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</li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Matres lectionis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 18 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9" title="أم قراءة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أم قراءة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicvokalo" title="Vicvokalo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vicvokalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mater lectionis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="אם קריאה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אם קריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p><b>Matres lectionis</b> («lesningens mødre», entall: <i>mater lectionis</i>, fra <a href="/wiki/Hebraisk" title="Hebraisk">hebraisk</a>: <big>אֵם קְרִיאָה,</big><i> 'em kri'a</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er et <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinsk</a> uttrykk som henviser til en gammel metode for å indikere <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokaler</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonanter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> først og fremst i skrivingen av <a href="/wiki/Semittiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Semittiske språk">semittiske</a> skriftspråk, som <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebraisk" title="Hebraisk">hebraisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gammelsyrisk" title="Gammelsyrisk">gammelsyrisk</a>. Opprinnelig fantes det ikke vokaltegn i hebraisk skriftspråk, og da brukte man enkelte <a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonanter</a> til å indikere vokallyder, og disse ble kalt <i>matres lectionis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bokstavene som gjør dette på hebraisk er <i><a href="/wiki/Alef" title="Alef">alef</a></i> א‎, <i>he</i> ה‎, <i>vav</i> ו‎ og <i>yod</i> י‎,<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og på arabisk er matres lectionis (selv om de er mye sjeldnere referert til slik) <i>ʾalif</i> ا‎, <i>wāw</i> و‎ og <i>yāʾ</i> ي‎. Spesielt 'yod og waw er oftere vokaler enn de er konsonanter. Den opprinnelige verdien av matres lectionis tilsvarer nært det som i moderne <a href="/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk">lingvistikk</a> kalles <a href="/wiki/Halvvokal" title="Halvvokal">halvvokaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bokstav </th> <th>Bokstavnavn </th> <th>Vokallyd </th> <th>Eksempel </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">א</span></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Alef</div> </td> <td>som oftest «a»</td> <td><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">פארן</span> Paran </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">ה</span></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">He</div> </td> <td>som oftest «a» (i slutten av et ord) </td> <td><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">לאה</span> Le'a </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">ו</span></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Waw</div> </td> <td>«ō» eller «u»</td> <td><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">יואל</span> Jō'el<br /> <p><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">ברוך</span> Barukh </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">י</span></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Jod</div> </td> <td>«i», «e» eller «æ»</td> <td><span class="he" dir="rtl" style="font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial;font-size:11pt" lang="he">דויד</span> Dawid </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>(«ō» uttales som norsk «å», «w» uttales som engelsk «w»)</i> </p><p><br /> Konsonantene <i><a href="/wiki/Alef" title="Alef">alef</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_(bokstav)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He (bokstav) (ikke skrevet ennå)">he</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waw (ikke skrevet ennå)">waw</a></i> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jod_(bokstav)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jod (bokstav) (ikke skrevet ennå)">jod</a></i> kan brukes for å indikere en vokallyd. <i>Alef</i> ble ikke systematisk brukt som en <i>mater lectionis</i> på hebraisk (slik som den ble på <a href="/wiki/Arameisk" title="Arameisk">arameisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a>), men den er av og til brukt for å indikere en vokal. <i>He</i> kan brukes til å indikere en vokal når den står i slutten av et ord. </p><p>Når et ord benytter seg av en eller flere <i>matres lectionis</i> bruker man benevnelsen <i>plene</i> (som på latin betyr «komplett») om ordet. Når ordet ikke benytter seg av <i>matres lectionis</i> så er det «mangelfullt», på engelsk <i>defective</i>. F.eks. det bibelske navnet David skrives som oftest «DWD» på hebraisk. Men det samme navnet kan også skrives «DWJD», der «J» indikerer vokallyden «i». Den sistnevnte skrivemåten er dermed <i>plene</i>. </p><p>Etter hvert forstod man at <i>matres lectionis</i> ikke var tilstrekkelig. <a href="/wiki/Masoretene" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretene">Masoretene</a> oppfant derfor vokalpunktene (<i><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a></i>), en type punktsetting som indikerer vokaler, og som tilføyes over, under og midt i konsonantteksten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matres_lectionis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matres_lectionis&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mater_lectionis">«mater lectionis»</a>, <i>Wiktionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mater%20lectionis">«mater lectionis»</a>, <i>Merriam-Webster</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalhebrew.org/mater-lectionis.aspx">«Mater Lectionis»</a>, <i>Biblical Hebrew</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Edzard, Lutz; Jong, Rudolf Erik de (2006): <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>, Brill, 2.238, 308-9.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matres_lectionis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matres_lectionis&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/7._The_Vowels_in_General,_Vowel_Letters_and_Vowel_Signs">«The Vowels in General, Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs»</a>, <i>Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar/7</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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