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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Worldbuilding" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3n_de_mundos" title="Construcción de mundos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Construcción de mundos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Worldbuilding" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%84%A4%EC%A0%95" title="세계 설정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 설정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Աշխարհկառուցում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհկառուցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciptadunia" title="Ciptadunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ciptadunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Worldbuilding" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciptaan_dunia_rekaan" title="Penciptaan dunia rekaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penciptaan dunia rekaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Worldbuilding" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Создание мира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Создание мира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Worldbuilding" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmanrakennus" title="Maailmanrakennus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of constructing an imaginary world</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a>, manipulating a planet to make it habitable to Earth lifeforms.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_Building_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="World Building (disambiguation)">World Building</a>.</div> <p><b>Worldbuilding</b> is the process of constructing an imaginary world or setting, sometimes associated with a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing the world with coherent qualities such as a <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, geography, culture and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> is a key task for many <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> writers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldbuilding often involves the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">creation of geography</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">backstory</a>, flora, fauna, inhabitants, technology, and often if writing <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, different peoples. This may include social customs as well as <a href="/wiki/Invented_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Invented language">invented languages</a> (often called <i>conlangs</i>) for the world.<sup id="cite_ref-hergenrader2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hergenrader2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: PT103">: PT103 </span></sup> </p><p>The world could encompass different planets spanning vast distances of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> or be limited in scope to a single small village.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> Worldbuilding exists in <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual media">visual media</a> such as films, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1900, most worldbuilding was conducted by novelists, who could leave imagination of the fictional setting in part to the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> Some authors of fiction set multiple works in the same world. This is known as a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a> set a number of his novels in the <a href="/wiki/Gaean_Reach" title="Gaean Reach">Gaean Reach</a>, a fictional region of space.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fictional universe with works by multiple authors is known as a <a href="/wiki/Shared_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared world">shared world</a>. One notable example of such is the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Expanded_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars Expanded Universe">Star Wars Expanded Universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prucher2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prucher2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "world-building" was first used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i> in December 1820<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appeared in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a>'s <i>Space Time and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Relativity Theory</i> (1920) to describe the thinking out of hypothetical worlds with different physical laws.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> The term has been used in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and fantasy criticism since appearing in <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Lupoff" title="Richard A. Lupoff">R.A. Lupoff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Adventure:_The_Worlds_of_Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Master of Adventure: The Worlds of Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs: Master of Adventure</a></i> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-prucher2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prucher2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest examples of a fictional world is Dante's <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, with the BBC's Dante 2021 series describing it as "the first virtual reality".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of literary fictional worlds was first examined by fantasy authors such as <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> would be the first person to create the entire world of his story.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien addressed the issue in his essay "<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>", where he stated that the "Secondary World" or "Sub-Creation" (the constructed world) is substantially different from the art of play-writing: "Very little about trees as trees can be got into a play."<sup id="cite_ref-OnFairyStories_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnFairyStories-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructed worlds may sometimes shift away from storytelling, narrative, characters and figures, and may explore "trees as trees" or aspects of the world in-and-of-themselves. Tolkien sought to make his constructed world seem real by paying careful attention to <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">framing his world</a> with narrators and versions of stories, <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">like a real mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later analysis of fantasy worlds in the 1960s contextualized them in the medium or the narrative of the works, offering an analysis of the stories in the world, but not the world itself. In the 2000s, worldbuilding in film has increased in popularity. When before, writers sought to create a character that could sustain multiple stories, now they create a world that can sustain multiple characters and stories.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2014_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2020)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_conworld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sample_conworld.