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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Patron of the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man_of_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man_of_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Man of letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man_of_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Americas_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Americas_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Relations with the Americas and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Americas_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureaucratic_reform_and_language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaucratic_reform_and_language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bureaucratic reform and language policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaucratic_reform_and_language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Religious policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Image and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis I of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_van_Frankryk" title="Frans I van Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frans I van Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسوا الأول ملك فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسوا الأول ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_I_de_Francia" title="Franciscu I de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franciscu I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fransisk" title="I Fransisk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Fransisk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بیرینجی فرانسوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی فرانسوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_1-s%C3%A8" title="François 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="François 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA_I" title="Францыск I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыск I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_I" title="Франсоа I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсоа I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_I,_kralj_Francuske" title="Franjo I, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franjo I, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1sez_Ia%C3%B1_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Frañsez Iañ (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañsez Iañ (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_I_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francesc I de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc I de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_I._Francouzsk%C3%BD" title="František I. Francouzský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František I. Francouzský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffransis_I,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Ffransis I, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffransis I, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_1._af_Frankrig" title="Frans 1. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frans 1. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_I._(Frankreich)" title="Franz I. (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz I. (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I" title="François I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="François I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φραγκίσκος Α΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραγκίσκος Α΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I_de_Francia" title="Francisco I de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_la_1-a_(Francio)" title="Francisko la 1-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko la 1-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_I.a_Frantziakoa" title="Frantzisko I.a Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko I.a Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="فرانسوای یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوای یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_(roi_de_France)" title="François Ier (roi de France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François Ier (roi de France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I_de_Francia" title="Francisco I de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_1%EC%84%B8_(%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4)" title="프랑수아 1세 (프랑스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑수아 1세 (프랑스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE)" title="फ्रांसिस प्रथम (फ्रांस का राजा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसिस प्रथम (फ्रांस का राजा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_I.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Franjo I., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjo I., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus_la_1ma_di_Francia" title="Franciskus la 1ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franciskus la 1ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_dari_Prancis" title="François I dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="François I dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_1._Frakkakonungur" title="Frans 1. Frakkakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frans 1. Frakkakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_di_Francia" title="Francesco I di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco I di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="פרנסואה הראשון, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסואה הראשון, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_saking_Prancis" title="François I saking Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="François I saking Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_I_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ფრანსუა I (საფრანგეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსუა I (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="I Франциск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Франциск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="François I (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="François I (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_I_(wa_Lafrans)" title="Francois I (wa Lafrans) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Francois I (wa Lafrans)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_I_(rex_Francorum)" title="Franciscus I (rex Francorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus I (rex Francorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransu%C4%81_I" title="Fransuā I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fransuā I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="François I. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="François I. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranci%C5%A1kus_I" title="Pranciškus I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranciškus I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7esco_I" title="Françesco I – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Françesco I" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesch_I_de_Francia" title="Francesch I de Francia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francesch I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Ferenc_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Ferenc francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Ferenc francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_I" title="Франсоа I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франсоа I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I" title="François I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="François I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्सचा पहिला फ्रांस्वा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचा पहिला फ्रांस्वा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="فرانسوا الاول ملك فرنسا (سياسى من مملكه فرنسا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسوا الاول ملك فرنسا (سياسى من مملكه فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_dari_Perancis" title="François I dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="François I dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I_de_Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Francisco I de Fráncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Francisco I de Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_van_Frankrijk" title="Frans I van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans I van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="フランソワ1世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランソワ1世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_av_Frankrike" title="Frans I av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans I av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_av_Frankrike" title="Frans I av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frans I av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_I%C3%A8r_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francés Ièr de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés Ièr de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisk_I" title="Fransisk I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransisk I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7" title="د فرانسې لومړی فرانسوا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فرانسې لومړی فرانسوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_I_Walezjusz" title="Franciszek I Walezjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek I Walezjusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francisco I de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco I de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_I_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Francisc I al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisc I al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_I" title="Франциск I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франциск I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_o_Fraunce" title="Francis I o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francis I o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis I of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_I._(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="František I. (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František I. (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_I._Francoski" title="Franc I. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franc I. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_I_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Франсоа I Валоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсоа I Валоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_od_Francuske" title="François I od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="François I od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_(Ranska)" title="Frans I (Ranska) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frans I (Ranska)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_I_av_Frankrike" title="Frans I av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frans I av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าฟร็องซัวที่ 1 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าฟร็องซัวที่ 1 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Fran%C3%A7ois" title="I. François – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. François" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Франциск I (король Франції) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франциск I (король Франції)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانسس اول شاہ فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس اول شاہ فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransesco_I_de_Fransa" title="Fransesco I de Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransesco I de Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="François I của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="François I của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I_han_Fransya" title="Francisco I han Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francisco I han Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="法郎西斯一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法郎西斯一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_1k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Francis 1k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Francis 1k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_I&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="François I">François I</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of France from 1515 to 1547</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Francis I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of King Francis I by Jean Clouet in 1530" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2648" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Francis I, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1527–1530</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1515 – <span class="nowrap">31 March 1547</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1515</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1515 – 20 November 1521</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimiliano Sforza">Massimiliano Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Francis of Orléans<br />12 September 1494<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cognac" title="Château de Cognac">Château de Cognac</a>, Cognac, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1547<span style="display:none">(1547-03-31)</span> (aged 52)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1547<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duchess_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude, Duchess of Brittany">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1514; died 1524)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1530)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriage_and_issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Valois" title="Louise of Valois">Louise of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Valois" title="Charlotte of Valois">Charlotte of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis III, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II, King of France">Henry II, King of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_France_(1520-1537)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine of France (1520-1537)">Madeleine, Queen of Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans">Charles, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry">Margaret, Duchess of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Valois-Angoulême">Valois-Angoulême</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Francis_I_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis I's signature"><img alt="Francis I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_Francis_I_Signature.svg/125px-King_Francis_I_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_Francis_I_Signature.svg/188px-King_Francis_I_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_Francis_I_Signature.svg/250px-King_Francis_I_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis I</b> (French: <i lang="fr">François I<sup>er</sup></i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle French language">Middle French</a>: <i lang="frm">Françoys</i>; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>. He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, who died without a legitimate son. </p><p>A prodigious <a href="/wiki/Patron_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron of the arts">patron of the arts</a>, Francis promoted the emergent <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, who brought the <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and the beginning of French exploration of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>. </p><p>For his role in the development and promotion of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, Francis became known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres</i></span> (the 'Father and Restorer of Letters').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">François au Grand Nez</i></span> ('Francis of the Large Nose'), the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand Colas</i></span>, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Roi-Chevalier</i></span> (the 'Knight-King').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In keeping with his predecessors, Francis continued the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. The succession of his great rival <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">the throne of Spain</a>, followed by his election as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, led to France being geographically encircled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg monarchy</a>. In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198277,_78_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198277,_78-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this was unsuccessful, he formed a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> with the Muslim sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982224–225,_230_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982224–225,_230-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_Accession">Early life and Accession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and Accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis of Orléans was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cognac,_France" title="Cognac, France">Cognac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at that time lay in the province of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>. Today the town lies in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>. </p><p>Francis was the only son of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a>, and a great-great-grandson of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> was still young at the time of his birth, as was his father's cousin the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Duke of Orléans</a>, later King Louis XII. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a> prevented women from inheriting the throne. Therefore, the four-year-old Francis (who was already <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Angoulême">Count of Angoulême</a> after the death of his own father two years earlier) became the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the throne of France in 1498 and was vested with the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Valois">Duke of Valois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1505, Louis XII, having fallen ill, ordered his daughter <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude</a> and Francis to be married immediately, but only through an assembly of nobles were the two engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19828,_9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19828,_9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claude was heir presumptive to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a> through her mother, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a>. Following Anne's death, the marriage took place on 18 May 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198211_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198211-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1515, Louis died, and Francis inherited the throne. He was crowned King of France in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Reims">Cathedral of Reims</a> on 25 January 1515, with Claude as his <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">queen consort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198216_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198216-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_(1494-1547),_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_%281494-1547%29%2C_roi_de_France_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Francis I painted in 1515</figcaption></figure> <p>As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> were influential in France. Some of his tutors, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Moulins_de_Rochefort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François de Moulins de Rochefort (page does not exist)">François de Moulins de Rochefort</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Moulins_de_Rochefort" class="extiw" title="fr:François de Moulins de Rochefort">fr</a>]</span> (his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Almoner_of_France" title="Grand Almoner of France">Grand Aumônier de France</a></i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Longueil" title="Christophe de Longueil">Christophe de Longueil</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabantian</a> humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. His academic education had been in <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian (language)">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish (language)">Spanish</a>. Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music, and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting, <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a> and wrestling. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and science. His mother, who had a high admiration for <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Renaissance art">Italian Renaissance art</a>, passed this interest on to her son. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> than any previous French king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_of_the_arts">Patron of the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patron of the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/220px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/330px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg/440px-Francois_Ier_Leonard_de_Vinci-Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>Francis I receiving the last breath of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> in 1519, by <a href="/wiki/Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingres">Ingres</a>, painted in 1818</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time he ascended the throne in 1515, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> had arrived in France, and Francis became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. At the time of his accession, the royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single sculpture, not ancient nor modern. </p><p>Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>; the latter of whom was persuaded to make France his home during his last years. While da Vinci painted very little during his years in France, he brought with him many of his greatest works, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> (known in France as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Joconde</i></span>), and these remained in France after his death. Other major artists to receive Francis' patronage included the goldsmith <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> and the painters <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino" title="Rosso Fiorentino">Rosso Fiorentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primaticcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Primaticcio">Primaticcio</a>, all of whom were employed in decorating Francis' various palaces. He also invited architect <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a>, who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis also commissioned a number of agents in Italy to procure notable works of art and ship them to France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Man_of_letters">Man of letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Man of letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis was also renowned as a <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">man of letters</a>. When he comes up in a conversation among characters in <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Courtier" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Courtier">Book of the Courtier</a></i>, it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, but he was also a poet himself, if not one of particular ability. Francis worked diligently at improving the royal library. He appointed the great French humanist <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a> as chief librarian and began to expand the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy to look for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had agents looking for artworks. During his reign, the size of the library greatly increased. Not only did he expand the library, but there is also evidence<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer event in the royal annals. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge. </p><p>In 1537, Francis signed the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ordonnance_de_Montpellier" title="Ordonnance de Montpellier">Ordonnance de Montpellier</a></span></span>, which decreed that his library be given a copy of every book to be sold in France. Francis' older sister, <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Queen of Navarre</a>, was an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection of short stories known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Heptameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptameron">Heptameron</a></i>. Francis corresponded with the abbess and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Bectoz" title="Claude de Bectoz">Claude de Bectoz</a>, of whose letters he was so fond that he would carry them around and show them to the ladies of his court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with his sister, he visited her in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Honorat_Abbey_(Tarascon)" title="Saint-Honorat Abbey (Tarascon)">Tarascon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg/220px-France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg/330px-France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg/440px-France_Loir-et-Cher_Chambord_Chateau_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption>Francis's <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a> displays a distinct <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. He continued the work of his predecessors on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></span></span> and also started renovations on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a></span></span>. Early in his reign, he began construction of the magnificent <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a></span></span>, inspired by the architectural styles of the Italian Renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Francis rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, transforming it from a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">medieval fortress</a> into a building of Renaissance splendour. He financed the building of a new City Hall (the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Hôtel de Ville</a></i></span>) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. He constructed the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Madrid" title="Château de Madrid">Château de Madrid</a></span></span> in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a></span></span> and rebuilt the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></span></span>. The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a></span></span>, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress, <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Pisseleu_d%27Heilly" title="Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly">Anne, Duchess of Étampes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_action">Military action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/220px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/330px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/440px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Francis I and Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> made peace at the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a> in 1538. Francis I actually refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559) came to dominate the reign of Francis I, which he constantly participated in at the forefront as le Roi-Chevalier, the wars were not the sole focus of his policies. He merely continued the wars that he succeeded from his predecessors and that his heir and successor on the throne, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, would inherit after Francis' death. Indeed, the Italian Wars had begun when <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a> sent a plea to King Charles VIII of France for protection against the aggressive actions of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militarily and diplomatically, the reign of Francis I was a mixed bag of success and failure. Francis tried and failed to become <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election_of_1519" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial election of 1519">Imperial election of 1519</a>, primarily due to his adversary Charles having threatened the electors with violence. However, there were also temporary victories, such as in the portion of the Italian Wars called the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a> (1508–1516) and, more specifically, to the final stage of that war, which history refers to simply as "Francis' First Italian War" (1515–1516), when Francis routed the combined forces of the Papal States and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Marignano</a> on 13–15 September 1515. This grand victory at Marignano allowed Francis to capture the Italian city-state of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. However, in November 1521, during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Four Years' War</a> (1521–1526), Francis was forced to abandon Milan in the face of the advancing Imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire and open revolt within the duchy. </p><p>Much of the military activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. Francis and Charles maintained an intense personal rivalry. Charles, in fact, brashly dared to challenge Francis to single combat multiple times. In addition to the Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a number of smaller possessions neighbouring France. He was thus a constant threat to Francis I's kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_at_Marignan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francis_at_Marignan.jpg/220px-Francis_at_Marignan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francis_at_Marignan.jpg/330px-Francis_at_Marignan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Francis_at_Marignan.jpg/440px-Francis_at_Marignan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Francis I at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Francis I attempted to arrange an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> at the famous meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Cloth_of_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Cloth of Gold">Field of Cloth of Gold</a> on 7 June 1520, but despite a lavish fortnight of diplomacy they failed to reach an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201432–36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201432–36-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis and Henry VIII both shared the dreams of power and chivalric glory; however their relationship featured intense personal and dynastic rivalry. Francis was driven by his intense eagerness to retake Milan, despite the strong opposition of other powers. Henry VIII was likewise determined to recapture northern France, which Francis could not allow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199420–26_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199420–26-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the situation was grave; Francis had to face not only the whole might of Western Europe, but also internal hostility in the form of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III de Bourbon">Charles III de Bourbon</a>, a capable commander who fought alongside Francis as his constable at the great battle of Marignano, but defected to Charles V after his conflict with Francis' mother over inheritance of Bourbon estates. Despite all this, the Kingdom of France still held the balance of power in its favour. Nevertheless, the defeat suffered from the cataclystic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">battle of Pavia</a> on 24 February 1525, during part of the continuing Italian Wars known as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Four Years' War</a> upheaved the political ground of Europe. He was actually taken prisoner: <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Hercolani" title="Cesare Hercolani">Cesare Hercolani</a> injured his horse, and Francis himself was subsequently captured by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a>. Some claim he was captured by Diego Dávila, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Pita_da_Veiga" title="Alonso Pita da Veiga">Alonso Pita da Veiga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Urbieta" title="Juan de Urbieta">Juan de Urbieta</a>, from Guipúzcoa. For this reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia". <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Zuppa_alla_Pavese" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuppa alla Pavese">Zuppa alla Pavese</a></i></span> was supposedly invented on the spot to feed the captive king after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis was held captive morbidly in Madrid. In a letter to his mother, he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remains to me but honour and life, which is safe." This line has come down in history famously as "All is lost save honour."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was compelled to make major concessions to Charles in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid (1526)</a>, signed on 14 January, before he was freed on 17 March. An ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles additionally played a role in his release. Francis was forced to surrender any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was forced to recognised the independence of the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been part of France since the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Duke of Burgundy">Charles the Bold</a> in 1477.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And finally, Francis was betrothed to Charles' sister Eleanor. Francis returned to France in exchange for his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis</a> and Henry, Duke of Orléans, the future Henry II of France, but once he was free he revoked the forced concessions as his agreement with Charles was made under duress. He also proclaimed that the agreement was void because his sons were taken hostage with the implication that his word alone could not be trusted. Thus he firmly repudiated it. A renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate the treaty of Madrid. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/280px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/420px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/560px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a tapestry depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, woven from a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Orley" title="Bernard van Orley">Bernard van Orley</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1531</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis persevered in his rivalry against Charles and his intent to control Italy. By the mid-1520s, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> wished to liberate Italy from foreign domination, especially that of Charles, so he allied with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cognac" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a>. Francis joined the League in May 1526, in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a> of 1526–30.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis' allies proved weak, and the war was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cambrai" title="Treaty of Cambrai">Treaty of Cambrai</a> (1529; "the Peace of the Ladies", negotiated by Francis’ mother and Charles’ aunt).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201541_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201541-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two princes were released, and Francis married Eleanor. </p><p>On 24 July 1534, Francis, inspired by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tercios" class="mw-redirect" title="Tercios">tercios</a> and the Roman legions, issued an edict to form seven infantry Légions of 6,000 troops each, of which 12,000 of 42,000 were <a href="/wiki/Arquebusiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusiers">arquebusiers</a>, testifying to the growing importance of gunpowder. The force was a national standing army, where any soldier could be promoted on the basis of vacancies, were paid wages by grade and granted exemptions from the <a href="/wiki/Taille" title="Taille">taille</a> and other taxes up to 20 <i>sous</i>, a heavy burden on the state budget.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the League of Cognac failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Landgrave of Hesse</a> on 27 January 1534. This was directed against Charles on the pretext of assisting the <a href="/wiki/Ulrich,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg">Duke of Württemberg</a> to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis also obtained the help of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and after the death of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a>, ruler of Milan, renewed the contest in Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">Italian War of 1536–1538</a>. This round of fighting, which had little result, was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a>. The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">Italian War of 1542–1546</a>. Francis I managed to hold off the forces of Charles and Henry VIII. Charles was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cr%C3%A9py" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Crépy">Treaty of Crépy</a> because of his financial difficulties and conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Americas_and_Asia">Relations with the Americas and Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with the Americas and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viaggioverrazzano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg/220px-Viaggioverrazzano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg/330px-Viaggioverrazzano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>The voyage of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> in 1524</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis had been much aggrieved at the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_regis" title="Aeterni regis">Aeterni regis</a></i></span>: in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>. Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castille</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. All this prompted Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see the clause of Adam’s will by which I should be denied my share of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to counterbalance the power of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a> under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> through the Crown of Spain, Francis endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Fleets were sent to the Americas and the Far East, and close contacts were developed with the Ottoman Empire permitting the development of French Mediterranean trade as well as the establishment of a strategic military alliance. </p><p>The port city now known as <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> was founded in 1517 during the early years of Francis' reign. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harfleur" title="Harfleur">Harfleur</a>, whose utility had decreased due to silting. Le Havre was originally named <i>Franciscopolis</i> after the king who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/France-Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Americas relations">France-Americas relations</a></div> <p>In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in financing the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> to North America. On this expedition, Verrazzano visited the present site of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, naming it <a href="/wiki/New_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="New Angoulême">New Angoulême</a>, and claimed <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> for the French crown. Verrazzano's letter to Francis of 8 July 1524 is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8llere_Codex" title="Cèllere Codex">Cèllere Codex</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1531, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_d%27Ornesan" title="Bertrand d'Ornesan">Bertrand d'Ornesan</a> tried to establish a French trading post at <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982375_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982375-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1534, Francis sent <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> to explore the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982333_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982333-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1541, Francis sent <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roberval" title="Jean-François Roberval">Jean-François de Roberval</a> to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_first_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Australia_first_map.jpg/220px-Australia_first_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Australia_first_map.jpg/330px-Australia_first_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Australia_first_map.jpg/440px-Australia_first_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>An example of the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_maps" title="Dieppe maps">Dieppe maps</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Vallard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Vallard (page does not exist)">Nicholas Vallard</a>, 1547.</figcaption></figure> <p>French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis I with the help of shipowner <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ango" title="Jean Ango">Jean Ango</a>. In July 1527, a French <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> trading ship from the city of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> is recorded by the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> as having arrived in the Indian city of <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1529, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parmentier_(explorer)" title="Jean Parmentier (explorer)">Jean Parmentier</a>, on board the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sacre</i></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pensée</i></span>, reached <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_maps" title="Dieppe maps">Dieppe maps</a>, influencing the work of <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime">Dieppe</a> cartographers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rotz" title="Jean Rotz">Jean Rotz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></div> <p>Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and to set up instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/220px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/330px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/440px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>Francis I (left) and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (right) initiated a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. Both were separately painted by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1530</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. The objective for Francis was to find an ally against the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pretext used by Francis was the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christians in Ottoman lands</a>. The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did, however, cause quite a scandal in the Christian world<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the [French] <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Lily</a> and the [Ottoman] <a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Crescent</a>." Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two powers colluded against <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">siege of Nice</a>. </p><p>In 1533, Francis I sent colonel <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Piton" title="Pierre de Piton">Pierre de Piton</a> as ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, initiating official <a href="/wiki/France-Morocco_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Morocco relations">France-Morocco relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Francis I dated 13 August 1533, the <a href="/wiki/Wattassid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattassid">Wattassid</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmed ben Mohammed</a>, welcomed French overtures and granted freedom of shipping and protection of French traders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bureaucratic_reform_and_language_policy">Bureaucratic reform and language policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bureaucratic reform and language policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg/220px-Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg/330px-Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg/440px-Ordonnance_de_Villers_Cotterets_August_1539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="2842" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a> in August 1539 prescribed the use of French in official documents.</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis took several steps to eradicate the monopoly of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the language of knowledge. In 1530, he declared French the national language of the kingdom, and that same year opened the <i>Collège des trois langues</i>, or <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège Royal</a></span></span>, following the recommendation of humanist <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a>. Students at the Collège could study <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> beginning in 1539.