80th birthday"</a>. CNN. 18 July 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614111828/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9807/18/mandela.wedding.02/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+gets+married+on+80th+birthday&rft.date=1998-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F9807%2F18%2Fmandela.wedding.02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCD-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBCD_336-0">୩୩୬.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBCD_336-1">୩୩୬.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25249520">"South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg"</a>. BBC News. December 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+Nelson+Mandela+dies+in+Johannesburg&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-25249520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-337">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFPolgreen,_Lydia2013" class="citation news cs1">Polgreen, Lydia (5 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela.html?_r=0">"Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela%E2%80%99s+Death+Leaves+South+Africa+Without+Its+Moral+Center&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.au=Polgreen%2C+Lydia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnelson-mandela.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-338">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409004834/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22052593">"Nelson Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital"</a>. BBC News. 6 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22052593">the original</a> on 9 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+discharged+from+South+Africa+hospital&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-22052593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-339">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Smith2013" class="citation web cs1">David Smith (30 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407171724/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/31/nelson-mandela-what-follows">"South Africans pray for Nelson Mandela, but dismiss fears his death will mean chaos"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/31/nelson-mandela-what-follows">the original</a> on 7 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=South+Africans+pray+for+Nelson+Mandela%2C+but+dismiss+fears+his+death+will+mean+chaos&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F31%2Fnelson-mandela-what-follows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-340">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129090757/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20839504">"Nelson Mandela to spend Christmas in S Africa hospital"</a>. BBC News. 24 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20839504">the original</a> on 29 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela+to+spend+Christmas+in+S+Africa+hospital&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-20839504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-341">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeredith2010">Meredith 2010</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-342">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFFairbanks,_Eve2009" class="citation web cs1">Fairbanks, Eve (26 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513100409/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/27/father-disfigure.html">"Father Disfigure"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/08/27/father-disfigure.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Father+Disfigure&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft.au=Fairbanks%2C+Eve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2009%2F08%2F27%2Ffather-disfigure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-343">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621081749/http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2004/nz0727.html">"Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg"</a>. Gauteng Provincial Government. 27 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2004/nz0727.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madiba+conferred+freedom+of+Johannesburg&rft.pub=Gauteng+Provincial+Government&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpg.gov.za%2Fdocs%2Fnz%2F2004%2Fnz0727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-344">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20130103054447/http://www.highbeam.com/Search?searchTerm=S.+Africa+renames+Sandton+Square+as+Nelson+Mandela+Square&searchType=Article&currentPage=0&orderBy=">"S. Africa renames Sandton Square as Nelson Mandela Square"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. 31 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16564833.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S.+Africa+renames+Sandton+Square+as+Nelson+Mandela+Square&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-16564833.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-345">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFStern2008" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Jennifer (27 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101204059/http://mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=703:mandelastatue270808&catid=42:land_news&Itemid=110">"Long walk immortalised in bronze"</a>. Media Club South Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=703:mandelastatue270808&catid=42:land_news&Itemid=110">the original</a> on 1 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+walk+immortalised+in+bronze&rft.pub=Media+Club+South+Africa&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaclubsouthafrica.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D703%3Amandelastatue270808%26catid%3D42%3Aland_news%26Itemid%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-346">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225005/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1993"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/">the original</a> on 28 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1993&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1993%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-347">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 601; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022152634/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8353853.stm">"UN gives backing to 'Mandela Day'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 11 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8353853.stm">the original</a> on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+gives+backing+to+%27Mandela+Day%27&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8353853.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-348">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708210927/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/07/20020709-8.html">"President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. The White House. 