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A rendered constructed world as seen from <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Worldbuilding can be designed from <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">the top down or the bottom up</a>, or by a combination of these approaches. The official worldbuilding guidelines for <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> refer to these terms as "outside-in" and "inside-out", respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the top-down approach, the <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designer</a> first creates a general overview of the world, determining broad characteristics such as the world's inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> level, major geographic features, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and history. From there, they develop the rest of the world in increasing detail. This approach might involve creation of the world's basics, followed by levels such as <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">cities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>. A world constructed from the top down tends to be well-integrated, with individual components fitting together appropriately. It can, however, require considerable work before enough detail is completed for the setting to be useful, such as in the setting of a story. </p><p>With the bottom-up approach, the designer focuses on a small part of the world needed for their purposes. This location is given considerable detail, such as local geography, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, and history. Prominent local individuals may be described, including their <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a> to each other. The surrounding areas are then described in a lower level of detail, with description growing more general with increasing distance from the initial location. The designer can subsequently enhance the description of other areas in the world. For example, an author may create <a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">fictional currencies</a> and refer to <a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional book">fictional books</a> to add detail to their world. <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> says "You had to start wondering how the fresh water got in and the sewage got out... World building from the bottom up, to use a happy phrase, is more fruitful than world building from top-down."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach provides for almost immediate applicability of the setting, with details pertinent to a certain story or situation. The approach can yield a world plagued with <a href="/wiki/Consistency" title="Consistency">inconsistencies</a>, however. By combining the top-down and bottom-up approaches, a designer can enjoy the benefits of both. This is very hard to accomplish, however, because the need to start from both sides creates twice as much work, which may delay the desired product. </p><p>Despite requiring considerable work to develop enough detail for a setting to be useful, not every aspect of a setting can be explored, and instead an approach called inferred worldbuilding is often used. Inferred worldbuilding is when the author provides enough detail about the various parts of a setting that readers can extrapolate on what is written to come to their own conclusions regarding specific details that were not provided. This is especially useful for roleplaying game settings, as individual games may require certain details to be created on a case-by-case basis for the RPG's story to function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a game-design perspective, the goal of worldbuilding is to create the context for a story. Consistency is an important element, since the world provides a foundation for the action of a story.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, J. R. R. Tolkien described the goal of worldbuilding as creating immersion, or "enchantment" as he put it, and descriptions of the world can be wholly disconnected from the story and narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-OnFairyStories_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnFairyStories-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers must also make the world building make sense for the story on hands-on matters concerning <a href="/wiki/Plot_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Plot devices">plot devices</a> such as what equipment, nourishment, and modes of transportation characters use.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: PT110">: PT110 </span></sup> </p><p>An uninhabited world can be useful for certain purposes, especially in science fiction, but the majority of constructed worlds have one or more <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapient</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. These species can have <a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">constructed cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a>. Designers in <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> may design <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> towards the end of the worldbuilding process, thus creating lifeforms with environmental adaptations to scientifically novel situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most basic consideration of worldbuilding is to what degree a fictional world will be based on real-world <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While magic is a more common element of fantasy settings, science fiction worlds can contain magic or technological equivalents of it. For example, the Biotics in the science fiction video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a></i> have abilities, described scientifically in-game, which mirror those of <a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">mages</a> in fantasy games. In the science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_at_the_Well_of_Souls" title="Midnight at the Well of Souls">Midnight at the Well of Souls</a></i>, magic exists, but is explained scientifically. </p><p>Some fictional worlds modify the real-world <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">laws of physics</a>; <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">faster-than-light</a> travel is a common factor in much science fiction. Worldbuilding may combine physics and magic, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)">Dark Tower</a></i> series and the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> franchise. One subgenre of science fiction, <a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">mundane science fiction</a>, calls for writers to depict only scientifically plausible technology; as such, fictional faster-than-light travel is not depicted in these works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_(fictional)_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png/330px-Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png/500px-Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png/600px-Diagram_of_the_%28fictional%29_Starbase_11_Star_System_in_the_American_TV_series_Star_Trek_-_The_Old_Series.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the fictional "Starbase 11 Star System" in the original <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> TV series</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets in science fiction">Planets in science fiction</a></div> <p>Constructed worlds often have cosmologies, both in the <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">metaphysical</a> senses of the word. The design of science fiction worlds, especially those with <a href="/wiki/Spacefaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacefaring">spacefaring</a> societies, usually entails creation of a <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. If the designer wishes to apply real-life principles of astronomy, they may develop detailed <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> measures for the <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> of the world, and to define the physical characteristics of the other bodies in the same system; this establishes <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronological</a> parameters, such as the length of a day and the durations of <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systems are intentionally bizarre. For <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Integral_Trees" title="The Integral Trees">The Integral