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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-語源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>語源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歴史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歴史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歴史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歴史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>歴史サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歴史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-先史時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#先史時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>先史時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-先史時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古代史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>古代史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-その後の交易" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#その後の交易"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>その後の交易</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-その後の交易-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-地中海と近東" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地中海と近東"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>地中海と近東</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地中海と近東-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-インド太平洋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#インド太平洋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>インド太平洋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-インド太平洋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-極東アジア" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#極東アジア"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>極東アジア</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-極東アジア-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-律令制における狭義の交易" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#律令制における狭義の交易"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>律令制における狭義の交易</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-律令制における狭義の交易-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>関連項目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-脚注-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>脚注サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-注釈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>注釈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>出典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目次" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">目次の表示・非表示を切り替え</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">交易</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。利用可能な言語140件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140の言語版</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(ekonomie)" title="アフリカーンス語: Handel (ekonomie)" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Handel (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="スイスドイツ語: Handel" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="アムハラ語: ንግድ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንግድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="アムハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="アラゴン語: Comercio" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="アラビア語: تجارة" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="アラム語: ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="アラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerciu" title="アストゥリアス語: Comerciu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comerciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticar%C9%99t" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Ticarət" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ticarət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="South Azerbaijani: تیجارت" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیجارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0" title="バシキール語: Сауҙа" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сауҙа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paadolan" title="バリ語: Paadolan" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paadolan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="バリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handl" title="バイエルン・オーストリア語: Handl" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Handl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="バイエルン・オーストリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prek%C4%ABba" title="サモギティア語: Prekība" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prekība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="サモギティア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="ベラルーシ語: Гандаль" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Гандаль" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang" title="ベタウィ語: Dagang" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dagang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="ベタウィ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ブルガリア語: Търговия" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="Bhojpuri: लेन-देन" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेन-देन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaya" title="バンバラ語: Julaya" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Julaya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="バンバラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="ベンガル語: বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়)" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerzh" title="ブルトン語: Kenwerzh" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenwerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="ボスニア語: Trgovina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ブリヤート語: Наймаан" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Наймаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ブリヤート語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7" title="カタロニア語: Comerç" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="チェチェン語: Махлелор" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Махлелор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="チェチェン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="中央クルド語: دانوستان (ئابوورناسی)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دانوستان (ئابوورناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="コルシカ語: Cummerciu" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="コルシカ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchod" title="チェコ語: Obchod" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obchod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="チュヴァシ語: Суту-илӳ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суту-илӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnach" title="ウェールズ語: Masnach" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Masnach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="デンマーク語: Handel" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="ドイツ語: Handel" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8" title="ディベヒ語: ވިޔަފާރި" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޔަފާރި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ディベヒ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="ギリシャ語: Εμπόριο" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade" title="英語: Trade" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Trade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="エスペラント語: Komerco" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="スペイン語: Comercio" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="エストニア語: Kaubandus" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza" title="バスク語: Merkataritza" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkataritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ペルシア語: تجارت" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupank%C3%A4ynti" title="フィンランド語: Kaupankäynti" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupankäynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="ヴォロ語: Kaubandus" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ヴォロ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce" title="フランス語: Commerce" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanel" title="北フリジア語: Hanel" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumier%C3%A7" title="フリウリ語: Cumierç" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cumierç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="フリウリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="西フリジア語: Hannel" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1d%C3%A1il" title="アイルランド語: Trádáil" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trádáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="アイルランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malairt" title="スコットランド・ゲール語: Malairt" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Malairt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="スコットランド・ゲール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="ガリシア語: Comercio" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emu" title="グアラニー語: Ñemu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="グアラニー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellal" title="マン島語: Dellal" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Dellal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="マン島語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo-yi" title="客家語: Mo-yi" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mo-yi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lepa" title="ハワイ語: Kālepa" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ハワイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8" title="ヘブライ語: מסחר" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסחר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="ヒンディー語: व्यापार" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len-den" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Len-den" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Len-den" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="クロアチア語: Trgovina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B2s" title="ハイチ・クレオール語: Negòs" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Negòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ハイチ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereskedelem" title="ハンガリー語: Kereskedelem" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereskedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="アルメニア語: Առևտուր" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առևտուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="インターリングア: Commercio" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="インターリングア" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="インドネシア語: Perdagangan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="イド語: Komerco" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skipti" title="アイスランド語: Viðskipti" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="イタリア語: Commercio" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chried" title="ジャマイカ・クレオール語: Chried" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chried" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="ジャマイカ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padagangan" title="ジャワ語: Padagangan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Padagangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ジョージア語: კომერცია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომერცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Kabiye: Tadɩyɛ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tadɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="カザフ語: Сауда" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF(%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0)" title="カンナダ語: ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ)" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="カンナダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD" title="韓国語: 무역" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="カシミール語: تِجارَت" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تِجارَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="カシミール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerth" title="コーンウォール語: