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id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolition_of_the_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolition_of_the_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Demolition of the Buddhas of Bamiyan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolition_of_the_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opium_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opium_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Opium production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opium_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_11_attacks_by_al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11_attacks_by_al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11_attacks_by_al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._invasion_of_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._invasion_of_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_U.S._invasion_(2001–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_U.S._invasion_(2001–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 After the U.S. invasion (2001–2013) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_U.S._invasion_(2001–2013)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After the U.S. invasion (2001–2013) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_U.S._invasion_(2001–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Seclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspected_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspected_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Suspected activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspected_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_announcement_of_his_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_announcement_of_his_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2015 announcement of his death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_announcement_of_his_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mullah Omar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ملا عمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملا عمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мулла МухӀаммад ГӀумар – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мулла МухӀаммад ГӀумар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_%C3%96m%C9%99r" title="Məhəmməd Ömər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Ömər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0" title="মুহাম্মদ ওমর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ ওমর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухамед Амар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мухамед Амар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Omar" title="Mohammad Omar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohammad Omar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Umar" title="Muhammad Umar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhammad Umar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%A9ammad_%E2%80%98Omar" title="Moḩammad ‘Omar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moḩammad ‘Omar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Μοχάμεντ Ομάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοχάμεντ Ομάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Omar" title="Mohammad Omar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohammad Omar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Omar" title="Mohamed Omar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohamed Omar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ملا عمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملا عمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Omar" title="Mohammad Omar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohammad Omar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%98%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4" title="모하마드 오마르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모하마드 오마르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mullah Omar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%95%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մուհամմադ Օմար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամմադ Օմար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="मोहम्मद उमर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोहम्मद उमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mullah Omar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAhame%C3%B0_%C3%93mar" title="Múhameð Ómar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múhameð Ómar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מוחמד עומאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד עומאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მულა ომარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მულა ომარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhameds_Om%C4%81rs" title="Muhameds Omārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muhameds Omārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Om%C3%A1r" title="Mohammed Omár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohammed Omár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="മുല്ല മുഹമ്മദ് ഒമർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുല്ല മുഹമ്മദ് ഒമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="मुल्ला उमर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुल्ला उमर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ملا عمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملا عمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC" title="မိုဟာမက် အူမာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုဟာမက် အူမာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB" title="ムハンマド・オマル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・オマル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Omar" title="Muhammed Omar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Umar" title="Muhammad Umar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Umar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ملا محمد عمر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ملا محمد عمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Omar" title="Mohammad Omar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mohammad Omar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухаммед Омар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммед Омар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mullah Omar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Umar" title="Muhammad Umar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muhammad Umar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="مەلا عومەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەلا عومەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухамед Омар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед Омар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முகம்மது உமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகம்மது உமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3" title="มุฮัมมัด อุมัร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุฮัมมัด อุมัร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_%C3%96mer" title="Muhammed Ömer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Ömer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мухаммед Омар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед Омар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ملا عمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملا عمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar" title="Mohammed Omar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mohammed Omar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%90%E7%91%AA" title="穆罕默德歐瑪 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Afghan cleric who founded the Taliban (1960–2013)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Muhammad Umar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muhammad Umar (disambiguation)">Muhammad Umar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Muhammad Omar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ps"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>محمد عمر</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp/220px-Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp/266px-Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="375" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Omar in 1993</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader of Afghanistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 September 1996 – 13 November 2001 Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rabbani" title="Mohammad Rabbani">Mohammad Rabbani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mohammad Rabbani<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Burhanuddin Rabbani (as President)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In exile 13 November 2001 – 23 April 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund" title="Obaidullah Akhund">Obaidullah Akhund</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In exile 4 April 1996<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> – 27 September 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Mohammad Rabbani</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1960<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandahar province">Kandahar</a>, Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">(2013-04-23)23 April 2013 (aged 52–53) <a href="/wiki/Zabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabul">Zabul</a>, Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-Omar-death-place-11">[11]</a> (disputed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_July-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Shinkay District, Zabul Province, Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-Omar-grave-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 3 wives</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 5 (including <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Manan_Omari" title="Abdul Manan Omari">Abdul Manan Omari</a> (stepbrother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tribe</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hotak" title="Hotak">Hotak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unity_of_Afghanistan_Mujahideen" title="Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> (1979–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg/15px-Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg/23px-Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg/30px-Logo_of_Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="232" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami_Khalis" title="Hezb-i Islami Khalis">Hezb-i Islami Khalis</a> (1979–1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (1994–2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1979–1991 1994–2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arghandab_(1987)" title="Battle of Arghandab (1987)">Battle of Arghandab</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Salam_Zaeef_2010-16">[16]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">First Afghan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1989)" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1989)">Battle of Jalalabad</a><a href="#cite_note-Borchgrave,_2001,_p._226-17">[17]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Second Afghan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Third Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001-2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a> Muhammad Omar (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: محمد عمر, romanized: Muḥammad ʿUmar; 1960 – 23 April 2013) was an Afghan <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">mujahideen</a> commander, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, and the cleric who founded the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Third Afghan Civil War</a>, the Taliban fought the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> and took control of most of the country, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a> for which Omar began to serve as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a> in 1996. Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> carried out the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the Taliban government was toppled by an <a href="/wiki/American_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="American invasion of Afghanistan (2001)">American invasion of Afghanistan</a>, prompting Omar to go into hiding. He successfully evaded capture by the American-led coalition before dying in 2013 from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Born into a religious family in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, Omar was educated at local <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> in Afghanistan. After Afghanistan was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1979, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and he was trained by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Imam" title="Colonel Imam">Sultan Amir Tarar</a> aka Imam Tarar. He served as an important military general during several skirmishes, losing his right eye in an explosion. The Soviets eventually withdrew from the country in 1989 and Afghanistan's Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a> was toppled in 1992, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War of 1992–1996</a>. While initially remaining quiet and focused on continuing his studies, Omar became increasingly discontent with what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">fasād</a> in the country, ultimately prompting him to return to fighting in the Civil War. In 1994, Omar, along with religious students in Kandahar, formed the Taliban, which emerged victorious against other Afghan factions by 1996. Omar led the Taliban to form a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Sunni Islamic theocracy</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Supreme Council</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>, which strictly enforced <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>. While ruling between 1996 and 2001, the Taliban were widely condemned for committing massacres against civilians; discrimination against religious and ethnic minorities; <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">banning women from school and most employment</a>; and the destruction of cultural monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a>, which Omar personally ordered.