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vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Anagrams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Romanian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alternative forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Swedish</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Swedish subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declension_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anagrams_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anagrams_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Anagrams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anagrams_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" title="-ism – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="-ism" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="disambig-see-also"><i>See also:</i> <b class="Latn"><a href="/wiki/ism" title="ism">ism</a></b>, <b class="Latn"><a href="/wiki/ISM" title="ISM">ISM</a></b>, <b class="Latn"><a href="/wiki/-ism-" title="-ism-">-ism-</a></b><span class="serial-comma">,</span><span class="serial-and"> <i>and</i></span> <b class="Latn"><a href="/wiki/ism." title="ism.">ism.</a></b></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interproject-box sister-wikipedia sister-project noprint floatright"><div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/66px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/88px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;">English <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article on:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="w:-ism">-ism</a></b></div></div><span class="interProject"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="w:-ism">Wikipedia </a></span></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83974623">.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{font-size:90%;width:250px;padding:4px;text-align:left;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue,#f9f9f9);border:var(--border-color-base,#aaa)1px solid;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .interproject-box>div:first-child{float:none!important;flex:none}.mw-parser-output .interproject-box>div:nth-child(2){margin-left:0.55em!important}body.skin-vector:not(.skin-vector-2022) .mw-parser-output .interproject-box .vector-hide{display:none}body.skin-vector:not(.skin-vector-2022) .mw-parser-output .interproject-box .vector-inline-block{display:inline-block;margin-left:0!important}@media screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.5;width:100%;max-width:100%}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul id="English:_action_nouns"></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80869814">.mw-parser-output .etytree{width:max-content;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;box-sizing:border-box}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .etytree{min-width:min-content}@media screen and (max-width:719px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .etytree{width:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .etytree .NavHead>div{width:unset!important}}</style><div class="etytree NavFrame" data-etytree-height="2" data-etytree-width="1"><div class="NavHead" style="background:var(--wikt-palette-lightergrey,#eeeeee);color:inherit"><div style="width:25em">Etymology tree</div></div><div class="NavContent" style="overflow:auto"><div style="width:fit-content;margin:auto;padding:0.5em;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center"><div style="position:relative;text-align:center;padding:5px 10px;background:var(--wikt-palette-beige,#fffbf2);color:inherit;border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey,#ccc);border-radius:4px"><span style="display:inline-block" class="etyl">Ancient Greek</span> <span style="display:inline-block"><i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="-ισμός">-ισμός</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-ismós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span><span style="z-index:1;position:absolute;transform:translate(-50%);top:calc(100% + 5px);left:50%;border-radius:2px;background:var(--wikt-palette-cyan,#eaffff);color:inherit;font-size:12px;height:10px;line-height:10px"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms" title="Appendix:Glossary"><abbr title="derived terms" style="color:var(--wikt-palette-black,#202122);font-style:italic;text-decoration:none">der.</abbr></a></span></div><span style="position:relative;height:20px;border-right:2px solid var(--wikt-palette-grey,#9e9e9e)"></span><div style="position:relative;text-align:center;padding:5px 10px;background:var(--wikt-palette-beige,#fffbf2);color:inherit;border:1px solid var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey,#ccc);border-radius:4px"><span style="display:inline-block" class="etyl">English</span> <span style="display:inline-block"><i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><b>-ism</b></i></span></div></div></div></div> <p>Ultimately from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></span> <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="-ισμός">-ισμός</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-ismós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" title="-ίζειν">-ίζειν</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-ízein</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (whence <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-ize#English" title="-ize">-ize</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#doublet" title="Appendix:Glossary">Doublet</a> of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#English" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></i>. </p><p>Many English nouns in <i>-ism</i> are loans of Greek nouns in <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="-ισμός">-ισμός</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-ismós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, often via Latin and French, such as <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Judaism#English" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></i>, a learned English formation from Latin attested from c. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BC%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ἰουδαϊσμός (page does not exist)">Ἰουδαϊσμός</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">Ioudaïsmós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. In <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Late Latin">Late Latin</a></span>, the <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Latin" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></i> suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=christianismus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="christianismus (page does not exist)">chrīstiānismus</a></i> (whence 16th c. <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Christianism#English" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></i>) in Tertullian, a trend continued in <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a></span>, with e.g. <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/paganismus#Latin" title="paganismus">pāgānismus</a></i> attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (<i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/heroism#English" title="heroism">heroism</a></i>, <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/patriotism#English" title="patriotism">patriotism</a></i>) or proper names (<i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism#English" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></i>, <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#English" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></i>). </p><p>Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/blackguardism#English" title="blackguardism">blackguardism</a></i>). Reflecting this productivity, use of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/ism#English" title="ism">ism</a></i> as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/racism#English" title="racism">racism</a></i> (1932) or <i class="Latn mention" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/sexism#English" title="sexism">sexism</a></i> (1936) and productive since the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/-ɪ.zəm/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ɪ.zm̩]</span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r50165410">.mw-parser-output .k-player .k-attribution{visibility:hidden}</style><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="usage-label-accent"><span class="ib-content label-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_in_southern_England" class="extiw" title="w:English in southern England">Southern England</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon qualifier-colon">:</span></td><td class="audiofile"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ism.