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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimología" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimología"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimología</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimología-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Símbolos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Símbolos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Símbolos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Símbolos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Símbolos</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Símbolos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escudo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escudo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Escudo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escudo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bandera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Himno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Características_físicas_y_geográficas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Características_físicas_y_geográficas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Características físicas y geográficas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Características_físicas_y_geográficas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Características físicas y geográficas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Características_físicas_y_geográficas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situación_geográfica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situación_geográfica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Situación geográfica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situación_geográfica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relieve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relieve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relieve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relieve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hidrografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetación" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetación"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Vegetación</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetación-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contaminación" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contaminación"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Contaminación</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contaminación-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gobierno_local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gobierno_local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gobierno local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gobierno_local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salud_Pública" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salud_Pública"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Salud Pública</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salud_Pública-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transporte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transporte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transporte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transporte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educación" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educación"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Educación</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Educación-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Educación</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Educación-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educación_superior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educación_superior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Educación superior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educación_superior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deporte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deporte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Deporte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deporte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Astronomía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religión" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religión"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Religión</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religión-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Religión</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religión-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iglesias_y_monasterios_ortodoxos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iglesias_y_monasterios_ortodoxos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Iglesias y monasterios ortodoxos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iglesias_y_monasterios_ortodoxos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaciones_internacionales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaciones_internacionales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Relaciones internacionales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relaciones_internacionales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Relaciones internacionales</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relaciones_internacionales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hermanamiento_de_ciudades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermanamiento_de_ciudades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Hermanamiento de ciudades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermanamiento_de_ciudades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciudades_asociadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciudades_asociadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Ciudades asociadas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciudades_asociadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membresía_en_organizaciones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membresía_en_organizaciones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Membresía en organizaciones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membresía_en_organizaciones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panorama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panorama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Panorama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panorama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Referencias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contenidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yoshkar-Olá</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 87 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 idiomas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (afrikáans)" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikáans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="يوشكار-أولا (árabe)" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوشكار-أولا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1" title="Yoshkar-Olá (asturiano)" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yoshkar-Olá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%C5%9Fkar-Ola" title="Yoşkar-Ola (azerbaiyano)" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yoşkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaiyano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="یوشکار اولا (South Azerbaijani)" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوشکار اولا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (baskir)" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Іашкар-Ала (bielorruso)" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іашкар-Ала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Яшкар-Ала (Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography))" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яшкар-Ала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар Ола (búlgaro)" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йошкар Ола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioixkar-Ol%C3%A0" title="Ioixkar-Olà (catalán)" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ioixkar-Olà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (checheno)" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (cebuano)" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%C5%9Fkar-Ola" title="Yoşkar-Ola (tártaro de Crimea)" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yoşkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tártaro de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (checo)" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (chuvasio)" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvasio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (galés)" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (danés)" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschkar-Ola" title="Joschkar-Ola (alemán)" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joschkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%AC" title="Γιοσκάρ Ολά (griego)" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιοσκάρ Ολά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="griego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%9Dkar-Ola" title="Joŝkar-Ola (esperanto)" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joŝkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (estonio)" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxkar-Ola" title="Joxkar-Ola (euskera)" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joxkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="euskera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="یوشکار اولا (persa)" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوشکار اولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (finés)" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iochkar-Ola" title="Iochkar-Ola (francés)" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iochkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (frisón occidental)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (chino hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chino hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="יושקר-אולה (hebreo)" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יושקר-אולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (croata)" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (alto sorbio)" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joskar-Ola" title="Joskar-Ola (húngaro)" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joskar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Յոշկար Օլա (armenio)" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոշկար Օլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (indonesio)" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9" title="ヨシュカル・オラ (japonés)" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨシュカル・オラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="იოშქარ-ოლა (georgiano)" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოშქარ-ოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (kazajo)" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EC%98%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="요시카르올라 (coreano)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요시카르올라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ёшкар (komi permio)" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ёшкар" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi permio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (komi)" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (kirguís)" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarocoxaga" title="Caesarocoxaga (latín)" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caesarocoxaga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschkar-Ola" title="Joschkar-Ola (luxemburgués)" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joschkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosckar-Ola" title="Iosckar-Ola (Ladin)" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iosckar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar_Ola" title="Joškar Ola (lituano)" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joškar Ola" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1karola" title="Joškarola (letón)" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Joškarola" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (Eastern Mari)" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (mongol)" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="योश्कार-ओला (maratí)" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योश्कार-ओला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (Western Mari)" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Йошкар-ола ош (erzya)" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Йошкар-ола ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joschkar-Ola" title="Joschkar-Ola (bajo alemán)" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joschkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bajo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (neerlandés)" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (noruego nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruego nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (noruego bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruego bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (osético)" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joszkar-O%C5%82a" title="Joszkar-Oła (polaco)" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joszkar-Oła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="يوشکر اولا (pastún)" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوشکر اولا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastún" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioshkar-Ola" title="Ioshkar-Ola (portugués)" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ioshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io%C8%99kar-Ola" title="Ioșkar-Ola (rumano)" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ioșkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículo destacado"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (ruso)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (sakha)" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (escocés)" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (Simple English)" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ola" title="Joškar-Ola (esloveno)" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joškar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Јошкар Ола (serbio)" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јошкар Ола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josjkar-Ola" title="Josjkar-Ola (sueco)" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Josjkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (suajili)" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suajili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joszkar-O%C5%82a" title="Joszkar-Oła (Silesian)" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Joszkar-Oła" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ยอชคาร์-โอลา (tailandés)" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยอชคาร์-โอลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (tagalo)" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar_Ola" title="Joškar Ola (Talysh)" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Joškar Ola" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%C5%9Fkar-Ola" title="Yoşkar-Ola (turco)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoşkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (tártaro)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (udmurt)" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Йошкар-Ола (ucraniano)" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йошкар-Ола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="یوشکار-اولا (urdu)" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوشکار-اولا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-ola" title="Yoshkar-ola (uzbeko)" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoshkar-ola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1kar-Ol" title="Joškar-Ol (Veps)" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Joškar-Ol" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (vietnamita)" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (waray)" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89" title="约什卡尔奥拉 (chino wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约什卡尔奥拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chino wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="იოშქარ-ოლა (Mingrelian)" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოშქარ-ოლა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%BB%80%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89" title="约什卡尔奥拉 (chino)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约什卡尔奥拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola (chino min nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yoshkar-Ola" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chino min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E4%BB%80%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89" title="約什卡爾奧拉 (cantonés)" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約什卡爾奧拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar enlaces interlingüísticos" class="wbc-editpage">Editar enlaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nombres"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Herramientas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Más opciones" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acciones </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes en las páginas que enlazan con esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios en enlazadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=es" title="Subir archivos [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Subir archivo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginasEspeciales" title="Lista de todas las páginas especiales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&oldid=162827881" title="Enlace permanente a esta versión de la página"><span>Enlace permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=info" title="Más información sobre esta página"><span>Información de la página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&id=162827881&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre cómo citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Acortador_de_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYoshkar-Ol%25C3%25A1"><span>Obtener URL acortado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYoshkar-Ol%25C3%25A1"><span>Descargar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&printable=yes" title="Versión imprimible de esta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En otros proyectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5449" title="Enlace al elemento conectado del repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Página de herramientas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" style="font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Coordenadas_geogr%C3%A1ficas" title="Coordenadas geográficas">Coordenadas</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=es&pagename=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&params=56.632777777778_N_47.895833333333_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapas, fotos y otros datos de 56°37′58″N 47°53′45″E"><span class="latitude">56°37′58″N </span><span class="longitude">47°53′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapas, fotos y otros datos de 56.632777777778 47.895833333333"><span class="geo"><span class="latitude">56.632777777778, </span><span class="longitude">47.895833333333</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="es" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r157776694">.mw-parser-output .infobox .imagen{max-width:100%;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .imagen img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .mw-kartographer-container .thumbinner,.mw-parser-output .infobox .mw-kartographer-map{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .infobox .imagen a.image>img{max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22.7em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align:left; padding:.23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" class="cabecera mapa fn org" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;">Yoshkar-Olá<br /><span style="font-size:smaller"><i>Йошкар-Ола</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; background-color:#cddeff;"> Ciudad</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="imagen" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_(2009).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png/250px-Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png/375px-Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png/500px-Collage_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%282009%29.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-size:smaller; font-weight:normal;"><b>Desde arriba hacia la izquierda:</b> Reloj de la Galería Nacional de Arte, Edificio administrativo de Yoshkar-Olá, Flores en faroles, Plaza Obolensky-Nogotkov, Copia del Cañón del Zar</div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="align:center;"><br /><table class="mergedrow" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent;align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_(Mariy-El).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/100px-Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/150px-Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/200px-Flag_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="290" /></a></span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-size:smaller;;">Bandera</div></td><td style="text-align:center;align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_(Mariy-El).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/56px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/84px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png/112px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Yoshkar-Ola_%28Mariy-El%29.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-size:smaller;;">Escudo</div> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="imagen" style="text-align:center;padding:0.8em 0.7em; text-align:center;"> <div class="center"><div style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yoshkar-Olá ubicada en Mari-El" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg/250px-Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg/375px-Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg/500px-Location_map_of_Mari_El.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="1865" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:47.611%;left:49.769%;height:0;width:0;margin:0;padding:0"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:-3px;top:-3px;width:5px;font-size:5px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yoshkar-Olá"><img alt="Yoshkar-Olá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Yoshkar-Olá</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size:90%;padding-top:3px"></div></div></div></div><div style="display:inline;font-size:smaller;;">Localización de Yoshkar-Olá en República de Mari-El</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="imagen" style="text-align:center;padding:0.8em 0.7em; text-align:center;"> <div class="center"><div style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yoshkar-Olá ubicada en Rusia europea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:52.98%;left:61.045%;height:0;width:0;margin:0;padding:0"><div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:-3px;top:-3px;width:5px;font-size:5px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yoshkar-Olá"><img alt="Yoshkar-Olá" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Yoshkar-Olá</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size:90%;padding-top:3px"></div></div></div></div><div style="display:inline;font-size:smaller;;">Localización de Yoshkar-Olá en Rusia europea</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Coordenadas_geogr%C3%A1ficas" title="Coordenadas geográficas">Coordenadas</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=es&pagename=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&params=56.632777777778_N_47.895833333333_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapas, fotos y otros datos de 56°37′58″N 47°53′45″E"><span class="latitude">56°37′58″N </span><span class="longitude">47°53′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapas, fotos y otros datos de 56.632777777778 47.895833333333"><span class="geo"><span class="latitude">56.632777777778, </span><span class="longitude">47.895833333333</span></span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Entidad_subnacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Entidad subnacional">Entidad</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> Ciudad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • <a href="/wiki/Anexo:Pa%C3%ADses" title="Anexo:Países">País</a></th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Rusia"><img alt="Bandera de Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;">Dirigentes</th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;">  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> Evgeny Maslov<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;">Eventos históricos</th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;">  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • Fundación</th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> 1584</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rea" title="Área">Superficie</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;">  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • Total</th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> 100 <a href="/wiki/Kil%C3%B3metro_cuadrado" title="Kilómetro cuadrado">km²</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Altitud" title="Altitud">Altitud</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;">  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • Media</th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> 100 <a href="/wiki/Msnm" class="mw-redirect" title="Msnm">m s. n. m.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Poblaci%C3%B3n" title="Población">Población</a> (2008)</th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;">  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • Total</th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> 274 715 hab.