9 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/07/20020709-8.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Honors+Recipients+of+the+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2002-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2002%2F07%2F20020709-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-349">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502173317/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/southafrica-afriquedusud/eyes_abroad-coupdoeil/NelsonMandelaDJ.aspx?lang=eng&view=d">"Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal"</a>. Government of Canada. 23 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/southafrica-afriquedusud/eyes_abroad-coupdoeil/NelsonMandelaDJ.aspx?lang=eng&view=d">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+presents+Nelson+Mandela+with+the+Queen+Elizabeth+II+Diamond+Jubilee+medal&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadainternational.gc.ca%2Fsouthafrica-afriquedusud%2Feyes_abroad-coupdoeil%2FNelsonMandelaDJ.aspx%3Flang%3Deng%26view%3Dd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-350">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623133504/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2001/11/19/mandela_011119.html">"Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship"</a>. CBC News. 19 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2001/11/19/mandela_011119.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mandela+to+be+honoured+with+Canadian+citizenship&rft.date=2001-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fcanada%2Fstory%2F2001%2F11%2F19%2Fmandela_011119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CT12-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT12_351-0">୩୫୧.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CT12_351-1">୩୫୧.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/YhhNW">"How the awards have just kept flooding in"</a>. <i>The Cape Times</i>.  – via HighBeam Research <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span> . 18 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-296964849.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cape+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+awards+have+just+kept+flooding+in&rft.date=2012-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-296964849.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeGadafiPrize-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TimeGadafiPrize_352-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023111812/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957634,00.html">"Prizes: And the Winner Is..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Time">Time</a>. 08-05-1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957634,00.html">the original</a> on 2012-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24-10-2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prizes%3A+And+the+Winner+Is...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C957634%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_news" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-353">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311165846/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336">"List of all Bharat Ratna award winners"</a>. NDTV. 21 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336">the original</a> on 11 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+all+Bharat+Ratna+award+winners&rft.pub=NDTV&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Flist-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-354">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613022920/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-in-pakistan-1555096.html">"Mandela in Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Independent Print Limited. 3 October 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-in-pakistan-1555096.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mandela+in+Pakistan&rft.date=1992-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmandela-in-pakistan-1555096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ataturk-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ataturk_355-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html">"Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela"</a>. African National Congress. 12 April 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001161737/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+Ataturk+Award+given+to+Nelson+Mandela&rft.pub=African+National+Congress&rft.date=1992-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fancdocs%2Fpr%2F1992%2Fpr0412a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-356">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page1880.asp">"The Order of Merit"</a>. Royal Insight. November 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050105152154/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page1880.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Merit&rft.pub=Royal+Insight&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage1880.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wonder-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wonder_357-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108233137/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260">"Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 27 March 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260">the original</a> on 8 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stevie+Wonder+Music+Banned+in+South+Africa&rft.date=1985-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-358">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDrewettCloonan,_Martin2006" class="citation book cs1">Drewett, Michael; Cloonan, Martin (2006). <i>Popular Music Censorship in Africa</i>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-7546-5291-2" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-7546-5291-2"><bdi>0-7546-5291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+Censorship+in+Africa&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7546-5291-2&rft.aulast=Drewett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cloonan%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-359">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFGuernseySweet,_Jeffrey;_Kronenberger,_Louis2008" class="citation book cs1">Guernsey, Otis L.; Sweet, Jeffrey; Kronenberger, Louis (21 May 2008). <i>The Best Plays</i>. University of Michigan. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/1-55783-040-1" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/1-55783-040-1"><bdi>1-55783-040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Plays&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.isbn=1-55783-040-1&rft.aulast=Guernsey&rft.aufirst=Otis+L.