Kenwerth" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenwerth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="コーンウォール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="キルギス語: Соода" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Соода" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium" title="ラテン語: Commercium" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commercium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="ルクセンブルク語: Handel" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ルクセンブルク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="リンブルフ語: Handel" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="リンブルフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ラオ語: ການຄ້າ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຄ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ラオ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekyba" title="リトアニア語: Prekyba" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirdzniec%C4%ABba" title="ラトビア語: Tirdzniecība" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tirdzniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raharaham-barotra" title="マダガスカル語: Raharaham-barotra" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raharaham-barotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="マダガスカル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="マケドニア語: Трговија" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трговија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="マラヤーラム語: വ്യാപാരം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാപാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="モンゴル語: Худалдаа" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Худалдаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="マラーティー語: व्यापार" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="マラーティー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="マレー語: Perdagangan" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ミャンマー語: ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="低地ドイツ語: Hannel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="オランダ低ザクセン語: Handel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="オランダ低ザクセン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(economie)" title="オランダ語: Handel (economie)" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handel (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Handel" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Handel" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerse" title="ノヴィアル: Komerse" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Komerse" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="ノヴィアル" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8rci" title="オック語: Comèrci" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comèrci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daldala" title="オロモ語: Daldala" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daldala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="オロモ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="パンジャブ語: ਵਪਾਰ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਪਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading" title="パンガシナン語: Trading" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Trading" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="パンガシナン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyu" title="パンパンガ語: Komersyu" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Komersyu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="パンパンガ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="ポーランド語: Handel" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="Western Punjabi: وپار" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وپار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9rcio" title="ポルトガル語: Comércio" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makipura" title="ケチュア語: Makipura" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makipura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ケチュア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9B" title="ルーマニア語: Comerț" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Pannonian Rusyn: Тарґовина" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Тарґовина" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="ロシア語: Торговля" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="サハ語: Эргиэн" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эргиэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="シチリア語: Cummerciu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="シチリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tred" title="スコットランド語: Tred" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tred" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="スコットランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="シンド語: واپار" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واپار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="シンド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Trgovina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="シンハラ語: වෙළෙඳාම" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙළෙඳාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="シンハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade" title="シンプル英語: Trade" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%A1_%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5" title="スロバキア語: Obchodná činnosť" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obchodná činnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="スロベニア語: Trgovina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadashada" title="ソマリ語: Gadashada" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gadashada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ソマリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregtia" title="アルバニア語: Tregtia" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="セルビア語: Трговина" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трговина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="スウェーデン語: Handel" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="タミル語: வணிகம்" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வணிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="テルグ語: వాణిజ్యం" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాణిజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="テルグ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="タイ語: การค้า" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การค้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B2" title="ティグリニア語: ንግዲ" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ንግዲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="ティグリニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakalan" title="タガログ語: Kalakalan" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalakalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticaret" title="トルコ語: Ticaret" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticaret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="ウクライナ語: Торгівля" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торгівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ウルドゥー語: تجارت" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savdo" title="ウズベク語: Savdo" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Savdo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0fego_(economia)" title="ヴェネト語: Tràfego (economia)" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tràfego (economia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ヴェネト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torguind" title="ヴェプス語: Torguind" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Torguind" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="ヴェプス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="ベトナム語: Giao thương" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao thương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiece" title="ワロン語: Comiece" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comiece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ワロン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyo" title="ワライ語: Komersyo" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komersyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="呉語: 贸易" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="メグレル語: ვაჭრუა" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაჭრუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="メグレル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="イディッシュ語: האנדל" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="中国語: 贸易" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk" title="閩南語: Bō͘-e̍k" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bō͘-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="広東語: 貿易" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貿易" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhwebo" title="ズールー語: Uhwebo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uhwebo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ズールー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q601401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="本文を閲覧[c]" accesskey="c"><span>ページ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="本文ページについての議論 (存在しないページ)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>ノート</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">日本語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="表示"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する[e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=history" title="このページの過去の版[h]" accesskey="h"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する[e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=history"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧[j]" accesskey="j"><span>リンク元</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新[k]" accesskey="k"><span>関連ページの更新状況</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ファイルのアップロード" title="ファイルをアップロードする[u]" accesskey="u"><span>ファイルをアップロード</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="特別ページの一覧[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特別ページ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&oldid=99461212" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク"><span>この版への固定リンク</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報"><span>ページ情報</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&id=99461212&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="このページの引用方法"><span>このページを引用</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2598%2593"><span>短縮URLを取得する</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2598%2593"><span>QRコードをダウンロード</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span>ブックの新規作成</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF 形式でダウンロード</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印刷用バージョン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trading" hreflang="en"><span>コモンズ</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q601401" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク[g]" accesskey="g"><span>ウィキデータ項目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style><div class="hatnote dablink noprint"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td> <td>国外にいる相手との貨幣を介した商業取引については「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易">貿易</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>交易</b>（こうえき、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英語">英</a>: <span lang="en">trade</span>）とは、特定の個人・集団間で価値のある<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="品物">品物</a>をお互いに<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="交換">交換</a>する<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E5%BC%95" title="取引">取引</a>のこと<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。貨幣を介さず<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E3%80%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="物々交換">物々交換</a>に重きを置いた語として用いられることが多い<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注釈 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>近代的な観点だと、交易は専門化と<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%A5%AD" title="分業">分業</a>のために存在している。個人や集団が生産の一角集中を行い、その成果といえる<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%94%A3%E5%93%81" title="特産品">特産品</a>を交易において他の製品や必需品と換えるのに利用する、経済活動のよくある形態である<sup id="cite_ref-DollarKraay2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DollarKraay2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。