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix">Suffix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="en">-ism</strong></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="use-with-mention">Used to form nouns of action, process, or result based on the accompanying verb ending in <a href="/wiki/-ise#English" title="-ise">-ise</a> or <a href="/wiki/-ize#English" title="-ize">-ize</a>.</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/baptism" title="baptism">baptism</a> (1300), <a href="/wiki/aphorism" title="aphorism">aphorism</a> (1528), <a href="/wiki/criticism" title="criticism">criticism</a> (1607), <a href="/wiki/magnetism" title="magnetism">magnetism</a> (1616)</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="use-with-mention">Used to form the name of a school of thought, system, or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder</span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism (page does not exist)">Liberalism</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/liberalism" title="liberalism">liberalism</a>.</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> (1560), <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> (1570), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (1606), <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalism</a> (1716), <a href="/wiki/Mohammedanism" title="Mohammedanism">Mohammedanism</a> (1815),: <a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a> (1949)</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="use-with-mention">Used to form names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a <a href="/wiki/doctrine#English" title="doctrine">doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/ideology#English" title="ideology">ideology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/principle#English" title="principle">principle</a> or lack thereof.</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/atheism" title="atheism">atheism</a> (1587), <a href="/wiki/ruffianism" title="ruffianism">ruffianism</a> (1589), <a href="/wiki/giantism" title="giantism">giantism</a> (1639), <a href="/wiki/fanaticism" title="fanaticism">fanaticism</a> (1652), <a href="/wiki/theism" title="theism">theism</a> (1678), <a href="/wiki/religionism" title="religionism">religionism</a> (1706), <a href="/wiki/patriotism" title="patriotism">patriotism</a> (1716), <a href="/wiki/heroism" title="heroism">heroism</a> (1717), <a href="/wiki/despotism" title="despotism">despotism</a> (1728), <a href="/wiki/old-maidism" title="old-maidism">old-maidism</a> (1776), <a href="/wiki/capitalism" title="capitalism">capitalism</a> (1792), <a href="/wiki/nationism" title="nationism">nationism</a> (1798), <a href="/wiki/romanticism" title="romanticism">romanticism</a> (1803), <a href="/wiki/conservatism" title="conservatism">conservatism</a> (1832), <a href="/wiki/sexualism" title="sexualism">sexualism</a> (1842), <a href="/wiki/vegetarianism" title="vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> (1848), <a href="/wiki/externalism" title="externalism">externalism</a> (1856), <a href="/wiki/young-ladyism" title="young-ladyism">young-ladyism</a> (1869), <a href="/wiki/opportunism" title="opportunism">opportunism</a> (1870), <a href="/wiki/blackguardism" title="blackguardism">blackguardism</a> (1875), <a href="/wiki/jingoism" title="jingoism">jingoism</a> (1878), <a href="/wiki/feminism" title="feminism">feminism</a> (1895), <a href="/wiki/dwarfism" title="dwarfism">dwarfism</a> (1895)</dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1990</b></span>, Stephen King, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moving_Finger_(short_story)" class="extiw" title="w:The Moving Finger (short story)">The Moving Finger</a></cite>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">Howard didn't care much for beer, but that night he helped himself to three cans of Vi's new find nevertheless. Vi commented on it, said that if she had known he was going to like it that much, she would have stopped by the drugstore and gotten him an IV hookup. Another time-honored Vi<b>-ism</b>.</span></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>2020</b></span>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Broadcast" class="extiw" title="w:Ministry of Broadcast">Ministry of Broadcast</a></cite>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitcents" class="extiw" title="w:Hitcents">Hitcents</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" class="extiw" title="w:Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>, scene: game over:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">WE ARE EXPERIENCING BROADCAST NOOB<b>ISM</b></span></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li><span class="use-with-mention">Used to form <a href="/wiki/countable#English" title="countable">countable</a> nouns indicating a <a href="/wiki/peculiarity#English" title="peculiarity">peculiarity</a> or <a href="/wiki/characteristic#English" title="characteristic">characteristic</a> of language</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a> (1612), <a href="/wiki/Gallicism" title="Gallicism">Gallicism</a> (1656), <a href="/wiki/archaism" title="archaism">archaism</a> (1709), <a href="/wiki/Americanism" title="Americanism">Americanism</a> (1781), <a href="/wiki/colloquialism" title="colloquialism">colloquialism</a> (1834), <a href="/wiki/newspaperism" title="newspaperism">newspaperism</a> (1838), <a href="/wiki/Shakespearianism" title="Shakespearianism">Shakespearianism</a> (1886)</dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>2010</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" class="extiw" title="w:Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Swan:_The_Impact_of_the_Highly_Improbable" class="extiw" title="w:The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable">The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable</a></cite>, New York: Random House, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399590450" title="Special:BookSources/9780399590450">→ISBN</a></small>, page <span class="None" lang="und">136</span>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">Note that these sayings attributed to Yogi Berra might be apocryphal <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b">[</span>…<span class="q-hellip-b">]</span><span class="q-hellip-b"> </span> These sayings remain, however, quintessential <b>Berraisms</b>.</span></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li><span class="use-with-mention">Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word.</span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">Based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense.</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/racism" title="racism">racism</a> (1932), <a href="/wiki/sexism" title="sexism">sexism</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/classism" title="classism">classism</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/speciesism" title="speciesism">speciesism</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/heterosexism" title="heterosexism">heterosexism</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/ableism" title="ableism">ableism</a> (1981)</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac label-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content label-content"><a href="/wiki/medicine" title="medicine">medicine</a></span><span class="ib-brac label-brac">)</span></span> <span class="use-with-mention">Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines.</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/aleydigism" title="aleydigism">aleydigism</a>, <a href="/wiki/daturism" title="daturism">daturism</a>, <a href="/wiki/senilism" title="senilism">senilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/teratism" title="teratism">teratism</a>, <a href="/wiki/cocainism" title="cocainism">cocainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/climatism" title="climatism">climatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/humorism" title="humorism">humorism</a></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83981450">.mw-parser-output .columns-bg.term-list.CategoryTreeTag{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .columns-bg.term-list.CategoryTreeTag .CategoryTreeToggle{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/antialienism" title="antialienism">antialienism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anti-Americanism" title="anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anti-apartheidism" title="anti-apartheidism">anti-apartheidism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anti-Arabism" title="anti-Arabism">anti-Arabism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anti-Assyrianism" title="anti-Assyrianism">anti-Assyrianism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anti-Australianism" title="anti-Australianism">anti-Australianism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/antiauthoritarianism" title="antiauthoritarianism">antiauthoritarianism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/ism#English" title="ism">ism</a></span></li> <li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-icism#English" title="-icism">-icism</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-ist#English" title="-ist">-ist</a></span></li> <li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/-istic#English" title="-istic">-istic</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations">Translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-a_principle,_belief_or_movement"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">a principle, belief or movement</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="a principle, belief or movement"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81584270">.mw-parser-output .translations{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .translations-cell{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow,#FFFFe0);vertical-align:top;text-align:left}</style> <ul><li>Afrikaans: <span class="Latn" lang="af"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Afrikaans" title="-isme">-isme</a></span></li> <li>Albanian: <span class="Latn" lang="sq"><a href="/wiki/-im#Albanian" title="-im">-im</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="sq"><a href="/wiki/-iz%C3%ABm#Albanian" title="-izëm">-izëm</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Arabic: <span class="Arab" lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ية">ـِيَّة</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ar-Latn" class="tr Latn">-iyya</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Aragonese: <span class="Latn" lang="an"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Aragonese" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Armenian: <span class="Armn" lang="hy"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="իզմ (page does not exist)">-իզմ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="hy-Latn" class="tr Latn">-izm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Asturian: <span class="Latn" lang="ast"><a href="/wiki/-ismu#Asturian" title="-ismu">-ismu</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ast.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismu" class="extiw" title="ast:-ismu">(ast)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Azerbaijani: <span class="Latn" lang="az"><a href="/wiki/-izm#Azerbaijani" title="-izm">-izm</a></span></li> <li>Basque: <span class="Latn" lang="eu"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Basque" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="eu:-ismo">(eu)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="inanimate">inan</abbr></span></li> <li>Belarusian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="be"><a href="/wiki/-%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC#Belarusian" title="-ізм">-і́зм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="be-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ízm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Cyrl" lang="be"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ызм (page does not exist)">-ы́зм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="be-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ýzm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Bengali: <span class="Beng" lang="bn"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6#Bengali" title="বাদ">বাদ</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://bn.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" class="extiw" title="bn:বাদ">(bn)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="bn-Latn" class="tr Latn">bad</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Bulgarian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="bg"><a href="/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC#Bulgarian" title="-изъм">-и́зъм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="bg-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ízǎm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Burmese: <span class="Mymr" lang="my"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92#Burmese" title="ဝါဒ">ဝါဒ</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" class="extiw" title="my:ဝါဒ">(my)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="my-Latn" class="tr Latn">wada.</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Catalan: <span class="Latn" lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Catalan" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="ca:-isme">(ca)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Chinese: <dl><dd>Mandarin: <span class="Hant" lang="cmn"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9#Mandarin" title="主義">-主義</a></span><span class="Zsym mention" style="font-size:100%;"> / </span><span class="Hans" lang="cmn"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89#Mandarin" title="主义">-主义</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:主義">(zh)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="cmn-Latn" class="tr Latn">-zhǔyì</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></dd></dl></li> <li>Czech: <span class="Latn" lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Czech" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismus" class="extiw" title="cs:-ismus">(cs)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Danish: <span class="Latn" lang="da"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Danish" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="da:-isme">(da)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></span></li> <li>Dutch: <span class="Latn" lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Dutch" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="nl:-isme">(nl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr></span></li> <li>Esperanto: <span class="Latn" lang="eo"><a href="/wiki/-o#Esperanto" title="-o">-o</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-o" class="extiw" title="eo:-o">(eo)</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="eo"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Esperanto" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="eo:-ismo">(eo)</a></span></li> <li>Estonian: <span class="Latn" lang="et"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Estonian">-ism</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="et:-ism">(et)</a></span></li> <li>Faroese: <span class="Latn" lang="fo"><a