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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.2</span> <span>1980s impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_aspects_of_current_social_assistance_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_aspects_of_current_social_assistance_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.3</span> <span>Major aspects of current social assistance programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_aspects_of_current_social_assistance_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Welfare spending</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رعاية اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رعاية اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="সমাজকল্যাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজকল্যাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De_hok-l%C4%AB" title="Siā-hōe hok-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe hok-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Социална защита – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална защита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benestar" title="Benestar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benestar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_p%C3%A9%C4%8De" title="Sociální péče – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální péče" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienestar_social" title="Bienestar social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bienestar social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfaro" title="Bonfaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bonfaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte-laguntza" title="Gizarte-laguntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte-laguntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87" title="رفاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رفاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_sociale" title="Protection sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protection sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-fi_fuk-li" title="Sa-fi fuk-li – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa-fi fuk-li" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80" title="복지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="समाज कल्याण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समाज कल्याण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_za%C5%A1tita" title="Socijalna zaštita – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalna zaštita" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previdenza_sociale" title="Previdenza sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Previdenza sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97%D7%94" title="רווחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רווחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawi_wa_Jamii" title="Ustawi wa Jamii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ustawi wa Jamii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97_apsauga" title="Socialinė apsauga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinė apsauga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कल्याणकारी योजना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कल्याणकारी योजना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebajikan" title="Kebajikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebajikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Нийгмийн тусламж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нийгмийн тусламж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%A5%89" title="福祉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福祉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialhjelp" title="Sosialhjelp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialhjelp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farovonlik" title="Farovonlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Farovonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سوکالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوکالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabezpieczenie_spo%C5%82eczne" title="Zabezpieczenie społeczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zabezpieczenie społeczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previd%C3%AAncia_social" title="Previdência social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Previdência social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajutor_social" title="Ajutor social – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ajutor social" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Социальное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndihma_shoq%C3%ABrore" title="Ndihma shoqërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndihma shoqërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare" title="Welfare – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Welfare" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_pomo%C4%87" title="Socijalna pomoć – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Socijalna pomoć" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_za%C5%A1tita" title="Socijalna zaštita – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalna zaštita" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapakanang_pampubliko" title="Kapakanang pampubliko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapakanang pampubliko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="สวัสดิการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวัสดิการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_g%C3%BCvence" title="Sosyal güvence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal güvence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Соціальний захист – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальний захист" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بہبود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بہبود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BAc_l%E1%BB%A3i_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Phúc lợi xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phúc lợi xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社會福利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會福利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biestand" title="Biestand – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Biestand" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社会福利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会福利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Welfare" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Welfare (disambiguation)">Welfare (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Social security", "Social welfare", and "Social programs" redirect here. For specific systems named "Social Security" and other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Social Security (disambiguation)">Social Security</a>. For a broader sense of social programs, see <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>. For the model of societal well-being, see <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">social welfare function</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg/230px-Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg/345px-Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg/460px-Bian_V%27nu_Saint_Pi%C3%A8rre_Port_Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9sy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>A family support centre in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, which provides assistance to families with children</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Welfare spending</b> is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic human needs</a> such as food and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Social security</b> may either be synonymous with welfare,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a>), as opposed to <i>social assistance</i> programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits).<sup id="cite_ref-WeissbrodtVega2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeissbrodtVega2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> defines social security as covering <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pension">support for those in old age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">support for the maintenance of children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">medical treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">sick leave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disability_benefits" title="Disability benefits">disability benefits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">support for sufferers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">occupational injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pennings2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennings2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> through <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a> <i>social services</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">education</a>, infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a>, and public housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Vrooman2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrooman2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, the state assumes responsibility for the health, education, infrastructure and welfare of society, providing a range of social services such as those described.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians view systems of codified <a href="/wiki/Almsgiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Almsgiving">almsgiving</a>, like the <i>zakat</i> policy of the seventh century (634 CE) <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, as early examples of universal government welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first welfare state was <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> (1871–1918), where the <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Germany" title="Social security in Germany">Bismarck government introduced social security</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the United Kingdom introduced social security around 1913, and adopted the welfare state with the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1946" title="National Insurance Act 1946">National Insurance Act 1946</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee government</a> (1944–1951).<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the countries of western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, social welfare is mainly provided by the government out of the national <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenues</a>, and to a lesser extent by <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">non-government organizations</a> (NGOs), and charities (social and religious).<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_p._919-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">an adequate standard of living</a> is asserted in Articles 22 and 25 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeissbrodtVega2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeissbrodtVega2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state#History" title="Welfare state">Welfare state § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Abbey_of_Port-Royal%2C_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg/240px-Abbey_of_Port-Royal%2C_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Abbey_of_Port-Royal%2C_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Distributing <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1710</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the first emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> provided the <i><a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">Cura Annonae</a></i> or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food every month. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other provisions for the poor were introduced during the history of Ancient Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Alimenta" title="Alimenta">Alimenta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> government (960 CE) supported multiple programs which could be classified as social welfare, including the state hospitals, low-interest loans for peasants, state orphanages, free pharmacies for the poor, filled state granaries, fire stations and libraries in the large cities,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers' graveyards. According to economist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nelson_(economist)" title="Robert Nelson (economist)">Robert Henry Nelson</a>, "the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor<span class="nowrap"> </span>...".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek city-states provided free medical services for the poor and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 14th century onward, the governments of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> began to partner with the church to provide welfare and education to the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th Century, according to one study, the Qing Dynasty had “the most elaborate relief system in world history, based on state and local granaries that were used in times of shortage to stabilize food prices and provide relief to the urban and rural poor.” This system, however, was weakened after imperialism entered China following the 1840 Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), which resulted in a crisis in the Qing Dynasty. Following the foundation of the Republic in 1912 and the following years of civil wars and warlordism, “the state granary system became almost non-existent.”