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;border:0;padding:1px 7px;font-weight:100;"> • <a href="/wiki/Densidad_de_poblaci%C3%B3n" title="Densidad de población">Densidad</a></th><td colspan="2" style="border:0;padding:1px 7px 1px 1px;"> 2736,48 hab./km²</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Huso_horario" title="Huso horario">Huso horario</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_postal" title="Código postal">Código postal</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> <span class="postal-code">424000–424045</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding:2px 7px; width:30%;;"><a href="/wiki/Prefijo_telef%C3%B3nico" title="Prefijo telefónico">Prefijo telefónico</a></th><td colspan="2" style="padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> 8362</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;padding:2px 7px 1px 1px;"> [http://<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-ola.ru/">www.i-ola.ru</a> Sitio web oficial ]</td></tr><tr><td class="noprint" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><div class="plainlinks wikidata-link" style="font-size: 0.85em">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449" class="extiw" title="d:Q5449">editar datos en Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yoshkar-Olá</b> (Йошка́р-Ола́ en <a href="/wiki/Idioma_mari" title="Idioma mari">mari</a>: йошкар — rojo/bonito, ола — ciudad)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>es una ciudad de <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, capital de la <a href="/wiki/Mari-El" title="Mari-El">República de Mari-El</a> y el centro administrativo del <a href="/wiki/Distrito_urbano" title="Distrito urbano">Distrito Urbano</a> «Ciudad de Yoshkar-Olá». </p><p>Es uno de los centros culturales del <a href="/wiki/Mari_(pueblo)" title="Mari (pueblo)">pueblo mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimología"><span id="Etimolog.C3.ADa"></span>Etimología</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar sección: Etimología"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La ciudad fue fundada en 1584 en la zona del río <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_M%C3%A1laya_Kokshaga" title="Río Málaya Kokshaga">Málaya Kokshaga</a> y su nombre original era <i>Tsarevokokshays (en <a href="/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso">ruso</a> Царь — Zar, кокшайск — Ciudad en el río Kokshaga)</i>. Durante la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa" title="Revolución rusa">Revolución rusa</a>, pasó a denominarse como Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск <a href="/wiki/Idioma_ruso" title="Idioma ruso">ruso</a> Красно — Rojo/<a href="/wiki/Guardia_Roja_(Rusia)" title="Guardia Roja (Rusia)">Guardia Roja</a>, кокшайск — Ciudad en el río Kokshaga), y en 1928, como ´centro administrativo del <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_aut%C3%B3nomo_Mari" title="Óblast autónomo Mari">Óblast Autónomo Mari</a>, recibió el nombre en <a href="/wiki/Idioma_mari" title="Idioma mari">mari</a> de <i>Йошкар-Ола</i> («Ciudad roja/bonita»: йошкар — «Rojo/Bonito», ола — «Ciudad»).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПоспелов2002_3-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEПоспелов2002-3"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>3<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar sección: Historia"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las excavaciones arqueológicas han permitido datar la presencia humana en las cercanías de la moderna Yoshkar-Olá desde la <a href="/wiki/Mesol%C3%ADtico" title="Mesolítico">era mesolítica</a> (12 mil años a. C.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hasta mediados del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XVI</span>, la región formaba parte del <a href="/wiki/Kanato_de_Kaz%C3%A1n" title="Kanato de Kazán">Kanato de Kazán</a> y estaba habitada por tribus <a href="/wiki/Mari_(pueblo)" title="Mari (pueblo)">mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> En octubre de 1552, <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_IV_de_Rusia" title="Iván IV de Rusia">Iván el Terrible</a> anexó las tierras del Kanato a su reino y la población local juró lealtad al nuevo soberano, pero rápido estallaron los primeros levantamientos como la <a href="/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_en_Kaz%C3%A1n_de_1552-1556" title="Rebelión en Kazán de 1552-1556">Primera Guerra Cheremis</a>, rebeliones que se repitieron de forma periódica y obligaron al zar a establecer ciudades amuralladas para fortalecer su poder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-4" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsarevokokshaysk fue fundada en 1584 durante el reinado de <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_I_de_Rusia" title="Teodoro I de Rusia">Teodoro I</a>. En sus inicios, era una <a href="/wiki/Fortificaci%C3%B3n" title="Fortificación">fortificación militar</a> típica, rodeada en cuatro lados por terraplenes de tierra con paredes de madera.<sup id="cite_ref-gplan_4-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gplan-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> Con el tiempo, fue convirtiéndose en un centro artesanal y comercial, aunque que la principal actividad era el cultivo del <a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">lúpulo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bre12_5-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-bre12-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> pero la mayor parte de la población seguía siendo militar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-5" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En el siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XVIII</span>, aparecieron las primeras industrias en la ciudad y hubo un auge en la construcción de piedra, hasta ese momento la ciudad era completamente de madera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-6" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desde mediados del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XIX</span>, se convirtió en el destino de varios exiliados políticos como muchos de los participantes del <a href="/wiki/Levantamiento_de_Enero" title="Levantamiento de Enero">Levantamiento de Enero</a>, que fueron exiliados a este lugar.<sup id="cite_ref-bre12_5-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-bre12-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A principios del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XX</span>, seguía siendo una tranquila ciudad de provincias cuya base económica era la agricultura pero con la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa" title="Revolución rusa">Revolución</a>, el 17 de febrero de 1919, Tsarevokokshaysk pasó a llamarse Krasnokokshaysk y en 1920, se convirtió en el centro administrativo del <a href="/wiki/%C3%93blast_aut%C3%B3nomo_Mari" title="Óblast autónomo Mari">Óblast Autónomo de Mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bre12_5-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-bre12-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> El 25 de enero de 1928 recibió el nombre <a href="/wiki/Mari_(pueblo)" title="Mari (pueblo)">mari</a>: Yoshkar-Olá.<sup id="cite_ref-bre12_5-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-bre12-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> En diciembre de 1936, el Óblast se transformó en la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Aut%C3%B3noma_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Mari" title="República Autónoma Socialista Soviética de Mari">República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Mari</a>, y la ciudad fue declarada como su capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-7" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En 1990, se le concedió el estatus de Ciudad Histórica, un área de conservación protegida por el estado.<sup id="cite_ref-page110_6-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page110-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> En 2010, fue retirada de la Lista de Ciudades Históricas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>nota 1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Símbolos"><span id="S.C3.ADmbolos"></span>Símbolos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar sección: Símbolos"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escudo">Escudo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar sección: Escudo"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El blasón actual fue adoptado el 22 de junio de 2011, representa un alce de plata con cuernos y cascos dorados sobre fondo azul. Está coronado por una <a href="/wiki/Corona_mural" title="Corona mural">corona mural</a> de oro de cinco puntas con ornamentos del <a href="/wiki/Mari_(pueblo)" title="Mari (pueblo)">pueblo Mari</a> en el aro.<sup id="cite_ref-page10_8-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page10-8"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandera">Bandera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar sección: Bandera"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fue adoptada también el 22 de junio de 2011 y consiste en un paño rectangular de color azul con un alce de plata con cuernos y cascos doradoss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himno">Himno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar sección: Himno"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El himno es la «Canción sobre Yoshkar-Olá» del compositor <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Eshpai" title="Andrei Eshpai">Andrei Eshpai</a> con letra de los poemas de Leonid Derbenyov.<sup id="cite_ref-page10_8-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page10-8"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Características_físicas_y_geográficas"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADsticas_f.C3.ADsicas_y_geogr.C3.A1ficas"></span>Características físicas y geográficas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar sección: Características físicas y geográficas"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situación_geográfica"><span id="Situaci.C3.B3n_geogr.C3.A1fica"></span>Situación geográfica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar sección: Situación geográfica"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La ciudad se encuentra en una llanura en el centro de la Depresión de Mari-El a 50 km al norte del <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">río Volga</a>, en el límite sur de la <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, a orillas del <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_M%C3%A1laya_Kokshaga" title="Río Málaya Kokshaga">río Málaya Kokshaga</a>, que divide la ciudad en dos. </p><p>La ciudad se encuentra en el centro de la <a href="/wiki/Mari-El" title="Mari-El">República de Mari-El</a> a 645 km al este de <a href="/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú">Moscú</a> (en línea recta). La ciudad está rodeada por el distrito de Medvedevsky. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar sección: Clima"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La ciudad disfruta de un <a href="/wiki/Clima_continental" title="Clima continental">clima continental</a> caracterizado por largos inviernos fríos y veranos cálidos. La temperatura media en verano es de +17,2 °C mientras que en otoño, el clima es frío y húmedo con un predominio de fuertes vientos y lluvias, con posibles heladas tempranas y nieve. Es mes de noviembre es el más ventoso y cuando suele comenzar el invierno. La temperatura media en esa estación ronda los -11,7 °C, siendo enero el mes más frío. La primavera suele ser fresca y seca.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>8<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>9<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> La precipitación media anual es de 548 mm. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:60%; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14" style="font-weight:bold"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/30px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/45px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg/60px-Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span>  Parámetros climáticos promedio de Yoshkar-Olá (1991—2020 гг.) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/30px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/45px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg/60px-WPTC_Meteo_task_force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-right-width:medium">Mes </th> <th abbr="Enero"><abbr title="enero">Ene.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Febrero"><abbr title="febrero">Feb.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Marzo"><abbr title="marzo">Mar.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Abril"><abbr title="abril">Abr.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Mayo"><abbr title="mayo">May.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Junio"><abbr title="junio">Jun.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Julio"><abbr title="julio">Jul.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Agosto"><abbr title="agosto">Ago.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Septiembre"><abbr title="septiembre">Sep.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Octubre"><abbr title="octubre">Oct.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Noviembre"><abbr title="noviembre">Nov.</abbr> </th> <th abbr="Diciembre"><abbr title="diciembre">Dic.