&rft.au=Sweet%2C+Jeffrey%3B+Kronenberger%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-360">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLiz_McGregor2004" class="citation web cs1">Liz McGregor (10 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214053328/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/may/11/guardianobituaries.southafrica">"Brenda Fassie"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/may/11/guardianobituaries.southafrica">the original</a> on 14 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brenda+Fassie&rft.date=2004-05-10&rft.au=Liz+McGregor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fmay%2F11%2Fguardianobituaries.southafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-beyond_361-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Carmen (16 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507022839/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html">"20 Years Ago Today"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=20+Years+Ago+Today&rft.date=2003-06-16&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C501030623-458836%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-362">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLamb" class="citation web cs1">Lamb, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/ifeveryonecared.htm">"Nickelback – If Everyone Cared"</a>. About. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6EQZVYfFl">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nickelback+%E2%80%93+If+Everyone+Cared&rft.pub=About&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop40.about.com%2Fod%2Fsingles%2Fgr%2Fifeveryonecared.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-363">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFTrussell" class="citation web cs1">Trussell, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205002611/http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=nelsonMandela">"Freedom Hero: Nelson Mandela"</a>. The My Hero Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=nelsonMandela">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+Hero%3A+Nelson+Mandela&rft.pub=The+My+Hero+Project&rft.aulast=Trussell&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhero.com%2Fmyhero%2Fhero.asp%3Fhero%3DnelsonMandela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-364">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926090803/http://www.abdevilliersfan.com/wordpress/about/the-music/">"AB de Villiers – The Fan Site"</a>. Abdevilliersfan.com. 2 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abdevilliersfan.com/wordpress/about/the-music/">the original</a> on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AB+de+Villiers+%E2%80%93+The+Fan+Site&rft.pub=Abdevilliersfan.com&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdevilliersfan.com%2Fwordpress%2Fabout%2Fthe-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-365">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKeller" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426235009/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/161621/Mandela-and-de-Klerk/overview">"<i>Mandela and de Klerk</i> (1997)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/161621/Mandela-and-de-Klerk/overview">the original</a> on 26 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mandela+and+de+Klerk+%281997%29&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2F161621%2FMandela-and-de-Klerk%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-366">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426040518/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/389360/The-Color-of-Freedom/overview">"The Color of Freedom (2007)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/389360/The-Color-of-Freedom/overview">the original</a> on 26 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+Freedom+%282007%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2F389360%2FThe-Color-of-Freedom%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-367">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDowell,_Ben2009" class="citation news cs1">Dowell, Ben (11 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316033322/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama">"BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama">the original</a> on 16 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BBC+commissions+Winnie+Mandela+drama&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.au=Dowell%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Fmar%2F11%2Fbbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-368">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattersby2011">Battersby 2011</a>, p. 601; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKeller,_Bill2008" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Bill (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501194340/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/books/review/Keller-t.html?_r=0">"Entering the Scrum"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/books/review/Keller-t.html?_r=0">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Entering+the+Scrum&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Keller%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F17%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FKeller-t.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ସହାୟକ_ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ_ସୂଚୀ"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.B9.E0.AC.BE.E0.AD.9F.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A5_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.82.E0.AC.9A.E0.AD.80"></span>ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସୂଚୀ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=38" title="ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସୂଚୀ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFBattersby2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Battersby, John (2011). "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue". In Anthony Sampson (ed.). <i>Mandela: The Authorised Biography</i>. London: HarperCollins. pp. 587–610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0007437979" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0007437979"><bdi>978-0007437979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterword%3A+Living+Legend%2C+Living+Statue&rft.btitle=Mandela%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=587-610&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0007437979&rft.aulast=Battersby&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_encyclopedia" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFGuiloineauRowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4iKSlwuya1YC&pg=PA9&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Mandiba</i></a>. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. pp. 9–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/1-55643-417-0" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/1-55643-417-0"><bdi>1-55643-417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+Mandela%3A+The+Early+Life+of+Rolihlahla+Mandiba&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=9-26&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55643-417-0&rft.aulast=Guiloineau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iKSlwuya1YC%26pg%3DPA9%26hl%3Den%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbst, Jeffrey (2003). "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality". In Theodore K. Rabb, Ezra N. Suleiman (ed.). <i>The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 206–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0415933810" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0415933810"><bdi>978-0415933810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+South+African+Democracy%3A+Political+Dominance+and+Economic+Inequality&rft.btitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Democracy%3A+Lessons+from+History+and+World+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=206-224&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415933810&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_encyclopedia" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMafela2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008). "The Revelation of African Culture in "Long Walk to Freedom"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Anna Haebich, Frances Peters-Little, Peter Read (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e6318"><i>Indigenous Biography and Autobiography</i></a>. Sydney: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revelation+of+African+Culture+in+%22Long+Walk+to+Freedom%22&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Biography+and+Autobiography&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Humanities+Research+Centre%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mafela&rft.aufirst=Munzhedzi+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Faborig_history%2Findigenous_biog%2Fmobile_devices%2Fch08.html%23d0e6318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_encyclopedia" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonMuthien2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa and Bernard Magubane (ed.). <i>Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999</i>. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 37–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0796919700" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0796919700"><bdi>978-0796919700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+Governance+in+Transition&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Governance+Review%3A+Mandela%27s+Legacy+1994%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=37-68&rft.pub=Human+Sciences+Research+Council+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0796919700&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Muthien%2C+Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_encyclopedia" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKalumba1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer". <i>Journal of Social Philosophy</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 161–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Nelson+Mandela%3A+A+Primer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-171&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kalumba&rft.aufirst=Kibujjo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_journal" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMandela1994" class="citation book cs1">Mandela, Nelson (1994). <i>Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962</i>. Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0754087236" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0754087236"><bdi>978-0754087236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Walk+to+Freedom+Volume+I%3A+1918%E2%80%931962&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0754087236&rft.aulast=Mandela&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMandela2004" class="citation book cs1">Mandela, Nelson (2004) [1994]. <i>Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 </i>(large print edition)<i><span></span></i>. London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0754087243" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0754087243"><bdi>978-0754087243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Walk+to+Freedom+Volume+II%3A+1962%E2%80%931994+%28large+print+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+AudioBooks+and+Time+Warner+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0754087243&rft.aulast=Mandela&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMuthienKhosaMagubane2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa and Bernard Magubane (ed.). <i>Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999</i>. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 361–374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0796919700" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0796919700"><bdi>978-0796919700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+Governance+in+Transition&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Governance+Review%3A+Mandela%27s+Legacy+1994%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=361-374&rft.pub=Human+Sciences+Research+Council+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0796919700&rft.aulast=Muthien&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=Khosa%2C+Meshack&rft.au=Magubane%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_encyclopedia" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2010" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2010). <i>Mandela: A Biography</i>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-1586488321" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-1586488321"><bdi>978-1586488321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandela%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1586488321&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2011" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Anthony (2011) [1999]. <i>Mandela: The Authorised Biography</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0007437979" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0007437979"><bdi>978-0007437979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandela%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0007437979&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David James (2010). <i>Young Mandela</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0297855248" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0297855248"><bdi>978-0297855248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mandela&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0297855248&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8+%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_book" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="ସହଯୋଗ:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ବାହ୍ୟ_ଆଧାର"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B9.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.86.