<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire, various social welfare services and institutions were established.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provision was also made for the State to provide food and clothing for children that parents were unable to bring up due to indigence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later Protestant European nations such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, welfare was managed by local <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> until the abolition of the guild system in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarrisBridgen2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisBridgen2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Free imperial cities">free imperial cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the city governments in cities like <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> could take control of the collection and distribution of public welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Holborn1982_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holborn1982-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CollinsTaylor2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollinsTaylor2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seventh century <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> implemented a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a></i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a>, as a codified universal social security tax.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally estimated at 2.5% of an individual's assets, government <i>zakat</i> funds were distributed to various groups of Muslims, including <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverished people</a> and those in severe debt.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection of <i>zakat</i> increased during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliphates, though the <i>zakat</i> system was frequently inefficient and corrupt; Islamic jurists often instructed Muslims to distribute money to the needy directly instead to maximize its impact.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, in Jewish tradition, charity (represented by <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a>) is a matter of religious obligation rather than benevolence. Contemporary charity is regarded as a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Maaser_Ani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maaser Ani">Maaser Ani</a>, or poor-<a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a>, as well as Biblical practices, such as permitting the poor to glean the corners of a field and harvest during the <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a> (Sabbatical year). </p><p>There is relatively little statistical data on <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payment" title="Transfer payment">transfer payments</a> before the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period and until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the function of welfare payments in Europe was achieved through private giving or charity, through numerous <a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">confraternities</a> and activities of different <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a>. Early welfare programs in Europe included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Relief_of_the_Poor_1601" class="mw-redirect" title="Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601">Poor Law of 1601</a>, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">This system</a> was substantially modified by the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Amendment Act">Poor Law Amendment Act</a>, which introduced the system of <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a>. </p><p>It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the German Empire">Chancellor</a> of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-WB_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Great Britain the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a> system in 1911,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system later expanded by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. </p><p>Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which employ a system known as the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report published by the ILO in 2014 estimated only 27% of the world population has access to comprehensive social security.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s 2019 <a href="/wiki/World_Development_Report" title="World Development Report">World Development Report</a> argues that the traditional payroll-based model of many kinds of social insurance are "increasingly challenged by working arrangements outside standard employment contracts".<sup id="cite_ref-WB_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state#Forms" title="Welfare state">Welfare state § Forms</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Welfare_spending" title="Special:EditPage/Welfare spending">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voucher" title="Voucher">vouchers</a>, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>, those with illness or <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a>, those with dependent children, and <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a>. Programs may have a variety of conditions for a person to receive welfare: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a>, state-sponsored programs based partly on individual contributions towards benefits such as healthcare, unemployment payments, and old-age pensions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means-tested" class="mw-redirect" title="Means-tested">Means-tested</a> benefits, financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs, such as food, clothing and housing, due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disability, or caring for children. While assistance is often in the form of financial payments, those eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation. See also <a href="/wiki/Income_Support" title="Income Support">Income Support</a>.</li> <li>Non-contributory benefits. Several countries have special schemes, administered with no requirement for contributions and no means test, for people in certain categories of need, such as veterans of armed forces, people with disabilities, and very old people.</li> <li>Discretionary benefits. Some schemes are based on the decision of an official, such as a social worker.</li> <li>Universal or categorical benefits, also known as demogrants. These are non-contributory benefits given for whole sections of the population without a means test, such as <a href="/wiki/Family_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Family allowance">family allowances</a> or the public pension in New Zealand (known as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Superannuation_Fund" title="New Zealand Superannuation Fund">New Zealand Superannuation</a>). See also the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund_Dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend">Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend</a>.</li></ul> <p>Not all citizens use their social rights. Selective social rights have higher non-take-up rate than universal social rights due to the complexity of the information and the Bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes people need the help of other people to mediate their rights.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_protection">Social protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_protection" title="Social protection">Social protection</a></div> <p>In developing countries, formal social security arrangements are often absent for the vast majority of the working population, in part due to reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>. Additionally, the state's capacity to reach people may be limited because of its limited infrastructure and resources. In this context, <i>social protection</i> is often referred to instead of social security, encompassing a broader set of means, such as <a href="/wiki/Active_labour_market_policies" title="Active labour market policies">labour market intervention</a> and local community-based programs, to alleviate poverty and provide security against things like unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state#By_country" title="Welfare state">Welfare state § By country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Social security in Australia</a></div> <p>Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-abs-1988_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-1988-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party#History" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor parties</a> during this period led to a movement for welfare reform.<sup id="cite_ref-dict-syd-2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-syd-2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, the states of New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Australian labor Commonwealth government led by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a> introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-abs-1988_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-1988-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-australia-wr-2000_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia-wr-2000-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Second World War, Australia under a labor government created a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941 (superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme); a widows' pension in 1942 (superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme); a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits in 1945 (superseding the Queensland 1923 scheme).<sup id="cite_ref-abs-1988_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-1988-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-australia-wr-2000_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia-wr-2000-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs in Canada</a></div> <p>Canada has a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in the European tradition; however, it is not referred to as "welfare", but rather as "social programs". In Canada, "welfare" usually refers specifically to direct payments to poor individuals (as in the American usage) and not to healthcare and education spending (as in the European usage).<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> covers a broad spectrum of programs, and because Canada is a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">federation</a>, many are run by the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">provinces</a>. Canada has a wide range of government <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer payments">transfer payments</a> to individuals, which totaled $145<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-govtransfers_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtransfers-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only social programs that direct funds to individuals are included in that cost; programs such as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> are additional costs. </p><p>Generally speaking, before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a>, most social services were provided by religious charities and other private groups. Changing government policy between the 1930s and 1960s saw the emergence of a welfare state, similar to many Western European countries. Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1990s as government priorities shifted towards reducing <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficits</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social welfare in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> is outlined in a series of <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policies</a>, as is the tradition in Europe. Their goal is primarily preventing, but also mitigating social situations individuals may find themselves in through their lives. The social welfare is provided through social (including pension) insurance, sick insurance (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>), public policy related to unemployment and low income benefits, which are financed through the government budget, and health insurance, which is financed through an array of insurance companies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the social welfare program is usually separated into three categories: health insurance, social insurance and social benefits support. </p><p>Social insurance is a type of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory</a> insurance that provides citizens for a future unforeseen social event, such as unemployment or disability that would prevent an individual from working, but also planned retirement. Social insurance is therefore compulsory for all self-employed individuals, employees and employers operating in the Czech Republic and gets deducted from a salary in a similar manner to taxes. This insurance serves to finance unemployment support, disability benefits and covers a part of an employer's salary in cases of long-term illness that obstructs them from participating in the workforce. </p><p>The sickness insurance system is intended for gainfully employed individuals who, in cases of short-term social events, are provided with health insurance benefits. These are provided through financial benefits. Sickness insurance participants are employees and self-employed individuals. Employees are compulsorily covered by sickness insurance, unlike the self-employed, whose sickness insurance is voluntary (and there is no penalisation for opting out of the insurance). It is calculated through a series of reductions of an assessment base. Employees' sickness insurance provides 4 types of sickness benefits: benefits for caring for a family member, pregnancy and maternity allowance, maternity allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is standard to go on paid maternity leave in the Czech Republic, which ordinarily lasts 28 weeks. This period is prolonged to 37 weeks in the case of twins. Furthermore, there are special circumstances, such as the birth of a disabled child, when this period is extended even more.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of maternity leave is usually 6 weeks before expected due date, and after maternity leave, it is possible to request further parental leave, which is optional and can be performed by either parent, regardless of gender. Parental leave lasts up to four years, depending on individual preferences. </p><p>Pension insurance is part of social insurance, in addition to sickness insurance and serves as a contribution to the state employment policy. It is a premium for old age retirement, disability retirement or benefits in the event of the death of the primary provider in a household. Participation in pension insurance is mandatory for economically active individuals. For those on various forms of benefits, or currently registered as a care provider, this insurance is provided by the state. The basic pension insurance provides, in time old-age pension (includes regular, proportional, early and other variants of old-age pension), disability benefits, widower's and orphan's pension. Pension insurance is applied for at the District Social Security Administration in the applicant's place of permanent residence. They can apply in person or by proxy, on the basis of a notarized power of attorney. The amount of the pension consists of two component – the basic acreage and the percentage acreage.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another form of pension is the disability pension. This is provided to individuals that are unable to participate in the workforce to the same degree as their able-bodied counterparts, due to their disability contributing to the decline of their ability to work (be it partially or entirely). There is a distinction between disability pension for individuals with first, second and third degree disability. The amount of the pension depends on the rate of decline of the person's ability to work, with the categories being divided between the first degree (a decrease of 35–49%), the second degree (a decrease of 50–69%), and the third degree (a decrease of 70% and above).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, there is a so-called widow's / widower's pension. Provided to widowed individuals from the Czech pension system, its aim is to compensate households for losing income that they would in this situation be lacking. The widowed individual is entitled to a pension from a deceased person who has received an old-age or disability pension or has fulfilled the statutory condition on the required insurance period at the date of death. The amount of the assessment is 10% of the average wage and the amount of the percentage assessment is 50% of the percentage of the old-age or disability pension to which the deceased was entitled at the time of their death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Danish welfare is handled by the state through a series of policies (and the like) that seeks to provide welfare services to citizens, hence the term welfare state. This refers not only to social benefits, but also tax-funded education, public child care, medical care, etc. A number of these services are not provided by the state directly, but administered by municipalities, regions or private providers through outsourcing. This sometimes gives a source of tension between the state and municipalities, as there is not always consistency between the promises of welfare provided by the state (i.e. parliament) and local perception of what it would cost to fulfill these promises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaaltoetus" class="extiw" title="et:Sotsiaaltoetus">et:Sotsiaaltoetus</a></div> <p>Estonia does have a welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The Estonian welfare state is a liberal welfare state, which means that it provides a minimal safety net for citizens in need and places a greater emphasis on individual responsibility and self-sufficiency. The Estonian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The Estonian welfare state is funded through a mix of taxation and public spending, and it relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. However, compared to other welfare states, it has relatively low levels of social spending and may rely more on private sector solutions to address social welfare issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg/220px-Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg/330px-Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg/440px-Kansanel%C3%A4kelaitos_Sein%C3%A4joki_20180626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4450" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption>An office of the <a href="/wiki/Kela_(Finnish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela (Finnish)">Social Insurance Institution</a> (KELA) in <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare in Finland</a></div><p>The Finnish <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> welfare state is based on the principles of social equality and the belief that all citizens should have access to the same basic rights and opportunities. It provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The Finnish welfare state relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. It also places a strong emphasis on promoting social cohesion and reducing income inequality, and it has a relatively high level of social spending compared to other countries. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Social protection in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Risk_Plan" title="French Fifth Risk Plan">French Fifth Risk Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenu_de_solidarit%C3%A9_active" title="Revenu de solidarité active">Revenu de solidarité active</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion" title="Revenu minimum d'insertion">Revenu minimum d'insertion</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a> is a strong value of the French Social Protection system. The first article of the French Code of Social Security describes the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is commonly comprehended in relations of similar work, shared responsibility and common risks. Existing solidarities in France caused the expansion of health and social security.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartz_concept#Hartz_IV" title="Hartz concept">Hartz_concept § Hartz_IV</a></div> <p>The welfare state has a long tradition in Germany dating to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Due to the pressure of the workers' movement in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Reichskanzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichskanzler">Reichskanzler</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> introduced the first rudimentary state <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Warfare_state" title="Otto von Bismarck">social insurance scheme</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a> stated "We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare." Today, the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of German national policy. 27.6 percent of Germany's GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pension, <a href="/wiki/German_Statutory_Accident_Insurance" title="German Statutory Accident Insurance">accident</a>, longterm care and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>, compared to 16.2 percent in the US. In addition, there are tax-financed services such as child benefits (<i>Kindergeld</i>, beginning at €192 per month for the first and second child, €198 for the third and €223 for each child thereafter, until they attain 25 years or receive their first professional qualification),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and basic provisions for those unable to work or anyone with an income below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, reception of full unemployment pay (60–67% of the previous net salary) has been restricted to 12 months in general and 18 months for those over 55. This is now followed by (usually much lower) <i>Arbeitslosengeld II (ALG II)</i> or <i>Sozialhilfe</i>, which is independent of previous employment (<a href="/wiki/Hartz_concept#Hartz_IV" title="Hartz concept">Hartz IV</a> concept). </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, under ALG II, single adults receive up to €449 per month plus the cost of 'adequate' housing. ALG II can also be paid partially to employed persons to supplement a low work income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_Programs_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Programs in India">Social Programs in India</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">Directive Principles of India</a>, enshrined in part IV of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a>, reflect that India is a welfare state. The <a href="/wiki/National_Food_Security_Act,_2013" title="National Food Security Act, 2013">National Food Security Act, 2013</a> aims to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">right to food</a> to all citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The welfare system was fragmented until the passing of <a href="/wiki/The_Code_on_Social_Security,_2020" title="The Code on Social Security, 2020">The Code on Social Security, 2020</a>, which standardised most of the programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s social programmes and welfare expenditures are a substantial portion of the official budget, and <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">local governments</a> play roles in developing and implementing social security policies. Additional welfare measure systems are also uniquely operated by various state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government uses the <a href="/wiki/Aadhaar" title="Aadhaar">Aadhaar</a> system to distribute welfare measures in India. Some of the social programmes undertaken by the government are: </p> <ul><li>Direct cash transfers for the poor.</li> <li>Financial inclusion of all individuals.</li> <li>Statutory insurances for health and accidents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Free school meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_National_Rural_Employment_Guarantee_Act,_2005" title="Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005">Rural employment guarantee</a></li> <li>Various subsidies & benefits</li> <li>Pensions & provident funds</li></ul> <p>As of 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the government's expenditure on social programme and welfare was approximately <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>21.3 lakh crore</span> (US$260 billion), which was 8.3% of gross domestic product (GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the expenditure was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>17.1 lakh crore</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>20 trillion or US$240 billion in 2023), accounting for 7.7% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Israel" title="Welfare in Israel">Welfare in Israel</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli government</a> spend 86 billion <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">NIS</a> ($22.8 billion) in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Social_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services">Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services</a>, and by Israel's national social security agency, <a href="/wiki/Bituah_Leumi" title="Bituah Leumi">Bituah Leumi</a>. Social security schemes include pensions for the elderly and the disabled,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unemployment benefits,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and income support for low income households.