地域間での交易が存在するのは、地域が違うと交易可能な<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="コモディティ">コモディティ</a>（他の場所では希少ないし限られた天然資源を含む）の生産にも<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%84%AA%E4%BD%8D" title="比較優位">比較優位</a>が生じうるためである。例えば、地域の規模の違いが<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3" title="大量生産">大量生産</a>を促す場合もある。こうした環境だと、地域間で行なう交易が双方の地域にとって利益となりうる。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語源"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>語源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 語源"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>交易の「交」には、二つ以上のものが「まじわる」「関係を持つ」「かわるがわる」といった意味があり<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、「易」には「取り換える」という意味がある<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。したがって、交易とは「二者以上が交わってお互いに（交流関係を維持すべく）物品を交換する」事を指している。 </p><p>交易を意味する英単語 <span lang="en"><i>trade</i></span> は、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中世英語">中世英語</a>だと「道、行方」を意味しており、これは<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="ハンザ同盟">ハンザ同盟</a>の商人によって欧州から英語に導入されたものである。中世<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="低地ドイツ語">低地ドイツ語</a>の <span lang="nds"><i>Trade</i></span> も「道、行程」の意味で、さらに遡ると<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="古ザクセン語">古ザクセン語</a>の <span lang="osx"><i>trada</i></span> が「足跡、小径」、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="ゲルマン祖語">ゲルマン祖語</a>の <span lang="gem-x-proto">*tradō</span> は「小径、道」という意味である。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歴史"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E5.8F.B2"></span>歴史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 歴史"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8F%B2" title="貿易史">貿易史</a>」も参照</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="先史時代"><span id=".E5.85.88.E5.8F.B2.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>先史時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: 先史時代"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>交易は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="先史時代">先史時代</a>に人類の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="コミュニケーション">コミュニケーション</a>から始まった。交易は先史時代の人々の主な便宜であり、貨幣経済以前の贈与経済<small> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gift_economy" class="extiw" title="en:gift economy"><span lang="en">gift economy</span></a>) </small>において彼らはお互いに品物を交換していた。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ピーター・ワトソン (存在しないページ)">ピーター・ワトソン</a>は、遠距離商取引の歴史を約15万年前に遡るとしている<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2005_150_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2005_150-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。地中海域では、文化間の最も古い接触が3.5-3万年前から始まったとされる<sup id="cite_ref-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>伝統的な<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%B5%A6%E8%87%AA%E8%B6%B3" title="自給自足">自給自足</a>を別にすれば、交易が先史時代の人々の主な便宜となり、人々はお互いに持ち寄った品を物々交換していた。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代史"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E5.8F.B2"></span>古代史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: 古代史"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/220px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/330px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg/440px-Attic_red-figure_Pottery_in_the_Eremitage_Sankt_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>1860年代にロシア南部の古墳(Bolshaya Bliznitsa tumulus)で発掘された、古代<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="エトルリア">エトルリア</a>のテラコッタ製香油入れ「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9-1265342">アリュバロス</a>」。<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="エルミタージュ美術館">エルミタージュ美術館</a>所蔵。</figcaption></figure> <p>交易は、有史以来ほぼずっと実施されてきたと考えられている。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a>に<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%9B%9C%E7%9F%B3" title="黒曜石">黒曜石</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%A7%E7%9F%B3" title="燧石">フリント</a>が交換された証拠があり、オックスフォード考古学辞典によると、黒曜石の交易は紀元前17,000年から<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="ニューギニア">ニューギニア</a>で行われていた<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r86501635">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div>近東で最初期の黒曜石の使用は、先土器新石器時代B期(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/P.P.N.B-1400067">P.P.N.B</a>)に遡る<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="templatequotecite">—<cite><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%A0%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%87%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="三笠宮崇仁親王">三笠宮崇仁親王</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ロバート・カー・ボサンケ (存在しないページ)">ロバート・カー・ボサンケ</a>は1901年の発掘調査により石器時代の交易を調査した<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。交易が最初に<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="西南アジア">西南アジア</a>で始まったと主張する有識者もいる<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黒曜石使用の考古学的証拠は、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="中石器時代">中石器時代</a>後期から<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器時代">新石器時代</a>にこの素材がどの程度<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3)" title="チャート (岩石)">チャート (岩石)</a>よりも優先的に選ばれたか、黒曜石が珍しい地中海域でどの程度交換を必要としていたかに関するデータを提示している<sup id="cite_ref-John_Robb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Robb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>黒曜石は切削道具や工具を作る材料になっていたと思われるが、もっと楽に入手できる他の材料が使用可能だったので、フリントを豊富に活用する部族の高い地位だけで見つかった<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。興味深いことに、黒曜石はフリントと比べて現在もの価値を保っている。 </p><p>初期の交易者達は、地中海域の900km圏内で黒曜石を交易していた<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>新石器時代ヨーロッパにおける地中海域の交易は、この素材が最も規模が大きかった<sup id="cite_ref-John_Robb_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Robb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。交易網は紀元前12,000年頃に存在し<sup id="cite_ref-Andrea_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrea-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 、1990年の研究によれば<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="アナトリア半島">アナトリア半島</a>が<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="レバント">レバント</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="イラン">イラン</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="エジプト">エジプト</a>と交易するための主要拠点だった<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_the_Elder_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny_the_Elder-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E5%B3%B6" title="ミロス島">ミロス島</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="リーパリ島">リーパリ島</a>の黒曜石は、古代の地中海域で最も広範に交易される産物資源だった<sup id="cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>アフガニスタンの山岳地帯にある鉱山<small> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar-i_Sang" class="extiw" title="en:Sar-i Sang"><span lang="en">Sar-i Sang</span></a>) </small>は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%94%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AA" title="ラピスラズリ">ラピスラズリ</a>の交易で最も規模の大きな拠点だった<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。この素材は紀元前1595年から始まる<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="バビロニア">バビロニア</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E4%BA%BA#歴史" title="カッシート人">カッシート王朝</a>期に最も多く交易された<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="その後の交易"><span id=".E3.81.9D.E3.81.AE.E5.BE.8C.E3.81.AE.E4.BA.A4.E6.98.93"></span>その後の交易</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=5" title="節を編集: その後の交易"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地中海と近東"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E4.B8.AD.E6.B5.B7.E3.81.A8.E8.BF.91.E6.9D.B1"></span>地中海と近東</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=6" title="節を編集: 地中海と近東"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>」を参照</div> <p>3000年もの間<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9" title="エブラ">エブラ</a>は著名な交易の中心地で、交易網がアナトリアや北<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="メソポタミア">メソポタミア</a>にも及んでいた<sup id="cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laura_S._Etheredge_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura_S._Etheredge-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dumper_&_Stanley_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumper_&_Stanley-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/300px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/450px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/600px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>ヨーロッパとアジアを結ぶ<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>交易ルートの地図</figcaption></figure> <p>紀元前3000年より、宝飾品を作るための素材がエジプトと交易取引されていた。長距離の交易路が最初に現れたのは、メソポタミアの<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="シュメール人">シュメール人</a>が<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%82%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="インダス文明">インダス文明</a>と交易した紀元前3千年紀頃である。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="フェニキア人">フェニキア人</a>は特筆すべき海上交易者で、地中海を横断し、青銅を製造するための<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="錫">錫</a>資源を求めて<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ブリテン島">ブリテン島</a>まで北上した。彼らはこの目的のために、ギリシャ人が<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="エンポリウム">エンポリウム</a>と呼んだ交易植民地を設立した<sup id="cite_ref-archa_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archa-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。地中海沿岸では、地域交流の度合いと考古学的遺跡（鉄器時代以降）での局所的有病率との間に有意の関係性があることを調査団が発見した。これは、ある地域の交易可能性が人類の居住地の重要な決定要因だったことを示唆している<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ギリシャ文明の黎明期から5世紀の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ローマ帝国">ローマ帝国</a>陥落まで、経済的に儲かる交易は、インドや中国を含む極東からヨーロッパへと貴重な<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%99" title="香辛料">香辛料</a>をもたらした。ローマの商取引<small> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce" class="extiw" title="en:Roman commerce"><span lang="en">Roman commerce</span></a>) </small>が同帝国を繁栄存続させていた。後年の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="パクス・ロマーナ">パクス・ロマーナ</a>では、ローマがエジプトおよび近東を征服したことで地中海唯一の海洋大国になったため、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="海賊">海賊</a>行為に怯えなくとも交易品の出荷を可能にする安全かつ安定した輸送網を構築した<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>古代ギリシャでは<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ヘルメース">ヘルメース</a>が交易（商業）および度量衡の神だった<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古代ローマでは<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="メルクリウス">メルクリウス</a>が商業の神であり、その祭りは第5月の25日に交易者らによって祝われた<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>交易の自由という概念は、古代ギリシャ諸国の統治者たちの意向や経済方針と対立する理念だった。諸国間の自由な交易は、統治者の財物の安全保障を維持するための厳格な（課税を経由した）内部統制によって抑圧されていたが、とはいえ機能的な共同体生活の構造内では程々の節度が維持できていた<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>ローマ帝国の衰退とそれに続く<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E9%BB%92%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="暗黒時代">暗黒時代</a>は西欧に不安定をもたらし、西側世界の交易網はほぼ崩壊した。しかし交易は、アフリカ、中東、インド、中国、東南アジアの王国間で盛んに継続された。一部の交易は西欧にもあった。例えば、中世ユダヤ商人の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ギルド">ギルド</a>組合<small> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanite" class="extiw" title="en:Radhanite"><span lang="en">Radhanite</span></a>) </small>はヨーロッパの<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="キリスト教徒">キリスト教徒</a>や近東の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0" title="ムスリム">イスラム教徒</a>と交易していた<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="インド太平洋"><span id=".E3.82.A4.E3.83.B3.E3.83.89.E5.A4.AA.E5.B9.B3.E6.B4.8B"></span>インド太平洋</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=7" title="節を編集: インド太平洋"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/220px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/330px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/440px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%B4%8B" title="インド洋">インド洋</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="オーストロネシア人">オーストロネシア人</a>地域における先史・古代の海上交易網<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>インド洋における最初の海上交易網は<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="東南アジア">東南アジア</a>島嶼部の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="オーストロネシア人">オーストロネシア人</a>によるもので<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、彼らが最初の外洋航行船を建造した<sup id="cite_ref-Meacham_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" title="台湾">台湾</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3" title="フィリピン">フィリピン</a>の先住民によって始められた<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4" title="ヒスイ">ヒスイ</a>海路<small> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="extiw" title="en:Maritime Jade Road"><span lang="en">Maritime Jade Road</span></a>) </small>は、東南アジアと東アジアの複数地域を結ぶ広範な交易網だった。