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1539, in his castle in <a href="/wiki/Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Villers-Cotterêts">Villers-Cotterêts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis signed the important edict known as <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a>, which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish a registry office in every parish. This initiated the first records of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policies">Religious policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divisions in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s preaching and writing sparked the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, which spread through much of Europe, including France. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/220px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/330px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/440px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Massacre of Mérindol</a> in 1545</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, despite burning several heretics at the <a href="/wiki/Place_Maubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Maubert">Place Maubert</a> in 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was influenced by his beloved sister <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a>, who was genuinely attracted by Luther's theology.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis even considered it politically useful, as it caused many <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">German princes</a> to turn against his enemy Charles V. </p><p>Francis' attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> changed for the worse following the "<a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Placards" title="Affair of the Placards">Affair of the Placards</a>", on the night of 17 October 1534, in which notices appeared on the streets of Paris and other major cities denouncing the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholicism)">mass</a>. The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came to view the movement as a plot against him and began to persecute its followers. Protestants were jailed and executed. In some areas, whole villages were destroyed. In Paris, after 1540, Francis had heretics such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dolet" title="Étienne Dolet">Étienne Dolet</a> tortured and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> was censored and leading <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformers" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformers">Protestant reformers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> were forced into exile. The persecutions soon numbered thousands of dead and tens of thousands of homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982405,_406_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982405,_406-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persecutions against Protestants were codified in the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau_(1540)" title="Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)">Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)</a> issued by Francis. Major acts of violence continued, as when Francis ordered the extirpation of one of the historical pre-Lutheran groups, the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Massacre of Mérindol</a> in 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht199769_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199769-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis died at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet" title="Château de Rambouillet">Château de Rambouillet</a></span></span> on 31 March 1547, on his son and successor's 28th birthday. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a>. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>. </p><p>Francis' tomb and that of his wife and mother, along with the tombs of other French kings and members of the royal family, were desecrated on 20 October 1793 during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_and_reputation">Image and reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Image and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/220px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/330px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg/440px-Grand_culverin_of_Francis_I_140mm_307cm_Algiers_recovered_in_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calibres_de_France" title="Calibres de France">Grand culverin</a> of Francis I, with his emblem and motto. A gift to his Ottoman allies recovered in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in 1830. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis I has a poor reputation in France—his 500th anniversary was little noted in 1994. Popular and scholarly historical memory ignores his building of so many fine chateaux, his stunning art collection, and his lavish patronage of scholars and artists. He is seen as a playboy who disgraced France by allowing himself to be defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. The historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> set the negative image.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis' personal emblem was the <a href="/wiki/Salamander_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander (legendary creature)">salamander</a> and his Latin motto was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nutrisco et extinguo</i></span> ("I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His long nose earned him the nickname <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">François du Grand Nez</i></span> ('Francis of the Big Nose'), and he was also colloquially known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand Colas</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonhomme Colas</i></span>. For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Roi-Chevalier</i></span> ('the Knight-King') or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Roi-Guerrier</i></span> ('the Warrior-King').<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British historian Glenn Richardson considers Francis a success: </p> <dl><dd>He was a king who ruled as well as reigned. He knew the importance of war and a high international profile in staking his claim to be a great warrior-king of France. In battle, he was brave, if impetuous, which led equally to triumph and disaster. Domestically, Francis exercised the spirit and letter of the royal prerogative to its fullest extent. He bargained hard over taxation and other issues with interest groups, often by appearing not to bargain at all. He enhanced royal power and concentrated decision-making in a tight personal executive but used a wide range of offices, gifts and his own personal charisma to build up an elective personal affinity among the ranks of the nobility upon whom his reign depended .... Under Francis, the court of France was at the height of its prestige and international influence during the 16th century. Although opinion has varied considerably over the centuries since his death, his cultural legacy to France, to its Renaissance, was immense and ought to secure his reputation as among the greatest of its kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201545_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201545-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Duchess Anne of Brittany</a>. The couple had seven children: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1515%E2%80%931518)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1515–1518)">Louise</a> (19 August 1515 – 21 September 1518): died young; engaged to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a> almost from birth until death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Valois" title="Charlotte of Valois">Charlotte</a> (23 October 1516 – 8 September 1524): died young; engaged to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a> from 1518 until death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis</a> (28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536): succeeded his mother Claude as Duke of Brittany, but died aged 18, unmarried and childless.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559): succeeded his father Francis I as King of France and his brother Francis as Duke of Brittany. Married <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> and had issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_France_(1520-1537)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine of France (1520-1537)">Madeleine</a> (10 August 1520 – 2 July 1537): married <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> and had no issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Valois, Duc d'Orléans">Charles</a> (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545): died unmarried and childless.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry">Margaret</a> (5 June 1523 – 14 September 1574): married <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a> and had issue.</li></ol> <p>On 4 July 1530, Francis I married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen (widow) of Portugal and the sister of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. The couple had no children. </p><p>During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court, and he was the first king to officially give the title of "<a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">maîtresse-en-titre</a>" to his favorite mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Foix" title="Françoise de Foix">Françoise de Foix</a>, Countess of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a>. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Pisseleu_d%27Heilly" title="Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly">Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly</a>, Duchess of Étampes, who, with the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boleyn" title="Mary Boleyn">Mary Boleyn</a>, mistress of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and sister of Henry's future wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Jacquette de Lanssac he was reputed to have had the following illegitimate child:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELhoumeau19403–7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELhoumeau19403–7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECloulas1985391_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloulas1985391-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Saint-Gelais" title="Louis de Saint-Gelais">Louis de Saint-Gelais</a> (1512/1513–1593) married first Jeanne de La Roche-Andry and then <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_de_Rochechouart,_dame_de_Lansac" title="Gabrielle de Rochechouart, dame de Lansac">Gabrielle de Rochechouart</a> with issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELhoumeau19405–7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELhoumeau19405–7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux2020297_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux2020297-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux200059_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux200059-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis was the subject of several portraits. A 1525–30 work by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clouet" title="Jean Clouet">Jean Clouet</a> is now housed at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portrait dated to 1532–33 by <a href="/wiki/Joos_van_Cleve" title="Joos van Cleve">Joos van Cleve</a> may have been commissioned either for the occasion of a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England or Francis' second marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workshop of van Cleve produced copies of this work to be distributed to other courts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Kemble" title="Fanny Kemble">Fanny Kemble</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Francis_the_First_(play)" title="Francis the First (play)">Francis the First</a></i>, and the 1832 play by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_s%27amuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roi s'amuse">Le Roi s'amuse</a></i></span> ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester <a href="/wiki/Triboulet" title="Triboulet">Triboulet</a>, the inspiration for the 1851 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigoletto (opera)">Rigoletto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was first played in the <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Méliès">George Méliès</a> short <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">François I<sup>er</sup> et Triboulet</i></span> (1907) by an unknown actor, possibly Méliès.