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2-2022-18">[18]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, which had been given sanctuary in Afghanistan by the Taliban, carried out the September 11 attacks against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 2001, American president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> demanded that the Taliban extradite al-Qaeda's leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> to the United States. When the Taliban refused, the United States began the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">Global War on Terrorism</a> and led a multinational invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, greatly bolstered by the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. By December 2001, the Taliban government had been ousted by the American-led coalition; Omar fled Kandahar, went into hiding in <a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul Province</a>, and delegated operational control of the Taliban to his deputies. Under his command, the Taliban launched <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">an insurgency</a> against the new Afghan government and the coalition. Although Omar was the subject of a decade-long international manhunt, he remained in hiding for the rest of his life. He died in 2013, reportedly due to tuberculosis, which was not revealed publicly until 2015. In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> deposed the Afghan government and regained power following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a>. Omar remains a largely popular figure amongst the Taliban, who view him as a key freedom fighter who defended <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan's Islamic principles</a> — first against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a> and later against the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. Others have criticized him for his repressive government and his religious dogmatism. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg/170px-Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg/255px-Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Mohammed_Omar_in_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Omar as an 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">hafiz</a> student, 1978<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Muhammed Omar was born in 1960 into a poor and large <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> family in the village of Chah-i-Himmat in <a href="/wiki/Khakrez_District" title="Khakrez District">Khakrez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20150405-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-tel1-21">[21]</a> He came from a line of Islamic scholars and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> At 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) tall, he was the tallest boy in his family.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ismail_Khan_1996,_p._226-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a> Ghulam Nabi,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20150405-20">[20]</a> his grandfather Mawlawi Muhammad Rasool, and his great-grandfather Mawlawi Baz Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> They were of the Tomzi clan of the <a href="/wiki/Hotak" title="Hotak">Hotak</a> tribe,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20150405-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> which is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilzai</a> tribal confederation of the Pashtuns.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-26">[26]</a> His father, born in Khakrez District,<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> was a poor, landless itinerant teacher who taught the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to village boys and received <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> from their families.<a href="#cite_note-coll-27">[27]</a> He died when Omar was three years old, according to Omar's own words,<a href="#cite_note-Aljazeera_interview-28">[28]</a> or five years old, according to the Taliban biography.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20150405-20">[20]</a> Thereafter Omar was raised by his uncles.<a href="#cite_note-Aljazeera_interview-28">[28]</a> One of his father's brothers, Maulawi Muzafer, married Omar's widowed mother,<a href="#cite_note-Gall_20020522-29">[29]</a> as was often done in rural Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-coll-27">[27]</a> The family moved to the village of Dehwanawark, several miles from the town of <a href="/wiki/Deh_Rawood" title="Deh Rawood">Deh Rawood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gall_20020522-29">[29]</a> in the poor <a href="/wiki/Deh_Rawood_District" title="Deh Rawood District">Deh Rawood District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uruzgan_Province" title="Uruzgan Province">Uruzgan Province</a>, where the uncle was a religious teacher.<a href="#cite_note-coll-27">[27]</a> According to former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">Afghan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>, "Omar's father was a local religious leader, but the family was poor and had absolutely no political links in Kandahar or Kabul. They were essentially lower middle class Afghans and were definitely not members of the elite."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Omar studied at a religious school or <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> run by his uncle.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anand_Gopal" title="Anand Gopal">Gopal</a> and Strick van Linschoten, all of his religious education was in Afghan hujras, which are small religious schools annexed to village mosques.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal_2017-31">[31]</a> He completed his primary and secondary religious education, then began higher religious studies at 18.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> His studies were interrupted<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> before he completed them and he did not properly earn the title "Mullah".<a href="#cite_note-Gopal_2017-31">[31]</a> Later in life he was given an honorary degree by the <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Uloom-ul-Islamia" title="Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia">Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia</a> seminary in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, but he never studied there,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> contrary to some reports. He was also given an honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Haqqania" title="Darul Uloom Haqqania">Darul Uloom Haqqania</a> in northwestern Pakistan, where numerous other senior <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> leaders studied.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some sources have claimed that he studied there, but its leader <a href="/wiki/Sami-ul-Haq" title="Sami-ul-Haq">Sami-ul-Haq</a> said that he did not know of Omar until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Much of Omar's early and personal life remains either secret or is the subject of conflicting reports.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20150405-20">[20]</a> In April 2015, during the time when his death was being kept secret, the Taliban published a biography of Omar to mark his "19th year as their supreme leader," when in fact he had already died on 23 April 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet–Afghan_War_(1979–1989)">Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></div> After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Omar joined the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">mujahideen</a> in Deh Rawood to fight the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> In 1983 he moved with mujahideen friends to <a href="/wiki/Maywand_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Maywand District">Maywand District</a> in Kandahar Province and fought under Faizullah Akhundzada, the commander of a group affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_and_National_Revolution_Movement_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic and National Revolution Movement of Afghanistan">Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami</a> (Islamic and National Revolution Movement).<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> was another from Deh Rawood who was in the group.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal_2017_p18-36">[36]</a> Omar fought in the Maiwand, <a href="/wiki/Zhari_District" title="Zhari District">Zhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panjwayi_District" title="Panjwayi District">Panjwai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dand_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dand District">Dand</a> districts and was an expert in using <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> In the last years of the war, some mujahideen groups split up, and Omar and his friends left Faizullah Akhundzada's group. They formed a new group under Omar's leadership, based at Aday, in the <a href="/wiki/Singesar" title="Singesar">Singesar</a> area, then in the Panjwayi District and now in Zhari District, and became registered with Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami as an affiliated group.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> Omar was wounded four times. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Zaeef" title="Abdul Salam Zaeef">Abdul Salam Zaeef</a> has said he was present when exploding shrapnel destroyed Omar's right eye at Singesar during the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arghandab_(1987)" title="Battle of Arghandab (1987)">Battle of Arghandab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Salam_Zaeef_2010-16">[16]</a> Other sources place this event in 1986<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> or in the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)#Battle_of_Jalalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">Battle of Jalalabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borchgrave,_2001,_p._226-17">[17]</a> Omar went to a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, Pakistan, for treatment to his eye wound.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> According to former Taliban official Abdul Hai Mutmaen (or Mutma'in), this was the only time that Omar ever went to Pakistan, and that he returned after treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> According to Dutch journalist <a href="/wiki/Bette_Dam" title="Bette Dam">Bette Dam</a>, in research published in 2019, he went to Pakistan on one other occasion during the war, to fetch weapons following a dispute within his mujahideen group.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> Mutmaen denies that Omar went there for weapons, but acknowledges that a few members of Omar's family claim he visited Pakistan four times during the war – once for the injury, then to register his group, and two visits to injured friends.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_withdrawal_and_fight_against_the_Democratic_Republic">Soviet withdrawal and fight against the Democratic Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet withdrawal and fight against the Democratic Republic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan</a> in 1989. According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a>, Omar joined the mujahideen group <a href="/wiki/Hezb-i_Islami_Khalis" title="Hezb-i Islami Khalis">Hezb-i Islami Khalis</a> and fought under the command of Nek Mohammed against <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">communist regime</a> between 1989 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-26">[26]</a> After Najibullah's government collapsed in 1992, Omar and a group of mujahideen turned their base near Haji Ibrahim Mosque in Gheshano village, in the Singesar area, into a madrassa.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zaeef_52-39">[39]</a> As well as teaching there, Omar resumed his own studies that had been interrupted by the war.<a href="#cite_note-Mutmaen-22">[22]</a> Unlike many Afghan mujaheddin, Omar spoke Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He was devoted to the lectures of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forming_the_Taliban_(1994)">Forming the Taliban (1994)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forming the Taliban (1994)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></div> After Najibullah's regime ended, the country fell into chaos as various mujahideen factions fought for control. According to one legend, Omar had a dream in 1994 in which a woman told him: "We need your help; you must rise. You must end the chaos. God will help you."