href="/wiki/-isma#Faroese" title="-isma">-isma</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Finnish: <span class="Latn" lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/-ismi#Finnish" title="-ismi">-ismi</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismi" class="extiw" title="fi:-ismi">(fi)</a></span></li> <li>French: <span class="Latn" lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/-isme#French" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="fr:-isme">(fr)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Galician: <span class="Latn" lang="gl"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Galician" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="gl:-ismo">(gl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Georgian: <span class="Geor" lang="ka"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-იზმი (page does not exist)">-იზმი</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ka-Latn" class="tr Latn">-izmi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>German: <span class="Latn" lang="de"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#German" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismus" class="extiw" title="de:-ismus">(de)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <dl><dd>Alemannic German: <span class="Latn" lang="gsw"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Alemannic_German" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Greek: <span class="Grek" lang="el"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Greek" title="-ισμός">-ισμός</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:-ισμός">(el)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="el-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ismós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Hebrew: <span class="Hebr" lang="he"><a href="/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D#Hebrew" title="־יזם">־יזם</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="he-Latn" class="tr Latn">izm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Hindi: <span class="Deva" lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6#Hindi" title="वाद">-वाद</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="hi:वाद">(hi)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="hi-Latn" class="tr Latn">-vād</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Hungarian: <span class="Latn" lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/-izmus#Hungarian" title="-izmus">-izmus</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/-izmus" class="extiw" title="hu:-izmus">(hu)</a></span></li> <li>Icelandic: -<span class="Latn" lang="is"><a href="/wiki/stefna#Icelandic" title="stefna">stefna</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>; <span class="Latn" lang="is"><a href="/wiki/-ismi#Icelandic" title="-ismi">-ismi</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="is"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Icelandic" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">rare</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li> <li>Indonesian: <span class="Latn" lang="id"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Indonesian" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="id:-isme">(id)</a></span></li> <li>Interlingua: <span class="Latn" lang="ia"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Interlingua" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span></li> <li>Italian: <span class="Latn" lang="it"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Italian" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="it:-ismo">(it)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Japanese: <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9#Japanese" title="主義">-主義</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:主義">(ja)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr">-しゅぎ, -shugi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">loanwords, vowel "i" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0#Japanese" title="イズム">-イズム</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:イズム">(ja)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr">-izumu</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99#Japanese" title="教">教</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%99" class="extiw" title="ja:教">(ja)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr">きょう, -kyō</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">religion</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li> <li>Khmer: <span class="Khmr" lang="km"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98#Khmer" title="និយម">-និយម</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://km.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98" class="extiw" title="km:និយម">(km)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="km-Latn" class="tr Latn">-nĭymô</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Khmr" lang="km"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7#Khmer" title="លទ្ធិ">លទ្ធិ-</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://km.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7" class="extiw" title="km:លទ្ធិ">(km)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="km-Latn" class="tr Latn">lɔɔtthi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Korean: <span class="Kore" lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98#Korean" title="주의">-주의(主義)</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" class="extiw" title="ko:주의">(ko)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ko-Latn" class="tr Latn">-juui</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Kore" lang="ko"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="이즘 (page does not exist)">이즘</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%98" class="extiw" title="ko:이즘">(ko)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ko-Latn" class="tr Latn">ijeum</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Kurdish: <dl><dd>Northern Kurdish: <span class="Latn" lang="kmr"><a href="/wiki/-%C3%AEzm#Northern_Kurdish" title="-îzm">-îzm</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%C3%AEzm" class="extiw" title="ku:-îzm">(ku)</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Ladino: <span class="Latn" lang="lad"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-izmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-izmo (page does not exist)">-izmo</a></span></li> <li>Lao: <span class="Laoo" lang="lo"><a href="/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4#Lao" title="ລັດທິ">ລັດທິ-</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://lo.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4" class="extiw" title="lo:ລັດທິ">(lo)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="lo-Latn" class="tr Latn">lat thi-</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Laoo" lang="lo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ນິຍົມ (page does not exist)">-ນິຍົມ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="lo-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ni nyom</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Latin: <span class="Latn" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Latin" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/-isma#Latin" title="-isma">-isma</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr></span></li> <li>Latvian: <span class="Latn" lang="lv"><a href="/wiki/-isms#Latvian" title="-isms">-isms</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Lithuanian: <span class="Latn" lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/-izmas#Lithuanian" title="-izmas">-izmas</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Macedonian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC#Macedonian" title="-изам">-и́зам</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="mk-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ízam</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Malay: <span class="Latn" lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Malay" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="ms:-isme">(ms)</a></span></li> <li>Maltese: <span class="Latn" lang="mt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-i%C5%BCmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-iżmu (page does not exist)">-iżmu</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Norman: <span class="Latn" lang="nrf"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Norman" title="-isme">-isme</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Norwegian: <dl><dd>Bokmål: <span class="Latn" lang="nb"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="-isme">-isme</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isme" class="extiw" title="no:-isme">(no)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></dd> <dd>Nynorsk: <span class="Latn" lang="nn"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="-isme">-isme</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Occitan: <span class="Latn" lang="oc"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Occitan" title="-isme">-isme</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Persian: <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85#Persian" title="ـیسم">ـیسم</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ism</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="گرایی (page does not exist)">گرایی</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:گرایی">(fa)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">gerâi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پرستی (page does not exist)">پرستی</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:پرستی">(fa)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">parasti</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Polish: <span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/-yzm#Polish" title="-yzm">-yzm</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-yzm" class="extiw" title="pl:-yzm">(pl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/-izm#Polish" title="-izm">-izm</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/-izm" class="extiw" title="pl:-izm">(pl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Portuguese: <span class="Latn" lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Portuguese" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="pt:-ismo">(pt)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Punjabi: <span class="Guru" lang="pa"><a href="/wiki/-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6#Punjabi" title="-ਵਾਦ">-ਵਾਦ</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="pa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-vād</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Romanian: <span class="Latn" lang="ro"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Romanian">-ism</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="ro:-ism">(ro)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr></span> <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <span class="Cyrl" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-исм (page does not exist)">-исм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ro-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ism</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></dd></dl></li> <li>Russian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC#Russian" title="-изм">-и́зм</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:-изм">(ru)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ru-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ízm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <span class="Cyrl" lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC#Serbo-Croatian" title="-изам">-изам</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></dd> <dd>Roman: <span class="Latn" lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/-izam#Serbo-Croatian" title="-izam">-izam</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Sicilian: <span class="Latn" lang="scn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%C3%ACsima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ìsima (page does not exist)">-ìsima</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="scn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%C3%ACsimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ìsimu (page does not exist)">-ìsimu</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="scn"><a href="/wiki/-ismu#Sicilian" title="-ismu">-ismu</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://scn.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismu" class="extiw" title="scn:-ismu">(scn)</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">borrowed from Italian</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li> <li>Slovak: <span class="Latn" lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/-izmus#Slovak" title="-izmus">-izmus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Slovene: <span class="Latn" lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/-izem#Slovene" title="-izem">-izem</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Spanish: <span class="Latn" lang="es"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Spanish" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ismo" class="extiw" title="es:-ismo">(es)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Swedish: <span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Swedish">-ism</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ism" class="extiw" title="sv:-ism">(sv)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></span></li> <li>Thai: <span class="Thai" lang="th"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4#Thai" title="ลัทธิ">ลัทธิ-</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4" class="extiw" title="th:ลัทธิ">(th)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="th-Latn" class="tr Latn">láttí-</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Thai" lang="th"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1#Thai" title="นิยม">-นิยม</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="th:นิยม">(th)</a></span></li> <li>Tagalog: <span class="Latn" lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Tagalog" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span></li> <li>Turkish: <span class="Latn" lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/-izm#Turkish" title="-izm">-izm</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/-izm" class="extiw" title="tr:-izm">(tr)</a></span></li> <li>Ukrainian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/-%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC#Ukrainian" title="-ізм">-і́зм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="uk-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ízm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Cyrl" lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC#Ukrainian" title="-изм">-и́зм</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="uk-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ýzm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Vietnamese: <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a#Vietnamese" title="chủ nghĩa">chủ nghĩa-</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a" class="extiw" title="vi:chủ nghĩa">(vi)</a></span> (<span class="Hani" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9#Vietnamese" title="主義">主義-</a></span>)</li> <li>Volapük: <span class="Latn" lang="vo"><a href="/wiki/-im#Volapük" title="-im">-im</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://vo.wiktionary.org/wiki/-im" class="extiw" title="vo:-im">(vo)</a></span></li> <li>Walloon: <span class="Latn" lang="wa"><a href="/wiki/-isse#Walloon" title="-isse">-isse</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://wa.wiktionary.org/wiki/-isse" class="extiw" title="wa:-isse">(wa)</a></span></li> <li>Welsh: <span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/-aeth#Welsh" title="-aeth">-aeth</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/-aeth" class="extiw" title="cy:-aeth">(cy)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/-iaeth#Welsh" title="-iaeth">-iaeth</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/-iaeth" class="extiw" title="cy:-iaeth">(cy)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Yiddish: <span class="Hebr" lang="yi"><a href="/wiki/%D6%BE%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D#Yiddish" title="־יזם">־יזם</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="yi-Latn" class="tr Latn">-izm</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Zazaki: <span class="Latn" lang="zza"><a href="/wiki/-izm#Zazaki" title="-izm">-izm</a></span></li> <li>Zhuang: <span class="Latn" lang="za"><a href="/w/index.php?title=cujyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="cujyi (page does not exist)">-cujyi</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="checktrans"> <dl><dd><i>The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout#Translations" title="Wiktionary:Entry layout">Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations</a>.