Trees</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smoke_Ring_(novel)" title="The Smoke Ring (novel)">The Smoke Ring</a></i>, Niven designed a "freefall" environment, a gas <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> ring of habitable pressure, temperature, and composition, around a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Helliconia" title="Helliconia">Helliconia</a> trilogy has a very long year (called the "great year"), equivalent to 2,500 Earth years, where generations live & die within one season. </p><p>Fantasy worlds can also involve unique cosmologies. In <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i>, the physical world is referred to as the Prime Material Plane, but other planes of existence devoted to moral or elemental concepts are available for play, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spelljammer" title="Spelljammer">Spelljammer</a> setting, which provides an entirely novel fantasy astrophysical system. Some fantasy worlds feature religions. The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">Elder Scrolls</a></i> series, for example, contains a variety of religions practiced by its world's various races. The world of the 2000 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(video_game)" title="Summoner (video game)">Summoner</a></i> has a well-developed cosmology, including a <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography<span class="anchor" id="Map_making"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_cartography" title="Fantasy cartography">Fantasy cartography</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArediaWikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ArediaWikipedia.jpg/250px-ArediaWikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ArediaWikipedia.jpg/330px-ArediaWikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/ArediaWikipedia.jpg/500px-ArediaWikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>A map of the fictional kingdom of Aredia, which is used in a Medieval role-playing game</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional map">fictional map</a> is often one of the first tasks of worldbuilding. Maps can lay out a world's basic <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> features and significant civilizations present. A clear, concise map that displays the locations of key points in the story can be a helpful tool for developers and audiences alike. Finished creative products, such as books, may contain published versions of development maps; many editions of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, for example, include maps of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> of fictional worlds is sometimes called <i>geofiction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-map_hacks2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map_hacks2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> of a fictional world is important in designing <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> patterns and <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>. These physical features also affect the growth and interaction of the various societies, such as the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> and locations of important cities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desire for control of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> in a fictional world may lead to <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> among its people. Geography can also define <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> for each biome. Often, Earth-like ecology is assumed, but designers can vary drastically from this trend. For example, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Talking_Stone" title="The Talking Stone">The Talking Stone</a>" features a life form based on <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_life" title="Carbon-based life">carbon.</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> programs can create random terrain using <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> algorithms. Sophisticated programs can apply geologic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> plate movement and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>; the resulting world can be <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a> in great detail, providing a degree of realism to the result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed cultures, or concultures, are a typical element of worldbuilding. Worldbuilders sometimes employ past human civilizations as a model for fictional societies. The 1990 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_of_Ultima:_The_Savage_Empire" title="Worlds of Ultima: The Savage Empire">Worlds of Ultima: The Savage Empire</a></i>, for example, takes place in a world full of <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> based on civilizations in early <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and Africa. This method can make a fictional world more accessible for an audience. <i>Simon Provencher</i> has stated as a 'Golden Rule' of worldbuilding that "... unless specified otherwise, everything inside your world is assumed to behave exactly as it would in the real world."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Steven_S._Long" title="Steven S. Long">Steven S. Long</a>, a representative of the <i><a href="/wiki/Champions_(role-playing_game)" title="Champions (role-playing game)">Champions</a></i> role-playing game, who stated that "Everything that happened in the real world has also unfolded in the exact same way in the Champions Universe." This means any past wars, elections, and technological advancements in our world occurred the same way in the Champions Universe unless explained otherwise. </p><p>Creating a cohesive <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien</a> culture can be a distinct challenge. Some designers have also looked to human civilizations for inspiration in doing so, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Romulan" title="Romulan">Romulans</a>, whose society resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. The fictional world's history can explain past and present relationships between different societies, which can introduce a story's action. A past war, for example, functions as a key plot point in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shannara" title="Shannara">Shannara</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Belgariad" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgariad">Belgariad</a></i> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_constructed_worlds">Types of constructed worlds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of constructed worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of constructed worlds include <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a>, the pseudo-Earth <a href="/wiki/Hyborian_Age" title="Hyborian Age">Hyborian Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan series</a>, the planet Arrakis in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a></i> series, the continent of <a href="/wiki/Tamriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamriel">Tamriel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Scrolls">Elder Scrolls</a> series of games, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Earthsea_(universe)" title="Earthsea (universe)">Earthsea</a> universe and <a href="/wiki/Hainish_Cycle" title="Hainish Cycle">Hainish</a> worlds, the Subcontinent of <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a>, the location of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. </p><p>Constructed worlds are not always limited to one type of story. