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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Yadro_modellari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yadro_modellari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Yadro modellari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yadro_modellari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yadro_tarkibi_va_shakli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yadro_tarkibi_va_shakli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yadro tarkibi va shakli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yadro_tarkibi_va_shakli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yadro_kuchlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yadro_kuchlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Yadro kuchlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yadro_kuchlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foydalanilgan_adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foydalanilgan_adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foydalanilgan_adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atom yadrosi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 120 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoomkern" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="परमाणु नाभिक – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परमाणु नाभिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نواة الذرة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة الذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نوية د درة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نوية د درة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_at%C3%B3micu" title="Nucleu atómicu – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nucleu atómicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomun_n%C3%BCv%C9%99si" title="Atomun nüvəsi – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atomun nüvəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آتوم چکیردگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتوم چکیردگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuoma_kondouls" title="Atuoma kondouls – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atuoma kondouls" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_nukleyus" title="Atomikong nukleyus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atomikong nukleyus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атамнае ядро – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атамнае ядро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атамнае ядро – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атамнае ядро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомно ядро – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомно ядро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="परमाणविक पदर्थबिद्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाणविक पदर्थबिद्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="နျူးကလီးယပ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နျူးကလီးယပ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পারমাণবিক নিউক্লিয়াস – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারমাণবিক নিউক্লিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C3%BCs_(an_atomo%C3%B9)" title="Nukleüs (an atomoù) – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nukleüs (an atomoù)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomsko jezgro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nucli atòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_h%C5%8Fk" title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_Atomicu" title="Nucleu Atomicu – korsikan" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nucleu Atomicu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro" title="Atomové jádro – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomové jádro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нуклонсар – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуклонсар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwclews_atomig" title="Niwclews atomig – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwclews atomig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkerne" title="Atomkerne – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atomkerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkern" title="Atomkern – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomkern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dend%C4%B1k%C3%AA_atomi" title="Dendıkê atomi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dendıkê atomi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ατομικός πυρήνας – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικός πυρήνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkerno" title="Atomkerno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomkerno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatomituum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomo nukleo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="هسته اتم – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته اتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomiydin" title="Atomiydin – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomiydin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadomis%C3%A4s%C3%BC" title="Aadomisäsü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadomisäsü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyau atomique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomkearn" title="Atoomkearn – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoomkearn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAicl%C3%A9as_adamhach" title="Núicléas adamhach – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Núicléas adamhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B9clas" title="Niùclas – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niùclas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גרעין האטום – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרעין האטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="परमाणु नाभिक – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु नाभिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomska jezgra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwayo_atomik" title="Nwayo atomik – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nwayo atomik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommag" title="Atommag – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atommag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF_(%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4)" title="Միջուկ (ատոմ) – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկ (ատոմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_atomic" title="Nucleo atomic – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nucleo atomic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inti atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleo_atomala" title="Nukleo atomala – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nukleo atomala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumeindakjarni" title="Frumeindakjarni – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumeindakjarni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nucleo atomico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Atom" title="Inti Atom – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inti Atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ატომის ბირთვი – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომის ბირთვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3yay_abelkam" title="Aɣyay abelkam – kabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣyay abelkam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Атом ядросы – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атом ядросы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಕೇಂದ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಕೇಂದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5" title="원자핵 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자핵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%85%D9%95%D8%B1" title="کنہٕ مٕر – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہٕ مٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navok" title="Navok – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_atomi" title="Nucleus atomi – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nucleus atomi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoamkaen" title="Atoamkaen – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoamkaen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_(fisega)" title="Nucli (fisega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nucli (fisega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%C3%B3k%C3%B3l%C3%B3_mwa_atome" title="Mokókóló mwa atome – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokókóló mwa atome" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B9" title="ແກນປະລໍາມະນູ – laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແກນປະລໍາມະນູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_branduolys" title="Atomo branduolys – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomo branduolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma_kodols" title="Atoma kodols – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atoma kodols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" title="Nukleus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Nukleus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом том – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атом том" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско јадро – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомско јадро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അണുകേന്ദ്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണുകേന്ദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%86%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Атомын цөм – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атомын цөм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अणुकेंद्र – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणुकेंद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nukleus atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A" title="အက််တမ်၏ နျူကလိယ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက််တမ်၏ နျူကလိယ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoomkern" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkjerne" title="Atomkjerne – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atomkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkjerne" title="Atomkjerne – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atomkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" title="Nukleus – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nukleus" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%A8u_atomic" title="Nuclèu atomic – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nuclèu atomic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwukilasii_atoomii" title="Niwukilasii