</i></dd></dl> </div> <div class="NavFrame"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">Translations to be checked</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="Translations to be checked"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270" /> <ul><li>Corsican: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="co"><a href="/wiki/-ismu#Corsican" title="-ismu">-ismu</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Icelandic: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="is"><a href="/wiki/-ismi#Icelandic" title="-ismi">-ismi</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Interlingua: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="ia"><a href="/wiki/-ismo#Interlingua" title="-ismo">-ismo</a></span></span></li> <li>Latin: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Latin" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Low German: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="nds"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Low_German" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Luxembourgish: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="lb"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Luxembourgish" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Sardinian: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="sc"><a href="/wiki/-ismu#Sardinian" title="-ismu">-ismu</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Sicilian: <span class="Latn" lang="scn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%C3%ACsima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ìsima (page does not exist)">-ìsima</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="scn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%C3%ACsimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ìsimu (page does not exist)">-ìsimu</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></li> <li>Slovene: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/-izem#Slovene" title="-izem">-izem</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span></span></li> <li>Sundanese: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Latn" lang="su"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Sundanese" title="-isme">-isme</a></span></span></li> <li>Tibetan: <span class="ttbc"><sup class="ttbc">(please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>)</sup> <span class="Tibt" lang="bo"><a href="/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6#Tibetan" title="རིང་ལུགས">རིང་ལུགས</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="bo-Latn" class="tr Latn">ring lugs</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="References">References</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "-ism, <i>suffix</i>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anagrams">Anagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/IMS#English" title="IMS">IMS</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/IMs#English" title="IMs">IMs</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/MIS#English" title="MIS">MIS</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/MIs#English" title="MIs">MIs</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/MSI#English" title="MSI">MSI</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/SIM#English" title="SIM">SIM</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Sim#English" title="Sim">Sim</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/mis-#English" title="mis-">mis-</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/sim#English" title="sim">sim</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanian">Romanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alternative forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Cyrl" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-исм (page does not exist)">-исм</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ro-Latn" class="tr Latn">-ism</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> — <span class="ib-content label-content">Moldovan Cyrillic spelling</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#loanword" title="Appendix:Glossary">Borrowed</a> from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/-ismus#Latin" title="-ismus">-ismus</a></i>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" class="extiw" title="w:French language">French</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/-isme#French" title="-isme">-isme</a></i>, ultimately from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></span> <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/-%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="-ισμός">-ισμός</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="grc-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-ismós</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_2">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Romanian_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Romanian pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ism/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_2">Suffix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="ro">-ism</strong> <span class="gender"><abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr></span> (<i>plural</i> <b class="Latn form-of lang-ro p-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Romanian" title="-isme">-isme</a></b>)</span> </p> <ol><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-ism</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">indicates a belief or principle</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/cre%C8%99tin#Romanian" title="creștin">creștin</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">Christian</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro">-ism</i> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/cre%C8%99tinism#Romanian" title="creștinism">creștinism</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">Christianity</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="affixusex">‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/anarhie#Romanian" title="anarhie">anarhie</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">anarchy</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> + ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro">-ism</i> → ‎<i class="Latn mention" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/anarhism#Romanian" title="anarhism">anarhism</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">anarchism</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension">Declension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.inflection-table-grey th,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.inflection-table-grey{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-grey th.outer,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.outer.inflection-table-grey{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-grey-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-grey-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-grey-1)!important}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown.inflection-table-no-title table{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-0)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.secondary,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.secondary.