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All residents of Israel must pay insurance contributions to qualify for welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Italian welfare state</a></div> <p>The Italian welfare state's foundations were laid along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a>-conservative model, or of its <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> variant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> systems. In 1978, a universalistic welfare model was introduced in Italy, offering a number of universal and free services such as a National Health Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Japan" title="Welfare in Japan">Welfare in Japan</a></div> <p>Social welfare, assistance for the ill or otherwise disabled and for the old, has long been provided in Japan by both the government and private companies. Beginning in the 1920s, the government enacted a series of welfare programs, based mainly on European models, to provide medical care and financial support. During the postwar period, a comprehensive system of social security was gradually established.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980s marked a change in the structure of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> social protection programs. Social protection embraces three major areas: social insurance, financed by workers and employers; social assistance to the population's poorest, financed by the state; and labor market regulations to protect worker rights.<sup id="cite_ref-test_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although diverse, recent Latin American social policy has tended to concentrate on social assistance. </p><p>The 1980s, had a significant effect on social protection policies. Prior to the 1980s, most Latin American countries focused on social insurance policies involving <a href="/wiki/Formal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal sector">formal sector</a> workers, assuming that the <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a> would disappear with <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. The economic crisis of the 1980s and the <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor market">labor market</a> led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality. Latin American countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis, both due to the structure of the social security system, and to the previously implemented <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> policies (SAPs) that had decreased the size of the state. </p><p>New Welfare programs have integrated the multidimensional, <a href="/wiki/Social_risk_management" title="Social risk management">social risk management</a>, and capabilities approaches into poverty alleviation. They focus on income transfers and service provisions while aiming to alleviate both long- and short-term poverty through, among other things, education, health, security, and housing. Unlike previous programs that targeted the working class, new programs have successfully focused on locating and targeting the very poorest. </p><p>The impacts of social assistance programs vary between countries, and many programs have yet to be fully evaluated. According to Barrientos and Santibanez, the programs have been more successful in increasing investment in <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> than in bringing households above the poverty line. Challenges still exist, including the extreme inequality levels and the mass scale of poverty; locating a financial basis for programs; and deciding on <a href="/wiki/Exit_strategy" title="Exit strategy">exit strategies</a> or on the long-term establishment of programs.<sup id="cite_ref-test_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_impacts">1980s impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1980s impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic crisis of the 1980s led to a shift in social policies, as understandings of poverty and social programs evolved (24). New, mostly short-term programs emerged. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-test1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: <i>Jefes y Jefas de Hogar</i>, Asignación Universal por Hijo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>: <i>Bonosol</i></li> <li>Brazil: <i>Bolsa Escola and <a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsa Familia">Bolsa Familia</a></i></li> <li>Chile: <i>Chile Solidario</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>: <i>Solidaridad por Colombia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: <i>Bono de Desarrollo Humano</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>: <i>Red Solidaria</i></li> <li>Mexico: <i>Prospera</i> (earlier known as <i>Oportunidades</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>: <i>Red de Oportunidades</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: <i>Juntos</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_aspects_of_current_social_assistance_programs">Major aspects of current social assistance programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major aspects of current social assistance programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer" title="Conditional cash transfer">Conditional cash transfer</a> (CCT) combined with service provisions</b>. Transfer cash directly to households, most often through the women of the household, if certain conditions are met (e.g. children's school attendance or doctor visits) (10). Providing <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free schooling</a> or healthcare is often not sufficient, because there is an <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> for the parents in, for example, sending children to school (lost <a href="/wiki/Labor_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor power">labor power</a>), or in paying for the transportation costs of getting to a health clinic.</li> <li><b>Household</b>. The household has been the focal point of social assistance programs.</li> <li><b>Target the poorest</b>. Recent programs have been more successful than past ones in targeting the poorest. Previous programs often targeted the working class.</li> <li><b>Multidimensional</b>. Programs have attempted to address many dimensions of poverty at once. Chile Solidario is the best example.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Welfare in New Zealand</a></div> <p>New Zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world. During the 1890s, a Liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s. One of the most far reaching was the passing of tax legislation that made it difficult for wealthy sheep farmers to hold onto their large land holdings. This and the invention of refrigeration led to a farming revolution where many sheep farms were broken up and sold to become smaller dairy farms. This enabled thousands of new farmers to buy land and develop a new and vigorous industry that has become the backbone of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's economy">New Zealand's economy</a> to this day. This liberal tradition flourished with increased enfranchisement for indigenous <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in the 1880s and women. Pensions for the elderly, the poor and war casualties followed, with State-run schools, hospitals and subsidized medical and dental care. By 1960, New Zealand was able to afford one of the best-developed and most comprehensive welfare systems in the world, supported by a well-developed and stable economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontanthj%C3%A6lp" class="extiw" title="no:Kontanthjælp">no:Kontanthjælp</a></div> <p>Norway has a strong welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The Norwegian welfare state is based on the principles of social democracy, which means that it has a strong focus on reducing income inequality and promoting social cohesion. The Norwegian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development" title="Department of Social Welfare and Development">Department of Social Welfare and Development</a></div> <p>In Philippines, social welfare is mainly provided by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). DSWD provides social welfare such as cash assistance (ayuda) and physical goods.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pantawid_Pamilyang_Pilipino_Program" title="Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program">Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program</a> is one of the most well known social welfare programs by the DSWD where cash grants are given to parents and guardians in poverty to help their children continue schooling. This has assisted parents and guardians in poverty by helping them buy food and school supplies for their dependents.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) is also another social welfare program where the DSWD provides education, cash grants, or items such as vehicles and food stalls to individuals and communities to aid in their livelihoods. SLP grants are given to individuals such as street food vendors and organisations such as farmers cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DSWD also provides medical assistance for those who cannot afford the out-of-pocket cost of hospitalisation as <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Health_Insurance_Corporation" title="Philippine Health Insurance Corporation">Philhealth's</a> coverage usually does not cover the full expense. Other government agencies and companies also provide social welfare such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Charity_Sweepstakes_Office" title="Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office">Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a>, and offices of house representatives in their respective congressional districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Poland" title="Welfare in Poland">Welfare in Poland</a></div> <p>The Polish welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. It has undergone significant changes in recent years, including the implementation of structural reforms and the introduction of market-oriented policies, which have had an impact on the level and quality of social services provided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system in Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Sri Lanka has a long history of social programmes dating back to its ancient times, deep-rooted in the island's Buddhist culture. Modern social welfare legislation dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore Constitution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programmes_in_South_Africa" title="Social welfare programmes in South Africa">Social welfare programmes in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Development_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Social Development (South Africa)">Department of Social Development (South Africa)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Spain" title="Social security in Spain">Social security in Spain</a></div><p>Welfare in Spain is characterized by a Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a> model based on three pillars: education, health, and pensions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in most European countries, in Spain the Welfare State is a great achievement for its society since the State guarantees protection to all people who may find themselves in a situation of economic difficulty or any other. The <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policies</a> implemented by the Spanish State, as in the rest of Europe, are a set of measures and tools aimed at protecting and ensuring <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">basic human needs</a>, especially in the field of education, health, and economic security. </p><p>The Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a> model is found not only in Spain, but also in countries such as Italy, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, countries in the Mediterranean region where social protection arrived late, in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. It is a model that mixes elements of the liberal (or Anglo-Saxon) and continental (or Bismarckian) welfare state. It is characterized as the welfare model with the lowest spending, with little investment in social assistance, a more fragmented social security system, and high spending on pensions, making pension benefits greater than <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a>. One of the most particular features of the Mediterranean model is the large role of the family, which combines with the market and the state in the provision of welfare. Thus, the state assumes that the family covers certain services (such as childcare or care for the elderly), which in other models would be covered by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the labor market, it is characterized by high employment protection, the persistence of gender biases and a lower dispersion of workers' wages due to the importance of trade unions in negotiations. </p><p>The Spanish social welfare program can be separated into three categories or fundamental pillars: education, health, and pension system, as established in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spanish Constitution</a> ratified on December 29, 1978. It relies especially on Article 27 on education, Article 41 on the social security system and Article 50 on the pension system. </p><p>The beginnings of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a> date back to the last decade of dictatorship, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, when it began to develop