<a href="#cite_note-Dexter_Filkins_2008_p._30-42">[42]</a> Omar started his movement with less than 50 armed <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrassah</a> students who were simply known as the Taliban (Pashtun for 'students'). His recruits came from madrassas located in Afghanistan and the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugee</a> camps which were located across the border in Pakistan. They fought against the rampant corruption which had emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96)">civil war</a> period and were initially welcomed by Afghans who were weary of <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> rule. Apparently, Omar became sickened by the abusive raping of children by warlords and turned against their authority in the mountainous country of Afghanistan from 1994 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_Ency-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratna-46">[46]</a> Two influential anti-Soviet political leaders who were connected with <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> during this era were <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yunus_Khalis" title="Mohammad Yunus Khalis">Mohammad Yunus Khalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nabi_Mohammadi" title="Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi">Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi</a>; both exerted a considerable influence over the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, particularly in the southern parts of the country, including <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. Many of those who later formed the core of the Taliban, including Omar, fought under the command of factions that were loyal to Nabi Mohammadi. These factions had helped spread <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, attended by many of the Kandahar Taliban, throughout the southern regions of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">bacha bazi</a> by warlords was one of the key factors in Omar mobilizing the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Reportedly, in early 1994, Omar led 30 men armed with 16 rifles to free two young girls who had been kidnapped and raped by a warlord, hanging him from a tank gun barrel.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Another instance arose when in 1994, a few months before the Taliban took control of Kandahar, two militia commanders confronted each other over a young boy whom they both wanted to <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomize</a>. In the ensuing fight, Omar's group freed the boy; appeals soon flooded in for Omar to intercede in other disputes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His movement gained momentum through the year and he quickly gathered recruits from Islamic schools totaling 12,000 by the year's end with some Pakistani volunteers. By November 1994, Omar's movement managed to capture the whole of the Kandahar Province and then captured the <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a> in September 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Goodson_2001_p._107-50">[50]</a> Some accounts estimated that by the spring of 1995 he had already taken 12 of the 31 provinces in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg/220px-Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg/330px-Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Mullah_Omar_reveals_the_Prophet%27s_cloak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>A still from a 1996 video taken secretly by BBC Newsnight. It purports to show Omar (left) presenting the <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad" title="Cloak of Muhammad">cloak of Muhammad</a> to his troops in Kandahar, before their successful assault on Kabul.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg/220px-Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg/330px-Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mullah_Mohammed_Omar%27s_1998-06-15_letter_to_all_Taliban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>The June 15, 1998 letter from Mullah Omar to "all Taliban members young and old", complaining that his orders are not being followed. The letter was found in an <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">al-Qaeda safe house</a> in Kabul.</figcaption></figure> On 4 April 1996, supporters of Omar bestowed the title <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a> (أمير المؤمنين, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Commander of the Faithful') on him,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> after he donned <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad" title="Cloak of Muhammad">a cloak</a> which was alleged to be that of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, locked in a series of chests and held inside the <a href="/wiki/Khirqa_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirqa Sharif">Shrine of the Cloak</a> in the city of Kandahar. Legend decreed that whoever could retrieve the cloak from the chest would be the great Leader of the Muslims, or the "Amir al-Mu'minin".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In September 1996, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> fell to Omar and his followers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The civil war continued in the northeast corner of the country, near <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. In October 1997 the nation was named the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> and recognized by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Described as a "reclusive, pious and frugal" leader,<a href="#cite_note-conflict-23">[23]</a> Omar rarely left his residence in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, and he only visited Kabul twice between 1996 and 2001 during his tenure as ruler of Afghanistan. In November 2001, during a radio interview with the BBC, Omar stated: "All Taliban are moderate. There are two things: extremism ['ifraat', or doing something to excess] and conservatism ['tafreet', or doing something insufficiently]. So in that sense, we are all moderates – taking the middle path."<a href="#cite_note-BBC1657368-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malashenko-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waraich-55">[55]</a> During his tenure as Afghanistan's ruler, Omar seldom left the city of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, where he lived in a large house reportedly built for him by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudi</a> militant who was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-23">[23]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016-56">[56]</a> Omar had a complicated relationship with Osama bin Laden. According to Pakistani journalist <a href="/wiki/Rahimullah_Yusufzai" title="Rahimullah Yusufzai">Rahimullah Yusufzai</a>, Omar stated in the late 1990s, "We have told Osama [Bin Laden] not to use Afghan soil to carry out political activities as it creates unnecessary confusion about Taliban objectives."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Bin Laden was a challenge for Omar: he was widely seen as a defender of the faith, had deep pockets, and if he were to censure the Taliban, the movement would likely end. However, Omar did not want bin Laden spreading a message of jihad. Omar summoned bin Laden to meet him in 1996 after bin Laden's declaration of jihad against the United States the same year. He asked bin Laden to stop talking about the jihad, but as a matter of Pashtun tribal custom did not outright forbid him, as it would be deeply insulting to a guest. Bin Laden chose to ignore Omar. The high stature of bin Laden and his importance in keeping the Taliban in power were further evidenced by Omar visiting bin Laden as a guest, a sign of deference and respect. After the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a>, the US launched cruise missiles against al-Qaeda training camps and sought bin Laden. This inadvertently created more sympathy for bin Laden in Afghanistan. Omar did not hand bin Laden over, citing <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a> tribal customs that require a host to protect guests, and that bin Laden was a guest of Afghanistan. Privately, Omar felt that if he bowed to the US by turning over bin Laden, the US would try to further influence Afghanistan and attempt to meddle in its religious matters. He may have also feared retaliation or withdrawal of support from the Saudi or Pakistani governments should he turn over bin Laden. In 2000, Omar ordered bin Laden to not attack the United States, after advisors warned him that bin Laden might be planning to do so. Omar suggested to the US that bin Laden be turned over to an international Islamic court, or simply exiled, but the US turned both suggestions down.<a href="#cite_note-:5-58">[58]</a>: 47–50  Omar was also "Head of the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Supreme Council</a> of Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-Waraich-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malashenko-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_Ency-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Supreme Council was initially established at Kandahar in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Gunaratna-46">[46]</a> According to a 2001 United Nations report, the Taliban committed systematic massacres against civilians between 1996 and 2001 while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan. The report said that such mass killings were ordered or approved by Omar himself and that bin Laden's <a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">055 Brigade</a>, made up of Arab fighters, was involved in these massacres.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demolition_of_the_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan">Demolition of the Buddhas of Bamiyan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demolition of the Buddhas of Bamiyan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg/150px-Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg/225px-Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg/300px-Buddha_of_Bamiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Omar ordered the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> (pictured in 1976) in March 2001, receiving international condemnation.</figcaption></figure> In July 1999, Mohammed Omar issued a decree in favor of the preservation of the Bamiyan Buddha statues. Because Afghanistan's Buddhist population no longer exists, so the statues are no longer worshiped, he added: "The government considers the Bamiyan statues as an example of a potential major source of income for Afghanistan from international visitors. The Taliban states that Bamiyan shall not be destroyed but protected."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In early 2000, local Taliban authorities asked for UN assistance to rebuild drainage ditches around tops of the alcoves where the Buddhas were set.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In March 2001, the Bamiyan Buddha statues were destroyed by the Taliban under an edict issued from Omar, stating: "all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> This prompted an international outcry.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Information and Culture Minister Qadratullah Jamal told <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> of a decision by 400 religious clerics from across Afghanistan declaring the Buddhist statues against the tenets of Islam. "They came out with a consensus that the statues were against Islam," said Jamal. A statement issued by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Hajj_and_Religious_Affairs" title="Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs">Ministry of Religious Affairs</a> of the Taliban regime justified the destruction as being in accordance with Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The then Taliban ambassador to Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Zaeef" title="Abdul Salam Zaeef">Abdul Salam Zaeef</a> held that the destruction of the Buddhas was finally ordered by Abdul Wali, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Minister for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Omar explained why he ordered the statues to be destroyed in an interview: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I did not want to destroy the Bamiyan Buddha. In fact, some foreigners came to me and said they would like to conduct the repair work of the Bamiyan Buddha that had been slightly damaged due to rains. This shocked me. I thought, these callous people have no regard for thousands of living human beings – the Afghans who are dying of hunger, but they are so concerned about non-living objects like the Buddha. This was extremely deplorable. That is why I ordered its destruction. Had they come for humanitarian work, I would have never ordered the Buddha's destruction.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opium_production">Opium production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opium production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG/350px-Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2007 (hectares). Before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 2001, opium production was almost entirely eradicated (99%) by the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-70">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 1996 and 1999, the Taliban controlled 96% of Afghanistan's poppy fields and made opium its largest source of taxation. Taxes on opium exports was the primary source of income for the Taliban during its rule and subsequent insurgency after 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-71">[71]</a> In July 2000, Taliban leader Mohammed Omar, in an effort to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> production in Afghanistan, declared that growing poppies was un-Islamic, resulting in one of the world's most successful anti-drug campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Taliban enforced a ban on poppy farming via threats, forced eradication, and public punishment of transgressors. The result was a 99% reduction in the area of opium poppy farming in Taliban-controlled areas, roughly three-quarters of the world's supply of heroin at the time.