</abbr> </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium" abbr="Anual">Anual </th></tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_m%C3%A1xima_absoluta" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura máxima absoluta">Temp. máx. abs.</a> (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#FFFFCC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.4 </td> <td style="background:#FF9900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.8 </td> <td style="background:#FF3C00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28.9 </td> <td style="background:#FF1400;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">33.4 </td> <td style="background:#FF0000;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">36.8 </td> <td style="background:#FF0000;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">38.7 </td> <td style="background:#DB0000;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">39.1 </td> <td style="background:#FF2800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">31.6 </td> <td style="background:#FF6400;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFA500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.2 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#DB0000;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>39.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Temp. máx. media (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#C8DCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-7.3 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-6.3 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.4 </td> <td style="background:#FFCC66;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.3 </td> <td style="background:#FF8C00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19.4 </td> <td style="background:#FF6400;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">23.1 </td> <td style="background:#FF5000;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.4 </td> <td style="background:#FF6400;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.8 </td> <td style="background:#FF9900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16.4 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-0.6 </td> <td style="background:#DCF0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-5.7 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>8.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Temp. media (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#B4C8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-10.5 </td> <td style="background:#B4C8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-10.2 </td> <td style="background:#DCF0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-3.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFA500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.8 </td> <td style="background:#FF9900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.0 </td> <td style="background:#FF8C00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19.3 </td> <td style="background:#FF9900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16.8 </td> <td style="background:#FFCC66;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFCC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.4 </td> <td style="background:#DCF0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-3.1 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-8.4 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#FFFFCC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>4.2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Temp. mín. media (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#A0B4FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-13.7 </td> <td style="background:#A0B4FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-13.9 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-7.8 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.2 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.7 </td> <td style="background:#FFCC66;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.3 </td> <td style="background:#FFA500;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFCC66;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.8 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.4 </td> <td style="background:#DCF0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-5.4 </td> <td style="background:#B4C8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-11.2 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-0</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_m%C3%ADnima_absoluta" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura mínima absoluta">Temp. mín. abs.</a> (°C) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000D2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-46.9 </td> <td style="background:#0000F0;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-41.7 </td> <td style="background:#0000FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-38.9 </td> <td style="background:#6478FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-21.8 </td> <td style="background:#DCF0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-6.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-2.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0FFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-1.4 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-7.5 </td> <td style="background:#788CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-18.9 </td> <td style="background:#1428FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-33.6 </td> <td style="background:#0000D2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">-47.3 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#0000D2;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>-47.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/wiki/Precipitaci%C3%B3n_(meteorolog%C3%ADa)" title="Precipitación (meteorología)">Precipitación</a> total (mm) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#C1C1FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">40 </td> <td style="background:#D0D0FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30 </td> <td style="background:#D0D0FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="background:#D0D0FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="background:#C1C1FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">40 </td> <td style="background:#A2A2FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">64 </td> <td style="background:#8282FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="background:#9494FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">65 </td> <td style="background:#B0B0FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">54 </td> <td style="background:#A2A2FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">57 </td> <td style="background:#C1C1FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">43 </td> <td style="background:#C1C1FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">42 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#B0B0FF;;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>575</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16">Días de precipitaciones (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.7 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.2 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.1 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.7 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.3 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCF0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.4 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCF0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.7 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCF0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.7 </td> <td style="background:#C8DCF0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.3 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.9 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.5 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.8 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>59.4</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/wiki/Humedad_del_aire" title="Humedad del aire">Humedad relativa</a> (%) </th> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="background:#A0C8F0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="background:#508CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">34 </td> <td style="background:#508CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">40 </td> <td style="background:#1E5aFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">61 </td> <td style="background:#0000DC;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">82 </td> <td style="background:#1E5aFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="background:#1E5aFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">54 </td> <td style="background:#508CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">53 </td> <td style="background:#508CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">46 </td> <td style="background:#508CFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37 </td> <td style="border-left-width:medium; background:#1E5aFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;"><b>54.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%"><i>Fuente: meteoinfo.ru<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>10<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>11<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relieve">Relieve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar sección: Relieve"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La altura de la ciudad sobre el nivel del mar es de aproximadamente 100 metros, el relieve se caracteriza por ser llano, con una pendiente general hacia la llanura de inundación del río Málaya Kokshaga, dentro de la ciudad las diferencias de altura son pequeñas (del orden de 5 metros).<sup id="cite_ref-gpola_13-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gpola-13"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>12<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg/250px-Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg/375px-Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Yoshkar-Ola_47.89299E_56.62179N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Vista desde el espacio</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrografía"><span id="Hidrograf.C3.ADa"></span>Hidrografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar sección: Hidrografía"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/230px-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/345px-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/460px-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>El río Málaya kokshaga a su pado por la ciudad.</figcaption></figure> <p>El río <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_M%C3%A1laya_Kokshaga" title="Río Málaya Kokshaga">Málaya Kokshaga</a> fluye a través de la ciudad, regulado por dos represas, no es apto para la navegación. Las riberas están reforzadas con vegetación arbórea y arbustiva frente a las inundaciones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetación"><span id="Vegetaci.C3.B3n"></span>Vegetación</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar sección: Vegetación"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El territorio que comprende la ciudad junto a localidades rurales comprende 101.45 km², 56 km² corresponde a zonas urbanas y el resto, a tierras cultivables, bosques urbanos, pastizales y <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dachas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-page8_14-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page8-14"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>13<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La ciudad, tradicionalmente considerada como una de las ciudades más verdes de Rusia,<sup id="cite_ref-page8_14-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page8-14"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>13<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> está rodeada de bosques. Los parques urbanos, plazas y otros espacios verdes ocupan más de 1414.6 hectáreas, de las cuales, 752.5 ha. son bosques urbanos con el estatus de áreas naturales especialmente protegidas,<sup id="cite_ref-yo1999_15-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-yo1999-15"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>14<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> como: el Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Tecnológica Estatal del Volga y un bosque de pinos en el sureste de la ciudad . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminación"><span id="Contaminaci.C3.B3n"></span>Contaminación</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar sección: Contaminación"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El centro y la parte sur de la ciudad, donde se encuentran las principales empresas de la ciudad y una alta concentración de vehículos, poseen los mayores niveles emisiones de contaminantes,<sup id="cite_ref-gplan_4-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gplan-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> que en 2007 ascendieron a 43.08 mil toneladas.