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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Atmospheric measurement technique</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg/200px-Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg/300px-Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg/400px-Eddy_Covariance_IRGA_Sonic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Eddy covariance system consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Anenometer#Ultrasonic_anemometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anenometer">ultrasonic anemometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer" title="Infrared gas analyzer">infrared gas analyser</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>eddy covariance</b> (also known as <b>eddy correlation</b> and <b>eddy flux</b>) is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">atmospheric boundary layers</a>. The method analyses high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalar_(physics)" title="Scalar (physics)">scalar</a> atmospheric data series, gas, energy, and momentum,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which yields values of <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">fluxes</a> of these properties. It is a <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> method used in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and other applications (<a href="/wiki/Microscale_meteorology" title="Microscale meteorology">micrometeorology</a>, oceanography, hydrology, agricultural sciences, industrial and regulatory applications, etc.) to determine exchange rates of trace gases over natural ecosystems and agricultural fields, and to quantify gas emissions rates from other land and water areas. It is frequently used to estimate <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">heat</a>, water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technique is also used extensively for verification and tuning of <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate models</a>, mesoscale and weather models, complex biogeochemical and ecological models, and remote sensing estimates from satellites and aircraft. The technique is mathematically complex, and requires significant care in setting up and processing data. To date,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> there is no uniform terminology or a single methodology for the eddy covariance technique, but much effort is being made by flux measurement networks (e.g., <a href="/wiki/FluxNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FluxNet">FluxNet</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ameriflux.lbl.gov/">Ameriflux</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icos-cp.eu/">ICOS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carboeurope.org/">CarboEurope</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123013934/http://fluxnet.ccrp.ec.gc.ca/e_about.htm">Fluxnet Canada</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozflux.org.au/">OzFlux</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neoninc.org/">NEON</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ileaps.org/">iLEAPS</a>) to unify the various approaches. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg/200px-Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg/300px-Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg/400px-Eddycorrelationsystem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An eddy correlation instrument measuring oxygen fluxes in benthic environments.</figcaption></figure> <p>The technique has additionally proven applicable under water to the <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic zone</a> for measuring oxygen fluxes between the sea floor and overlying water.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these environments, the technique is generally known as the eddy correlation technique, or just eddy correlation. Oxygen fluxes are extracted from raw measurements largely following the same principles as used in the atmosphere, and they are typically used as a proxy for carbon exchange, which is important for local and global carbon budgets. For most benthic ecosystems, eddy correlation is the most accurate technique for measuring <i>in-situ</i> fluxes. The technique's development and its applications under water remains a fruitful area of research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_principles">General principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_of_the_air_flow_in_the_atmospheric_boundary_layer">Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air flow can be imagined as a horizontal flow of numerous rotating eddies, that is, turbulent vortices of various sizes, with each eddy having horizontal and vertical components. The situation looks chaotic, but vertical movement of the components can be measured from the tower. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Py%C3%B6rrekovarianssi-tekniikan_kaaviokuva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Py%C3%B6rrekovarianssi-tekniikan_kaaviokuva.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_meaning">Physical meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At one physical point on the tower, at time 1, eddy 1 moves parcel of air c<sub>1</sub> down at speed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f6728d2b30f42f88b52281be5ae0584fdc9df64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.718ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1}}"></span>. Then, at time 2, eddy 2 moves parcel c<sub>2</sub> up at speed <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8998e0957bb573a19e7d9d934ced62ee68ab8fb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.718ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{2}}"></span>. Each parcel has gas concentration, pressure, temperature, and humidity. If these factors, along with the speed are known, we can determine the flux. For example, if one knew how many molecules of water went down with eddies at time 1, and how many molecules went up with eddies at time 2, at the same point, one could calculate the vertical flux of water at this point over this time. So, vertical flux can be presented as a covariance of the vertical wind velocity and the concentration of the entity of interest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EddyCovariance_diagram_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/EddyCovariance_diagram_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 3D wind and another variable (usually gas concentration, temperature or momentum) are decomposed into <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">mean</a> and fluctuating components. The covariance is calculated between the fluctuating component of the vertical wind and the fluctuating component of gas concentration. The measured flux is proportional to the covariance. </p><p>The area from which the detected eddies originate is described probabilistically and called a <a href="/wiki/Flux_footprint" title="Flux footprint">flux footprint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flux footprint area is dynamic in size and shape, changing with wind direction, thermal stability and measurements height, and has a gradual border. </p><p>The effect of sensor separation, finite sampling length, sonic path averaging, as well as other instrumental limitations, affect frequency response of the measurement system and may need a co-spectral correction, especially noticeable with closed-path instruments and at low heights below 1 to 1.5 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_foundation">Mathematical foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mathematical foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mathematical terms, "eddy flux" is computed as a <a href="/wiki/Covariance" title="Covariance">covariance</a> between instantaneous deviation in vertical wind speed (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>w</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98af407af5c02e29010c7563af95f8986026679c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.349ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w'}"></span>) from the mean value (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {w}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {w}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d83455e84b1da59513b47107b3c75bc87da13d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {w}}}"></span>) and