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-1)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-2)}.mw-parser-output .inflection-table-brown th.outer,.mw-parser-output .inflection-table th.outer.inflection-table-brown{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-brown-4)}.mw-parser-output tr.inflection-table-brown-darker td,.mw-parser-output td.inflection-table-brown-darker{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-grey-brown-1)!important}</style> <table class="inflection-table"> <caption class="inflection-table-title">Declension of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ro"><strong class="selflink">-ism</strong></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="outer"> </th> <th colspan="2" class="outer">singular </th> <td class="separator" rowspan="999"> </td> <th colspan="2" class="outer">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>indefinite </th> <th>definite </th> <th>indefinite </th> <th>definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>nominative-accusative </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro indefinite|nominative//accusative|s-form-of" lang="ro"><strong class="selflink">-ism</strong></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro definite|nominative//accusative|s-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismul (page does not exist)">-ismul</a></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro indefinite|nominative//accusative|p-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Romanian" title="-isme">-isme</a></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro definite|nominative//accusative|p-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismele (page does not exist)">-ismele</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive-dative </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro indefinite|genitive//dative|s-form-of" lang="ro"><strong class="selflink">-ism</strong></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro definite|genitive//dative|s-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismului (page does not exist)">-ismului</a></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro indefinite|genitive//dative|p-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/-isme#Romanian" title="-isme">-isme</a></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-ro definite|genitive//dative|p-form-of" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismelor (page does not exist)">-ismelor</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>vocative </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="Latn" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismule (page does not exist)">-ismule</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="Latn" lang="ro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismelor (page does not exist)">-ismelor</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_2">Derived terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83981450" /><ul class="catfix" data-anchor="Romanian"><span class="Latn" lang="ro"></span></ul><div class="list-switcher-wrapper"><div class="list-switcher list-switcher-category-tree"><div class="columns-bg term-list CategoryTreeTag" data-pages-left-over="200" style="counter-reset: pagesleftover 200" data-ct-options="{"mode":10,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":[0],"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Romanian_terms_suffixed_with_-ism" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_suffixed_with_-ism" title="Category:Romanian terms suffixed with -ism">Romanian terms suffixed with -ism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/aboli%C8%9Bionism" title="aboliționism">aboliționism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/absolutism" title="absolutism">absolutism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/academism" title="academism">academism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/activism" title="activism">activism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/adventism" title="adventism">adventism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/afacerism" title="afacerism">afacerism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/agnosticism" title="agnosticism">agnosticism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/agramatism" title="agramatism">agramatism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/agrarianism" title="agrarianism">agrarianism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/alcoolism" title="alcoolism">alcoolism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/amatorism" title="amatorism">amatorism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/americanism" title="americanism">americanism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/analfabetism" title="analfabetism">analfabetism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/analitism" title="analitism">analitism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anarhism" title="anarhism">anarhism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anexionism" title="anexionism">anexionism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anglicanism" title="anglicanism">anglicanism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/antiamericanism" title="antiamericanism">antiamericanism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anticlericalism" title="anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/anticonstitu%C8%9Bionalism" title="anticonstituționalism">anticonstituționalism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/antipapism" title="antipapism">antipapism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/antiparlamentarism" title="antiparlamentarism">antiparlamentarism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/antropomorfism" title="antropomorfism">antropomorfism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/apologetism" title="apologetism">apologetism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/ardelenism" title="ardelenism">ardelenism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/arhaism" title="arhaism">arhaism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/aristocratism" title="aristocratism">aristocratism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/aristotelism" title="aristotelism">aristotelism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/artificialism" title="artificialism">artificialism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a 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style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/magism" title="magism">magism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/magnetism" title="magnetism">magnetism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/mahalagism" title="mahalagism">mahalagism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/manierism" title="manierism">manierism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/marginalism" title="marginalism">marginalism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/martirism" title="martirism">martirism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/marxism" title="marxism">marxism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms_2">Related terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/-ist#Romanian" title="-ist">-ist</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swedish">Swedish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Swedish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_3">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borrowed from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" class="extiw" title="w:French language">French</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/-isme#French" title="-isme">-isme</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_3">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Swedish_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Swedish pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">[ˈɪsm]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_3">Suffix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="sv">-ism</strong> <span