<sup id="cite_ref-ola21_16-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-ola21-16"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>15<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La pobre calidad del río se debe al vertido de las aguas residuales industriales y comunales, la falta de eficiencia de las plantas de tratamiento existentes y el incumplimiento de las restricciones a las actividades económicas dentro de las zonas de conservación<sup id="cite_ref-ola21_16-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-ola21-16"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>15<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografía"><span id="Demograf.C3.ADa"></span>Demografía</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar sección: Demografía"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> En el año 2020, la población era de 274 715 habitantes. Hasta 2009 la población de la ciudad disminuyó debido al crecimiento poblacional negativo, que ha sido compensado con la migración.<sup id="cite_ref-gplan_4-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gplan-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></p><table class="wikitable" style="float:none;margin-right:1.4em;margin-bottom:1.3em;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #eee); color: inherit;" align="center"><td><b>Gráfica de evolución demográfica de Yoshkar-Ola entre 1859 y</b></td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff" align="center"> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_fov5pjzs826f0d5vpn3aqp1xm16w2mz"></map><img usemap="#timeline_fov5pjzs826f0d5vpn3aqp1xm16w2mz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/es/timeline/fov5pjzs826f0d5vpn3aqp1xm16w2mz.png" /></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>De acuerdo al<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Census_(2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Census (2010) (aún no redactado)"> censo de población de 2010</a>, la ciudad posee más de 96 nacionalidades:<sup id="cite_ref-нац.состав_17-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-нац.состав-17"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>16<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="centre" class="wikitable standard"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nacionalidades</th> <th>Población (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-нац.состав_17-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-нац.состав-17"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>16<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>%  </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusos">Rusos</a></td> <td align="right">152 447</td> <td align="right">61.28 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mari_(pueblo)" title="Mari (pueblo)">Mari</a></td> <td align="right">58 001</td> <td align="right">23.31 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1rtaros_del_Volga" title="Tártaros del Volga">Tártaros</a></td> <td align="right">10 202</td> <td align="right">4.10 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ucranianos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucranianos">Ucranianos</a></td> <td align="right">2075</td> <td align="right">0.83 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Chuvasia" class="mw-redirect" title="República de Chuvasia">Chuvachos</a></td> <td align="right">1397</td> <td align="right">0.56 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azer%C3%ADes" title="Azeríes">Azeríes</a></td> <td align="right">523</td> <td align="right">0.21 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenios" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenios">Armenios</a></td> <td align="right">513</td> <td align="right">0.21 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bielorrusos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bielorrusos">Bielorrusos</a></td> <td align="right">511</td> <td align="right">0.21 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordvinos" title="Mordvinos">Mordvinos</a></td> <td align="right">311</td> <td align="right">0.13 % </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurtos" title="Udmurtos">Udmurtos</a></td> <td align="right">261</td> <td align="right">0,10 % </td></tr> <tr> <td>Demás</td> <td align="right">1933</td> <td align="right">0.78 % </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gobierno_local">Gobierno local</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar sección: Gobierno local"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/225px-Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/338px-Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/450px-Building_of_a_city_administration_of_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ayuntamiento de Yoshkar-Olá</figcaption></figure> <p>La Asamblea Municipal (Asamblea de los Diputados del Distrito),<sup id="cite_ref-gor-sob_18-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gor-sob-18"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>17<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> que es el órgano que representanta los intereses de la población y toma en su nombre las decisiones. Está compuesta por 35 diputados elegidos en las elecciones municipales, cuyos mandatos duran 5 años. </p><p>El Alto Funcionario-Jefe del Distrito es el presidente de la Asamblea Municipal, elegido en la primera sesión de la misma.<sup id="cite_ref-gorsobr_19-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gorsobr-19"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>18<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> Desde 2014, el Jefe del Distrito es Alexander Nikolayevich Printsev<sup id="cite_ref-2014_10_03_20-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-2014_10_03-20"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>19<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> y desde 2015, el alcalde (jefe de la Administración Local) es Evgeny Vasilyevich Maslov.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>20<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>21<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salud_Pública"><span id="Salud_P.C3.BAblica"></span>Salud Pública</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar sección: Salud Pública"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desde 2006 la estructura municipal de salud está formada por 12 instituciones: el hospital municipal, el hospital infantil de la ciudad (que también incluye todas las clínicas infantiles de la ciudad), el centro perinatal, el ambulatorio médico, cuatro centros policlínicos, dos centros policlínicos dentales, una estación de ambulancias, dos puestos de paramédicos y obstétricos y un dispensario de oncología. </p><p>En la ciudad también se encuentran una estación de transfusión de sangre, centros de asistencia socio-psicológica a la población, un punto de trauma, dispensarios,<sup id="cite_ref-zdravoohran_23-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-zdravoohran-23"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>22<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> instituciones sanitarias y preventivas (FBUZ «Centro de higiene y epidemiología en la República de Mari-El»).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>23<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>24<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transporte">Transporte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar sección: Transporte"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A través de Yoshkar-Olá pasa la carretera federal P-176 «Vyatka», conectando <a href="/wiki/Cheboksari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheboksari">Cheboksari</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ADrov" title="Kírov">Kírov</a> y <a href="/wiki/Siktivkar" title="Siktivkar">Siktivkar</a>. La ubicación geográfica de la ciudad presenta la desventaja de encontrarse lejos de las principales carreteras federales, estas discurren a lo largo de la periferia de Rusia.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Russian_route_R-176_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Russian_route_R-176_map.svg/300px-Russian_route_R-176_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Russian_route_R-176_map.svg/450px-Russian_route_R-176_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Russian_route_R-176_map.svg/600px-Russian_route_R-176_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Carretera P-176 «Vyatka» (rojo) en la red de carreteras federales rusas</figcaption></figure><p> La ciudad cuenta con más de 300 calles<sup id="cite_ref-page8_14-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page8-14"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>13<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> cuya configuración actual de las calles data de 1985 con 181.7 km de aceras, 13 puentes y 315 paradas de transporte público.<sup id="cite_ref-page110_6-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page110-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG/250px-Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG/375px-Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG/500px-Trolleybus_Yoshkar-Ola.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Trolebús y autobús</figcaption></figure> <p>Las características de la red de transporte de la ciudad condujeron al predominio del transporte por carretera en detrimento del ferrocarril, por lo que solo existe una ramificación de la línea <a href="/wiki/Zelenodolsk" title="Zelenodolsk">Zelenodolsk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yaransk" title="Yaransk">Yaransk</a> sin salida, construida en 1927, de vía única y sin electrificación. </p><p>El transporte público está representado por taxis, <a href="/wiki/Troleb%C3%BAs" title="Trolebús">trolebuses</a> y autobuses. En cuanto a estos últimos, aparte de los urbanos, existen también de cercanías e interurbanos, que desde la estación de autobuses, situada junto a la estación de tren, enlazan todos los centros regionales de Mari-El y otras ciudades de Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-gg12_26-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gg12-26"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>25<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En las cercanías, se encuentra el <a href="/wiki/Aeropuerto_de_Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1" title="Aeropuerto de Yoshkar-Olá">aeropuerto de Yoshkar-Olá</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educación"><span id="Educaci.C3.B3n"></span>Educación</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar sección: Educación"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El sistema de educación municipal cuenta con 88 instituciones educativas (30 escuelas de educación general, 52 instituciones de educación preescolar, 6 instituciones de educación complementaria).<sup id="cite_ref-socrazvyo_27-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-socrazvyo-27"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>26<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> La ciudad tiene 2 universidades públicas, universidades privadas, así como instituciones educativas especiales secundarias.<sup id="cite_ref-page8_14-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page8-14"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>13<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educación_superior"><span id="Educaci.C3.B3n_superior"></span>Educación superior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar sección: Educación superior"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_estatal_de_tecnolog%C3%ADa_del_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad estatal de tecnología del Volga">Universidad Estatal de Tecnología del Volga</a>: el germen fue el Instituto Forestal de Kazán, que en 1932 fue transferido a Yoshkar-Olá y se renombró «Instituto forestal de la Región del Volga».<sup id="cite_ref-marstu_28-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-marstu-28"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>27<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> Tiene 10 facultades con 7500 estudiantes presenciales y 5000 estudiantes a distancia, más de 3000 que estudian en programas de educación profesional secundaria, más de 150 estudiantes graduados y 10 estudiantes de doctorado.<sup id="cite_ref-marstu_28-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-marstu-28"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>27<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Universidad Estatal de Mari-El</b>: inaugurada en 1972, cuenta con 17 facultades<sup id="cite_ref-marsu_29-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-marsu-29"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>28<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> y 60 especialidades.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>29<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Instituto Social Abierto Interregional (MOSI)</b>: la tercera universidad de la ciudad. Su apertura fue en el año 2003, posee 6 facultades con 20 especialidades, cursos de pregrado, maestría y programas de MBA.</li></ul> <p>También hay alrededor de 10 sucursales y representaciones de universidades comerciales no estatales. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edificio principal de la Universidad Tecnológica Estatal del Volga"><img alt="Edificio principal de la Universidad Tecnológica Estatal del Volga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg/292px-The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg/439px-The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg/584px-The_main_building_of_Mari_state_technical_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center>Edificio principal de la Universidad Tecnológica Estatal del Volga </center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edificio principal de la Universidad Estatal de Mari-E"><img alt="Edificio principal de la Universidad Estatal de Mari-E" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg/289px-The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg/435px-The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg/579px-The_main_building_of_Mari_State_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center>Edificio principal de la Universidad Estatal de Mari-E</center></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deporte">Deporte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar sección: Deporte"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La ciudad cuenta con el Estadio «Amistad» y un equipo local el Spartak Yoshkar-Olá. Además de dos pistas de hielo para <a href="/wiki/Hockey_sobre_hielo" title="Hockey sobre hielo">hockey</a> y <a href="/wiki/Patinaje_art%C3%ADstico_sobre_hielo" title="Patinaje artístico sobre hielo">patinaje artístico</a>, un centro de <a href="/wiki/Anexo:Deportes_acu%C3%A1ticos" title="Anexo:Deportes acuáticos">deportes acuáticos</a> y canchas una <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-climbing_31-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-climbing-31"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>30<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estadio «Amistad»"><img alt="Estadio «Amistad»" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/332px-Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/499px-Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/664px-Stadion_Druzhba_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center>Estadio «Amistad»</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canchas de tenis"><img alt="Canchas de tenis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/339px-Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/509px-Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/677px-Tennis_Court_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center>Canchas de tenis</center></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomía"><span id="Astronom.C3.ADa"></span>Astronomía</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar sección: Astronomía"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El asteroide <a href="/wiki/(2910)_Yoshkar-Ola" title="(2910) Yoshkar-Ola">(2910) Yoshkar-Ola</a> fue descubierto por el astrónomo <a href="/wiki/Nikol%C3%A1i_Chernyj" title="Nikolái Chernyj">Nikolái Chernyj</a> en el <a href="/wiki/Observatorio_Astrof%C3%ADsico_de_Crimea" title="Observatorio Astrofísico de Crimea">Observatorio Astrofísico de Crimea</a> el 11 de octubre de 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-page8_14-4" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-page8-14"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>13<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>31<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religión"><span id="Religi.C3.B3n"></span>Religión</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar sección: Religión"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/250px-Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/375px-Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg/500px-Mosque_in_Yoshkar-Ola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mezquita</figcaption></figure><p>El 25 de julio de 1993, por decreto del <a href="/wiki/Patriarca_de_Mosc%C3%BA_y_de_todas_las_Rusias" title="Patriarca de Moscú y de todas las Rusias">Patriarca de Moscú</a>, se estableció la Diócesis de Yoshkar-Olá y Mari. </p><p>El 16 de marzo de 1999, por decreto del <a href="/wiki/Gran_muft%C3%AD" title="Gran muftí">gran muftí</a> de Rusia se creó la Dirección Espiritual Regional de los musulmanes de la República de Mar-El. En agosto de ese año, se inauguró la mezquita de la ciudad.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>32<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-me_34-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-me-34"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>33<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>También hay seguidores de la religión tradicional de los mari, creencias basadas en el respeto y la honra de las fuerzas de la naturaleza<sup id="cite_ref-mtr_35-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-mtr-35"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>34<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> y adeptos de la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana de Ingria.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>35<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iglesias_y_monasterios_ortodoxos">Iglesias y monasterios ortodoxos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar sección: Iglesias y monasterios ortodoxos"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/187px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/281px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/375px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2008_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad</figcaption></figure><p><b>Catedral de la Ascensión del Señor</b> </p><p>Construida en 1756 durante el reinado de la zarina <a href="/wiki/Isabel_I_de_Rusia" title="Isabel I de Rusia">Isabel</a>, era un monumento típico de la <a href="/wiki/Arquitectura_de_Rusia" title="Arquitectura de Rusia">arquitectura rusa</a> del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XVIII</span>. De plano octogonal, con dos niveles cubiertos con una cúpula esférica. En 1937, se decretó su cierre y tras décadas de abandono, el edificio se derrumbó. Posteriormente, albergó una cervecería hasta que en 1992, el edificio fue transferido a la Iglesia, que comenzó su reconstrucción y que aún continúa<sup id="cite_ref-voz_37-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-voz-37"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>36<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad</b> </p><p>Fue el primer templo de piedra de la ciudad, construido en 1736 durante el reinado de la zarina <a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Rusia" title="Ana de Rusia">Ana</a>. Posee dos niveles, en el superior se encontraba el templo principal, y en el inferior, un templo dedicado a <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Bari" title="Nicolás de Bari">San Nicolás de Bari</a>. Para el primer cuarto del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XX</span>, el templo estaba vacío y en ruinas. En la década de 1930, se instaló un taller de automóviles en la planta baja. En 1995, finalizó la restauración del templo.<sup id="cite_ref-gplan_4-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-gplan-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Templo de la Asunción de la Santísima Virgen</b> </p><p>En 2006, fue consagrado para conmemorar el 60 aniversario de la victoria rusa en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Recibió el nombre en honor de la <a href="/wiki/Catedral_de_la_Dormici%C3%B3n_(Mosc%C3%BA)" title="Catedral de la Dormición (Moscú)">Catedral de la Dormición de Moscú</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usp_38-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-usp-38"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>37<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relaciones_internacionales">Relaciones internacionales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar sección: Relaciones internacionales"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermanamiento_de_ciudades">Hermanamiento de ciudades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar sección: Hermanamiento de ciudades"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir de 2017, Yoshkar-Olá tiene 3 acuerdos de hermanamiento: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Hungría"><img alt="Bandera de Hungría" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría">Hungría</a>), desde el 19 de mayo de 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>38<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Francia"><img alt="Bandera de Francia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>), «Carta de hermanamiento» desde 1990; «Acuerdo de cooperación», desde el 22 de octubre de 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>39<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Estados Unidos"><img alt="Bandera de Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_(Virginia_Occidental)" title="Princeton (Virginia Occidental)">Princeton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>), «Acuerdo de amistad y cooperación», desde el 5 de marzo de 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>40<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciudades_asociadas">Ciudades asociadas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar sección: Ciudades asociadas"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir de 2017, Yoshkar-Olá tiene acuerdos y acuerdos de cooperación relevantes con 4 ciudades rusas asociadas: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Rusia"><img alt="Bandera de Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astrac%C3%A1n" title="Astracán">Astracán</a>, «Acuerdo de cooperación socioeconómica entre los jefes de gobierno autónomo de las ciudades de Astracán y Yoshkar-Olá», desde agosto de 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>41<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Rusia"><img alt="Bandera de Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaz%C3%A1n" title="Kazán">Kazán</a>, «Tratado de asociación y cooperación» , desde 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>42<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Rusia"><img alt="Bandera de Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cheboksari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheboksari">Cheboksari</a>, «Acuerdo de cooperación socioeconómica entre la administración de la ciudad de Yoshkar-Olá y la administración de la ciudad de Cheboksari», desde el 15 de agosto de 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>43<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Rusia"><img alt="Bandera de Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Simfer%C3%B3pol" title="Simferópol">Simferópol</a>, «Acuerdo de cooperación entre el municipio distrito de Simferópol de la República de Crimea y Yoshkar-Olá de la República de Mari-El», desde 2 de octubre de 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>44<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membresía_en_organizaciones"><span id="Membres.C3.ADa_en_organizaciones"></span>Membresía en organizaciones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar sección: Membresía en organizaciones"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asociación de Ciudades de la <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_del_Volga" title="Región del Volga">Región del Volga</a>, desde febrero de 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>45<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unión de Ciudades Rusas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>46<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Asamblea Internacional de Capitales y Grandes Ciudades, desde noviembre de 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>47<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oficina regional euroasiática de la <a href="/wiki/Ciudades_y_Gobiernos_Locales_Unidos" title="Ciudades y Gobiernos Locales Unidos">Organización y Gobiernos Locales Unidos</a>, desde el 2 de abril de 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>48<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panorama">Panorama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar sección: Panorama"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="NavFrame collapsed"> <div class="NavHead">Panorama</div> <div class="NavContent"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:20px; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1008px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="border-width:0; color: var(--color-base, #202122); background:transparent;"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vista del centro de la ciudad, 2012."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/1000px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/1500px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/2000px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20237" data-file-height="5337" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" title="Archivo:Панорама города Йошкар-Олы, вид на запад.jpg"> </a></div><center>Vista del centro de la ciudad, 2012.</center></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/politics/20151125/1328102710.html">Мэр Йошкар-Олы досрочно отправлен в отставку.</a>(ruso)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEГород_Йошкар-Ола2004_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITAREFГород_Йошкар-Ола2004">Город Йошкар-Ола, 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEПоспелов2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПоспелов2002_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITAREFПоспелов2002">Поспелов, 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gplan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-gplan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gplan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gplan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gplan_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60tH9BMD8?url=http://www.i-ola.ru/userfiles/file/gen_plan_A3_2009.pdf">«Городской еженедельник «Йошкар-Ола». Специальный выпуск. Генеральный план города от 3 марта 2009 года»</a>. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/userfiles/file/gen_plan_A3_2009.pdf">el original</a> el 12 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%C2%AB%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA.+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+3+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fgen_plan_A3_2009.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bre12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-bre12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bre12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bre12_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bre12_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Большая Российская энциклопедия: В 30 т. / Председатель науч.-ред. совета Ю. С. Осипов. Отв. ред С. Л. Кравец. Т. 12. Исландия — Канцеляризмы. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2008. — 767 с.: ил.: карт. (стр. 301—302, статья Йошкар-Ола)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page110-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-page110_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page110_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/city/finance/invest.php">«Инвестиционный паспорт городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола»»</a>. Администрация городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола»<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fcity%2Ffinance%2Finvest.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-page10_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page10_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909161252/http://www.i-ola.ru/city/gerb.php">«Герб города Йошкар-Ола»</a>. Администрация городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола». Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/city/gerb.php">el original</a> el 9 de septiembre de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fcity%2Fgerb.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67mZcgfdO?url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1692-1246618396">«Климат | Ежемесячные климатические данные для городов России | Йошкар-Ола»</a>. Гидрометцентр России. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1692-1246618396">el original</a> el 19 de mayo de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 25 de febrero de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%26%23124%3B+%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%26%23124%3B+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2Fclimate%2Fklimatgorod%2F1692-1246618396&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67mZdqTvK?url=http://portal.mari.ru/republic/Pages/about.aspx">«Общая характеристика Республики Марий Эл»</a>. Официальный интернет-портал Республики Марий Эл. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.mari.ru/republic/Pages/about.aspx">el original</a> el 19 de mayo de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 25 de febrero de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.mari.ru%2Frepublic%2FPages%2Fabout.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1692-1246618396">Гидрометцентр России</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27485.htm">«Климатические таблицы. Данные для Йошкар-Олы.»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 3 de diciembre de 2021</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B.+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B.&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27485.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpola-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gpola_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Городской еженедельник «Йошкар-Ола», 15 июля 2009 года № 27 (974); (стр. 87, статья «Генеральный план — положения о территориальном планировании»)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-page8_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page8_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page8_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page8_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page8_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="es" dir="ltr">Error en la cita: Etiqueta <code><ref></code> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas <code>page8</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-yo1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-yo1999_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Постановление мэра города Йошкар-Олы от 30.03.1999 № 851 (ред. от 25.12.2006) «О статусе зелёных насаждений, произрастающих на территории города Йошкар-Олы»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ola21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ola21_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ola21_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="es" dir="ltr">Error en la cita: Etiqueta <code><ref></code> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas <code>ola21</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-нац.состав-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-нац.состав_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-нац.состав_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maristat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/maristat/resources/092738804e6e552cb993bbbe711c69fc/г.+Йошкар-Ола.htm">Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационный бюллетень: № 2 — Город Йошкар-Ола. Национальности</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226031842/http://maristat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/maristat/resources/092738804e6e552cb993bbbe711c69fc/%D0%B3.+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0.htm">Archivado</a> el 26 de diciembre de 2017 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Маристат.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gor-sob-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gor-sob_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60tKtkYkd?url=http://www.gor-sobry-ola.ru/jgorsobr2/index.php?option=com_content">«Городское Собрание»</a>. Собрание депутатов городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола». Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gor-sobry-ola.ru/jgorsobr2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=360:-23-&catid=131:-4--&Itemid=62">el original</a> el 12 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 16 de octubre de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gor-sobry-ola.ru%2Fjgorsobr2%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D360%3A-23-%26catid%3D131%3A-4--%26Itemid%3D62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorsobr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gorsobr_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60tLEgFOl?url=http://www.gor-sobry-ola.ru/jgorsobr2/index.php?option=com_content">«Глава городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола»»</a>. Собрание депутатов городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола». Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gor-sobry-ola.ru/jgorsobr2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380:-43-q-q&catid=132:-5----q--q&Itemid=62">el original</a> el 12 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 16 de octubre de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gor-sobry-ola.ru%2Fjgorsobr2%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D380%3A-43-q-q%26catid%3D132%3A-5----q--q%26Itemid%3D62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_10_03-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2014_10_03_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gor-sobry-ola.ru/regulatory/solutions/415/3087/">«Об избрании главы городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола», председателя Собрания депутатов шестого созыва»</a>. Собрание депутатов городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола». 3 de octubre de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=3+de+octubre+de+2014&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgor-sobry-ola.ru%2Fregulatory%2Fsolutions%2F415%2F3087%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/politics/20151125/1328102710.html">«Мэр Йошкар-Олы досрочно отправлен в отставку»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="РИА Новости (aún no redactado)">РИА Новости</a></i>. 25 de noviembre de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2015</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.date=25+de+noviembre+de+2015&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fpolitics%2F20151125%2F1328102710.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/officials/">«Мэр города Йошкар-Ола - Официальный сайт администрации городского округа "Город Йошкар-Ола<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>»</a>. www.i-ola.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 12 de enero de 2017</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+-++%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%22&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=www.i-ola.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fofficials%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zdravoohran-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zdravoohran_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60u84GvVD?url=http://www.marimedia.ru/company_category/173/">«Здоровье и медицина»</a>. Информационный портал медиахолдинга MariMedia Group. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marimedia.ru/company_category/173/">el original</a> el 13 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0+MariMedia+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marimedia.ru%2Fcompany_category%2F173%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://12sanepid.ru/">«Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Марий Эл».</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfo.ru/?id=37124">Республика Марий Эл. Центры здоровья для детей и взрослого населения.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gg12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gg12_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60u7S4xvx?url=http://www.gg12.ru/node/161">«Расписание автобусов по станции Йошкар-Ола»</a>. Газета «Йошкар-Ола». Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gg12.ru/node/161">el original</a> el 13 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgg12.ru%2Fnode%2F161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socrazvyo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-socrazvyo_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="es" dir="ltr">Error en la cita: Etiqueta <code><ref></code> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas <code>socrazvyo</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-marstu-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-marstu_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marstu_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60u7f3wEm?url=http://www.marstu.net/Default.aspx?tabid=1199">«МарГТУ. Традиции, качество, перспектива»</a>. Марийский государственный технический университет. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marstu.net/Default.aspx?tabid=1199&language=ru-RU">el original</a> el 13 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%93%D0%A2%D0%A3.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marstu.net%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D1199%26language%3Dru-RU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-marsu_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120910/http://new.marsu.ru/">«МарГУ: администрация, подразделения, факультеты, кафедры, специальности, музеи»</a>. Марийский государственный университет. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsu.ru/pub/index.htm">el original</a> el 11 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%93%D0%A3%3A+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%2C+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B8&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marsu.ru%2Fpub%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120910/http://new.marsu.ru/">«Перечень специальностей МарГУ»</a>. Марийский государственный университет. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsu.ru/pub/spec.htm">el original</a> el 11 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%93%D0%A3&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marsu.ru%2Fpub%2Fspec.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climbing-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-climbing_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/615mjsuXf?url=http://alpica.info/">«Альпинизм и скалолазание в Йошкар-Оле. Клуб Альпика»</a>. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpica.info/">el original</a> el 21 de agosto de 2011.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5.+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falpica.info%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Imperio austríaco"><img alt="Bandera de Imperio austríaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperio_austr%C3%ADaco" title="Imperio austríaco">Imperio austríaco</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ислам-в-марий-эл.рф/RDUM_RME.html">«РДУМ Республики Марий Эл»</a>. Региональное Духовное Управление Мусульман Республики Марий Эл при Центральном Духовном Управлении Мусульман России<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%9C+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%B2-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%8D%D0%BB.