instantaneous deviation in gas concentration, mixing ratio (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5136680c63706cfd17ceddb4acddbfdd0ba5ef2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.775ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s'}"></span>), from its mean value (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6872cefff1312205ecbaf86ef1d2e6634d850b71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.292ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {s}}}"></span>), multiplied by mean air density (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf5bcd5f18e417072a2f15baf57774af83e76672" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{a}}"></span>). Several mathematical operations and assumptions, including Reynolds decomposition, are involved in getting from physically complete equations of the turbulent flow to practical equations for computing "eddy flux," as shown below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EddyCovariance_equations_part_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/EddyCovariance_equations_part_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="385" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EddyCovariance_equations_part_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/EddyCovariance_equations_part_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="336" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_assumptions">Major assumptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major assumptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Measurements at a point can represent an upwind area</li> <li>Measurements are done inside the boundary layer of interest</li> <li>Fetch/<a href="/wiki/Flux_footprint" title="Flux footprint">flux footprint</a> is adequate – fluxes are measured only at area of interest</li> <li>Flux is fully turbulent – most of the net vertical transfer is done by eddies</li> <li>Terrain is horizontal and uniform: average of fluctuations is zero; density fluctuations negligible; flow convergence & divergence negligible</li> <li>Instruments can detect very small changes at high frequency, ranging from minimum of 5 Hz and to 40 Hz for tower-based measurements</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2011 there were many software programs<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to process eddy covariance data and derive quantities such as heat, momentum, and gas fluxes. The programs range significantly in complexity, flexibility, number of allowed instruments and variables, help system and user support. Some programs are <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, while others are <a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">closed-source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>. </p><p>Examples include commercial software with free licence for non-commercial use such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy_covariance/software.html">EddyPro</a>; open-source free programs such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaia.agraria.unitus.it/eco2s">ECO<sub>2</sub>S</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.uibk.ac.at/acinn/apc/innflux">InnFLUX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821152535/http://www.met.wau.nl/">ECpack</a>; free closed-source packages such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/jbm/micromet/EdiRe/">EdiRe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.uni-bayreuth.de/342/">TK3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatexchange.nl/projects/alteddy/index.htm">Alteddy</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/www/uploads/Publications/TechnicalReports/tech_report10.pdf">EddySoft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common uses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> emission monitoring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> monitoring</li> <li>Measuring water loss, <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a></li> <li>Instantaneous water use efficiency</li> <li>Instantaneous radiation use efficiency</li></ul> <p>Novel uses: </p> <ul><li>Precision <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, precision agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a> and capture monitoring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a> emissions into the atmosphere</li> <li>Emissions of gases displaced by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> into the atmosphere</li> <li>Gas leak detection and location</li> <li>Methane emission from permafrost regions</li> <li>Biogenic VOCs emission</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_trace_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive trace gas (page does not exist)">Reactive trace gas</a> exchange flux measurement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_applications">Common applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evapotranspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a> is an approach to modeling <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> using an energy balance and the latent heat flux to find evapotranspiration rates. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, and accurate ET readings are important to local and global models to manage water resources. ET rates are an important part of research in hydrology related fields, as well as for farming practices. MOD16 is an example of a program which measures ET best for temperate climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micrometeorology">Micrometeorology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Micrometeorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microscale_meteorology" title="Microscale meteorology">Micrometeorology</a> focuses climate study on the specific vegetation canopy scale, again with applications to hydrological and ecologic research. In this context, eddy covariance can be used to measure heat mass flux in the boundary surface layer, or in the boundary layer surrounding the vegetation canopy. The effects of turbulence may for example be of specific interest to climate modelers or those studying the local ecosystem. Wind speed, turbulence, and mass (heat) concentration are values that could be recorded in a flux tower. Through measurements related to eddy covariance properties such as roughness coefficients may be empirically calculated, with applications to modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetland_ecosystems">Wetland ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wetland ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wetland vegetation varies widely and varies from plant to plant ecologically. Primary plant existence in wetlands can be monitored by using eddy covariance technology in conjunction with nutrient supply information by monitoring net CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Readings can be taken from flux towers over a number of years to determine water use efficiency among others.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gasses_and_their_warming_effect">Greenhouse gasses and their warming effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gasses and their warming effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluxes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gasses">greenhouse gasses</a> from vegetation and agricultural fields can be measured by eddy covariance as referenced in micrometeorology section above. By measuring vertical turbulent flux of gas states of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, heat, and CH<sub>4</sub> among other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> monitoring equipment can be used to infer canopy interaction. Landscape wide interpretations can be then inferred using the above data. High operational cost, weather limitations (some equipment is better suited for certain climates), and their resulting technical limitations may limit measurement accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation_production_in_terrestrial_ecosystems">Vegetation production in terrestrial ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vegetation production in terrestrial ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vegetation production models require accurate ground observations, in this context from eddy covariant flux measurement. Eddy covariance is used to measure the net primary production, and gross primary productions of plant populations. Advancements in technology have allowed for minor fluctuations resulting in a scale of 100-2000 meter measurements of air mass and energy readings. Study of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> on vegetated growth and production is vitally important to both growers and scientists. Using such information carbon flux between ecosystems and the atmosphere can be observed, with applications ranging from climate change to weather models.