<a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maziyar2019-70">[70]</a> The ban was effective only briefly due to the deposition of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019678-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019679-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_11_attacks_by_al-Qaeda">September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States carried out by al-Qaeda,<a href="#cite_note-rjfEnglish-76">[76]</a> the United States under the Bush administration issued an ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Afghanistan</a> to hand over <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and other high ranking al-Qaeda officials and shut down all al-Qaeda training camps within the country. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, Omar was asked if he would give up <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. Omar replied, "No. We cannot do that. If we did, it means we are not Muslims, that Islam is finished. If we were afraid of attack, we could have surrendered him the last time we were threatened."<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Bergen-77">[77]</a> Omar explained his position to high-ranking Taliban officials: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Islam says that when a Muslim asks for shelter, give the shelter and never hand him over to enemy. And our <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Afghan tradition</a> says that, even if your enemy asks for shelter, forgive him and give him shelter. Osama has helped the jihad in Afghanistan, he was with us in bad days and I am not going to give him to anyone.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Bergen-77">[77]</a></blockquote> Omar was adamant that bin Laden was innocent of planning the 9/11 attacks despite the accusations directed against him. Nonetheless, high-ranking Taliban officials attempted to persuade Omar to hand bin Laden over and made offers to the United States through its contacts with Pakistan. The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Zaeef" title="Abdul Salam Zaeef">Abdul Salam Zaeef</a> said at a news conference in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> that "our position in this regard is that if the Americans have evidence, they should produce it." If they could prove their allegations, he said, "we are ready for a trial of Osama bin Laden."<a href="#cite_note-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren-78">[78]</a> The Taliban foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil" title="Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil">Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil</a> also attempted to negotiate, offering the Americans the proposal of setting up a three-nation court under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a> as it was a "neutral organization" or having bin Laden tried by an Islamic council in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Mujib_Mashal_2011-79">[79]</a> Muttawakil said "the US showed no interest in it."<a href="#cite_note-Mujib_Mashal_2011-79">[79]</a> The Taliban Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kabir" title="Abdul Kabir">Abdul Kabir</a> stated that if evidence was provided, "we would be ready to hand him over to a third country".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Part of the reluctance to hand bin Laden over stemmed from Omar's own miscalculations. Omar thought there was "less than a 10 percent" chance that the US would do anything beyond make threats.<a href="#cite_note-:5-58">[58]</a>: 65–66  The Supreme Council of the Islamic Clergy, a council of around 1,000 clerics, convened in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in late September 2001 and issued a decree against the United States and its threats of militarily invading Afghanistan. They also recommended that Osama bin Laden be asked to leave Afghanistan of his own free will to "avoid the current tumult" and expressed sympathy and a conciliatory tone towards those who died in the 11 September attacks: "The ulema voice their sadness over American deaths and hope America does not attack Afghanistan."<a href="#cite_note-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren-78">[78]</a> The Taliban Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> said that Omar had agreed to follow guidance offered by the clerics and would try to encourage bin Laden to leave Afghanistan without forcibly handing him over to the United States for prosecution, even if bin Laden refused to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren-78">[78]</a> However, according to an interview with Pakistani journalist <a href="/wiki/Rahimullah_Yusufzai" title="Rahimullah Yusufzai">Rahimullah Yusufzai</a>, Omar told him: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I don't want to go down in history as someone who betrayed his guest. I am willing to give my life, my regime. Since we have given him refuge I cannot throw him out now.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Bergen-77">[77]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._invasion_of_Afghanistan">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. invasion of Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a></div> On the night of 7–8 October 2001, shortly after the US-led <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a> began, Omar's house in Kandahar was bombed just after he had left, fatally injuring his 10-year-old son. His stepfather, who was also his uncle, was initially reported killed,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> but later reports said he was injured and treated at a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In another account of an attack that night, an <a href="/wiki/MQ-1_Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-1 Predator">MQ-1 Predator</a> drone followed a three-vehicle convoy that left Omar's compound and drove to a compound to the southwest of Kandahar, with US commanders believing Omar was in one of the vehicles. Men disembarked from the vehicles and entered a large building in the compound. US military officers considered bombing the building, but were concerned that another building in the compound might be a mosque, which they wished to avoid hitting. Eventually it was decided to fire a <a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">Hellfire</a> missile from the Predator at one of the vehicles, where armed guards kept gathering, in the hope that it would draw out anyone inside the possible mosque. The attack — the first missile launched by a drone in combat — appeared to cause two casualties. Dozens of men, some armed, emerged from the large building and other buildings in the compound, and some got into vehicles and departed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> According to fellow Taliban fighters, Omar had secretly fled his residence in Kandahar for security purposes shortly after it was bombed and was last seen riding on the back of a motorcycle driven by his brother-in-law and right-hand man, Mullah <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a>. Senior and former Taliban officials have said that there had not been any confirmed sightings of their Amir-ul-Momineen (commander of the faithful) in Afghanistan since then. In November 2001, he was heard over a short-wave radio ordering all Taliban troops to abandon Kabul and take to the mountains, noting, "defending the cities with front lines that can be targeted from the air will cause us terrible loss".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In a November 2001 <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC Pashto</a> interview, Omar said, "You (the BBC) and American puppet radios have created concern. But the current situation in Afghanistan is related to a bigger cause – that is the destruction of America. ... This is not a matter of weapons. We are hopeful for God's help. The real matter is the extinction of America. And, God willing, it [America] will fall to the ground."<a href="#cite_note-BBC1657368-53">[53]</a> Claiming that the Americans had circulated "propaganda" that Omar had gone into hiding, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil" title="Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil">Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil</a> stated that he would like to "propose that Prime Minister Blair and President Bush take <a href="/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle" title="Kalashnikov rifle">Kalashnikovs</a> and come to a specified place where Omar will also appear to see who will run and who not". He stated that Omar was merely changing locations due to security reasons.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kandahar (2001)">Battle for Kandahar</a> in late November 2001, US Special Operations teams known as Texas 12 and Texas 17 aligned with <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> and with General <a href="/wiki/Gul_Agha_Sherzai" title="Gul Agha Sherzai">Gul Agha Sherzai</a>, respectively, surrounded Kandahar backed by US Marines outside <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Lashkar Gah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 28 November 2001, while under attack by a Russian-made <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 multiple rocket launcher</a>, Texas 17 observed Omar's black American-made <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a> passing Kandahar Airport and travelling down highway four surrounded by a dozen sedans and six semi-trucks. Four US Navy <a href="/wiki/F/A-18" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18">F-18</a>'s from <a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV-63)" title="USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)">USS Kitty Hawk</a> destroyed all the vehicles including the Suburban.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The same day, 28 November 2001, the Taliban reported that Omar had supposedly survived an American air strike.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_U.S._invasion_(2001–2013)">After the U.S. invasion (2001–2013)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After the U.S. invasion (2001–2013)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seclusion">Seclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seclusion">edit</a>]</div> On 5 December 2001, Omar held a meeting in Kandahar of top Taliban leaders and asked them what they wanted to do. Many were ready to stop fighting and willing to surrender. Omar handed over the Taliban leadership to his defence minister, Mullah <a href="/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund" title="Obaidullah Akhund">Obaidullah</a>, in writing. Two days later Omar left Kandahar and went into hiding in <a href="/wiki/Zabul_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabul province">Zabul province</a> in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-tg1-90">[90]</a> In the following years, there was speculation about his location – with some believing that he went to Pakistan along with other Taliban leaders – and his circumstances and purported communications. But according to <a href="/wiki/Bette_Dam" title="Bette Dam">Bette Dam</a>, in research published in 2019, and Borhan Osman, a senior analyst at International Crisis Group (ICG), Omar spent the rest of his life living in Zabul province.<a href="#cite_note-wsj1-91">[91]</a> Dam said that her research relied on interviews with current and former members of the Afghan government, the Afghan intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a>, the Taliban, and Omar's bodyguard Jabbar Omari. She said that her findings, confirmed by Afghan officials as well as the Talibans, depicted the US intelligence failure and cast even further doubt on US claims in the Afghan war.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> Omar was protected in hiding by Jabbar Omari, a former Taliban <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Baghlan" title="List of governors of Baghlan">governor of Baghlan province</a>, who was from Zabul province and belonged to the Hotak tribe, as Omar did. They spent four years living in the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Qalat,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat, Afghanistan">Qalat</a> at a private home owned by Abdul Samad Ustaz, Omari's former driver. Omar's wives moved to Pakistan and Omar declined when Omari offered to bring his son to visit. He had very little active involvement in the Taliban from the end of 2001. He sent a cassette tape to the rest of the Taliban leadership in Quetta in 2003, reaffirming that Obaidullah was the supreme leader and naming who should be on <a href="/wiki/Quetta_Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta Shura">the leadership shura</a> (council). The shura sent a messenger every three to seven months, when they wanted his advice on some matter. He sent at least one other cassette tape, in 2007, but stopped that practice after the messenger was briefly detained in Pakistan, and thereafter messages were just relayed person-to-person. Omar kept in touch with events in the world by listening to BBC Pashto radio. <a href="/wiki/Bette_Dam" title="Bette Dam">Bette Dam</a> wrote, "Though Mullah Omar did not venture outside for fear of being caught, according to Jabbar Omari, in the four years they hid in that home, they felt relatively safe." The house was searched by the US military once, but they did not enter the concealed room where Omar was hiding.