%D1%80%D1%84%2FRDUM_RME.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-me-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-me_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60u8HThA8?url=http://www.marimedia.ru/company/14002/?cat=365">«Центральное Духовное Управление мусульман Республики Марий Эл»</a>. 6 de febrero de 2010. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marimedia.ru/company/14002/?cat=365">el original</a> el 13 de agosto de 2011.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft.date=6+de+febrero+de+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marimedia.ru%2Fcompany%2F14002%2F%3Fcat%3D365&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtr-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mtr_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/60u87U2lQ?url=http://www.mari-el.name/static/mtr.html">«Марийская традиционная религия»</a>. mari-el.name. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mari-el.name/static/mtr.html">el original</a> el 13 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=mari-el.name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mari-el.name%2Fstatic%2Fmtr.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elci.ru/yoshkar-olinskiy-mariysko-russkiy-eva/">«Йошкар-Олинский марийско-русский евангелическо-лютеранский приход»</a>. Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Ингрии<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 19 de agosto de 2017</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felci.ru%2Fyoshkar-olinskiy-mariysko-russkiy-eva%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voz-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-voz_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609161129/http://mari.eparhia.ru/churches/town/y-ola/voznesenie/">«Catedral De La Ascensión Del Señor»</a>. Марийская Епархия РПЦ. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mari.eparhia.ru/churches/town/y-ola/voznesenie/">el original</a> el 9 de junio de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Catedral+De+La+Ascensi%C3%B3n+Del+Se%C3%B1or&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmari.eparhia.ru%2Fchurches%2Ftown%2Fy-ola%2Fvoznesenie%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usp-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-usp_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128195641/http://mari.eparhia.ru/churches/town/y-ola/church_uspeniya/">«Храм Успения Пресвятой Богородицы»</a>. Марийская Епархия РПЦ. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mari.eparhia.ru/churches/town/y-ola/church_uspeniya/">el original</a> el 28 de noviembre de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 26 de julio de 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmari.eparhia.ru%2Fchurches%2Ftown%2Fy-ola%2Fchurch_uspeniya%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/city/twin_cities/hungary_sombathey.php">«Йошкар-Ола — Сомбатхей. Города-побратимы Йошкар-Олы»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Администрация городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола»<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fcity%2Ftwin_cities%2Fhungary_sombathey.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/615mthKAQ?url=http://www.ville-bourges.fr/presentation/villes-jumelles.php">«Bourges — Villes jumelles»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. City of Bourges. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-bourges.fr/presentation/villes-jumelles.php">el original</a> el 21 de agosto de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Bourges+%E2%80%94+Villes+jumelles&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=City+of+Bourges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-bourges.fr%2Fpresentation%2Fvilles-jumelles.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-ola.ru/city/twin_cities/prinston.php">«Йошкар-Ола — Принстон. Города-побратимы Йошкар-Олы»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Администрация городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола»<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-ola.ru%2Fcity%2Ftwin_cities%2Fprinston.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFОфициальный_сервер_Администрации_г._Астрахань10_de_septiembre_de_2001" class="citation web">Официальный сервер Администрации г. Астрахань (10 de septiembre de 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005001306/http://www.e-gorod.ru/News/news.aspx?id=388">«Тесные контакты между муниципалитетами способствуют укреплению местного самоуправления»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Официальный сайт Международной Ассамблеи столиц и крупных городов. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-gorod.ru/News/news.aspx?id=388">el original</a> el 5 de octubre de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.au=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3.+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.aulast=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3.+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=10+de+septiembre+de+2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gorod.ru%2FNews%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D388&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFМэрия_Казани._Комитет_внешних_связей_и_туризма" class="citation web">Мэрия Казани. Комитет внешних связей и туризма. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67mZg5onb?url=http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm">«Города-партнёры и города-побратимы»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. KZN.RU. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm">el original</a> el 19 de mayo de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.au=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=KZN.RU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzn.ru%2Fpage12827.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.cap.ru/SiteMap.aspx?gov_id=81&id=47415">«Соглашение о социально-экономическом сотрудничестве между администрацией города Йошкар-Олы и администрацией города Чебоксары»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Официальный сайт города Чебоксары<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 6 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.cap.ru%2FSiteMap.aspx%3Fgov_id%3D81%26id%3D47415&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gor-sobry-ola.ru/about/news/5703/">«Йошкар-Ола и Симферополь подписали соглашение о сотрудничестве»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Собрание депутатов городского округа "Город Йошкар-Ола". 3 de octubre de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2017</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.date=3+de+octubre+de+2017&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgor-sobry-ola.ru%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F5703%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agpsamara.ru/association/">«Об Ассоциации»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. agpsamara.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=agpsamara.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agpsamara.ru%2Fassociation%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urc.ru/members">«Состав»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. urc.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=urc.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urc.ru%2Fmembers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFСервер_Правительства_республики_Марий_Эл19_de_diciembre_de_2002" class="citation web">Сервер Правительства республики Марий Эл (19 de diciembre de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007145435/http://www.e-gorod.ru/News/news.aspx?id=1256">«Йошкар-Ола стала членом Ассамблеи российских городов»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Официальный сайт Международной Ассамблеи столиц и крупных городов. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-gorod.ru/News/news.aspx?id=1256">el original</a> el 7 de octubre de 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AD%D0%BB&rft.btitle=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=19+de+diciembre+de+2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gorod.ru%2FNews%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D1256&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroasia-uclg.ru/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=1&Itemid=3&lang=ru&limitstart=20">«Члены ЕРО ОГМВ»</a> <span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #555 );">(en ruso)</span>. Евразийское региональное отделение Всемирной организации «<a href="/wiki/Ciudades_y_Gobiernos_Locales_Unidos" title="Ciudades y Gobiernos Locales Unidos">Объединённые города и местные власти</a>»<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2016</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AYoshkar-Ol%C3%A1&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9E+%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%92&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroasia-uclg.ru%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_weblinks%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D1%26Itemid%3D3%26lang%3Dru%26limitstart%3D20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> alberga una categoría multimedia sobre <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoshkar-Ola" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Olá</a></b>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Control_de_autoridades" title="Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyectos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5449">Q5449</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q5449%22">Q5449</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-155927915">WorldCat</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fichero_de_Autoridades_Virtual_Internacional" title="Fichero de Autoridades Virtual Internacional">VIAF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155927915/">155927915</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4400720-6">4400720-6</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089253">n79089253</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Checa">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge907657">ge907657</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547794205171">987007547794205171</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/139780734">139780734</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedias</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Yoshkar-Ola">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Lugares</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/OKATO" title="OKATO">OKATO</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classinform.ru/okato/search.php?str=88401000000">88401000000</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5449">Q5449</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q5449%22">Q5449</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Приказом Министерства культуры Российской Федерации, Министерства регионального развития Российской Федерации от 29 июля 2010 г. № 418/339 «Об утверждении перечня исторических поселений»</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtenido de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Olá&oldid=162827881">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshkar-Olá&oldid=162827881</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categorías</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Localidades_de_Mari-El" title="Categoría:Localidades de Mari-El">Localidades de Mari-El</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Capitales_de_rep%C3%BAblicas_de_Rusia" title="Categoría:Capitales de repúblicas de Rusia">Capitales de repúblicas de Rusia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Localidades_establecidas_en_1584" title="Categoría:Localidades establecidas en 1584">Localidades establecidas en 1584</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorías ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:P%C3%A1ginas_con_argumentos_formatnum_no_num%C3%A9ricos" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con argumentos formatnum no numéricos">Wikipedia:Páginas con argumentos formatnum no numéricos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:P%C3%A1ginas_que_utilizan_la_extensi%C3%B3n_EasyTimeline" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas que utilizan la extensión EasyTimeline">Wikipedia:Páginas que utilizan la extensión EasyTimeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:P%C3%A1ginas_con_errores_de_referencia" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con errores de referencia">Wikipedia:Páginas con errores de referencia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_datos_locales" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con datos locales">Wikipedia:Artículos con datos locales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_destacados_en_la_Wikipedia_en_ruso" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en ruso">Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en ruso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_ficha_sin_actualizar" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con ficha sin actualizar">Wikipedia:Artículos con ficha sin actualizar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:P%C3%A1ginas_con_panorama" title="Categoría:Páginas con panorama">Páginas con panorama</a></li><li><a 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