class="gender"><abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></span></span> </p> <ol><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#English">-ism</a></span> <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/kommunism#Swedish" title="kommunism">kommunism</a></i> ― <span class="e-translation">communism</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/kannibalism#Swedish" title="kannibalism">kannibalism</a></i> ― <span class="e-translation">canibalism</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/surrealism#Swedish" title="surrealism">surrealism</a></i> ― <span class="e-translation">surrealism</span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_2">Declension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="inflection-table-wrapper inflection-table-indigo inflection-table-collapsible inflection-table-collapsed no-vc" style="width: fit-content" data-toggle-category="inflection"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84361117" /> <table class="inflection-table"> <caption class="inflection-table-title">Declension of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sv">-ism</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="outer"> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/nominative" title="nominative">nominative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/genitive" title="genitive">genitive</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" class="outer">singular </th> <th><a href="/wiki/indefinite" title="indefinite">indefinite</a> </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv indef|nom|s-form-of" lang="sv"><strong class="selflink"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><strong class="selflink">-ism</strong></span></strong></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv indef|gen|s-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/-isms#Swedish" title="-isms">-isms</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/definite" title="definite">definite</a> </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv def|nom|s-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismen (page does not exist)">-ismen</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv def|gen|s-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismens (page does not exist)">-ismens</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" class="outer">plural </th> <th><a href="/wiki/indefinite" title="indefinite">indefinite</a> </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv indef|nom|p-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismer (page does not exist)">-ismer</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv indef|gen|p-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismers (page does not exist)">-ismers</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/definite" title="definite">definite</a> </th> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv def|nom|p-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismerna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismerna (page does not exist)">-ismerna</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="Latn form-of lang-sv def|gen|p-form-of" lang="sv"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ismernas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-ismernas (page does not exist)">-ismernas</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms_3">Derived terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83981450" /><ul class="catfix" data-anchor="Swedish"><span class="Latn" lang="sv"></span></ul><div class="list-switcher-wrapper"><div class="list-switcher list-switcher-category-tree"><div class="columns-bg term-list CategoryTreeTag" data-pages-left-over="0" style="counter-reset: pagesleftover 0" 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title="vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/%C3%A5lderism" title="ålderism">ålderism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms_3">Related terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/ism#Swedish" title="ism">ism</a></span></li> <li><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/-ist#Swedish" title="-ist">-ist</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anagrams_2">Anagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/sim#Swedish" title="sim">sim</a></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-ism&oldid=82880837">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-ism&oldid=82880837</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Ancient_Greek" title="Category:English terms derived from Ancient Greek">English terms derived from Ancient Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_doublets" title="Category:English doublets">English doublets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Late_Latin" title="Category:English terms derived from Late Latin">English terms derived from Late Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Medieval_Latin" title="Category:English terms derived from Medieval Latin">English terms derived from Medieval Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:English terms with IPA pronunciation">English terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_with_audio_pronunciation" title="Category:English terms with audio pronunciation">English terms with audio pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_lemmas" title="Category:English lemmas">English lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_suffixes" title="Category:English suffixes">English suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_noun-forming_suffixes" title="Category:English noun-forming suffixes">English noun-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_productive_suffixes" title="Category:English productive suffixes">English productive suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_with_quotations" title="Category:English terms with quotations">English terms with quotations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:en:Medicine" title="Category:en:Medicine">en:Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_borrowed_from_Latin" title="Category:Romanian terms borrowed from Latin">Romanian terms borrowed from Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_derived_from_Latin" title="Category:Romanian terms derived from Latin">Romanian terms derived from Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_derived_from_French" title="Category:Romanian terms derived from French">Romanian terms derived from French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_derived_from_Ancient_Greek" title="Category:Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek">Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation">Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_lemmas" title="Category:Romanian lemmas">Romanian lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_suffixes" title="Category:Romanian suffixes">Romanian suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_noun-forming_suffixes" title="Category:Romanian noun-forming suffixes">Romanian noun-forming suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_neuter_suffixes" title="Category:Romanian neuter suffixes">Romanian neuter suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_borrowed_from_French" title="Category:Swedish terms borrowed from French">Swedish terms borrowed from French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_derived_from_French" title="Category:Swedish terms derived from French">Swedish terms derived from French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" title="Category:Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation">Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_lemmas" title="Category:Swedish lemmas">Swedish lemmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_suffixes" title="Category:Swedish suffixes">Swedish suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_common-gender_suffixes" title="Category:Swedish common-gender suffixes">Swedish common-gender suffixes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_terms_with_usage_examples" title="Category:Swedish terms 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