through the Social Security Law of 1963. Later, after the death of the dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and with the arrival of democracy, it would be when the existence of public needs not covered by the State became evident, and when education, health and social services were universalized. This advance of the welfare state was also marked by the economic crisis, which led to a deterioration of the labor market and highlighted the need to increase <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">public spending</a> to offer greater protection to the retired and unemployed. </p><p>Social policies in Spain constitute a set of legislation, decisions and activities that seek to promote the welfare of all Spaniards and improve their quality of life, facilitating access to society's goods and resources to cover their basic needs and respond to complex situations that citizens may face. These policies are governed by the principles of equality and equity. The social policies of the Spanish State, like those of most countries in the world, are in line with the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">UN Sustainable Development Goals</a>, and, as the rest of the European Welfare States, also depend on the guidelines of a higher body, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these policies are those oriented towards <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">healthcare</a>, social welfare policies to prevent and end poverty, free education, social security policies, security and justice policies or access to housing. Free public health care policies are aimed at improving people's living conditions and provide the medical and pharmaceutical services necessary to protect and restore the health of the insured. Health care is one of the benefits universally recognized for all citizens. </p><p>Education is another of the pillars of Spanish welfare. Educational policies are focused on guaranteeing access to the entire population, without any kind of discrimination, to free and compulsory general <a href="/wiki/Basic_education" title="Basic education">basic education</a> from the age of 6 to 16. After that, citizens can also have free access to high school and vocational training. University studies, although not free, are also financed by the Spanish State. The educational model has a <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> character and the competences, functions, services, and resources in the field of education have been transferred from the central government to the different <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Spanish autonomous communities</a> in both university and non-university matters. </p><p>Finally, the third pillar of the Spanish welfare state is the <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension system</a>. The Spanish pension system includes a wide variety of pensions including <a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_pension" title="Widow's pension">widow's pensions</a>, contributory pensions, and non-contributory pensions. The <a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_pension" title="Widow's pension">widow's pension</a> covers people who suffer the death of their spouse. Contributory pensions are transfers from the state that depend on the worker's previous contribution and vary according to the number of years worked and the worker's contribution. Non-contributory pensions, on the other hand, have a welfare character and cover people for <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> or retirement (if they have not contributed enough to qualify for a contributory pension). This public pension model is often supported by a private dimension formed by pension plans to which workers contribute a percentage of their salary during their working life, to receive a larger pension during their retirement. </p><p>In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> is considered to be very scarce and less developed, especially compared to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> average, where social policies and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> are strongly developed. Spain lags behind EU values in social protection spending measured both as a percentage of GDP and in absolute terms and in the proportion of adults working in <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">state services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">public spending</a> in general, compared to the rest of the world, is very high. Moreover, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> is polarized, which means that the higher income groups use private services (especially in health and education), while the lower income groups use public services. </p><p>The Spanish state's low investment in public spending affects the quality of its services. As for <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">healthcare</a>, almost all healthcare competencies have been transferred from the State to the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous Communities</a>. Public health spending is below the average of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, in 2020 it was around 8% of GDP or €1907 per capita, while the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> average stood at €2,244 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is even more worrying when the spending figure is separated between what is invested in <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a> as such and what is invested in the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>. This ends up causing a great lack of resources and deficiencies in the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Spanish healthcare system</a>, such as long waiting lists, even for life-threatening operations, scarce <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>, etc. These deficiencies have accentuated the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(economics)" title="Polarization (economics)">polarization</a> of the Welfare State and have made the private sector acquire great importance in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>, becoming more similar to the healthcare systems in Latin America than in Europe. </p><p>Education is another of the pillars that support the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a>, but it also has a polarizing character in society. The low state investment in public education has led to an increase in the number of private and charter schools that have greater resources and create inequality in basic compulsory education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa">Social programs in sub-Saharan Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare in Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Sweden" title="Social security in Sweden">Social security in Sweden</a>, and <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rs%C3%B6rjningsst%C3%B6d" class="extiw" title="sv:Försörjningsstöd">sv:Försörjningsstöd</a></div> <p>Social welfare in Sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare. It is mostly funded by taxes, and executed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> on all levels of government as well as private organizations. It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries; social welfare, falling under the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Sweden)">Ministry of Health and Social Affairs</a>; education, under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Education and Research (Sweden)">Ministry of Education and Research</a> and labor market, under the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Employment_(Sweden)" title="Ministry of Employment (Sweden)">Ministry of Employment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-departementen_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-departementen-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government pension payments are financed through an 18.5% pension tax on all taxed incomes in the country, which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee (7% on <a href="/wiki/Gross_income" title="Gross income">gross income</a>), and 30% of a tax category called employer fees on salaries (which is 33% on a netted income). Since January 2001, the 18.5% is divided in two parts: 16% goes to current payments, and 2.5% goes into <a href="/wiki/Individual_retirement_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual retirement accounts">individual retirement accounts</a>, which were introduced in 2001. Money saved and invested in government funds, and <a href="/wiki/Individual_retirement_account" title="Individual retirement account">IRAs</a> for future pension costs, are roughly five times annual government pension expenses (725/150). </p><p>Viewing Swedish welfare more broadly, it emerges as highly rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World Economic Forum 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Nordic-based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments, based on conventional welfare/well-being criteria, may to some extent over-privilege Sweden (and other Nordic countries) in terms of, for instance, gender and racial equality. For example, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship (Pringle 2011),<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then some major forms of men's domination and/or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia and religion (Hearn and Pringle 2006; Hearn et al. 2018; Pringle 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state in the United Kingdom</a></div> <dl><dt>UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="State pension">State pension</a> (46.32%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Housing Benefit</a> (10.55%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a> (7.87%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Credit" title="Pension Credit">Pension Credit</a> (5.06%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Support" title="Income Support">Income Support</a> (4.31%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Rent rebates</a> (3.43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attendance_Allowance" title="Attendance Allowance">Attendance Allowance</a> (3.31%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a> (3.06%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacity_Benefit" title="Incapacity Benefit">Incapacity Benefit</a> (3.06%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a> Benefit (3%)</li> <li>Other (10.03%)<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-interactive11-12_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-interactive11-12-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>The United Kingdom has a long history of welfare, notably including the <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="English Poor laws">English Poor laws</a> which date back to 1536. After various reforms to the program, which involved <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a>, it was eventually abolished and replaced with a modern system by laws such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance_Act_1948" title="National Assistance Act 1948">National Assistance Act 1948</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Geo. 6">11 & 12 Geo. 6</a>. c. 29). </p><p>In more recent times, comparing the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg coalition</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity measures</a> with <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)">the Opposition</a>'s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> commentator <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Martin Wolf</a> commented that the "big shift from Labour<span class="nowrap"> </span>... is the cuts in welfare benefits."<sup id="cite_ref-FT_28102010_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_28102010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's austerity programme, which involves reduction in government policy, has been linked to a rise in food banks. A study published in the <i>British Medical Journal</i> in 2015 found that each one percentage point increase in the rate of <a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a> claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0.09 percentage point rise in food bank use.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The austerity programme has faced opposition from disability rights groups for disproportionately affecting disabled people. The <a href="/wiki/Under-occupancy_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-occupancy penalty">"bedroom tax"</a> is an austerity measure that has attracted particular criticism, with activists arguing that two-thirds of council houses affected by the policy are occupied with a person with a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social programs in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg/250px-Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg/375px-Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg/500px-Signing_Of_The_Social_Security_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4130" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a>, 14 August 1935.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welfare_in_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Welfare_in_America.png/250px-Welfare_in_America.