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been since played by Claude Garry (1910), <a href="/wiki/William_Powell" title="William Powell">William Powell</a> (1922), <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Simon-Girard" title="Aimé Simon-Girard">Aimé Simon-Girard</a> (1937), <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Guitry" title="Sacha Guitry">Sacha Guitry</a> (1937), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Oury" title="Gérard Oury">Gérard Oury</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Armend%C3%A1riz" title="Pedro Armendáriz">Pedro Armendáriz</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Claude_Titre" title="Claude Titre">Claude Titre</a> (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990), <a href="/wiki/Timothy_West" title="Timothy West">Timothy West</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Leconte" title="Emmanuel Leconte">Emmanuel Leconte</a> (2007–2010), Alfonso Bassave (2015-2016) and <a href="/wiki/Colm_Meaney" title="Colm Meaney">Colm Meaney</a> (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Francis I of France</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Louis I, Duke of Orléans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adams2010_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/John,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="John, Count of Angoulême">John, Count of Angoulême</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adams2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adams2010_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Alan_IX,_Viscount_of_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan IX, Viscount of Rohan">Alan IX, Viscount of Rohan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gicquel1986_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gicquel1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Rohan,_Countess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of Rohan, Countess of Angoulême">Margaret of Rohan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gicquel1986_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gicquel1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brittany_(1392%E2%80%931428)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of Brittany (1392–1428)">Margaret of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gicquel1986_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gicquel1986-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Francis I of France</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Louis, Duke of Savoy">Louis, Duke of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-APG_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Philip II, Duke of Savoy">Philip II, Duke of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-Laufer_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-Laufer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cyprus" title="Anne of Cyprus">Anne of Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-APG_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leguai_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leguai-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Bourbon_(1438%E2%80%931483)" title="Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483)">Margaret of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-Laufer_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-Laufer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" title="Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon">Agnes of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leguai_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leguai-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19821–2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198277,_78-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198277,_78_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, pp. 77, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982224–225,_230-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982224–225,_230_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, pp. 224–225, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knecht" title="Robert Knecht">Knecht, Robert</a> (2004). <i>The Valois</i>. Hambledon Continuum. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valois&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19823_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19828,_9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht19828,_9_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, pp. 8, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198211-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198211_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198216-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198216_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerlio1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Serlio, Sebastiano</a> (1996) [1486]. "Sebastiano Serlio on architecture". In Hart, Vaughan; Hicks, Peter (eds.). <i>Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva</i> [<i>All the Works of Architecture and Perspective</i>]. Vol. 2. Yale University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06286-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06286-9"><bdi>0-300-06286-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL811378M">811378M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sebastiano+Serlio+on+architecture&rft.btitle=Tutte+l%27opere+d%27architettura+et+prospetiva&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL811378M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-300-06286-9&rft.aulast=Serlio&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malevus.com/francis-i-of-france/#francis-i-prince-of-the-renaissance">"francis-i-prince-of-the-renaissance"</a>. <i>Malevus</i>. 22 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malevus&rft.atitle=francis-i-prince-of-the-renaissance&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalevus.com%2Ffrancis-i-of-france%2F%23francis-i-prince-of-the-renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlats1826" class="citation book cs1">Plats, John (1826). <i>A New Universal Biography: Forming the first volume of series III</i>. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Universal+Biography%3A+Forming+the+first+volume+of+series+III&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Sherwood%2C+Gilbert+and+Piper&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Plats&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCholakianCholakian2006" class="citation book cs1">Cholakian, Patricia Francis; Cholakian, Rouben Charles (2006). <i>Marguerite de Navarre: mother of the Renaissance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13412-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13412-6"><bdi>0-231-13412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marguerite+de+Navarre%3A+mother+of+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-231-13412-6&rft.aulast=Cholakian&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Francis&rft.au=Cholakian%2C+Rouben+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaillon1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Michel_Faillon" title="Étienne-Michel Faillon">Faillon, Étienne-Michel</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oL0AAAAAcAAJ"><i>Monumens de l'église de Sainte-Marthe à Tarascon, département des Bouches-du-Rhône</i></a> (in French). Tarascon: Élisée Aubanel, Imprimeur-libraire. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumens+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+de+Sainte-Marthe+%C3%A0+Tarascon%2C+d%C3%A9partement+des+Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne&rft.place=Tarascon&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=%C3%89lis%C3%A9e+Aubanel%2C+Imprimeur-libraire&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Faillon&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoL0AAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, Robert S. & Stanley Chodorow, <i>Europe in the Middle Ages</i> (Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich Inc.: New York, 1976) p. 619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201432–36-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201432–36_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2014">Richardson (2014)</a>, pp. 32–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199420–26-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199420–26_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1994">Richardson (1994)</a>, pp. 20–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, Colman. <i>Country Cooking of Italy</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTqyEdU7fEcC&pg=PT61">p. 60</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-2392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-2392-9">978-1-4521-2392-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Isaac" title="Jules Isaac">Isaac, Jules</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Francis I. of France"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Francis_I._of_France">"Francis I. of France" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francis+I.+of+France&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=935&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallet_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallet, Michael;and Shaw, Christine. <i>The Italian Wars: 1494–1559</i> (Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2012) p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, Paul Murray. <i>Louis XI: The Universal Spider</i> (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1971) p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallettShaw" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine. <i>The Italian Wars: 1494–1559</i>. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Wars%3A+1494%E2%80%931559&rft.pages=155&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201541-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201541_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2015">Richardson (2015)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanine_Garrisson,_Emmanuel_Haven_·1995" class="citation book cs1">Janine Garrisson, Emmanuel Haven · (1995). <i>A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598 Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion</i>. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24020-3"><bdi>978-1-349-24020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sixteenth+Century+France%2C+1483-1598+Renaissance%2C+Reformation+and+Rebellion&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24020-3&rft.au=Janine+Garrisson%2C+Emmanuel+Haven+%C2%B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Parker, <i>Emperor</i> (2019) pp 308–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoursière2005" class="citation book cs1">Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). <i>Canada Quebec 1534–2000</i>. Québec: Septentrion. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-186-8"><bdi>978-2-89448-186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Quebec+1534%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Septentrion&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-89448-186-8&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestombes1954" class="citation journal cs1">Destombes, M. (1954). "Nautical Charts Attributed to Verrazano (1525–1528)". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>11</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085695408592059">10.1080/03085695408592059</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1752690">1752690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Nautical+Charts+Attributed+to+Verrazano+%281525%E2%80%931528%29&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1752690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085695408592059&rft.aulast=Destombes&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982375-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982375_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982333-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982333_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeniansNewtonRose1940" class="citation book cs1">Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA61"><i>The English history of the British Empire</i></a>. p. 61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+history+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Benians&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Alfred&rft.au=Newton%2C+Arthur+Percival&rft.au=Rose%2C+John+Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-08AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOaten1991" class="citation book cs1">Oaten, Edward Farley (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlibHoeruDUC&pg=PA123"><i>European travellers in India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0710-1"><bdi>978-81-206-0710-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+travellers+in+India&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0710-1&rft.aulast=Oaten&rft.aufirst=Edward+Farley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlibHoeruDUC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, David B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7OuMkzGKw0C&pg=PA57"><i>Explorers and colonies: America, 1500–1625</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-024-1"><bdi>978-1-85285-024-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+and+colonies%3A+America%2C+1500%E2%80%931625&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-024-1&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7OuMkzGKw0C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. J. Toomer">Toomer, G. J.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl8fniRER4kC&pg=PA26"><i>Eastern wisdom and learning: the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century...</i></a> Clarendon Press. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820291-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820291-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+wisdom+and+learning%3A+the+study+of+Arabic+in+seventeenth-century...&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820291-2&rft.aulast=Toomer&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSl8fniRER4kC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1923" class="citation web cs1">Miller, William (4 January 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ottomanempireitsmill">"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913"</a>. Cambridge University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+its+successors%2C+1801%E2%80%931922.+Being+a+rev.+and+enl.+ed.+of+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1801%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1923-01-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomanempireitsmill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann1980" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Robert A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5iJ1tfLnnoC&q=%22Franco-Turkish+alliance%22&pg=PA62"><i>Kann</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04206-3"><bdi>978-0-520-04206-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kann&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04206-3&rft.aulast=Kann&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5iJ1tfLnnoC%26q%3D%2522Franco-Turkish%2Balliance%2522%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_p.2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p.2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Merriman" title="R. B. Merriman">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkMHta3C7LUC&q=%22Franco-Turkish+alliance%22&pg=PA219"><i>Merriman</i></a>. Read Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7272-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7272-2"><bdi>978-1-4067-7272-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriman&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-7272-2&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkMHta3C7LUC%26q%3D%2522Franco-Turkish%2Balliance%2522%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Francois I, hoping that Morocco would open up to France as easily as Mexico had to Spain, sent a commission, half commercial and half diplomatic, which he confided to one Pierre de Piton. The story of his mission is not without interest" in <i>The conquest of Morocco</i> by Cecil Vivian Usborne, S. Paul & co. ltd., 1936, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCabe, Ina Baghdianitz. <i>Orientalism in early modern France</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0">978-1-84520-374-0</a>, p. 25 <i>ff</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2002" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuyx5E_wp7QC&pg=PA158"><i>The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610</i></a>. Wiley. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22729-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22729-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+Renaissance+France%2C+1483%E2%80%931610&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22729-8&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnuyx5E_wp7QC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Goubert" title="Pierre Goubert">Pierre Goubert</a>, <i>The Course of French History</i>, Psychology Press, 1991, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Goubert" title="Pierre Goubert">Pierre Goubert</a>, <i>The Course of French History</i>, Psychology Press, 1991, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goubert, op. cit., p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982405,_406-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1982405,_406_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1982">Knecht (1982)</a>, pp. 405, 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199769-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht199769_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1997">Knecht 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish" class="citation web cs1">Cavendish, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/marriage-mary-queen-scots">"The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=The+Marriage+of+Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fmarriage-mary-queen-scots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Knecht, "'Born between two women...'Jules Michelet and Francis I." <i>Renaissance Studies</i> (2000) 14#3: 329–343 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24412871">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2015-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2015_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2015">Richardson (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Larousse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20130213110523/http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/article/Laroussefr_-_Article/11020086">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201545-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201545_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2015">Richardson (2015)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach,_Constantin_von1860" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a> (1860). <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Eleonore_von_Oesterreich_%28Tochter_Philipp%E2%80%99s_von_Oesterreich%29">"Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich)"</a>. <i>Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</i>. 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Conseil Savoie Mont Blanc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabaudia.org/3180-la-maison-de-savoie.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Maison+de+Savoie&rft.pub=Conseil+Savoie+Mont+Blanc&rft.aulast=Palluel-Guillard&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabaudia.org%2F3180-la-maison-de-savoie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leguai-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leguai_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leguai_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeguai2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leguai, André (2005). "Agnès de Bourgogne, duchesse de Bourbon (1405?–1476)". <i>Les ducs de Bourbon, le Bourbonnais et le royaume de France à la fin du Moyen Age</i> [<i>The dukes of Bourbon, the Bourbonnais and the kingdom of France at the end of the Middle Ages</i>] (in French). Yzeure: Société bourbonnaise des études locales. pp. 145–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agn%C3%A8s+de+Bourgogne%2C+duchesse+de+Bourbon+%281405%3F%E2%80%931476%29&rft.btitle=Les+ducs+de+Bourbon%2C+le+Bourbonnais+et+le+royaume+de+France+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Moyen+Age&rft.place=Yzeure&rft.pages=145-160&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+bourbonnaise+des+%C3%A9tudes+locales&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leguai&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Clough, C.H. "Francis I and the Courtiers of Castiglione’s Courtier." <i>European Studies Review.</i> vol. 8, 1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloulas1985" class="citation book cs1">Cloulas, Ivan (1985). <i>Henri II</i>. Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+II&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Cloulas&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Denieul-Cormier, Anne. <i>The Renaissance in France.</i> trans. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fremantle" title="Anne Fremantle">Anne Fremantle</a> and Christopher Fremantle. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonie_Frieda" title="Leonie Frieda">Frieda, Leonie</a>. <i>Francis I: The Maker of Modern France.</i> New York: HarperCollins, 2018.</li> <li>Grant, Arthur James. <i>The French Monarchy, Volume I.</i> New York: Howard Fertig, 1970.</li> <li>Guy, John. <i>Tudor England.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.</li> <li>Isom-Verhaaren, Christine. "'Barbarossa and His Army Who Came to Succor All of Us': Ottoman and French Views of Their Joint Campaign of 1543–1544." <i>French Historical Studies</i> 30:3 (2007): 395–425 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/34174247/FHS030-03-03Isom-Verhaaren1pp.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Jensen, De Lamar. "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy," <i>Sixteenth Century Journal</i> 16:4 (1985): 451–470 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541220">2541220</a></li> <li>Jensen, De Lamar, ed. <i>Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation</i>. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company (2nd ed. 1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knecht" title="Robert Knecht">Knecht, Robert J.</a> (1981). "Francis and Paris". <i>History</i>. <b>66</b> (216): 18–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1981.tb01357.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1981.tb01357.