その主要製品は、台湾先住民によって台湾から採掘されたヒスイで作られ、主にフィリピン先住民によって加工細工された。一部は<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="ベトナム">ベトナム</a>でも加工され、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="マレーシア">マレーシア</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4" title="ブルネイ">ブルネイ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シンガポール">シンガポール</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="タイ王国">タイ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="インドネシア">インドネシア</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="カンボジア">カンボジア</a>の人々もこの大規模な交易網に参加した。この海路は、当時世界で最も広範な海洋基盤の単一地質学的材料の交易網の1つだった。それは少なくとも3000年間存在しており、ヒスイ生産の最盛期は紀元前2000年-西暦500年までと、ユーラシア本土の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>や後年の<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="海のシルクロード">海上シルクロード</a>よりも古かった。ヒスイ海路は西暦900年代に衰退し始めた。同交易網の全期間が、この地域の多様な<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="アニミズム">アニミズム</a>社会の黄金時代であった<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>遠洋航行する東南アジア人は、早くも紀元前1500年に<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="南インド">南インド</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB" title="スリランカ">スリランカ</a>との交易ルートを確立しており、物質文化（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%83%B4%E8%88%B9" title="双胴船">双胴船</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC" title="アウトリガーカヌー">アウトリガーカヌー</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AB%E5%90%88%E8%88%B9" title="縫合船">縫合船</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ビンロウジ">ビンロウジ</a>など）と栽培起源種（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="ココナッツ">ココナッツ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%AA%80" class="mw-redirect" title="白檀">白檀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A" title="バナナ">バナナ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%93" title="サトウキビ">サトウキビ</a>など）の交換を先導すると共に、インドと中国の物質文化をつないだ。特にインドネシア人は、双胴船やアウトリガーカヌーを使って<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="東アフリカ">東アフリカ</a>と香辛料（主に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="シナモン">シナモン</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="カシア">カシア</a>）の交易を行い、インド洋の<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A5%BF%E9%A2%A8" title="偏西風">偏西風</a>の助けを借りて航海していた。この交易網はアフリカや<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="アラビア半島">アラビア半島</a>にまで及んでおり、西暦500年までにオーストロネシア人が<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB" title="マダガスカル">マダガスカル</a>を植民地化した。それは有史になっても続き、後の<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="海のシルクロード">海上シルクロード</a>になった<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlenchFruits_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="極東アジア"><span id=".E6.A5.B5.E6.9D.B1.E3.82.A2.E3.82.B8.E3.82.A2"></span>極東アジア</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=8" title="節を編集: 極東アジア"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古代の極東アジアにおける交易は、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国">中国</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81" title="冊封">冊封</a>に基づいた周辺国による<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2" title="朝貢">朝貢</a>外交が特徴の一つである。日中間については、約二千年前の西暦 57年に<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD" title="倭">倭</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%9B%BD" title="奴国">奴国</a>が使節を<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2" title="後漢">後漢</a>に派遣し、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="光武帝">光武帝</a>より<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A7%94%E5%A5%B4%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%8D%B0" title="漢委奴国王印">漢委奴国王印</a>（金印）<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>を賜与されて以来、その歴史が始まった。239年には<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="邪馬台国">邪馬台国</a>が使節を<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)" title="魏 (三国)">魏</a>に派遣し、魏の皇帝より金印紫綬を賜ったことが『<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D" title="魏志倭人伝">魏志倭人伝</a>』に記されている<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Buddhist_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/200px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/300px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/400px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>インドから東アジアに至る<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="仏教">仏教</a>伝播ルート</figcaption></figure> <p>古代中国との交易によって大陸文化を取り入れた極東アジア諸国は（主な日本の導入例は、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="水稲">水稲</a>耕作、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="仏教">仏教</a>思想、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>など）、その交易を維持しつつ発展を遂げることになる。日本の<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A3%E9%9A%8B%E4%BD%BF" title="遣隋使">遣隋使</a>(600-618)や<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A3%E5%94%90%E4%BD%BF" title="遣唐使">遣唐使</a>(630-894)も、中国から高度な文化と先進技術を取り入れることが主たる目的であった<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。この時代の<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%AC" title="藤原京">藤原京</a>(694)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E4%BA%AC" title="平城京">平城京</a>(710)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%AC" title="平安京">平安京</a>(794)に見られる都城構築は唐の<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%9D%8A%E5%88%B6" title="条坊制">条坊制</a>を採り入れたものであり、奈良時代の<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6" title="律令制">律令制</a>も唐朝の<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4" title="律令">律令</a>という法体系に倣って国家統治の仕組みを整備したものである<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また当時の交易で<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>を経て中国から渡来したと思われる、近東および地中海域（ギリシャ、ローマ等）文化圏の貴重な工芸品が<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%80%89%E9%99%A2" title="正倉院">正倉院</a>宝物庫で見つかっている<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>906年に唐が滅亡すると、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="五代十国時代">五代十国時代</a>を経て960年に<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="宋 (王朝)">宋朝</a>が中国を統一する。この政権安定に伴って、中国・朝鮮の民間商人が盛んに来航して民間の交易が増えると、日本に大量の<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%8A%AD" title="宋銭">宋銭</a>が入ってきた<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。これに目を付けた<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B8%85%E7%9B%9B" title="平清盛">平清盛</a>は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BC%AA%E7%94%B0%E6%B3%8A" title="大輪田泊">大輪田泊</a>という港を整備して<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%AE%8B%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="日宋貿易">日宋貿易</a>の拠点とし、宋銭を国内に流入させることで強力な<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="平氏政権">平氏政権</a>の財政基盤を築き、同時に<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="貨幣経済">貨幣経済</a>を日本に浸透させるきっかけを作った<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。これ以降、日本と諸外国との交易は貨幣を介した「<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8F%B2" title="日本の貿易史">貿易</a>」へと切り替わっていった。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="律令制における狭義の交易"><span id=".E5.BE.8B.E4.BB.A4.E5.88.B6.E3.81.AB.E3.81.8A.E3.81.91.E3.82.8B.E7.8B.AD.E7.BE.A9.E3.81.AE.E4.BA.A4.E6.98.93"></span>律令制における狭義の交易</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=9" title="節を編集: 律令制における狭義の交易"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古代日本の律令制においては、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%8F%B8" title="官司">官司</a>がその財政運営に必要な物品を調達する手段を「交易（きょうやく）」や「交関（こうかん）」と呼んでいた。以下、これを狭義の交易として説明する。 </p><p>律令国家の財政は<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="太政官">太政官</a>以下の中央官司が運営する国家財政と<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B8" title="国司">国司</a>が運営する地方財政は分離されていたが、実態においては国家財政の主たる収入であった<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="庸">庸</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF" title="調">調</a>は地方からの進上物であり、その不足分は国司が補填するなど両者は密接な関係にあった。こうした仕組は<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%96%B0" title="大化の改新">大化の改新</a>以前に地方の<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A0" title="国造">国造</a>が<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9" title="ヤマト王権">ヤマト王権</a>（大和朝廷）に対して行った貢納に由来すると考えられている。 </p><p>国家財政においても、地方財政においてもその大部分は米や布などの現物による徴収が収入となり、現物の支給もしくは消費が支出となっていたが、この方法が必ずしも官司・国司が希求する物資、あるいは国司が中央から貢納を命じられた物資が必要量を確保できる仕組ではなかった。 </p><p>このため、都や<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%9C" title="国府">国府</a>所在地、各地の交通の要所において形成された市場において自己の余剰の財物をもって必要な物資を調達する交易が盛んに行われた。こうした古代財政上の仕組を「交易制（こうえきせい）」とも称する。 </p><p>特に租税としての性格を持つ庸調・<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%AF%9B" title="土毛">土毛</a>（特に貢納を命じられた特産品）の未進や質の低下が目立ち始めた<a href="/wiki/8%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="8世紀">8世紀</a>後期以後、地方の国司が中央の要求を満たすために正税などを用いて現地の豪族などの有力者や生産者から交易によって必要な物資を確保することが行われるようになる。またこれとは別に天皇が<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%94%B5%E5%AF%AE" title="内蔵寮">内蔵寮</a>を介して内廷に必要な物品を調達させる「勅旨交易」が行われ、『<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%96%9C%E5%BC%8F" title="延喜式">延喜式</a>』において制度化された（諸国年料供進）<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="9世紀">9世紀</a>に入ると、各国に割り当てられた物品・数量を正税による交易で確保・進上する<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E9%9B%91%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="交易雑物">交易雑物</a>（年料交易進上物）や<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E7%AC%A6" title="太政官符">太政官符</a>などによって臨時に交易・進上を命じる臨時交易進上などが制度化され、国家財政の中で大きな地位を占めることになった（「庸調制から交易制へ」<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=10" title="節を編集: 関連項目"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8F%B2" title="貿易史">貿易史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF" title="交易路">交易路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="キャラバン">キャラバン</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="行商人">行商人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="地子交易">地子交易</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=11" title="節を編集: 脚注"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注釈"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.88"></span>注釈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=12" title="節を編集: 注釈"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD" title="外国">外国</a>にいる相手と金銭の授受を介した商業取引を行う（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%87%BA" title="輸出">輸出</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5" title="輸入">輸入</a>）場合は、一般に<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易">貿易</a>という<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出典"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.B8"></span>出典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&section=13" title="節を編集: 出典"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="コトバンク">コトバンク</a>「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93-61444">交易</a>」世界大百科事典、精選版日本国語大辞典、デジタル大辞泉の解説より</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">goo辞書「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/8254/meaning/m0u/">取引／交易／貿易／輸出入／通商の使い分け</a>」小学館類語例解辞典の解説より</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">コトバンク「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93-61444">交易</a>」世界大百科事典第２版の解説より</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">コトバンク「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93-61444">交易</a>」ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典の解説より</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DollarKraay2004-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DollarKraay2004_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Dollar, D; Kraay, A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307191641/http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf">“Trade, Growth, and Poverty”</a>. <i>The Economic Journal</i> <b>114</b> (493): F22-F49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-0133.2004.00186.x">10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x</a>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf">オリジナル</a>の2004-03-07時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307191641/http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20040307191641/http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2017年10月26日</span>閲覧。