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0"></span>ବାହ୍ୟ ଆଧାର</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&section=39" title="ବାହ୍ୟ ଆଧାର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center"><b>ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</b> ବାବଦରେ ଉଇକିମିଡ଼ିଆର <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Wikimedia sister projects">ସହଯୋଗୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକରୁ</a> ଅଧିକ ଜାଣନ୍ତୁ: </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nelson_Mandela" title="କମନ୍ସରେ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td>କମନ୍ସରେ <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nelson_Mandela" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Nelson Mandela">ଛବି ଓ ମିଡ଼ିଆସବୁ</a> ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://or.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Nelson_Mandela" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td>ଉଇକିସମ୍ବାଦରେ <a href="https://or.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Nelson_Mandela" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Category:Nelson Mandela">ସମ୍ବାଦ ଲେଖାମାନ</a> ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://or.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nelson_Mandela" title="ଉଇକିକଥାରେ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td>ଉଇକିକଥାରୁ <a href="https://or.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nelson_Mandela" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nelson Mandela">ଢଗଢମାଳି ଓ କଥାମାନ</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://or.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Nelson_Mandela" title="ଉଇକିଉତ୍ସରେ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td>ଉଇକିଉତ୍ସରୁ <a href="https://or.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Nelson_Mandela" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Author:Nelson Mandela">ମୂଳାଧାର ଲେଖାମାନ</a><br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelsonmandela.org/">Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmcf.co.za/">Nelson Mandela Children's Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882">Mandela: An Audio History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theelders.org/">The Elders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/international-politics/nelson-mandela-prisoner-president-peacemaker/nelson-mandela-addresses-canadian-parliament.html">CBC Digital Archives – Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandeladay.com/">Nelson Mandela Day – official site</a></li> <li>ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ ମୁଭି ଡାଟାବେସରେ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0541691/">ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r492649">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%A8" title="ସର୍ବପଲ୍ଲୀ ରାଧାକୃଷ୍ଣନ">ସର୍ବପଲ୍ଲୀ ରାଧାକୃଷ୍ଣନ</a> (୧୯୫୪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80" title="ଚକ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ରାଜଗୋପାଳାଚାରୀ">ଚକ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ରାଜଗୋପାଳାଚାରୀ</a> (୧୯୫୪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3" title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ଭେଙ୍କଟ ରମଣ">ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ଭେଙ୍କଟ ରମଣ</a> (୧୯୫୪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ଭଗବାନ ଦାସ">ଭଗବାନ ଦାସ</a> (୧୯୫୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B5%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B5%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ମୋକ୍ଷଗୁଣ୍ଡମ ବିଶ୍ଵେଶ୍ଵରାୟା">ମୋକ୍ଷଗୁଣ୍ଡମ ବିଶ୍ଵେଶ୍ଵରାୟା</a> (୧୯୫୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81" title="ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ">ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ </a> (୧୯୫୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ ବଲ୍ଲଭ ପନ୍ତ">ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ ବଲ୍ଲଭ ପନ୍ତ</a> (୧୯୫୭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87" title="ଧଣ୍ଡୋ କେଶବ କାର୍ଭେ">ଧଣ୍ଡୋ କେଶବ କାର୍ଭେ</a> (୧୯୫୮)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Bharat_Ratna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bharat Ratna"><img alt="Bharat Ratna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bharat_Ratna.jpg/100px-Bharat_Ratna.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bharat_Ratna.jpg/150px-Bharat_Ratna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bharat_Ratna.jpg/200px-Bharat_Ratna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">୧୯୬୧–୧୯୮୦</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F" title="ବିଧାନ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ରାୟ">ବିଧାନ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ରାୟ</a> (୧୯୬୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%A8" title="ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମଦାସ ଟଣ୍ଡନ">ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମଦାସ ଟଣ୍ଡନ</a> (୧୯୬୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ରାଜେନ୍ଦ୍ର ପ୍ରସାଦ">ରାଜେନ୍ଦ୍ର ପ୍ରସାଦ</a> (୧୯୬୨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_(%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E)" title="ଜାକିର ହୁସେନ (ରାଜନୀତିଜ୍ଞ)">ଜାକିର ହୁସେନ</a> (୧୯୬୩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%87" title="ପାଣ୍ଡୁରଙ୍ଗ ବାମନ କାଣେ">ପାଣ୍ଡୁରଙ୍ଗ ବାମନ କାଣେ</a> (୧୯୬୩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80" title="ଲାଲ ବାହାଦୁର ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀ">ଲାଲ ବାହାଦୁର ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀ</a> (୧୯୬୬)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80" title="ଇନ୍ଦିରା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ">ଇନ୍ଦିରା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ</a> (୧୯୭୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF" title="ବରାହଗିରି ଭେଙ୍କଟଗିରି"> ଭି ଭି ଗିରି</a> (୧୯୭୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87._%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C" title="କେ. କାମରାଜ">କେ. କାମରାଜ</a> (୧୯୭୬)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">୧୯୮୧–୨୦୦୦</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ମଦର ଟେରେସା">ମଦର ଟେରେସା</a> (୧୯୮୦)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87" title="ବିନୋବା ଭାବେ">ବିନୋବା ଭାବେ</a> (୧୯୮୩)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%81_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%81" title="ଖାଁ ଅବଦୁଲ ଗଫର ଖାଁ">ଖାଁ ଅବଦୁଲ ଗଫର ଖାଁ</a> (୧୯୮୭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE._%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8" title="ଏମ. ଜି. ରାମଚନ୍ଦ୍ରନ">ଏମ. ଜି. ରାମଚନ୍ଦ୍ରନ</a> (୧୯୯୮)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ଭୀମରାଓ ରାମଜୀ ଆମ୍ବେଦକର">ଭୀମରାଓ ରାମଜୀ ଆମ୍ବେଦକର</a> (୧୯୯୦)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ନେଲସନ ମଣ୍ଡେଲା</a> (୧୯୯୦)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80" title="ରାଜୀବ ଗାନ୍ଧୀ">ରାଜୀବ ଗାନ୍ଧୀ</a> (୧୯୯୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ବଲ୍ଲଭଭାଇ ପଟେଲ">ବଲ୍ଲଭଭାଇ ପଟେଲ</a> (୧୯୯୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87" title="ମୋରାରଜୀ ଦେଶାଇ">ମୋରାରଜୀ ଦେଶାଇ</a> (୧୯୯୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ଆବୁଲ କଲାମ ଆଜାଦ">ଆବୁଲ କଲାମ ଆଜାଦ</a> (୧୯୯୨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87._%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0._%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜେ. ଆର. ଡି. ଟାଟା">ଜେ. ଆର. ଡି. ଟାଟା</a> (୧୯୯୨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F" title="ସତ୍ୟଜିତ ରାୟ">ସତ୍ୟଜିତ ରାୟ</a> (୧୯୯୨)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F.