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-tg1-90">[90]</a> After the US established <a href="/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Lagman" title="Forward Operating Base Lagman">Forward Operating Base Lagman</a> a few hundred metres from the house in 2004, Omar relocated to a shack in a remote hamlet on the edge of a river, about 20 miles southeast of Qalat in <a href="/wiki/Shinkay_District" title="Shinkay District">Shinkay District</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>. His hideout was connected to underground irrigation channels that ran up into the hills. Soon after moving there, the US started building Forward Operating Base (FOB) Wolverine an hour's walk or about three miles away, but Omar stayed put. The FOB eventually housed about 1,000 United States troops, and sometimes other NATO troops.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> To avoid detection, he would occasionally hide in the underground irrigation tunnels connected to his hideout, as US planes flew over or if US or Afghan troops came to search the area. People in the village knew that Taliban personnel were living there and offered gifts of clothes and food to Omari and Omar.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> In 2019, the Taliban released a picture of the supposed hideout where Omar spent the last years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The pictures show a modest mud house with a small garden in which Omar "used to sit in the sun", according to a Taliban spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Jabbar Omari said that Omar grew ill in 2013, refusing to visit a doctor and dying of illness on 23 April. Omari and two helpers buried him that night, with Omari videoing the burial as proof. Omari went to Quetta, returning with Omar's son Yaqoob and brother <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Manan_Omari" title="Abdul Manan Omari">Abdul Manan Omari</a>, who had not seen him since 2001. Yaqoob insisted that the grave be opened so that he could see his father. Omari went to Quetta and met with ten senior Taliban to describe the 12 years he spent with Omar. Obaidullah had died in 2010 and <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a> was the operational leader of the Taliban. Four religious scholars at the meeting decided that Mansour should continue as leader, but that Omar's death and Mansour's succession should not be disclosed publicly yet, while the United States was preparing to withdraw from Afghanistan. Some at the meeting unsuccessfully argued for openness.<a href="#cite_note-Dam_Zomia-38">[38]</a> Omar's death remained a secret for two years.<a href="#cite_note-tg1-90">[90]</a> The Taliban were extremely successful at keeping Omar's death hidden during these two years even from highly experienced experts on the upper echelons of the Taliban. Afghanistan and Pakistan analyst <a href="/wiki/Michael_Semple" title="Michael Semple">Michael Semple</a>, for example, wrote in a December 2014 report that "Mullah Omar remains the Taliban supreme leader and the source of all authority in the movement."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspected_activities">Suspected activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suspected activities">edit</a>]</div> Some believed that Omar hid in the mountains of southern Afghanistan for over a year before he fled to neighboring Pakistan in late 2002. He continued to receive the allegiance of prominent pro-Taliban military leaders in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a>. According to sources, he lived somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> for a time, where he worked as a potato trader to escape detection; a city where he had lived in already and visited for many years before the groups emergence in the 1990's.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy-95">[95]</a> The United States offered a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture.<a href="#cite_note-rjfEnglish-76">[76]</a> In April 2004, Omar was interviewed via phone by Pakistani journalist Mohammed Shehzad.<a href="#cite_note-rediff-96">[96]</a> During the interview, Omar claimed that <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> was alive and well, and that his last contact with Bin Laden was months before the interview. Omar declared that the Taliban were "hunting Americans like pigs".<a href="#cite_note-rediff-96">[96]</a> In the years following the allied invasion, numerous statements were released that were identified as coming from Omar. In June 2006, a statement regarding the death of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> in Iraq was released by Omar and in it, he hailed al-Zarqawi as a martyr and he also claimed that the resistance movements in Afghanistan and Iraq "will not be weakened".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Then, in December 2006, Omar reportedly issued a statement expressing confidence that foreign forces will be driven out of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In January 2007, it was reported that Omar made his "first exchange with a journalist since he went into hiding" in 2001 with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hanif_(Taliban_spokesperson)" title="Muhammad Hanif (Taliban spokesperson)">Muhammad Hanif</a> via email and courier. In it he promised "more Afghan War", and he also said that the more than one hundred suicide bomb attacks which occurred in Afghanistan in the last year had been carried out by bombers who acted on religious orders which they received from the Taliban – "the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahedeen</a> do not take any action without a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In April 2007, Omar issued another statement through an intermediary in which he encouraged more suicide attacks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In November 2009, The Washington Times claimed that Omar, assisted by Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI), had moved back to Karachi in October.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In January 2010, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Amir_Sultan_Tarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Sultan Tarar">Amir Sultan Tarar</a>, a retired officer with ISI who had previously trained Omar, said that he was ready to break with his al-Qaida allies and make peace in Afghanistan: "The moment he gets control, the first target will be the al-Qaida people."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In January 2011, The Washington Post, citing a report which was published by the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Group" title="Eclipse Group">Eclipse Group</a>, a privately operated intelligence network that may be contracted by the CIA, stated that Omar had a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> on 7 January 2011. According to the report, Pakistan's ISI rushed Omar to a hospital near Karachi where he was operated on, treated, and then released several days later. Pakistan's Ambassador to the US, stated that the report "had no basis whatsoever".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On 23 May 2011, <a href="/wiki/TOLO_News" class="mw-redirect" title="TOLO News">TOLO News</a> in Afghanistan quoted unnamed sources as saying that Omar had been killed by ISI two days earlier. Taliban spokesman <a href="/wiki/Zabihullah_Mujahid" title="Zabihullah Mujahid">Zabihullah Mujahid</a> responded to the report by stating, "He is in Afghanistan safe and sound."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 20 July 2011, phone text messages which were delivered from accounts which were used by Mujahid and fellow spokesman <a href="/wiki/Qari_Mohammad_Yousuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Qari Mohammad Yousuf">Qari Mohammed Yousuf</a> announced Omar's death. However, Mujahid and Yousuf quickly denied sending the messages and they claimed that their mobile phones, websites, and e-mail accounts had all been hacked, and they swore revenge on the telephone network providers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2012, it was revealed that an individual claiming to be Omar sent a letter to President Barack Obama in 2011, expressing slight interest in peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On 31 May 2014, five senior Afghan detainees were released from the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> in Cuba in return for the release of American prisoner of war Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Bowe_Bergdahl" title="Bowe Bergdahl">Bowe Bergdahl</a> – a person claiming to be Omar reportedly hailed their release.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In December 2014, acting Afghan intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Nabil" title="Rahmatullah Nabil">Rahmatullah Nabil</a> stated that he was not sure "whether Omar is alive or dead". This statement was made after the Afghan intelligence agency published reports in which it revealed that fracturing was occurring within the Taliban movement, leading some reporters to speculate that a leadership struggle had ensued because Omar had died.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Later reports which were released by Afghan intelligence in December said that Omar had been hiding in Karachi. An anonymous European intelligence official stated that "there's a consensus among all three branches of the Afghan security forces that Omar is alive. Not only do they think he's alive, they say they have a good understanding of where exactly he is in Karachi."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In April 2015, a man who claimed to be Mullah Omar issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> which decreed that pledges of allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS) are forbidden by Islamic law. The man described ISIS leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> as a "fake <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a>", and he also said that "Baghdadi just wanted to dominate what has so far been achieved by the real jihadists of Islam after three decades of jihad. A pledge of allegiance to him is '<a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_announcement_of_his_death">2015 announcement of his death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2015 announcement of his death">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> On 29 July 2015, Abdul Hassib Seddiqi, the spokesman for Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, said "officially" that Mohammed Omar had died at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan, in April 2013,<a href="#cite_note-APNews_20150730-112">[112]</a> and the office of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani confirmed that information on his death was "credible".<a href="#cite_note-BBC33703097-113">[113]</a> Pakistani newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a> reported that a former Taliban minister and current leadership council member, who spoke anonymously, said Omar died from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_July2-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC33703097-113">[113]</a> The following day, the Taliban confirmed that he was dead,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_July-13">[13]</a> but denied that he died in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-116">[116]</a> Other Taliban members stated that his death occurred in Afghanistan. According to an official statement by Pakistani defence minister <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Asif" title="Khawaja Asif">Khawaja Asif</a>, "Mullah Omar neither died nor was buried in Pakistan and his sons' statements are on record to support this. Whether he died now or two years ago is another controversy which we do not wish to be a part of. He was neither in Karachi nor in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Afghan officials report that Omar was buried in <a href="/wiki/Zabul_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabul province">Zabul province</a>, a province in southern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-tel1-21">[21]</a> Atta Mohammed Haqyar, head of Zabul's provincial council, believed that Omar was buried in a cemetery in Sarkhogan area of <a href="/wiki/Shinkay_District" title="Shinkay District">Shinkay</a> district in Zabul province. Several senior Taliban commanders have also been buried in Sarkhogan area. He further stated that the area had special significance for the <a href="/wiki/Hotak" title="Hotak">Hotak</a> tribe which Omar was from.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sources close to the Taliban leadership said his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhtar Mansoor">Akhtar Mansoor</a>, would replace him, although with the lesser title of Supreme Leader.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was confirmed by a senior Taliban member that Omar's death was kept a secret for two years.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidai_Mahaz" title="Fidai Mahaz">Fidai Mahaz</a>, a Taliban splinter group, claimed that Omar did not die of natural causes; rather he was killed in his hideout in Zabul province.