</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+Growth%2C+and+Poverty&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Dollar%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Kraay%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=493&rft.pages=F22-F49&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.0013-0133.2004.00186.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20040307191641%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2Ffiles%2F1820_dollar.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">goo辞書「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E4%BA%A4/">交</a>」日本漢字能力検定協会漢字ペディア、小学館大辞泉の解説より。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">goo辞書「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E6%98%93/">易</a>」日本漢字能力検定協会漢字ペディア、小学館大辞泉の解説より。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2005_150-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2005_150_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Watson2005">Watson (2005)</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abulafia,_Rackham,_Suano_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFD_AbulafiaO_RackhamM_Suano2008">D Abulafia; O Rackham; M Suano (2008-07-31), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162132/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC"><i>The Mediterranean in History</i></a>, Getty Publications, 1 Mar 2011, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-60606-057-5" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-60606-057-5">978-1-60606-057-5</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC">オリジナル</a>の2021-05-11時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162132/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC">https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162132/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2019年9月7日</span>閲覧</span>, "[...] the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the present."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+in+History&rft.aulast=D+Abulafia&rft.au=D+Abulafia&rft.au=O+Rackham&rft.au=M+Suano&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.pub=Getty+Publications%2C+1+Mar+2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-057-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210511162132%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Cvrq-Vs-2wC&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Compare:<cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Barbier, Edward (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061931/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ">“The Origins of Economic Wealth”</a>. <i>Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality</i>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9781137403391" title="特別:文献資料/9781137403391">9781137403391</a>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ">オリジナル</a>の5 February 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061931/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061931/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">7 September 2019</span>閲覧</span>. "Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000-10,000 BC."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Economic+Wealth&rft.atitle=Nature+and+Wealth%3A+Overcoming+Environmental+Scarcity+and+Inequality&rft.aulast=Barbier&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Barbier%2C%26%2332%3BEdward&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9781137403391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205061931%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlveCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Stefansson, Vilhjalmur; Wilcox, Olive Rathbun, eds (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142220/https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=HdJrngEACAAJ&dq=%C2%A0ISBN%C2%A01-4179-9090-2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV34_SxZrnAhWKJcAKHSTUDc8Q6AEIOjAC"><i>Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves</i></a>. Literary Licensing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/1258868482" title="特別:文献資料/1258868482">1258868482</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142220/https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=HdJrngEACAAJ&dq=%C2%A0ISBN%C2%A01-4179-9090-2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV34_SxZrnAhWKJcAKHSTUDc8Q6AEIOjAC">https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142220/https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=HdJrngEACAAJ&dq=%C2%A0ISBN%C2%A01-4179-9090-2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV34_SxZrnAhWKJcAKHSTUDc8Q6AEIOjAC</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2020年1月23日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Adventures+and+Explorations%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+As+Told+by+the+Explorers+Themselves&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing&rft.isbn=1258868482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200522142220%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.ke%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHdJrngEACAAJ%26dq%3D%25C2%25A0ISBN%25C2%25A01-4179-9090-2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjV34_SxZrnAhWKJcAKHSTUDc8Q6AEIOjAC&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">National Maritime Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG="><i>Sea History</i>, Issues 13-25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915115458/https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG=">Archived</a> 2018-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Darvill, Timothy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062256/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C">“obsidian”</a>. <i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Oxford Quick Reference (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9780191579042" title="特別:文献資料/9780191579042">9780191579042</a>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C">オリジナル</a>の5 February 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062256/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062256/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">7 September 2019</span>閲覧</span>. "[...] obsidian from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talasea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talasea (存在しないページ)">Talasea</a> was traded from at least 17 000 BC."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=obsidian&rft.atitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Darvill%2C%26%2332%3BTimothy&rft.date=2008&rft.series=Oxford+Quick+Reference&rft.edition=2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780191579042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205062256%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzEclkBq0u0C&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">(secondary)Gary George Lowder - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ">Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061518/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 2021-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. University of California, 1970 Retrieved 2012-06-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%AC%A0%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%87%E4%BB%81%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="三笠宮崇仁親王">三笠宮崇仁親王</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&pg=PA141&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h9vcT6bWCcGH8gOlvKCOCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false"><i>Essays on Anatolian Archaeology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185831/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&pg=PA141&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h9vcT6bWCcGH8gOlvKCOCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 Retrieved 2012-06-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Vernon Horace Rendall, ed (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Athenaeum</i></a>. J. Francis.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ">オリジナル</a>の2020-01-11時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ">https://web.archive.org/web/20200111030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2016年10月26日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.date=1904&rft.pub=J.+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200111030725%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDs6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Retrieved 2012-06-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Mackenzie - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2457/page/n360">Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm">published 1917</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124523/https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm">Archived</a> 2021-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/1-60506-375-4" title="特別:文献資料/1-60506-375-4">1-60506-375-4</a> Retrieved 2012-06-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFR_L_Smith2008">R L Smith (2008-07-31), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-415-42476-9" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-415-42476-9">978-0-415-42476-9</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月15日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.aulast=R+L+Smith&rft.au=R+L+Smith&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42476-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205191139%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwjeoio1U-QC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">P Singh - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gv_pT6D1NYTK0QXtrJSqAQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgK">Neolithic cultures of western Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184028/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gv_pT6D1NYTK0QXtrJSqAQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgK">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Seminar Press, 20 Aug 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Robb-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Robb_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Robb_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFJ_Robb2007">J Robb (2007-07-23), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192"><i>The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 23 July 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-521-84241-9" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-521-84241-9">978-0-521-84241-9</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月11日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Mediterranean+Village%3A+Agency%2C+Material+Culture%2C+and+Social+Change+in+Neolithic+Italy&rft.aulast=J+Robb&rft.au=J+Robb&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+23+July+2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84241-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205191143%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HeNr9h56uEC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">P Goldberg, V T Holliday, C Reid Ferring - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&pg=PA450&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8VfsT5CpJYXB0gWChqH6DA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ancient%20mediterranean%20obsidian%20trading%20Mesolithic&f=false">Earth Sciences and Archaeology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062227/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&pg=PA450&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8VfsT5CpJYXB0gWChqH6DA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ancient%20mediterranean%20obsidian%20trading%20Mesolithic&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Springer, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-306-46279-6" title="特別:文献資料/0-306-46279-6">0-306-46279-6</a> Retrieved 2012-06-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">S L Dyson, R J Rowland ? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&pg=PA24&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVrsT_G2OKr80QWj2u35DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20rare%20Sardinia&f=false">Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194400/https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&pg=PA24&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVrsT_G2OKr80QWj2u35DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20rare%20Sardinia&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Pennsylvania - Museum of Archaeology, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/1-934536-02-4" title="特別:文献資料/1-934536-02-4">1-934536-02-4</a> Retrieved 2012-06-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Smith, Richard L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>. Themes in World History. Routledge. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9781134095803" title="特別:文献資料/9781134095803">9781134095803</a>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ">オリジナル</a>の22 May 2020時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ">https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">7 September 2019</span>閲覧</span>. "[...] modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'"</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+L.&rft.date=2008&rft.series=Themes+in+World+History&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781134095803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200522142440%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBB9AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Williams-Thorpe, O. (1995). “Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story”. <i>Archaeometry</i> <b>37</b> (2): 217-48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obsidian+in+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Near+East%3A+A+Provenancing+Success+Story&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.aulast=Williams-Thorpe&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Williams-Thorpe%2C%26%2332%3BO.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-48&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Harper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Harper (存在しないページ)">D Harper</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none">etymology online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702135106/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2012-06-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrea-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrea_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFA._J._Andrea2011">A. J. Andrea (2011-03-23), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061932/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250"><i>World History Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-85109-930-6" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-85109-930-6">978-1-85109-930-6</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061932/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061932/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月11日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.aulast=A.+J.+Andrea&rft.au=A.+J.+Andrea&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-930-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205061932%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEqaIGsT8SsC%26q%3DObsidian%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">T A H Wilkinson - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC&pg=PA164&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=HZjTT83JIMXV0QXhhumBBA&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAzgy#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template nowrap">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B#リンク切れの回避と修復" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する"><span title="外部リンクがリンク切れとなっています。（December 2016）">リンク切れ</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">secondary - <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:acg1cm48mxgJ:members.peak.org/~obsidian/iaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171225/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Aacg1cm48mxgJ%3Amembers.peak.org%2F~obsidian%2Fiaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1">Archived</a> 2022-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofcivil0000unse/page/441">[2]</a> + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&pg=PA305&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xrLTT5XKLLOY1AWIlLWSBA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=earliest%20obsidian%20trading&f=false">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&pg=PA305&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xrLTT5XKLLOY1AWIlLWSBA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=earliest%20obsidian%20trading&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&pg=PA19&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fpXTT6-vAcis0QXgwcmNBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Archaeology%20Colin%20Renfrew%20Obsidian&f=false">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215724/https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&pg=PA19&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fpXTT6-vAcis0QXgwcmNBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Archaeology%20Colin%20Renfrew%20Obsidian&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. + <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&pg=PA168&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=6obTT9_2Lqml0AWm2ZC7BA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCDgy#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&pg=PA168&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=6obTT9_2Lqml0AWm2ZC7BA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCDgy#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny_the_Elder-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_the_Elder_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF(was_secondary)Pliny_the_Elder_(translated_by_J_Bostock,_H_T_Riley)1857">(was secondary)<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bostock_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bostock (physician) (存在しないページ)">J Bostock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Thomas_Riley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Thomas Riley (存在しないページ)">H T Riley</a>) (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381"><i>The natural history of Pliny, Volume 6</i></a>, H G Bohn 1857, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-85109-930-6" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-85109-930-6">978-1-85109-930-6</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月11日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+of+Pliny%2C+Volume+6&rft.aulast=%28was+secondary%29%5B%5BPliny+the+Elder%5D%5D+%28translated+by+%5B%5BJohn+Bostock+%28physician%29%7CJ+Bostock%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BHenry+Thomas+Riley%7CH+T+Riley%5D%5D%29&rft.au=%28was+secondary%29%5B%5BPliny+the+Elder%5D%5D+%28translated+by+%5B%5BJohn+Bostock+%28physician%29%7CJ+Bostock%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BHenry+Thomas+Riley%7CH+T+Riley%5D%5D%29&rft.date=1857&rft.pub=H+G+Bohn+1857&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-930-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205061515%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEoMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DObsius%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFEmma_BlakeA._Bernard_Knapp2008">Emma Blake; A. Bernard Knapp (2008-04-15), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061516/https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35"><i>The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Feb 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-631-23268-1" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-631-23268-1">978-0-631-23268-1</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061516/https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061516/https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月22日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+Of+Mediterranean+Prehistory&rft.aulast=Emma+Blake&rft.au=Emma+Blake&rft.au=A.+Bernard+Knapp&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+21+Feb+2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23268-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205061516%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF15vfrJq8LUC%26q%3Dancient%2Bmediterranean%2Bobsidian%2Btrading%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Toby A. H. Wilkinson -<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC&pg=PA164&dq=anatolian+obsidian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=N_LyT92kMPGb1AWx78GwCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=anatolian%20obsidian&f=false">Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security</a> Routledge, 8 Aug 2001 Retrieved 2012-07-03 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template nowrap">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B#リンク切れの回避と修復" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する"><span title="外部リンクがリンク切れとなっています。（December 2016）">リンク切れ</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Collon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Collon (存在しないページ)">Collon, Dominique</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33"><i>Near Eastern Seals</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-520-07308-8" title="特別:文献資料/0-520-07308-8">0-520-07308-8</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33">https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年7月3日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Seals&rft.aulast=Collon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Collon%2C%26%2332%3BDominique&rft.date=1990&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-07308-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxt8fydZIT4IC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184647/https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33&dq=lapis+lazuli+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QjnzT83BFciM8gODyInaCQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=lapis%20lazuli%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Vermaak, P. S.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520">“Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period”</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwendolyn_Leick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwendolyn Leick (存在しないページ)">Leick, Gwendolyn</a>. <i>The Babylonian world</i>. p. 520<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520">https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Relations+between+Babylonia+and+the+Levant+during+the+Kassite+period&rft.atitle=The+Babylonian+world&rft.aulast=Vermaak&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft.au=Vermaak%2C%26%2332%3BP.+S.&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakYorRIWPBEC%26pg%3DPA520&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184557/https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520&dq=lapis+lazuli+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HD3zT66gG8eP8gOYuZi_CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=lapis%20lazuli%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Routledge 2007 Retrieved 2012-07-03 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/1-134-26128-4" title="特別:文献資料/1-134-26128-4">1-134-26128-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">S Bertman - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&pg=PT104">Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185754/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&pg=PT104">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press, 7 Jul 2005 Retrieved 2012-07-03 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-19-518364-9" title="特別:文献資料/0-19-518364-9">0-19-518364-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura_S._Etheredge-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laura_S._Etheredge_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFEtheredge2011">Etheredge, Laura S., ed. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLZQrmRQafcC&pg=PA44"><i>Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan</i></a>, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 44, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-61530-329-8" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-61530-329-8">978-1-61530-329-8</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLZQrmRQafcC&pg=PA44">https://books.google.com/books?id=rLZQrmRQafcC&pg=PA44</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月15日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Lebanon%2C+and+Jordan&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B44&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-329-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLZQrmRQafcC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumper_&_Stanley-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumper_&_Stanley_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFM_DumperB_E_Stanley2007">M Dumper; B E Stanley (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141"><i>Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-57607-919-5" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-57607-919-5">978-1-57607-919-5</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141">オリジナル</a>の2021-02-05時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141">https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年6月28日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=M+Dumper&rft.au=M+Dumper&rft.au=B+E+Stanley&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210205065648%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3DEbla%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamber_Gascoigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamber Gascoigne (存在しないページ)">B.Gascoigne</a> et al. - History World .net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archa-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archa_39-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Ivan Dikov (July 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712235249/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/">“Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians' the Odrysian Kingdom”</a>. <i>Archaeology in Bulgaria</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/">オリジナル</a>の12 July 2015時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712235249/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/">https://web.archive.org/web/20150712235249/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">28 October 2010</span>閲覧</span>. "An emporium (in Latin; “emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC - 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian state."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Archaeologists+To+Start+Excavations+of+Ancient+Greek+Emporium+in+Thracians%27+the+Odrysian+Kingdom&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Bulgaria&rft.aulast=Ivan+Dikov&rft.au=Ivan+Dikov&rft.date=July+12%2C+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150712235249%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Farchaeologyinbulgaria.com%2F2015%2F07%2F12%2Fbulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jan David Bakker, Stephan Maurer, J?rn-Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch. 2021. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00902" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1162/rest a 00902">Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age.</a>" <i>Review of Economics and Statistics</i> 103 (4): 652-665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day to day affairs without fear of armed attack.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">P D Curtin - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNLoT47ZI9OwhAfUxoz0DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20trade&f=false">Cross-Cultural Trade in World History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215329/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNLoT47ZI9OwhAfUxoz0DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge University Press, 25 May 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-521-26931-8" title="特別:文献資料/0-521-26931-8">0-521-26931-8</a> Retrieved 2012-06-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">N. O. Brown - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&pg=PA36&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k9PoT4rqM4yA8gPotPClCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184625/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&pg=PA36&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k9PoT4rqM4yA8gPotPClCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. SteinerBooks, 1 Mar 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-940262-26-6" title="特別:文献資料/0-940262-26-6">0-940262-26-6</a> Retrieved 2012-06-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">D Sacks, O Murray - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&pg=PA110&dq=god+Hermes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6_rpT-PSN6HU0QXZnJGqAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=god%20Hermes&f=false">A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193758/https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&pg=PA110&dq=god+Hermes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6_rpT-PSN6HU0QXZnJGqAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=god%20Hermes&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press, 6 Feb 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-19-511206-7" title="特別:文献資料/0-19-511206-7">0-19-511206-7</a> Retrieved 2012-06-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_S._Murray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander S. Murray (存在しないページ)">Alexander S. Murray</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&pg=PA127&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ntToT7WRKITG8gOA0YTUCg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Manual of Mythology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194008/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&pg=PA127&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ntToT7WRKITG8gOA0YTUCg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Wildside Press LLC, 30 May 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/1-4344-7028-8" title="特別:文献資料/1-4344-7028-8">1-4344-7028-8</a> Retrieved 2012-06-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John R. Rice - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&pg=PA323&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yNXoT5v4HcfS8gOM7OzVCg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgy#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Filled With the Spirit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905192632/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&pg=PA323&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yNXoT5v4HcfS8gOM7OzVCg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgy#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Sword of the Lord Publishers, 1 Aug 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-87398-255-X" title="特別:文献資料/0-87398-255-X">0-87398-255-X</a> Retrieved 2012-06-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hasebroek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Hasebroek (存在しないページ)">Johannes Hasebroek</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&pg=PA151&dq=ancient+treasury&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hxX0T9H5MIXb8AOG8PG_Bw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ancient%20treasury&f=false">Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191144/https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&pg=PA151&dq=ancient+treasury&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hxX0T9H5MIXb8AOG8PG_Bw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ancient%20treasury&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ウェイバックマシン">Wayback Machine</a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1 Mar 1933 Retrieved 2012-07-04 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-8196-0150-0" title="特別:文献資料/0-8196-0150-0">0-8196-0150-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cambridge dictionaries online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Gil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Gil (存在しないページ)">Gil, Moshe</a>. “The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān”. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i> <b>17</b> (3): 299.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+R%C4%81dh%C4%81nite+Merchants+and+the+Land+of+R%C4%81dh%C4%81n&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft.au=Gil%2C%26%2332%3BMoshe&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manguin2016-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">“Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships”</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726132202/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50"><i>Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51?76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9783319338224" title="特別:文献資料/9783319338224">9783319338224</a>.  オリジナルの2020-07-26時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2020年10月29日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Shipping+in+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+From+Outrigger+Boats+to+Trading+Ships&rft.atitle=Early+Exchange+between+Africa+and+the+Wider+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft.au=Manguin%2C%26%2332%3BPierre-Yves&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B51%3F76&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.isbn=9783319338224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200726132202%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsvDDQAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meacham-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meacham_51-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation news">Meacham, Steve (11 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726114615/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/austronesians-were-first-to-sail-the-seas-20081211-gdt65p.html">“Austronesians were first to sail the seas”</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/austronesians-were-first-to-sail-the-seas-20081211-gdt65p.html">オリジナル</a>の26 July 2020時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726114615/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/austronesians-were-first-to-sail-the-seas-20081211-gdt65p.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20200726114615/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/austronesians-were-first-to-sail-the-seas-20081211-gdt65p.html</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">28 April 2019</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austronesians+were+first+to+sail+the+seas&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Meacham%2C%26%2332%3BSteve&rft.date=11+December+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200726114615%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Faustronesians-were-first-to-sail-the-seas-20081211-gdt65p.html&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153-158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1974-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_56-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Doran, Edwin, Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1">“Outrigger Ages”</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i> <b>83</b> (2): 130-140.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">オリジナル</a>の2019-06-08時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1">https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2019年7月14日</span>閲覧。