atoomii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Niwukilasii atoomii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AD" title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਨਾਭ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਨਾਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%85dro_atomowe" title="Jądro atomowe – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro atomowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ایٹمی نیوکلیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹمی نیوکلیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_huk%27i" title="Iñuku huk'i – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nucleu atomic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомное ядро – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомное ядро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомове ядро – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атомове ядро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ايٽمي نيوڪليس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٽمي نيوڪليس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomsko jezgro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%A9_jadro" title="Atómové jadro – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómové jadro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jedro" title="Atomsko jedro – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atomsko jedro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABrthama_e_atomit" title="Bërthama e atomit – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bërthama e atomit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомско језгро – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомско језгро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomk%C3%A4%C3%A4den" title="Atomkääden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atomkääden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inti atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomk%C3%A4rna" title="Atomkärna – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atomkärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiini_cha_atomu" title="Kiini cha atomu – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiini cha atomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="அணுக்கரு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுக்கரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పరమాణు కేంద్రకం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమాణు కేంద్రకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="นิวเคลียสของอะตอม – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวเคลียสของอะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_nukleyus" title="Atomikong nukleyus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomikong nukleyus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_%C3%A7ekirde%C4%9Fi" title="Atom çekirdeği – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom çekirdeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ядро атома – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро атома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="جوہری نویہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہری نویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Hạt nhân nguyên tử – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt nhân nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleyus_hin_atomo" title="Nukleyus hin atomo – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nukleyus hin atomo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="אטאמקערן – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמקערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAkl%C3%A9%C3%B9_%C3%A1t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Núkléù átọ̀mù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Núkléù átọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzswjhaed" title="Yenzswjhaed – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzswjhaed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%8E_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵓⵥⵎ ⴰⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ – tamazigxt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵥⵎ ⴰⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazigxt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA-hu%CC%8Dt" title="Goân-chú-hu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú-hu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INuzi_lechwe" title="INuzi lechwe – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INuzi lechwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37147#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Atom_yadrosi&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF sifatida yuklash</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun versiya</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atomic_nucleus" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiombor</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37147" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button 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Qarang: <a href="/wiki/Yadro_(ma%CA%BCnolari)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yadro (maʼnolari)">Yadro (maʼnolari)</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg/220px-Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg/330px-Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg/440px-Helium_atom_QM_rev1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geliy" title="Geliy">Geliy</a>-4 yadrosi (tepada oʻngda) </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Atom