<a href="#cite_note-Mirror-120">[120]</a> Many Islamist and jihadist movements expressed condolences following Omar's death, including <a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Al-Furqan" title="Ansar Al-Furqan">Ansar Al-Furqan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaish_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish Muhammad">Jaish Muhammad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaish_al_Ummah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaish al Ummah (page does not exist)">Jaish al Ummah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-ul-Ahrar" title="Jamaat-ul-Ahrar">Jamaat-ul-Ahrar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish al-Islam">Jaish al-Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">AQAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">AQIM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Conversely, the Afghan government was unsympathetic to mourning his death; security forces were ordered to prevent citizens from publicly grieving Omar. A <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (NDS) spokesman said that Omar was "the biggest cause of war and backwardness in the modern history of Afghanistan", adding that any ceremony for Omar would be an "insult" to victims of the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Meanwhile, thousands of Afghans nationwide took part in rallies on 4 August, denouncing Omar.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> After his death, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regained control of Afghanistan as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">Taliban offensive</a>. During this time the location of Mullah Omar's grave was indirectly revealed. The grave is situated in the Suri district of <a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Despite his political rank and his high status on the <a href="/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program" title="Rewards for Justice Program">Rewards for Justice</a> most wanted list,<a href="#cite_note-rjfEnglish-76">[76]</a> not much was publicly known about Omar. Omar made no public speeches and always refused to meet foreigners;<a href="#cite_note-visionary-141">[141]</a> Before his death, only one known photo existed of him. After his death, the Taliban released a newer and clearer photo showing Omar in his youth in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Accounts of his physical appearance state that Omar was thin, strongly built and very tall, at around 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in).<a href="#cite_note-conflict-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ismail_Khan_1996,_p._226-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Omar was described as shy and taciturn,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> by – for example – the famed Afghan poet <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Bari_Jahani" title="Abdul Bari Jahani">Abdul Bari Jahani</a>, who visited him with academics and activists at the beginning of his rule. The members of this group applauded the order and security he brought to the country, and Jahani remembers him as a "tall and handsome" man who "listened in quiet."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Zaeef said "he listened, he was patient, and he did not react in anger." Conversely, a former Saudi intelligence chief who met him said Omar was "extremely nervous, perspired, and even screamed at me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016-56">[56]</a> Senior Taliban leaders claimed he would "stumble over his native tongue in the interviews he occasionally gave the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Pashto" title="BBC Pashto">BBC Pashto</a> service."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016-56">[56]</a> He had "at least" three wives and "at least" five or six children,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a>, the current acting <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Afghanistan)">Defence Minister of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Omar refused to and never made a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage to Mecca</a>, despite receiving a personal invitation from King <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a> to do so in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> Omar wrote biannual essays towards the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Krekar" title="Mullah Krekar">Mullah Krekar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElias" class="citation web cs1">Elias, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB295/Taliban_Structure.pdf">"The Taliban Biography – Documents on the Structure and Leadership of the Taliban 1996-2002"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. 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Retrieved 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Looking+For+Mullah+Omar&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F01%2F23%2Flooking-for-mullah-omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aljazeera_interview-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aljazeera_interview_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aljazeera_interview_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Omar2001" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Omar (11 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/news/international/2001/1/11/نص-كلمة-زعيم-طالبان-رداً-على-أسئلة-الجزيرة-نت">"نص كلمة زعيم طالبان رداً على أسئلة الجزيرة نت / Naṣṣ kalimat za'īm Ṭālibān raddan 'alá as'alat al-Jazīrah Nit"</a> [Text of Taliban chief's words in response to questions from Aljazeera.net]. aljazeera.net (Interview) (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D8%B5+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA+%2F+Na%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%A3+kalimat+za%27%C4%ABm+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib%C4%81n+raddan+%27al%C3%A1+as%27alat+al-Jaz%C4%ABrah+Nit&rft.date=2001-01-11&rft.au=Mohammed+Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F2001%2F1%2F11%2F%D9%86%D8%B5-%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/Skieli11/mull_omar.mp3">Audio link</a> (in Pashto with Arabic voiceover). </li> <li id="cite_note-Gall_20020522-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gall_20020522_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gall_20020522_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGall2002" class="citation news cs1">Gall, Carlotta (22 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/22/international/asia/22AFGH.html">"Seeking Mullah Omar in a land of secrets"</a>. 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BBC News. 15 November 2001. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Mullah+Omar+%E2%80%93+transcript&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1657368.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malashenko-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malashenko_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malashenko_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalashenko2015" class="citation news cs1">Malashenko, Alexey (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegiemoscow.org/2015/08/11/where-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people/ielb">"Where Will the New Taliban Leader Lead His People?"</a>. Russian International Affairs Council. Retrieved 12 September 2021 – via Carnegie Moscow Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+Will+the+New+Taliban+Leader+Lead+His+People%3F&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.aulast=Malashenko&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegiemoscow.org%2F2015%2F08%2F11%2Fwhere-will-new-taliban-leader-lead-his-people%2Fielb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waraich-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waraich_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waraich_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaraich2015" class="citation web cs1">Waraich, Omar (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html">"Mullah Mohammed Omar: Co-founder and leader of the Taliban who fought the Soviets before presiding over a brutal Afghan regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mullah+Mohammed+Omar%3A+Co-founder+and+leader+of+the+Taliban+who+fought+the+Soviets+before+presiding+over+a+brutal+Afghan+regime&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.aulast=Waraich&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fmullah-mohammed-omar-co-founder-and-leader-taliban-who-fought-soviets-presiding-over-brutal-afghan-regime-10428546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAggarwal2016_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAggarwal2016">Aggarwal 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Marquand2001" class="citation news cs1">Robert Marquand (10 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1010/p1s4-wosc.html">"The reclusive ruler who runs the Taliban"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+reclusive+ruler+who+runs+the+Taliban&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft.au=Robert+Marquand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2001%2F1010%2Fp1s4-wosc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkasian2021" class="citation book cs1">Malkasian, Carter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240264784">The American war in Afghanistan : a history</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9"><bdi>978-0-19-755077-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1240264784">1240264784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+war+in+Afghanistan+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240264784&rft.isbn=978-0-19-755077-9&rft.aulast=Malkasian&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1240264784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.newsweek.com/why-new-taliban-leader-could-be-disaster-peace-afghanistan-331052">"Why the New Taliban Leader Could be a Disaster for Peace in Afghanistan"</a>. 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+New+Taliban+Leader+Could+be+a+Disaster+for+Peace+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.newsweek.com%2Fwhy-new-taliban-leader-could-be-disaster-peace-afghanistan-331052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargan2001" class="citation news cs1">Gargan, Edward A (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/10/12/taliban-massacres-outlined-for-un/">"Taliban massacres outlined for UN"</a>. Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Taliban+massacres+outlined+for+UN&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2001%2F10%2F12%2Ftaliban-massacres-outlined-for-un%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2001" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (3 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228113747/http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4145138%2C00.html">"How the Buddha got his wounds"</a>. The Guardian. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/03/books.guardianreview2">the original</a> on 28 February 2006. Retrieved 23 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Buddha+got+his+wounds&rft.date=2001-03-03&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2001%2Fmar%2F03%2Fbooks.guardianreview2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-11/they-were-destroyed-taliban-now-giant-buddha-statues-bamiyan-have-returned-3-d">"They were destroyed by the Taliban. But now the giant Buddha statues of Bamiyan have returned with 3-D light projection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=They+were+destroyed+by+the+Taliban.+But+now+the+giant+Buddha+statues+of+Bamiyan+have+returned+with+3-D+light+projection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2015-06-11%2Fthey-were-destroyed-taliban-now-giant-buddha-statues-bamiyan-have-returned-3-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Semple, Michael <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=1538">Why the Buddhas of Bamian were destroyed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707072441/http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=1538">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Analysts_Network" title="Afghanistan Analysts Network">Afghanistan Analysts Network</a> 2 March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Harding2001" class="citation news cs1">Luke Harding (3 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4145138,00.html">"How the Buddha got his wounds"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Buddha+got+his+wounds&rft.date=2001-03-03&rft.au=Luke+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4145138%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak2001" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Barry (4 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/04/world/over-world-protests-taliban-are-destroying-ancient-buddhas.html">"Over World Protests, Taliban Are Destroying Ancient Buddhas"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Over+World+Protests%2C+Taliban+Are+Destroying+Ancient+Buddhas&rft.date=2001-03-04&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F03%2F04%2Fworld%2Fover-world-protests-taliban-are-destroying-ancient-buddhas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html">"Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 12 March 2001. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+man+who+wouldn%27t+hand+over+bin+Laden+to+the+U.S.&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.au=Peter+Bergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F29%2Fopinions%2Fbergen-mullah-omar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Burns_&_Christopher_Wren2001" class="citation news cs1">John Burns & Christopher Wren (21 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/21/international/21CND-PAK.html">"Without Evidence, the Taliban Refuses to Turn Over bin Laden"</a>. 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South Africa. 11 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804231808/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw1002832921692B232">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2021. <q>the Taliban leader had just left when a bomb struck one of his houses. 