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Watt-Evans" title="Lawrence Watt-Evans">Lawrence Watt-Evans</a>,<a href="/wiki/Steven_Brust" title="Steven Brust">Steven Brust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurvitz" title="Robert Kurvitz">Robert Kurvitz</a> created <a href="/wiki/Ethshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethshar">Ethshar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragaera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragaera">Dragaera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disco_Elysium" title="Disco Elysium">Disco Elysium</a> respectively, for role-playing games before using them as settings for novels. <a href="/wiki/M._A._R._Barker" title="M. A. R. Barker">M. A. R. Barker</a> originally designed <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9kumel" title="Tékumel">Tékumel</a> well before the advent of role-playing games, but many <a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">gamers</a>, including Barker himself, have used it as a setting for such games. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">shared universe</a> is a fictional universe that can be used by different authors. Examples of shared universes include the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_expanded_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars expanded universe"><i>Star Wars</i> expanded universe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arrowverse" title="Arrowverse">Arrowverse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">campaign settings</a> developed specifically for role-playing games. One of the oldest of these is <a href="/wiki/Oerth" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerth">Oerth</a>, developed for the <i>Dungeons & Dragons' </i><a href="/wiki/Greyhawk" title="Greyhawk">Greyhawk</a> setting. <a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Realms" title="Forgotten Realms">Forgotten Realms</a> is another such D&D setting, originally a <a href="/wiki/House_rule#Gaming" title="House rule">homebrew</a> campaign world by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Greenwood" title="Ed Greenwood">Ed Greenwood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> – Consciously devised language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Fantasy world</a> – Imaginary world created for fictional media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_encyclopaedism" title="Fictional encyclopaedism">Fictional encyclopaedism</a> – Literary concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a> – practice that involves the production of objects, events, and entities designed to support the plausibility of a central narrative<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_universes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional universes">List of fictional universes</a> – Self-consistent fictional setting with elements that may differ from the real world<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a> – Narrative genre in modern literature and film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a> – Constructing national identity using state power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracosm" title="Paracosm">Paracosm</a> – Detailed imaginary world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets in science fiction">Planets in science fiction</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hamilton2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/767670861"><i>You Write It: Science Fiction</i></a>. Edina, Minn.: ABDO. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61714-655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61714-655-8"><bdi>978-1-61714-655-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767670861">767670861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Write+It%3A+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Edina%2C+Minn.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767670861&rft.isbn=978-1-61714-655-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F767670861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStableford2004" class="citation book cs1">Stableford, Brian M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54416073"><i>Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature</i></a>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4938-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4938-0"><bdi>0-8108-4938-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54416073">54416073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54416073&rft.isbn=0-8108-4938-0&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54416073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hergenrader2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hergenrader2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHergenrader2019" class="citation book cs1">Hergenrader, Trent (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009182095"><i>Collaborative Worldbuilding for Writers and Gamers</i></a>. London, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-01666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-01666-8"><bdi>978-1-350-01666-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1009182095">1009182095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collaborative+Worldbuilding+for+Writers+and+Gamers&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1009182095&rft.isbn=978-1-350-01666-8&rft.aulast=Hergenrader&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1009182095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolf2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf2020" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151513107"><i>World-builders on World-building: An Exploration of Subcreation</i></a>. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-24286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-24286-1"><bdi>978-0-429-24286-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151513107">1151513107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World-builders+on+World-building%3A+An+Exploration+of+Subcreation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151513107&rft.isbn=978-0-429-24286-1&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1151513107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Kelly (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883432427"><i>Building Your Story: A Guide to Structure and Plot</i></a>. Ropley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78279-607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78279-607-7"><bdi>978-1-78279-607-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883432427">883432427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Your+Story%3A+A+Guide+to+Structure+and+Plot&rft.place=Ropley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883432427&rft.isbn=978-1-78279-607-7&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F883432427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2017_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2017_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf2018" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004848638"><i>The Routledge Companion to Imaginary Worlds</i></a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26828-4"><bdi>978-1-317-26828-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004848638">1004848638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Imaginary+Worlds&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004848638&rft.isbn=978-1-317-26828-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1004848638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGavinsLahey2016" class="citation book cs1">Gavins, Joanna; Lahey, Ernestine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950613576"><i>World Building: Discourse in the Mind</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8655-1"><bdi>978-1-4725-8655-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950613576">950613576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Building%3A+Discourse+in+the+Mind&rft.place=London&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950613576&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-8655-1&rft.aulast=Gavins&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Lahey%2C+Ernestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F950613576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2014_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf2014_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf2012" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851971993"><i>Building