yadrosi</b> – <a href="/wiki/Nuklonlar" title="Nuklonlar">nuklonlardan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonlar</a> (r) va <a href="/wiki/Neytron" title="Neytron">neytronlar</a> (i)dan tashkil topgan atom oʻzagi. Atom yadrosining xususiyatlarini oʻrganishda yadro kuchlari katta ahamiyatga ega boʻladi. Atom yadrosida gravitatsion va elektromagnit kuchlar ta’siri kam boʻlsa ham Atom yadrosi xossalariga ta’siri boʻladi. Yadro kuchlarining ta’sir radiusi juda kichik, 10~13 sm. Yadro kuchlari yadroning spiniga va izotop spiniga bogʻliq. Atom yadrosining butun xususi-yatlarini oʻz ichiga oladigan yagona nazariya yaratilgan emas, chunki yadro strukturasi va kuchlari toʻliqoʻrganilmagan. Undan tashqari yadrodagi nuklonlar harakatini aniqlovchi tenglamalarni matematika nuqtai nazaridan yechish mumkin emas. </p><p>Atom yadrosining xossalarini oʻrganishda turli modellar tatbiq qilinadi. Har qaysi model Atom yadrosining ma’lum xossalarini aks ettirgan holda ba’zi xossalarini tushuntirishda qarama-qarshiliklarga olib keladi. Masalan Atom yadrosining yemirilish xususiyatini gidro-dinamik model bilan yaxshi tushuntiril-sa, magik yadrolar holatlarining xususiyatlarini tushuntirish mumkin emas, aksincha, krbiklar modeli bilan magik yadrolar holatlarini yaxshi tushuntirilsa, yemirilish hodisasini tushuntirish mumkin emas va hokazo (qarang <a href="/wiki/Yadro_modellari" title="Yadro modellari">Yadro modellari</a>). Atom yadrosi tuzilishi va xossalarini tajriba yerdamida oʻrganish uchun xilma-xil yadro hodisalari: zarralarning Atom yadrosidan ela-stik va elastikmas sochilishlari, yadro reaksiyalari, tabiiy va sun’iy radio-aktiv nurlanish, yadro yemirilishi va hokazolardan foydalaniladi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston">Oʻzbekistonda</a> ham atom yadrosini oʻrganishga doir ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari olib bo-riladi. Toshkentda R. B. Bekjonov, A. I. Moʻminov, T. I. Moʻminov, Q. Sh. Azimov va boshqalarning mos tushishlar, gam-ma-nurlarning dopplercha kengayishi, gammachiziqlarining shakl oʻzgarishi, yadro holatlarini rezonans uygʻotish, gamma-nurlarining gʻalayenlangan va gʻalayonlanmagan gammagamma burchak kor-relyatsiyalari va qutblanishi usullaridan foydalanib oʻtkazgan yadro sathlari orasidagi elektromagnit oʻtishlar ehtimolliklariga oid tajribaviy tadqiqotlari atom yadrosining tuzili-shi haqida keng ma’lumotlar olishda juda samarali boʻldi. Natijada yadro holatlarining 10~6– 10~17 s oralikdagi yashash vaqtlari va parsial kengli-klari oʻlchandi, spin, juftlik, magnit va elektr momentlari, deformatsiya pa-rametrlari aniqlandi. Oqibatda atom yadrolarining tuzilishiga tegishli ma’lumotlar olindi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yadro_modellari">Yadro modellari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yadro modellari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Yadro modellari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fizikaning standart modeli yadroning tarkibi va xatti-harakatlarini to'liq tavsiflaydi, deb ishonilgan bo'lsa-da, nazariyadan bashorat qilish zarralar fizikasining boshqa sohalariga qaraganda ancha qiyin . Bu ikki sababga ko'ra: </p> <ul><li>Aslida, yadro ichidagi fizika butunlay kvant xromodinamikasidan (QCD) olinishi mumkin. Amalda, yadrolar kabi kam energiyali tizimlarda QCDni hal qilish uchun joriy hisoblash va matematik yondashuvlar juda cheklangan. Bu yuqori energiyali kvark materiya va kam energiyali adronik materiya o'rtasida sodir bo'ladigan fazaviy o'tish bilan bog'liq bo'lib, bu tebranish usullarini yaroqsiz holga keltiradi va nuklonlar orasidagi kuchlarning aniq QCD dan olingan modelini yaratishni qiyinlashtiradi . Hozirgi yondashuvlar Argonne v18 salohiyati yoki chiral samarali maydon nazariyasi kabi fenomenologik modellar bilan cheklangan .</li> <li><i>Yadro kuchi yaxshi cheklangan bo'lsa ham, ab initio</i> yadrolarining xususiyatlarini to'g'ri hisoblash uchun katta miqdordagi hisoblash quvvati talab qilinadi . Koʻp jismlar nazariyasidagi o'zgarishlar koʻplab past massali va nisbatan barqaror yadrolar uchun buni amalga oshirishga imkon berdi, ammo og'ir yadrolar yoki juda beqaror yadrolar bilan kurashishdan oldin hisoblash quvvatini va matematik yondashuvlarni yanada yaxshilash talab etiladi.</li></ul> <p>Tarixiy jihatdan, tajribalar mutlaqo nomukammal boʻlgan nisbatan qo'pol modellar bilan taqqoslanadi. Ushbu modellarning hech biri yadro tuzilishi haqidagi eksperimental ma'lumotlarni to'liq tushuntira olmaydi. </p><p>Yadro radiusi ( <i>R</i> ) har qanday model bashorat qilishi kerak boʻlgan asosiy miqdorlardan biri hisoblanadi. Barqaror yadrolar (galo yadrolar yoki boshqa beqaror buzilgan yadrolar emas) uchun yadro radiusi yadro massa sonining ( <i>A</i> ) kub ildiziga taxminan proportsionaldir , ayniqsa, koʻplab nuklonlarni oʻz ichiga olgan yadrolarda, chunki ular koʻproq sferik konfiguratsiyalarda joylashadi: </p><p>Barqaror yadro taxminan doimiy zichlikka ega va shuning uchun yadro radiusi R ni quyidagi formula bilan taxmin qilish mumkin: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=r_{0}*A^{1/3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=r_{0}*A^{1/3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24fa01965a1e63aaf590bc2752dc4b67bb9fdac2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.601ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=r_{0}*A^{1/3}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bu yerda <i>A</i> = Atom massasi soni (protonlar soni <i>Z</i> , ortiqcha neytronlar soni <i>N</i> ) va <i>r</i> <sub>0</sub>  = 1,25 fm = 1,25 × 10 <sup>-15</sup>  m. Ushbu tenglamada "doimiy" <i>r</i> <sub>0</sub> ko'rib chiqilayotgan yadroga qarab 0,2 fm ga o'zgaradi, lekin bu doimiydan 20% dan kamroq o'zgarishdir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yadro_tarkibi_va_shakli">Yadro tarkibi va shakli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yadro tarkibi va shakli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Yadro tarkibi va shakli"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protonlar va neytronlar kuchli izospin kvant sonining turli qiymatlariga ega boʻlgan fermionlardir , shuning uchun ikkita proton va ikkita neytron bir xil kosmik to'lqin funktsiyasini bo'lishishi mumkin , chunki ular bir xil kvant ob'ektlari emas. Ular ba'zan bir xil zarracha, nuklonning ikki xil kvant holati sifatida <i>qaraladi</i> .  Ikki proton yoki ikkita neytron yoki proton + neytron (deytron) kabi ikkita fermionlar butun spinga ega boʻlgan juft boʻlib erkin bogʻlangan boʻlsa, bozonik harakatni namoyon qilishi mumkin. </p><p>Gipernukleusning kamdan-kam hollarda , bir yoki bir nechta g'alati kvarklarni va/yoki boshqa noodatiy kvark(lar)ni o'z ichiga olgan giperon deb ataladigan uchinchi barion ham to'lqin funktsiyasini baham ko'rishi mumkin. Biroq, bu turdagi yadro juda beqaror va Yerda topilmaydi, bundan tashqari, yuqori energiyali fizika tajribalari. </p><p>Neytron radiusi ≈ 0,3 fm boʻlgan musbat zaryadlangan yadroga ega bo'lib, uning atrofida 0,3 fm dan 2 fm gacha boʻlgan radiusning kompensatsion salbiy zaryadi mavjud. Proton o'rtacha kvadrat radiusi taxminan 0,8 fm boʻlgan taxminan eksponensial parchalanadigan musbat zaryad taqsimotiga ega. </p><p>Yadrolar sharsimon, regbi sharsimon (prolat deformatsiyasi), disksimon (oblate deformatsiyasi), triaksial (oblat va prolat deformatsiyasining kombinatsiyasi) yoki nok shaklida bo'lishi mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yadro_kuchlari">Yadro kuchlari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yadro kuchlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Yadro kuchlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yadrolar qoldiq kuchli kuch ( yadro kuchi ) bilan bir-biriga bog'langan . Qoldiq kuchli kuch - bu kuchli o'zaro ta'sirning kichik qoldig'i bo'lib , u proton va neytronlarni hosil qilish uchun kvarklarni bog'laydi. <i>Bu kuch neytronlar va protonlar o'rtasida</i> ancha zaifdir , chunki u asosan ular ichida neytrallanadi, xuddi neytral atomlar <i>orasidagi</i> elektromagnit kuchlar (masalan, ikkita inert gaz atomlari o'rtasida harakat qiluvchi van der Vaals kuchlari ) elektromagnit kuchlardan ancha zaifroqdir. atomlarning qismlarini ichkarida birga ushlab turish (masalan, uning yadrosi bilan bog'langan inert gaz atomidagi elektronlarni ushlab turadigan kuchlar). </p><p>Yadro kuchi odatdagi nuklonlarning ajralish masofasida juda jozibali bo'lib, bu elektromagnit kuch tufayli protonlar orasidagi itarilishni bartaraf qiladi va shu bilan yadrolarning mavjud bo'lishiga imkon beradi. Biroq, qoldiq kuchli kuch cheklangan diapazonga ega, chunki u masofa bilan tez parchalanadi ( Yukava salohiyatiga qarang ); shuning uchun faqat ma'lum bir o'lchamdan kichik yadrolar to'liq barqaror bo'lishi mumkin. Ma'lum boʻlgan eng katta to'liq barqaror yadro (ya'ni, alfa, beta va gamma parchalanishiga barqaror ) qo'rg'oshin-208 bo'lib , jami 208 nuklonni (126 neytron va 82 proton) o'z ichiga oladi. Bu maksimaldan kattaroq yadrolar beqaror va nuklonlar soni koʻp boʻlganligi sababli tobora qisqa muddatli bo'ladi. Biroq, vismut-209beta-parchalanishga ham barqaror va maʼlum boʻlgan har qanday izotopning alfa yemirilishgacha boʻlgan eng uzun yarimparchalanish davriga ega boʻlib, u koinot yoshidan bir milliard marta uzoqroqdir. </p><p>Qoldiq kuchli kuch juda qisqa diapazonda (odatda bir necha femtometr (fm); taxminan bir yoki ikkita nuklon diametri) ta'sir qiladi va har qanday nuklon juftligi o'rtasida tortishishni keltirib chiqaradi. Masalan, protonlar va neytronlar o'rtasida [NP] deytron , shuningdek protonlar va protonlar, neytronlar va neytronlar o'rtasida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foydalanilgan_adabiyotlar">Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_yadrosi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internet saytlari </p><p>1.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclear</a> </p><p>2.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ianyfan.github.io/gcse/physics/5/2/">http://ianyfan.github.io/gcse/physics/5/2/</a> </p><p>3.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/">https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/</a> </p><p>4.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/">https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/</a> </p><p>Kitoblar </p> <ol><li>Krane ,Nuclear Physics</li> <li>Muhin, Эксприменталний ядерие физика<br /></li></ol> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" align="center" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Stub_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stub ikona"><img alt="Stub ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/50px-Stub_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/75px-Stub_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/100px-Stub_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td><center><i>Ushbu maqola <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Chala_maqolalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipediya:Chala maqolalar">chaladir</a>. 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