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Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+We+Missed+Mullah+Omar&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2014%2F09%2Fhow-we-missed-mullah-omar-111026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tanner" title="Stephen Tanner">Stephen Tanner</a>, Afghanistan: A Military History, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Independent Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326103208/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=522&set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw100499238175B221">Taliban challenges Bush and Blair to a duel</a>, 5 November 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambeth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lambeth, Benjamin S. (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG166-1.html">"Air Power Against Terror"</a>. rand.org: 142. <q>Secretary Rumsfeld further reported that U.S. SOF forces in and around Kandahar were not working any longer in liaison with indigenous opposition forces but instead were now operating independently as the cutting edge of an accelerated push against the Taliban and Al Qaeda. In connection with that push, SOF units were now cleared to plan and execute direct-action attacks whenever deemed necessary, a long-awaited move that led to hundreds of reported enemy deaths. One US official spoke of an "unrestricted hunting license" having been given to US SOF forces for going after Taliban militia and Al Qaeda personnel. General Franks was said to have granted the involved SOF units their greatest freedom of action since Vietnam. Those units worked in small teams, primarily at night, identifying Taliban and Al Qaeda positions around Kandahar and engaging them without seeking prior CENTCOM approval. Much of this direct-action work came in the form of quick responses to tips. Ultimately, Army Special Forces units married up with converging opposition group forces, with the A-Team code-named Texas 12 accompanying Karzai and his fighters from the north and Texas 17 with Gul Agha Sharzai and his forces from the south.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=rand.org&rft.atitle=Air+Power+Against+Terror&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Lambeth&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2FMG166-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarborough2001" class="citation news cs1">Scarborough, Rowan (23 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/nov/23/20011123-031348-5339r/">"Special forces get free rein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Special+forces+get+free+rein&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fnov%2F23%2F20011123-031348-5339r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Texas 17 now located six miles south of Kandahar near the Kandahar airport on 28 November 2001 0900 in the morning local spotted a Black Chevrolet Suburban driving south down Highway 4 covered by artillery fire launched from the Kandahar Airport by a Russian Made BM-21 Multiple Rocket Launcher System (MRLS) dropping artillery all around Texas 17 position. The Black SUV headed south off of Highway four towards Pakistan surrounded by 12 sedans and six heavy trucks. All vehicles were destroyed by Texas 17 and Navy F-18 Hornet Fighter aircraft including the Black Chevrolet Suburban, the same vehicle known to be used by Mullah Omar. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/28/ret.afghan.omar/index.html">"Taliban urged to fight on"</a>. CNN. 28 November 2001. <q>The Taliban's supreme leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar, is reportedly urging his forces to fight on, even as U.S. warplanes step up efforts to find and perhaps even kill him. A Taliban aide on the border with Pakistan said Omar radioed his commanders Wednesday urging them to stand up to U.S. Marines being deployed in southern Afghanistan. "Stick to your positions and fight to the death" the aide quoted Omar as saying, according to the Associated Press. "We are ready to face these Americans. We are happy that they have landed here and we will teach them a lesson." "Stick to your positions and fight to the death." The message was apparently broadcast after the Taliban leader escaped unharmed from a U.S. airstrike on what was Pentagon officials say they believed to be a command bunker close to the city of Kandahar. Officials say Omar is still in the city, which has been the movement's stronghold for several years. Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef, the Taliban's former ambassador to Pakistan, said Omar was not injured in the attack and was "safe and sound".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban+urged+to+fight+on&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2001-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Fcentral%2F11%2F28%2Fret.afghan.omar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tg1-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tg1_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tg1_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tg1_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Graham-Harrison2019" class="citation web cs1">Emma Graham-Harrison (10 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/fugitive-taliban-leader-mullah-omar-lived-short-walk-from-us-base-book-claims">"Fugitive Taliban leader lived short walk from US base, book reveals"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fugitive+Taliban+leader+lived+short+walk+from+US+base%2C+book+reveals&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft.au=Emma+Graham-Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmar%2F10%2Ffugitive-taliban-leader-mullah-omar-lived-short-walk-from-us-base-book-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj1-91"><a href="#cite_ref-wsj1_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonati2019" class="citation web cs1">Donati, Jessica (10 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-last-days-of-taliban-head-mullah-omar-11552226401">"The Last Days of Taliban Head Mullah Omar"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+Taliban+Head+Mullah+Omar&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft.aulast=Donati&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-last-days-of-taliban-head-mullah-omar-11552226401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Farmer_and_Saleem_Mehsud2019" class="citation news cs1">Ben Farmer and Saleem Mehsud (11 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/11/taliban-back-report-mullah-omar-hid-death-afghanistan-near-us/">"Taliban release pictures of Mullah Omar's 'hideout in Afghanistan'"</a>. Telegraph UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/11/taliban-back-report-mullah-omar-hid-death-afghanistan-near-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+UK&rft.atitle=Taliban+release+pictures+of+Mullah+Omar%27s+%27hideout+in+Afghanistan%27&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft.au=Ben+Farmer+and+Saleem+Mehsud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F11%2Ftaliban-back-report-mullah-omar-hid-death-afghanistan-near-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushtaq_Yusufzai_and_F._Brinley_Bruton2019" class="citation web cs1">Mushtaq Yusufzai and F. Brinley Bruton (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-leader-mullah-omar-hid-mud-house-afghanistan-militant-group-n982036">"Taliban leader Mullah Omar hid in mud house in Afghanistan, militant group says"</a>. NBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban+leader+Mullah+Omar+hid+in+mud+house+in+Afghanistan%2C+militant+group+says&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.au=Mushtaq+Yusufzai+and+F.+Brinley+Bruton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftaliban-leader-mullah-omar-hid-mud-house-afghanistan-militant-group-n982036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaley2020" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (3 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpJKEAAAQBAJ&q=william+maley">The Afghanistan Wars</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 242–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-352-01101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-352-01101-2"><bdi>978-1-352-01101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghanistan+Wars&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-352-01101-2&rft.aulast=Maley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpJKEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwilliam%2Bmaley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClatchy-95"><a href="#cite_ref-McClatchy_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article29940219.html">"Mullah Omar worked as potato vendor to escape detection in Pakistan"</a>. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mullah+Omar+worked+as+potato+vendor+to+escape+detection+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle29940219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rediff_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediff_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/12inter.htm">"The Rediff Interview/Mullah Omar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a>. 12 April 2004. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=The+Rediff+Interview%2FMullah+Omar&rft.date=2004-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fapr%2F12inter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5062964.stm">"Taliban play down Zarqawi death"</a>. BBC News. 9 June 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taliban+play+down+Zarqawi+death&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F5062964.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2006/12/200852513171162862.html">"Mullah Omar issues Eid message"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. 31 December 2006. 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Retrieved 19 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Taliban%27s+elusive+leader+urges+more+suicide+raids&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FhomepageCrisis%2FidUSISL330010._CH_.2400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakeCarterSlavin2009" class="citation news cs1">Lake, Eli; Carter, Sara A.; Slavin, Barbara (20 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/20/taliban-chief-takes-cover-in-pakistan-populace/">"EXCLUSIVE: Taliban chief hides in Pakistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. 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Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Taliban+Reveal+Burial+Place+of+Founder+Mullah+Omar%2C+Nine+Years+After+Death&rft.date=2022-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Ftaliban-reveal-burial-place-of-founder-mullah-omar-nine-years-after-death-%2F6823191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-visionary-141"><a href="#cite_ref-visionary_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/world-news/asia-pacific/visionary-mullah-who-protects-terror-leader-is-mentally-unstable-26070431.html">"'Visionary' mullah who protects terror leader is mentally unstable"</a>. Independent. 7 October 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=%27Visionary%27+mullah+who+protects+terror+leader+is+mentally+unstable&rft.date=2001-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Fasia-pacific%2Fvisionary-mullah-who-protects-terror-leader-is-mentally-unstable-26070431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2015" class="citation web cs1">AFP (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1212611">"Rare new picture surfaces of Taliban founder Mullah Omar"</a>. Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Rare+new+picture+surfaces+of+Taliban+founder+Mullah+Omar&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1212611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Marquand2001" class="citation news cs1">Robert Marquand (10 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1010/p1s4-wosc.html">"The reclusive ruler who runs the Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+reclusive+ruler+who+runs+the+Taliban&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft.au=Robert+Marquand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2001%2F1010%2Fp1s4-wosc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/afghanistan-taliban-preps-bloody-assault-95547">"Afghanistan: Taliban Preps for Bloody Assault"</a>. Newsweek. 5 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+Preps+for+Bloody+Assault&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fafghanistan-taliban-preps-bloody-assault-95547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Mujib Mashal (6 June 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/06/20126665650415526.html">"The myth of Mullah Omar"</a>, Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> CNN Library (1 May 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/30/world/meast/mullah-mohammed-omar---fast-facts/index.html">"Mullah Mohammed Omar Fast Facts"</a>, CNN. Retrieved 24 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556">"Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers"</a>. tolonews.com. <a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a>. 7 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907165904/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tolonews.com&rft.atitle=Taliban+Announces+Head+of+State%2C+Acting+Ministers&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-174556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek.com-148"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek.com_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/afghanistan-has-taliban-leader-mullah-omar-lost-his-mind-65447">"Afghanistan: Has Taliban Leader Mullah Omar Lost His Mind?"</a>. Newsweek. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Has+Taliban+Leader+Mullah+Omar+Lost+His+Mind%3F&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fafghanistan-has-taliban-leader-mullah-omar-lost-his-mind-65447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Coll, Steve (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/01/23/looking-for-mullah-omar">"Looking for Mullah Omar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2023. <q>The biannual essays issued under Mullah Omar's name emphasize corruption and injustice—problems that echo the grievances that brought the Taliban to power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Mullah+Omar&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F01%2F23%2Flooking-for-mullah-omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwal2016" class="citation book cs1">Aggarwal, Neil Krishan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perlego.com/book/774170/the-talibans-virtual-emirate-the-culture-and-psychology-of-an-online-militant-community-pdf">The Taliban's Virtual Emirate: The Culture and Psychology of an Online Militant Community</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54162-6"><bdi>978-0-231-54162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taliban%27s+Virtual+Emirate%3A+The+Culture+and+Psychology+of+an+Online+Militant+Community&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54162-6&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=Neil+Krishan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perlego.com%2Fbook%2F774170%2Fthe-talibans-virtual-emirate-the-culture-and-psychology-of-an-online-militant-community-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1">Coll, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-007-6"><bdi>1-59420-007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780141020808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDam2021" class="citation book cs1">Dam, Bette (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpercollins.co.in/looking-for-the-enemy-pr/">Looking for the Enemy: Mullah Omar and the Unknown Taliban</a>. HarperCollins India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789354892790" title="Special:BookSources/9789354892790"><bdi>9789354892790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+for+the+Enemy%3A+Mullah+Omar+and+the+Unknown+Taliban&rft.pub=HarperCollins+India&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789354892790&rft.aulast=Dam&rft.aufirst=Bette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpercollins.co.in%2Flooking-for-the-enemy-pr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodson2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl0000good">Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98111-3"><bdi>0-295-98111-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44634408">44634408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Endless+War%3A+State+Failure%2C+Regional+Politics+and+the+Rise+of+the+Taliban&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44634408&rft.isbn=0-295-98111-3&rft.aulast=Goodson&rft.aufirst=Larry+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistansendl0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2001" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmad (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GR5tXpppS0C">Taliban: The Story of the Afghan Warlords</a>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49221-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49221-7"><bdi>0-330-49221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+The+Story+of+the+Afghan+Warlords&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-330-49221-7&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GR5tXpppS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Olivier (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lefauconafghanun0000webe">Le faucon afghan: un voyage au royaume des talibans</a> (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2221093135" title="Special:BookSources/2221093135"><bdi>2221093135</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319750715">319750715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+faucon+afghan%3A+un+voyage+au+royaume+des+talibans&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319750715&rft.isbn=2221093135&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flefauconafghanun0000webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMullah+Omar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mullah_Omar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/muhammad_omar/index.html">Mullah Omar</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906063747/http://www.newsweek.com/tag/mullah-mohammed-omar.html">Mullah Mohammed Omar</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></li></ul> Interviews <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/26/afghanistan.features11">"Mullah Omar – in his own words"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 26 September 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1657368.stm">"Interview with Mullah Omar – transcript"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 15 November 2001</li></ul> Articles <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/investigation_on_terror/people_3.stm">Investigating Terror: Accomplices</a>, BBC News, 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7236177.stm">US says Mullah Omar 'in Pakistan'</a>, BBC News, 9 February 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023010724/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mullah-Mohammed-Omar/Article1-450823.aspx">Mullah Mohammed Omar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, 6 September 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1550419.stm">Profile: Mullah Mohammed Omar</a>, BBC News, 6 July 2010</li></ul> Declassified documents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> releases through the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">FOIA</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002519/http://www.dia.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ARggteAo91c%3d&tabid=7068&portalid=27&mid=14146">The Taliban and Their Leaders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002523/http://www.dia.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qYhcfmU3vmk%3d&tabid=7068&portalid=27&mid=14146">Taliban Mullah Omar and the Council of Ministers</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">1st <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> 1996–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— DISPUTED — <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of state of Afghanistan">Head of state of Afghanistan</a> 1996–2001 Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a>) Reason for dispute: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Heads of state of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan_(since_1973)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#Non-monarchs" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">Heads of state of Afghanistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">since 1973</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281974%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Daoud_Khan" title="Mohammad Daoud Khan">Mohammad Daoud Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Council_(Afghanistan)" title="Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan)">Chairman</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Mohammad_Chamkani" title="Haji Mohammad Chamkani">Haji Mohammad Chamkani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Hatif" title="Abdul Rahim Hatif">Abdul Rahim Hatif</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (President)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibghatullah_Mojaddedi" title="Sibghatullah Mojaddedi">Sibghatullah Mojaddedi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mullah Omar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282004%E2%80%932021%2C_variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Islamic State</a> (President)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (President)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (Supreme Leader)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Acting</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taliban" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taliban" title="Template:Taliban"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taliban" title="Template talk:Taliban"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taliban"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taliban" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme leaders</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada">decrees</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rabbani" title="Mohammad Rabbani">Mohammad Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaidullah_Akhund" title="Obaidullah Akhund">Obaidullah Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kabir" title="Abdul Kabir">Abdul Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayyab_Agha" title="Tayyab Agha">Tayyab Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Delawar" title="Shahabuddin Delawar">Shahabuddin Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Acting_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan" title="List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakil_Ahmed_Muttawakil" title="Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil">Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qari_Ahmadullah" title="Qari Ahmadullah">Qari Ahmadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai" title="Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai">Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li>Commanders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadullah" title="Dadullah">Dadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(Taliban_commander)" title="Shahzada (Taliban commander)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Zakir" title="Abdul Qayyum Zakir">Abdul Qayyum Zakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zain-Ul-Abideen" title="Zain-Ul-Abideen">Zain-Ul-Abideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Taliban" title="History of the Taliban">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_propaganda" title="Taliban propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Afghanistan" title="Emblem of Afghanistan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights/violations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan#Destruction" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan#Taliban" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Army" title="Afghan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force" title="Afghan Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">55th Arab Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Unit" title="Red Unit">Red Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_313_Battalion" title="Badri 313 Battalion">Badri 313 Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_conscription" title="Taliban conscription">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Taliban" title="Category:Wars involving the Taliban">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Civil War</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taliban_insurgency_leaders" title="List of Taliban insurgency leaders">leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive" title="2006 Taliban offensive">2006 offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with IS</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency in Afghanistan</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> (2004–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_in_Qatar" title="Taliban in Qatar">Taliban in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Afghan_protests" title="2021–2022 Afghan protests">2021–2022 Afghan protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guantanamo_detainees_who_were_previously_Taliban_prisoners" title="List of Guantanamo detainees who were previously Taliban prisoners">Guantanamo detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193968#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011637163X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/48587761">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/477938/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrtVFBTwgf8jc6QqcpT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050565622">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002057630">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20110315021&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585650305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007300709705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/242497217">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&oldid=1259927838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mullah_Omar&oldid=1259927838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_births" title="Category:1960 births">1960 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2013_deaths" title="Category:2013 deaths">2013 deaths</a></li><li><a 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\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.5"],["[others]","340","21.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-m6gr7","timestamp":"20241128015403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mullah Omar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mullah_Omar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193968","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193968","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-16T04:06:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T21:24:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/be\/Mullah_Omar_in_1993.webp","headline":"Afghan cleric who founded the Taliban (1960\u20132013)"}</script> </body> 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