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Welfare_in_America.png/375px-Welfare_in_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Welfare_in_America.png/500px-Welfare_in_America.png 2x" data-file-width="3698" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Welfare in America</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, depending on the context, the term "welfare" can be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means-tested</a> cash benefits, especially the <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a> (AFDC) program and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance for Needy Families</a> <a href="/wiki/Block_grant" title="Block grant">block grants</a>, or it can be used to refer to all means-tested programs that help individuals or families meet basic needs, including, for example, health care through <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a> (SSI) benefits and <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food and nutrition programs (SNAP)</a>. It can also include <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> programs such as <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>. </p><p>AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">anti-poverty programs</a> were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until early in the year 1965, the news media conveyed the idea that only white people lived in poverty, but then black people were presented more often than white people in this plight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the influences on this shift may have been the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and urban riots from the mid 1960s. Welfare had by then shifted from being a white issue to being a black issue and during this time frame the war on poverty had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, news media portrayed stereotypes of black people as lazy and undeserving and as <a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">welfare queens</a>. These shifts in media presentation did not necessarily reflect a decrease in the percentage of the population living in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif/250px-Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif/375px-Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif/500px-Welfare_Benefits_Payments_Graph.gif 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>A chart showing the overall decline of average monthly welfare benefits (<a href="/wiki/AFDC" class="mw-redirect" title="AFDC">AFDC</a> then <a href="/wiki/TANF" class="mw-redirect" title="TANF">TANF</a>) per recipient 1962–2006 (in 2006 dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act">Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act</a> changed the structure of Welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received Welfare funding. After reforms that President Clinton said would "end Welfare as we know it",<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_tanf_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_tanf-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amounts from the federal government were given out in a <a href="/wiki/Flat_rate" title="Flat rate">flat rate</a> per state based on population.<sup id="cite_ref-national_review_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_review-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of Welfare. The new program is called <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance for Needy Families</a> (TANF).<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TANF_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TANF-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_tanf_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_tanf-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heritage_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_clinton_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_clinton-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In FY 2010, 31.8% of TANF families were White, 31.9% were African-American, and 30.0% were Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-TANF_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TANF-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> data released 13 September 2011, the nation's <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty rate</a> rose to 15.1% (46.2 million) in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from 14.3% (approximately 43.6 million) in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993. In 2008, 13.2% (39.8 million) Americans lived in relative poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-2009_Poverty_Rate_Reuters_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009_Poverty_Rate_Reuters-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2011 op-ed in <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, Peter Ferrara stated that, "The best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested Welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly $700<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion, up a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. Counting state spending, total Welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly $900<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion, up nearly one-fourth since 2008 (24.3%)."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States has also typically relied on charitable giving through non-profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself. According to Giving USA, Americans gave $358.38<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion to charity in 2014. This is rewarded by the United States government through tax credits for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries. Since these per capita charity sums are much higher than in all other countries, this means that private people and companies have a strong say in how social assistance is carried out. This means that public funds in the form of unpaid taxes are distributed according to less professional, less objective, and less unbiased criteria than in all other countries. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welfare%27s_effect_on_poverty" title="Welfare's effect on poverty">Welfare's effect on poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticisms of welfare">Criticisms of welfare</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state#Effects" title="Welfare state">Welfare state § Effects</a></div> <p>The welfare-to-work intervention programme is unlikely to have any impacts on the mental and physical health of lone parents and children. Even when the employment and income rates were higher in this group of people, the poverty rate was high which could lead to persistently high rates of depression whether they were in the programme or not.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Income transfers can be either <a href="/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer" title="Conditional cash transfer">conditional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_cash_transfer" title="Unconditional cash transfer">unconditional</a>. Conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalistic</a> and unnecessary, and research in different contexts shows enforcing conditionalities can result in additional burdens for recipients and social service providers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 study by welfare economist and Brown University Professor Allan M. Feldman<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that welfare can achieve both <a href="/wiki/Competitive_equilibrium" title="Competitive equilibrium">competitive equilibrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a> in the market,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although different points of Pareto efficiency are more fair to some than others.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some opponents of welfare argue that it affects work incentives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception">Perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2012 review study, whether a welfare program generates public support depends on:<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>whether the program is universal or targeted towards certain groups</li> <li>the size of the social program benefits (larger benefits incentivize greater mobilization to defend a social program)</li> <li>the visibility and traceability of the benefits (whether recipients know where the benefits come from)</li> <li>the proximity and concentration of the beneficiaries (this affects the ease by which beneficiaries can organize to protect a social program)</li> <li>the duration of the benefits (longer benefits incentivize greater mobilization to defend a social program)</li> <li>the manner in which a program is administered (whether the program is inclusive and follow principles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingencies_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingencies fund">Contingencies fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">Corporate welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung-Ping_Chen#Financing_and_benefit_structure_of_Social_Security" title="Yung-Ping Chen">Financing and benefit structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">Human security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries by Social Progress Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_social_welfare_spending" title="List of countries by social welfare spending">List of countries by social welfare spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_(Geneva_Association)" title="Four Pillars (Geneva Association)">Four Pillars (Geneva Association)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">Welfare reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_rights" title="Welfare rights">Welfare rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_trap" title="Welfare trap">Welfare trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except in <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Canada</a>, where <i>welfare</i> refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, it often refers to the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance for Needy Families</a> program, while <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> is a specific social insurance program.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><blockquote><p>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the <a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">economic, social and cultural rights</a> indispensable for his <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">dignity</a> and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">housing</a> and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<sup id="cite_ref-UVvM_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UVvM-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program">"Social welfare program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Social+welfare+program&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsocial-welfare-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Taylor Kate (26 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686">"How US welfare compares around the globe"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+US+welfare+compares+around+the+globe&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Taylor+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-37159686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilles_Séguin" class="citation web cs1">Gilles Séguin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm">"Welfare"</a>. Canadian Social Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welfare&rft.pub=Canadian+Social+Research&rft.au=Gilles+S%C3%A9guin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiansocialresearch.net%2Fwelfare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/">"Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities"</a>. <i>e-forms.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-forms.us&rft.atitle=Social+Security+Versus+Welfare%3A+Differences+and+Similarities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.easy-apply.us%2Fsocial-security-versus-welfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/">"Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference?"</a>. <i>www.get.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.get.com&rft.atitle=Social+Security+And+Welfare+%E2%80%93+What+Is+The+Difference%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.get.com%2Fguide%2Fsocial-security-and-welfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeissbrodtVega2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeissbrodtVega2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeissbrodtVega2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._WeissbrodtConnie_de_la_Vega2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Weissbrodt" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Weissbrodt">David S. Weissbrodt</a>; Connie de la Vega (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaU1U-4gBCkC&pg=PA130"><i>International Human Rights Law: An Introduction</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4032-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4032-0&rft.au=David+S.