%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF.%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87._%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ଏ.ପି.ଜେ. ଅବଦୁଲ କଲାମ">ଏ.ପି.ଜେ. ଅବଦୁଲ କଲାମ</a> (୧୯୯୭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE" title="ଗୁଲଜାରୀଲାଲ ନନ୍ଦା">ଗୁଲଜାରୀଲାଲ ନନ୍ଦା</a> (୧୯୯୭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80" title="ଅରୁଣା ଆସଫ ଅଲ୍ଲୀ">ଅରୁଣା ଆସଫ ଅଲ୍ଲୀ</a> (୧୯୯୭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE._%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8._%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80" title="ଏମ. ଏସ. ସୁବୁଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ">ଏମ. ଏସ. ସୁବୁଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ</a> (୧୯୯୮)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="ଚିଦାମ୍ବରମ ସୁବ୍ରମଣ୍ୟମ">ଚିଦାମ୍ବରମ ସୁବ୍ରମଣ୍ୟମ</a> (୧୯୯୮)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A3" title="ଜୟପ୍ରକାଶ ନାରାୟଣ">ଜୟପ୍ରକାଶ ନାରାୟଣ</a> (୧୯୯୮)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" title="ରବି ଶଙ୍କର">ରବି ଶଙ୍କର</a> (୧୯୯୯)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଅମର୍ତ୍ୟ ସେନ">ଅମର୍ତ୍ୟ ସେନ</a> (୧୯୯୯)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF" title="ଗୋପୀନାଥ ବର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଳି">ଗୋପୀନାଥ ବର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଳି</a> (୧୯୯୯)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">୨୦୦୧–୨୦୨୦</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" title="ଲତା ମଙ୍ଗେସକର">ଲତା ମଙ୍ଗେସକର</a> (୨୦୦୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%81" title="ବିସ୍ମିଲ୍ଲା ଖାଁ">ବିସ୍ମିଲ୍ଲା ଖାଁ</a> (୨୦୦୧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80" title="ଭୀମସେନ ଜୋଶୀ">ଭୀମସେନ ଜୋଶୀ</a> (୨୦୦୮)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" title="ସଚିନ ତେନ୍ଦୁଲକର">ସଚିନ ତେନ୍ଦୁଲକର</a> (୨୦୧୪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A8._%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0._%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ସି. ଏନ. ଆର. ରାଓ">ସି. ଏନ. ଆର. ରାଓ</a> (୨୦୧୪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80" title="ଅଟଳ ବିହାରୀ ବାଜପେୟୀ">ଅଟଳ ବିହାରୀ ବାଜପେୟୀ</a> (୨୦୧୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ମଦନ ମୋହନ ମାଲବ୍ୟ">ମଦନ ମୋହନ ମାଲବ୍ୟ</a> (୨୦୧୫)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80" title="ପ୍ରଣବ ମୁଖାର୍ଜୀ">ପ୍ରଣବ ମୁଖାର୍ଜୀ</a> (୨୦୧୯)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭୂପେନ ହଜାରିକା">ଭୂପେନ ହଜାରିକା</a> (୨୦୧୯)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନାନାଜି ଦେଶମୁଖ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନାନାଜି ଦେଶମୁଖ</a> (୨୦୧୯)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">୨୦୨୧–୨୦୪୦</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କର୍ପୂରୀ ଠାକୁର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କର୍ପୂରୀ ଠାକୁର</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଲାଲକୃଷ୍ଣ ଆଡ଼ଭାନୀ">ଲାଲକୃଷ୍ଣ ଆଡ଼ଭାନୀ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ଚରଣ ସିଂହ">ଚରଣ ସିଂହ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B9_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93" title="ପି. ଭି. ନରସିଂହ ରାଓ">ପି. ଭି. ନରସିଂହ ରାଓ</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8" title="ଏମ ଏସ ସ୍ୱାମୀନାଥନ">ଏମ ଏସ ସ୍ୱାମୀନାଥନ</a> (୨୦୨୪)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r492649"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r554576"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r530490">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8023#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8023#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:Authority_control" title="ସହଯୋଗ:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8023#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1899655/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121447715">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98029748">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQyJCKg6qvr8cBhhKfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90135718">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000730960">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1721566">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120379994">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120379994">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520016006706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118730541">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandela, Nelson"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV018882">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264797705171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14130862">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85153068">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxssb23tp2h8t">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000197705&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=001419364&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470984">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19950000060983&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35325159">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record61246">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199617580">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000134999">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000140298&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070724024">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810667675905606">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/153709">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/273913">Vatican</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06336332?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/33c3a112-3a62-461a-b02d-763bbe168216">MusicBrainz</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/40919">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500198443">ULAN</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118730541.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/912184">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569187">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cs6hck">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028570804">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐mbdlb Cached time: 20241124110558 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.669 seconds Real time usage: 2.918 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 22730/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 386119/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9888/2097152 bytes Highest 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