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Francis+and+Paris&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=18-33&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1981.tb01357.x&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1982" class="citation book cs1">—— (1982). <i>Francis I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24344-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24344-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7735278M">7735278M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7735278M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24344-5&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1994" class="citation book cs1">—— (1994). <i>Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57885-1"><bdi>978-0-521-57885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Warrior+and+Patron%3A+The+Reign+of+Francis+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57885-1&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1997" class="citation book cs1">—— (1997). <i>French Renaissance Monarchy: Francis I and Henry II</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Renaissance+Monarchy%3A+Francis+I+and+Henry+II&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2000" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Born between two women ...' Jules Michelet and Francis I". <i>Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 329–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-4658.2000.tb00098.x">10.1111/j.1477-4658.2000.tb00098.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24412871">24412871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162232217">162232217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Born+between+two+women+...%27+Jules+Michelet+and+Francis+I&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-343&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162232217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24412871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-4658.2000.tb00098.x&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2003" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2003). "An Update on the Reign of Francis I". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>1</b> (1): **. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.040">10.1111/1478-0542.040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=An+Update+on+the+Reign+of+Francis+I&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%2A%2A&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1478-0542.040&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2016" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2016). "A Battle of Giants". <i>History Today</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 49–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Battle+of+Giants&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span> Battle of Marignano, Italy in 1515.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux2000" class="citation book cs1">Le Roux, Nicolas (2000). <i>La Faveur du Roi: Mignons et Courtisans au Temps des Derniers Valois</i>. Champ Vallon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Faveur+du+Roi%3A+Mignons+et+Courtisans+au+Temps+des+Derniers+Valois&rft.pub=Champ+Vallon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux2020" class="citation book cs1">Le Roux, Nicolas (2020). <i>Portraits d'un Royaume: Henri III, la Noblesse et la Ligue</i>. Passés Composés.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+d%27un+Royaume%3A+Henri+III%2C+la+Noblesse+et+la+Ligue&rft.pub=Pass%C3%A9s+Compos%C3%A9s&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhoumeau1940" class="citation book cs1">Lhoumeau, Charles Sauzé de (1940). <i>Un Fils Naturel de François Ier: Louis de Saint-Gelais, baron de la Mothe-Saint-Héray</i>. Société Française d'Imprimerie et de Librairie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+Fils+Naturel+de+Fran%C3%A7ois+Ier%3A+Louis+de+Saint-Gelais%2C+baron+de+la+Mothe-Saint-H%C3%A9ray&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Imprimerie+et+de+Librairie&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Lhoumeau&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sauz%C3%A9+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Major, J. Russell. <i>From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy.</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).</li> <li>Mansfield, Lisa. <i>Representations of Renaissance Monarchy: Francis I and the Image-Makers</i> (2016).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a>. <i>Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe</i>. (Grove Press, 2016).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i> (Yale University Press, 2019).</li> <li>Potter, D. L. <i>Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c. 1480–1560</i> (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2008).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reston_Jr." title="James Reston Jr.">Reston Jr., James</a>. <i>Defenders of the Faith: Christianity and Islam Battle for the Soul of Europe, 1520–1536</i> (Penguin, 2009), popular history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, Glenn (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/good-friends-and-brothers-francis-i-and-henry-viii">"Good Friends and Brothers? Francis I and Henry VIII"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>44</b> (9): 20–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Good+Friends+and+Brothers%3F+Francis+I+and+Henry+VIII&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=20-26&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fgood-friends-and-brothers-francis-i-and-henry-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2014" class="citation book cs1">—— (2014). <i>The Field of Cloth of Gold</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16039-0"><bdi>978-0-300-16039-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862814775">862814775</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27957943M">27957943M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Field+of+Cloth+of+Gold&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862814775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27957943M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16039-0&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2015" class="citation journal cs1">—— (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/greatest-french-king">"The Greatest French King"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>65</b> (5): 39–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+French+King&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2015-05&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fgreatest-french-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2020" class="citation journal cs1">—— (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/field-cloth-gold">"The Field of Cloth of Gold"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>70</b> (7): 28–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Field+of+Cloth+of+Gold&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=28-39&rft.date=2020-07&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Ffeature%2Ffield-cloth-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+I+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Seward" title="Desmond Seward">Seward, Desmond</a>. <i>Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I</i> (New York: Macmillan, 1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-351-18234-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-351-18234-1">978-0-351-18234-1</a> <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10687109M">10687109M</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_I_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Francis I of France </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois, Orléans-Angoulême branch</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 12 September 1494</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 31 March 1547</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a> </b><br />1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duchess_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude, Duchess of Brittany">Claude</a></div><i><b>as sole duchess </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Brittany">Duke of Brittany</a> </b><br />18 May 1514 – 1 January 1515<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duchess_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude, Duchess of Brittany">Claude</a></div><i><b>as sole duchess </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Sforza" title="Maximilian Sforza">Maximilian Sforza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> </b><br />1515–1521 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francis II Sforza</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francis II Sforza</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">Duke of Milan</a> </b><br />1524–1525 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Merged in the crown</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Counts_and_Dukes_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Counts and Dukes of Valois">Duke of Valois</a> </b><br />1498 – 1 January 1515 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Merged in the crown</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and dukes of Angoulême">Count of Angoulême</a> </b><br />1 January 1496 – 1 January 1515 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Merged in the crown</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129857#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129857#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129857#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121029337">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88805531">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13189/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx7bPHpmpfqhhDhFhT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534947">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038638">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120127827">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120127827">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001193472">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="François I <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV022053">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49861380">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700556&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1501310">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/494819">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069995168">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90236426">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnnqfs1b96ndp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810695005505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/72801">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261389505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512420906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14068838">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06217209?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122500">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/441278">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/franz-i-koenig-von-frankreich">Städel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526264">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118534947.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118534947">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028254287">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029215">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41008524">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&oldid=1259160890">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&oldid=1259160890</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Francis_I_of_France" title="Category:Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1494_births" title="Category:1494 births">1494 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1547_deaths" title="Category:1547 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