+Weissbrodt&rft.au=Connie+de+la+Vega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaU1U-4gBCkC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert2004_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Robert2004" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Robert (1 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WZu4TlzRuIC&pg=PA4"><i>Social Security And Welfare: Concepts And Comparisons: Concepts and Comparisons</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-20934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-20934-7"><bdi>978-0-335-20934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Security+And+Welfare%3A+Concepts+And+Comparisons%3A+Concepts+and+Comparisons&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-335-20934-7&rft.au=Walker%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WZu4TlzRuIC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm">"International Labour Standards on Social security"</a>. <i>International Labour Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Organization&rft.atitle=International+Labour+Standards+on+Social+security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2Fstandards%2Fsubjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards%2Fsocial-security%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pennings2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pennings2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrans_Pennings2006" class="citation book cs1">Frans Pennings (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=We26kJ2FFskC&pg=PA41"><i>Between Soft and Hard Law: The Impact of International Social Security Standards on National Social Security Law</i></a>. Kluwer Law International B.V. pp. 32–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2491-3"><bdi>978-90-411-2491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Soft+and+Hard+Law%3A+The+Impact+of+International+Social+Security+Standards+on+National+Social+Security+Law&rft.pages=32-41&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2491-3&rft.au=Frans+Pennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWe26kJ2FFskC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vrooman2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vrooman2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Vrooman2009" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benthall%2C+Jonathan+%26+Bellion-Jourdan%2C+J.+The+Charitable+Crescent%3A+Politics+of+Aid+in+the+Muslim+World%2C+second+ed.+%28London%3A+I.B.+Tauris%2C+2009%29%2C+p.+17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-charitable-crescent-9781845118990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html">"Social Security History"</a>. <i>Social Security</i>. 28 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Security&rft.atitle=Social+Security+History&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fottob.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UVvM-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UVvM_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml"><i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia">"Trajan"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Trajan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F602150%2FTrajan%23tab%3Dactive~checked%252Citems~checked%26title%3DTrajan%2520%2520Britannica%2520Online%2520Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html">"The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS"</a>. <i>Pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+in+the+First+Century.+The+Roman+Empire.+Emperors.+Nerva+%26+Trajan+%E2%80%93+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fromans%2Fempire%2Fnerva_trajan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8RBAAAAYAAJ&dq=constantine+322+AD+poor+relief&pg=PA10">Commentaries on the Liberty of the Subject and the Laws of England Relating to the Security of the Person Volume 2 By James Paterson, 1877 P.9-10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights in Ancient Rome By Richard Bauman, 2012, P.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/china_exhibit/sung.htm">Sung (907–1279)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Henry Nelson (2001). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw-bHEGNqqcC&pg=PA103">Economics as religión: from Samuelson to Chicago and beyond</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>. p. 103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02095-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02095-4">0-271-02095-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/charity/cw1.htm">Chapter1: Charity and Welfare</a>", the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Public Health By Theodore H. Tulchinsky, Elena A. Varavikova, Matan J. Cohen. 2023, P.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1997-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1997_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Jones1997" class="citation book cs1">Philip Jones (22 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcR2pk4lknQC"><i>The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-159030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+City-State%3A+From+Commune+to+Signoria&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-159030-6&rft.au=Philip+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcR2pk4lknQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union By Felix Wemheuer, 2014, P.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9iOcVjz-2-gC/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater">Pauperism and Poor Laws by Robert Pashley, 1852,P.135-136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9iOcVjz-2-gC/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater">Pauperism and Poor Laws by Robert Pashley, 1852,P.137</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeuwen2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_H._D._Van_Leeuwen2016" class="citation book cs1">Marco H. D. Van Leeuwen (31 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5TvDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Mutual Insurance 1550–2015: From Guild Welfare and Friendly Societies to Contemporary Micro-Insurers</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53110-0"><bdi>978-1-137-53110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Insurance+1550%E2%80%932015%3A+From+Guild+Welfare+and+Friendly+Societies+to+Contemporary+Micro-Insurers&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-137-53110-0&rft.au=Marco+H.+D.+Van+Leeuwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5TvDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisBridgen2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarrisBridgen2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_HarrisPaul_Bridgen2012" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Harris; Paul Bridgen (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LF_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Charity and Mutual Aid in Europe and North America Since 1800</i></a>. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21508-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21508-9"><bdi>978-1-134-21508-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charity+and+Mutual+Aid+in+Europe+and+North+America+Since+1800&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-134-21508-9&rft.au=Bernard+Harris&rft.au=Paul+Bridgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LF_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holborn1982-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holborn1982_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajo_Holborn1982" class="citation book cs1">Hajo Holborn (21 December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC&pg=PA26"><i>A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00795-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00795-3"><bdi>978-0-691-00795-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035603175">1035603175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+The+Reformation&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982-12-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035603175&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00795-3&rft.au=Hajo+Holborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D350Qosar-UcC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollinsTaylor2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CollinsTaylor2008_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._CollinsKaren_L._Taylor2008" class="citation book cs1">James B. Collins; Karen L. Taylor (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lT1TzLhoidIC&pg=PA224"><i>Early Modern Europe: Issues and Interpretations</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5207-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-5207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Europe%3A+Issues+and+Interpretations&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5207-5&rft.au=James+B.+Collins&rft.au=Karen+L.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT1TzLhoidIC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-charitable-crescent-9781845118990/">"Benthall, Jonathan & Bellion-Jourdan, J. The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World, second ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009), p. 17"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benthall%2C+Jonathan+%26+Bellion-Jourdan%2C+J.+The+Charitable+Crescent%3A+Politics+of+Aid+in+the+Muslim+World%2C+second+ed.+%28London%3A+I.B.+Tauris%2C+2009%29%2C+p.+17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-charitable-crescent-9781845118990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenthal,_Jonathan" class="citation journal cs1">Benthal, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1">"The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISIM Newsletter</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIM+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27an%27s+Call+to+Alms+Zakat%2C+the+Muslim+Tradition+of+Alms-giving&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.au=Benthal%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F16762%2FISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.A._Mohamed_Salih2004" class="citation book cs1">M.A. Mohamed Salih (2004). Alexander De Waal (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYLSKQa9tHEC&pg=PA148"><i>Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34403-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism+and+its+enemies+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34403-8&rft.au=M.A.+Mohamed+Salih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYLSKQa9tHEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauzia2013" class="citation book cs1">Fauzia, Amelia (2013). <i>Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=America%27s+Ever+Expanding+Welfare+Empire&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.aulast=Ferrara&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fpeterferrara%2F2011%2F04%2F22%2Famericas-ever-expanding-welfare-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-jun-24-la-me-0624-welfare-20120624-story.html">California lawmakers again waging political warfare over welfare</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 24 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonThomsonBanasLutje2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson M, Thomson H, Banas K, Lutje V, McKee MJ, Martin SP, Fenton C, Bambra C, Bond L (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846185">"Welfare-to-work Interventions and Their Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Lone Parents and Their Children"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2018</b> (2): CD009820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009820.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD009820.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846185">5846185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480555">29480555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Welfare-to-work+Interventions+and+Their+Effects+on+the+Mental+and+Physical+Health+of+Lone+Parents+and+Their+Children&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD009820&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5846185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29480555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009820.pub3&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Thomson%2C+H&rft.au=Banas%2C+K&rft.au=Lutje%2C+V&rft.au=McKee%2C+MJ&rft.au=Martin%2C+SP&rft.au=Fenton%2C+C&rft.au=Bambra%2C+C&rft.au=Bond%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5846185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielefeldHarbHenne2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bielefeld, Shelley; Harb, Jenna; Henne, Kathryn (2021-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/14244">"Financialization and Welfare Surveillance: Regulating the Poor in Technological Times"</a>. <i>Surveillance & Society</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 299–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24908%2Fss.v19i3.14244">10.24908/ss.v19i3.14244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F289312">1885/289312</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7487">1477-7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244241104">244241104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surveillance+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Financialization+and+Welfare+Surveillance%3A+Regulating+the+Poor+in+Technological+Times&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-316&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F289312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244241104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-7487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24908%2Fss.v19i3.14244&rft.aulast=Bielefeld&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=Harb%2C+Jenna&rft.au=Henne%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.queensu.ca%2Findex.php%2Fsurveillance-and-society%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Faculty/Allan_Feldman/">"Allan M. Feldman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University&rft.atitle=Allan+M.+Feldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FEconomics%2FFaculty%2FAllan_Feldman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Allan M. (31 March 2017). Vernengo, Matias; Perez Caldentey, Esteban; Rosser, Barkley J. Jr. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2">"Welfare Economics"</a>. <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i> (2nd ed.): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5"><bdi>978-1-349-95121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Welfare+Economics&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95121-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Allan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weblogin.umich.edu/?cosign-apps.lib&https://apps.lib.umich.edu/login?dest=/proxy-login/?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2">"U-M Weblogin"</a>. <i>weblogin.umich.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=weblogin.umich.edu&rft.atitle=U-M+Weblogin&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweblogin.umich.edu%2F%3Fcosign-apps.lib%26https%3A%2F%2Fapps.lib.umich.edu%2Flogin%3Fdest%3D%2Fproxy-login%2F%3Fqurl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fdoi.org%252F10.1057%252F978-1-349-95121-5_1417-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Andrea Louise (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-012610-135202">"Policy Makes Mass Politics"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 333–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-012610-135202">10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Policy+Makes+Mass+Politics&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=333-351&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-012610-135202&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-012610-135202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Blank, R.M (2001), "Welfare Programs, Economics of", <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>, pp. 16426–16432, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080430768" title="Special:BookSources/9780080430768"><bdi>9780080430768</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welfare+Programs%2C+Economics+of&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=16426-16432&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780080430768&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=R.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sheldon Danziger, Robert Haveman, and Robert Plotnick (1981). "How Income Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings, and the Income Distribution: A Critical Review", <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> 19(3), pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>975–1028.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Haveman, R.H (2001), "Poverty: Measurement and Analysis", <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>, pp. 11917–11924, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F02276-2">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02276-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080430768" title="Special:BookSources/9780080430768"><bdi>9780080430768</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poverty%3A+Measurement+and+Analysis&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=11917-11924&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F02276-2&rft.isbn=9780080430768&rft.aulast=Haveman&rft.aufirst=R.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelfare+spending" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steven N. Durlauf et al., ed. (2008) <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd Edition:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"social insurance" by Stefania Albanesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000494&q=Public-assistance%20programs&topicid=&result_number=8">Abstract.</a></dd> <dd>"social insurance and public policy" by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Gruber_(economist)" title="Jonathan Gruber (economist)">Jonathan Gruber</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000525&q=social%20Welfare%20provision&topicid=&result_number=5">Abstract.</a></dd> <dd>"Welfare state" by <a href="/wiki/Assar_Lindbeck" title="Assar Lindbeck">Assar Lindbeck</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_W000053&q=Social%20Welfare%20provision&topicid=&result_number=3">Abstract.</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premilla_Nadasen" title="Premilla Nadasen">Premilla Nadasen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Mittelstadt" title="Jennifer Mittelstadt">Jennifer Mittelstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marisa_Chappell" title="Marisa Chappell">Marisa Chappell</a>, <i>Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996</i>. (New York: Routledge, 2009). 241 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-98979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-98979-4">978-0-415-98979-4</a></li> <li>Samuel Lézé, "Welfare", in : Andrew Scull, J. (ed.), <i>Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness</i>, Sage, 2014, pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>958–60</li> <li>Alfred de Grazia, with Ted Gurr: <i>American Welfare</i>, New York University Press, New York (1962) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208044831/http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/2/112.1.extract">Review by Barrett Lyons in <i>Social Work</i> Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>7 Issue<span class="nowrap"> </span>2, p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>112</a></li></ul></li> <li>Alfred de Grazia, ed. <i>Grass roots private welfare: winning essays of the 1956 national competition of the Foundation for voluntary Welfare</i>, New York University Press, New York 1957.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Huddie, Paul, and Amy Carney. "Military welfare history: what is it and why should it be considered?." <i>War & Society</i> 42.4 (2023): 305-316. on welfare for soldiers and their families; also impact of warfare on welfare state <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245252">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Welfare" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Welfare">Welfare</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Welfare_spending" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Welfare spending">Welfare spending</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/welfare_spending" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/welfare spending">welfare spending</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/issr">International Social Security Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure">OECD Social Expenditure database (SOCX) Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ncSAAAAIAAJ&dq=A+treatise+on+the+poor+law+in+engalnd+James+dunstan+1850&pg=PR1">A Treatise on the Poor Law of England Being a Review of the Origin, and Various Alterations that Have Been Made in the Law of Settlements and Removals; and the Proposed Schemes Relating to National, Union, and Other Extended Areas for Raising Poor Rates, by Equalised Assessments, Or Otherwise By James Dunstan 1850 (Contains information on social welfare provisions for the poor in ancient societies)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Deprivation_Indicators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Deprivation Indicators (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Deprivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> indicators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_out" title="Acting out">Acting out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fush%C5%ABgaku" title="Fushūgaku">Fushūgaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">Governance failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_deprivation" title="Social deprivation">Social deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Topics:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" title="Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet#Freud" title="Pierre Janet">psychological poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">Poverty and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Energy poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_deficit" title="Income deficit">Income deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">Secondary poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Below Poverty Line (India)">Below Poverty Line (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a> (GPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence#Connection_with_poverty" title="Structural violence">Poverty and violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_State_Hunger_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="India State Hunger Index">India State Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALYs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> (GPI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complex measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a> (HPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a> (MPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index" title="Physical Quality of Life Index">Physical Quality of Life Index</a> (PQLI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeken_indicators" title="Laeken indicators">Laeken indicators</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_index_of_multiple_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish index of multiple deprivation">Scottish index of multiple deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend deprivation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a> (LPI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_out_of_Poverty_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress out of Poverty Index (page does not exist)">Progress out of Poverty Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a> (GDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">Gender Parity Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Income_inequality_metrics" title="Category:Income inequality metrics">Income inequality metrics</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Measurements_and_definitions_of_poverty" title="Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty">Measurements and definitions of poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations" title="Category:Social responsibility organizations">Social responsibility organizations</a> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Indices_of_Deprivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Indices of Deprivation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_deprivation_index" title="Multiple deprivation index">Indices of Deprivation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (general deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_index" title="Carstairs index">Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation_2000" title="Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000">Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2004" title="Indices of deprivation 2004">Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2010" title="Indices of deprivation 2010">Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (subject specific deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underprivileged_area_score" title="Underprivileged area score">Underprivileged area score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_Index" title="Department of Environment Index">Department of Environment's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Commons categories: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_graphics_about_poverty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Information graphics about poverty">Information graphics about poverty</a> · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty-related_maps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poverty-related maps">Poverty-related maps</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Public welfare"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108846">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sociální péče"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117266&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000061975&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548552205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643362">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&oldid=1258001935">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_spending&oldid=1258001935</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare" title="Category:Welfare">Welfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_economics" 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