</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Outrigger+Ages&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Doran%2C%26%2332%3BEdwin%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1974&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190608182436%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_83_1974%2FVolume_83%2C_No._2%2FOutrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140%2Fp1&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_57-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). “The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean”. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew. <i>Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts</i>. One World Archaeology. <b>34</b>. Routledge. pp. 144-179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0415100542" title="特別:文献資料/0415100542">0415100542</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.aulast=Mahdi%2C+Waruno&rft.au=Mahdi%2C+Waruno&rft.date=1999&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B144-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0415100542&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1981-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1981_58-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Doran, Edwin B. (1981). <i>Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9780890961070" title="特別:文献資料/9780890961070">9780890961070</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wangka%3A+Austronesian+Canoe+Origins&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft.au=Doran%2C%26%2332%3BEdwin+B.&rft.date=1981&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780890961070&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchFruits-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchFruits_59-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Blench, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161216/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496">“Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region”</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association</i> <b>24</b> (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31-50.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496">オリジナル</a>の2021-03-08時点におけるアーカイブ。<span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161216/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496">https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161216/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2019年7月14日</span>閲覧。</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fruits+and+arboriculture+in+the+Indo-Pacific+region&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Blench%2C%26%2332%3BRoger&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=The+Taipei+Papers+%28Volume+2%29&rft.pages=31-50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210308161216%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F11869%2F10496&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="福岡市博物館">福岡市博物館</a>「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/gold/">金印</a>」2022年8月26日閲覧</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">コトバンク「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A6%AA%E9%AD%8F%E5%80%AD%E7%8E%8B-843857">親魏倭王</a>」ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典の解説より</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">塾講師station情報局「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1257">【日本史講師対象】日本は何故中国に遣唐使を送ったのか？～遣唐使の奥にある国際情勢～</a>」2015年04月15日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">世界史の窓「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.y-history.net/appendix/wh0302-005_1.html">律令／律令制度</a>」2022年8月26日閲覧</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%86%85%E5%BA%81" title="宮内庁">宮内庁</a>「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shosoin.kunaicho.go.jp/about/treasure/">正倉院｜宝物について</a>」2022年8月26日閲覧</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">世界史の窓「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.y-history.net/appendix/wh0303-006_1.html">日宋貿易</a>」2022年8月26日閲覧</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">まほろば社会科研究室「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shakai-chireki-koumin.net/mahoroba-taira-clan-government/#toc6">【中学歴史】平氏政権の特徴をわかりやすくまとめてみました</a>」2022年8月26日閲覧</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">古尾谷知浩「内蔵寮の収納機能」『律令国家と天皇家産機構』（塙書房、2006年） <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784827311983" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-8273-1198-3</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">早川庄八「交易制」『<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8_(%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3)" title="国史大辞典 (昭和時代)">国史大辞典</a> 5』（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8" title="吉川弘文館">吉川弘文館</a> 1985年） <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784642005050" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-642-00505-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox" aria-labelledby="交易路" style="border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;min-width:100%;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:separate"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:60%;font-weight:normal;background-color:transparent;padding:0;color:#000;;border:none;"><ul style="display:inline"><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF" title="Template:交易路"><span title="このテンプレートを表示します" style="font-size:125%;;;border:none;">表</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template‐ノート:交易路 (存在しないページ)"><span title="このテンプレートのノートを表示します" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">話</span></a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF&action=edit"><span title="このテンプレートを編集します。保存の前にプレビューを忘れずに。" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">編</span></a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF&action=history"><span title="このテンプレートの過去の版を表示します" style="font-size:125%;color:#002bb8;;;border:none;">歴</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="交易路" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 6em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF" title="交易路">交易路</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">交易路</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="琥珀の道">琥珀の道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC-%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ドワールカー-カンボージャの道 (存在しないページ)">ドワールカー-カンボージャの道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B9%E9%81%93" title="大幹道">大幹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="牛の道">牛の道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="香の道">香の道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93_(%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A)" title="王の道 (パレスチナ)">王の道 (パレスチナ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="王の道">王の道（ペルシア帝国）</a></li> <li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93_(%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王の道 (ヴィア・レギア) (存在しないページ)">王の道 (ヴィア・レギア)</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Regia" class="extiw" title="en:Via Regia">英語版</a>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="帝国の道">帝国の道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="塩街道">塩街道</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-Roman trade relations">Rome-India routes</a></li> <li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="シベリアルート (存在しないページ)">シベリアルート</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Route" class="extiw" title="en:Siberian Route">英語版</a>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="草原の道">草原の道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="海のシルクロード">海のシルクロード</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%93" title="茶馬古道">茶馬古道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="サハラ交易">サハラ交易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="三角貿易">三角貿易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ウィア・マリス">ウィア・マリス</a></li> <li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ヴォルガ交易路 (存在しないページ)">ヴォルガ交易路</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_trade_route" class="extiw" title="en:Volga trade route">英語版</a>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93" title="ヴァリャーグからギリシアへの道">ヴァリャーグからギリシアへの道</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_the_Patriarchs" class="extiw" title="en:Way of the Patriarchs">en:Way of the Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E9%81%9360%E5%8F%B7%E7%B7%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB)" title="公道60号線 (イスラエル)">公道60号線 (イスラエル)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="日本の古代道路">日本の古代道路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="五街道">五街道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BB%E8%88%B9" title="廻船">廻船</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝の道 (存在しないページ)">貝の道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">関連項目</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ソルトロード">ソルトロード</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%99%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="香辛料貿易">香辛料貿易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="ハンザ同盟">ハンザ同盟</a></li> <li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋共和国 (存在しないページ)">海洋共和国</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics" class="extiw" title="en:Maritime republics">英語版</a>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="古代道路">古代道路</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E9%81%93" title="インカ道">インカ道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="ローマ街道">ローマ街道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大航海時代">大航海時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B7%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="氷貿易">氷貿易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="奴隷貿易">奴隷貿易</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">関連項目（手段）</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8A" title="馬車">馬車</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8A%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="馬車鉄道">馬車鉄道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%88%B9" title="馬力船">馬力船</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%E8%88%9F%E9%81%8B" title="河川舟運">河川舟運</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="鉄道輸送">鉄道輸送</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E8%B7%AF" title="航路">航路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%B7%AF" title="航空路">航空路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A" title="海上コンテナ">海上コンテナ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="パイプライン輸送">パイプライン輸送</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">関連項目（施設）</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%89%80" title="関所">関所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%B8%AF" title="交易港">交易港</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%B3%B6" title="出島">出島</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="キャラバンサライ">キャラバンサライ</a> <ul><li>隊商宿</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">関連項目（歴史）</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8F%B2" title="貿易史">貿易史</a> <ul><li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海運史 (存在しないページ)">海運史</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history" class="extiw" title="en:Maritime history">英語版</a>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="鉄道の歴史">鉄道の歴史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="航空に関する年表">航空に関する年表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交通史 (存在しないページ)">交通史</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport" class="extiw" title="en:History of transport">英語版</a>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">近代の輸送路</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A8%AA%E6%96%AD%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="大陸横断鉄道">大陸横断鉄道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="欧州自動車道路">欧州自動車道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4" title="アジアハイウェイ">アジアハイウェイ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%AF%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一帯一路">一帯一路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%9C%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自由貿易圏">自由貿易圏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="ブロック経済">ブロック経済</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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