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_methods">Related methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eddy_accumulation">Eddy accumulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eddy accumulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_eddy_accumulation">True eddy accumulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: True eddy accumulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The true eddy accumulation technique can be used to measure fluxes of trace gases for which there are no fast enough analysers available, thus where the eddy covariance technique is unsuitable. The basic idea is that upwards moving air parcels (updrafts) and downwards moving air parcels (downdrafts) are sampled proportionally to their velocity into separate reservoirs. A slow response gas analyser can then be used to quantify the average gas concentrations in both updraft and downdraft reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relaxed_eddy_accumulation">Relaxed eddy accumulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relaxed eddy accumulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main difference between the true and the relaxed eddy accumulation technique is that the latter samples air with a constant flow rate that is not proportional to the vertical wind speed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy (fluid dynamics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration" title="Ecosystem respiration">Ecosystem respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">Heat flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FluxNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FluxNet">FluxNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat flux">Latent heat flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic Lander</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol 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Hicks, and T. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69, 1331-1340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verma, S.B.: 1990, Micrometeorological methods for measuring surface fluxes of mass and energy, Remote Sensing Reviews 5(1): 99-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, X., W. Massman, and B. Law. 2004. Handbook of Micrometeorology. 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Tech</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 509–524. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9..509O">2016AMT.....9..509O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Famt-9-509-2016">10.5194/amt-9-509-2016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1867-8548">1867-8548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmos.+Meas.+Tech.&rft.atitle=A+dual-inlet%2C+single+detector+relaxed+eddy+accumulation+system+for+long-term+measurement+of+mercury+flux&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=509-524&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.issn=1867-8548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Famt-9-509-2016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016AMT.....9..509O&rft.aulast=Osterwalder&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fritsche%2C+J.&rft.au=Alewell%2C+C.&rft.au=Schmutz%2C+M.&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Jocher%2C+G.&rft.au=Sommar%2C+J.&rft.au=Rinne%2C+J.&rft.au=Bishop%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos-meas-tech.net%2F9%2F509%2F2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEddy+covariance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas_Sommar,_Wei_Zhu,_Lihai_Shang,_Xinbin_Feng,_Che-Jin_Lin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, Lihai Shang, Xinbin Feng, Che-Jin Lin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Ftellusb.v65i0.19940">"A whole-air relaxed eddy accumulation measurement system for sampling vertical vapour exchange of elemental mercury"</a>. <i>Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 19940. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TellB..6519940S">2013TellB..6519940S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Ftellusb.v65i0.19940">10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19940</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tellus+B%3A+Chemical+and+Physical+Meteorology&rft.atitle=A+whole-air+relaxed+eddy+accumulation+measurement+system+for+sampling+vertical+vapour+exchange+of+elemental+mercury&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19940&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Ftellusb.v65i0.19940&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013TellB..6519940S&rft.au=Jonas+Sommar%2C+Wei+Zhu%2C+Lihai+Shang%2C+Xinbin+Feng%2C+Che-Jin+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3402%252Ftellusb.v65i0.19940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEddy+covariance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burba, G., 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acKEEAAAQBAJ">Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Regulatory, and Commercial Applications</a>. LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, USA, 702 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burba" title="George Burba">Burba</a>, G., 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy_covariance/ec_book.html">Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Industrial, Agricultural and Regulatory Applications: a Field Book on Measuring Ecosystem Gas Exchange and Areal Emission Rates.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331043243/https://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy_covariance/ec_book.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, USA, 331 pp.</li> <li>Aubinet, M., T. Vesala, D. Papale (Eds.), 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/atmospheric+sciences/book/978-94-007-2350-4">Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis.</a> Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer Verlag, 438 pp.</li> <li>Foken, T., 2008. Micrometeorology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 308 pp.</li> <li>Lee, X., W. Massman, and B. Law, 2004. Handbook of Micrometeorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 250 pp.</li> <li>Rosenberg, N. J., B. L. Blad, and S. B. Verma, 1983. Microclimate: The Biological Environment, Wiley-Interscience, 580 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy_covariance/ec_book.html">The Eddy Covariance Method Textbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331043243/https://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy_covariance/ec_book.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biogeosciences.net/5/451/2008/bg-5-451-2008.pdf">Inter-comparison of Eddy Covariance Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=eddy+covariance&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1">Textbooks on Eddy Covariance from Google Books</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&oldid=1254221683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddy_covariance&oldid=1254221683</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Covariance_and_correlation" title="Category:Covariance and correlation">Covariance and correlation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boundary_layer_meteorology" title="Category:Boundary layer meteorology">Boundary layer meteorology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_July_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from July 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from July 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 00:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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