Imaginary Worlds: The Theory and History of Subcreation</i></a>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22081-4"><bdi>978-1-136-22081-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851971993">851971993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Imaginary+Worlds%3A+The+Theory+and+History+of+Subcreation&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851971993&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22081-4&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F851971993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Derek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830164533"><i>Media Franchising: Creative License and Collaboration in the Culture Industries</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4349-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-4349-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830164533">830164533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Franchising%3A+Creative+License+and+Collaboration+in+the+Culture+Industries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830164533&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4349-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F830164533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLetizia2020" class="citation book cs1">Letizia, Angelo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1153082894"><i>Graphic Novels as Pedagogy in Social Studies: How to Draw Citizenship</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-44252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-44252-1"><bdi>978-3-030-44252-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1153082894">1153082894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+as+Pedagogy+in+Social+Studies%3A+How+to+Draw+Citizenship&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1153082894&rft.isbn=978-3-030-44252-1&rft.aulast=Letizia&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1153082894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatersonSimpson-WilliamsCordner2020" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Eddie; Simpson-Williams, Timothy; Cordner, Will (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1127387835"><i>Once Upon a Pixel: Storytelling and Worldbuilding in Video Games</i></a>. Boca Raton, FL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-01427-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-01427-4"><bdi>978-1-351-01427-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127387835">1127387835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+Upon+a+Pixel%3A+Storytelling+and+Worldbuilding+in+Video+Games&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1127387835&rft.isbn=978-1-351-01427-4&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft.au=Simpson-Williams%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Cordner%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1127387835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooker2020" class="citation book cs1">Brooker, Joseph (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089274366"><i>Jonathan Lethem and the Galaxy of Writing</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-00376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-00376-7"><bdi>978-1-350-00376-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089274366">1089274366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Lethem+and+the+Galaxy+of+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089274366&rft.isbn=978-1-350-00376-7&rft.aulast=Brooker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089274366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prucher2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prucher2007_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prucher2007_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrucher2007" class="citation book cs1">Prucher, Jeff (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Words:_The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction">Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989140-5"><bdi>978-0-19-989140-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608415902">608415902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+Words%3A+The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608415902&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989140-5&rft.aulast=Prucher&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_World" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=World">"World"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEddington2014" class="citation book cs1">Eddington, Arthur Stanley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/905652391"><i>Space, Time, and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Relativity Theory</i></a>. Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-0450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-0450-3"><bdi>978-1-4344-0450-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905652391">905652391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Gravitation%3A+An+Outline+of+the+General+Relativity+Theory&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905652391&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-0450-3&rft.aulast=Eddington&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905652391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r36h">"Inferno"</a>. <i>Dante 2021</i>. 11 Jan 2021. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dante+2021&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm000r36h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Carter, Lin</a>, ed. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1733365"><i>Kingdoms of sorcery</i></a> (1st ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-09975-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-09975-4"><bdi>0-385-09975-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1733365">1733365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+sorcery&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1733365&rft.isbn=0-385-09975-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1733365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnFairyStories-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OnFairyStories_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OnFairyStories_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1983" class="citation cs2">Tolkien, J. R. R. (1983), Tolkien, Christopher (ed.), "On Fairy Stories", <i>The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>161</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monsters+and+the+Critics+and+Other+Essays&rft.atitle=On+Fairy+Stories&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letter</a> #131 to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Waldman" title="Milton Waldman">Milton Waldman</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1981" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8628512"><i>Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien : a selection</i></a>. Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-826005-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-826005-3"><bdi>0-04-826005-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8628512">8628512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien+%3A+a+selection&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8628512&rft.isbn=0-04-826005-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F8628512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCookTweetWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cook" title="Monte Cook">Cook, Monte</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tweet" title="Jonathan Tweet">Tweet, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Skip_Williams" title="Skip Williams">Williams, Skip</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_Master%27s_Guide" title="Dungeon Master's Guide">Dungeon Master's Guide</a></i>. revised by <a href="/wiki/David_Noonan_(game_designer)" title="David Noonan (game designer)">David Noonan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rich_Redman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rich Redman (page does not exist)">Rich Redman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7869-2889-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7869-2889-1"><bdi>0-7869-2889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeon+Master%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7869-2889-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Monte&rft.au=Tweet%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Williams%2C+Skip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLenz2001" class="citation book cs1">Lenz, Millicent (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46649829"><i>Alternative Worlds in Fantasy Fiction</i></a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4936-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4936-0"><bdi>0-8264-4936-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46649829">46649829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Worlds+in+Fantasy+Fiction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46649829&rft.isbn=0-8264-4936-0&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Millicent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46649829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaramee2002" class="citation book cs1">Laramee, Francois Dominic (2002). <i>Game design perspectives</i>. Charles River Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58450-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58450-090-5"><bdi>1-58450-090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+design+perspectives&rft.pub=Charles+River+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58450-090-5&rft.aulast=Laramee&rft.aufirst=Francois+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchult2017" class="citation book cs1">Schult, Stefanie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021810749"><i>Subcreation: Fictional-World Construction from J.R.R. Tolkien to Terry Pratchett and Tad Williams</i></a>. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-9320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-9320-9"><bdi>978-3-8325-9320-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021810749">1021810749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subcreation%3A+Fictional-World+Construction+from+J.R.R.+Tolkien+to+Terry+Pratchett+and+Tad+Williams.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag+Berlin&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021810749&rft.isbn=978-3-8325-9320-9&rft.aulast=Schult&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1021810749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Anderson, Poul</a> (1991). "The Creation of Imaginary Worlds". <i>Writing Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-06003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-06003-3"><bdi>0-312-06003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Imaginary+Worlds&rft.btitle=Writing+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-06003-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Poul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map_hacks2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-map_hacks2005_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErle2005" class="citation book cs1">Erle, Schuyler (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60860826"><i>Mapping Hacks: Tips & Tools for Electronic Cartography</i></a>. Rich Gibson, Jo Walsh (1st ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00703-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00703-5"><bdi>0-596-00703-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60860826">60860826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Hacks%3A+Tips+%26+Tools+for+Electronic+Cartography&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60860826&rft.isbn=0-596-00703-5&rft.aulast=Erle&rft.aufirst=Schuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F60860826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2002" class="citation book cs1">Long, Steven S. (2002). <i>Fantasy HERO</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hero_System" title="Hero System">Hero System</a> Fifth ed.). <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: DOJ. pp. <span class="nowrap">290–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58366-016-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58366-016-X"><bdi>1-58366-016-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasy+HERO&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.edition=Hero+System+Fifth&rft.pub=DOJ&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58366-016-X&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Steven+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClement1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Clement" title="Hal Clement">Clement, Hal</a> (1991). "The Creation of Imaginary Beings". <i>Writing Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-06003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-06003-3"><bdi>0-312-06003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Imaginary+Beings&rft.btitle=Writing+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-06003-3&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProvencher" class="citation web cs1">Provencher, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbuilderblog.com/the-golden-rule-of-worldbuilding/">"The Golden Rule of Worldbuilding"</a>. <i>Worldbuilder</i>. Simon Provencher<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldbuilder&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Rule+of+Worldbuilding&rft.aulast=Provencher&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbuilderblog.com%2Fthe-golden-rule-of-worldbuilding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorldbuilding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worldbuilding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thealdissaward.com/">The Aldiss Award for World Building in speculative fiction & gaming</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thealdissaward.com/">The Aldiss Award</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conworld" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Conworld">Conworld</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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fictional towns in animation">in animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_towns_in_comics" title="List of fictional towns in comics">in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_towns_in_film" title="List of fictional towns in film">in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_towns_in_literature" title="List of fictional towns in literature">in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_towns_in_television" title="List of fictional towns in television">in television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">Countries</a>, counties, and states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional countries">Countries</a> <ul><li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planets, worlds, and <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">Fantasy worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planets_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of planets in science fiction">Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_universes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional universes">Universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_shared_universes_in_film_and_television" title="List of fictional shared universes in film and television">film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_universes_in_animation_and_comics" title="List of fictional universes in animation and comics">animation and comics</a></li> <li><a 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