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id="toc-Ethiopian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ethiopian forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Italian forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Hostilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hostilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hostilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Italian invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoare–Laval_Pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoare–Laval_Pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hoare–Laval Pact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoare–Laval_Pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Christmas_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Christmas_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ethiopian Christmas Offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Christmas_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italian_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italian_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Second Italian advance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Italian_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Southern front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Addis_Ababa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Addis_Ababa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Fall of Addis Ababa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Addis_Ababa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Subsequent operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addis_Ababa_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addis_Ababa_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Addis Ababa massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addis_Ababa_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_international_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_international_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Public and international reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_international_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1936–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1936–1940 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_African_campaign,_1940–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_African_campaign,_1940–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 East African campaign, 1940–1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_African_campaign,_1940–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_treaty,_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_treaty,_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Peace treaty, 1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_treaty,_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Theses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Italienisch-%C3%84thiopischer_Krieg" title="Zweiter Italienisch-Äthiopischer Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zweiter Italienisch-Äthiopischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الإيطالية الإثيوبية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الإيطالية الإثيوبية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_%C3%ADtalo-et%C3%ADope" title="Segunda guerra ítalo-etíope – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda guerra ítalo-etíope" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_%C4%B0taliya%E2%80%93Efiopiya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci İtaliya–Efiopiya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci İtaliya–Efiopiya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی ایتالیا-حبشه ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ایتالیا-حبشه ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора италианско-етиопска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора италианско-етиопска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel_etre_Italia_hag_Etiopia" title="Eil Brezel etre Italia hag Etiopia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Brezel etre Italia hag Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Italoet%C3%ADop" title="Segona Guerra Italoetíop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Italoetíop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_italsko-etiopsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá italsko-etiopská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá italsko-etiopská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_italiensk-abessinske_krig" title="Anden italiensk-abessinske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden italiensk-abessinske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abessinienkrieg" title="Abessinienkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abessinienkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_Itaalia-Etioopia_s%C3%B5da" title="Teine Itaalia-Etioopia sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine Itaalia-Etioopia sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF-%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Β΄ Ιταλο-Αιθιοπικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β΄ Ιταλο-Αιθιοπικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_italo-et%C3%ADope" title="Segunda guerra italo-etíope – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda guerra italo-etíope" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_ital-etiopa_milito" title="Dua ital-etiopa milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua ital-etiopa milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Italo-Etiopiar_Gerra" title="Bigarren Italo-Etiopiar Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Italo-Etiopiar Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="جنگ دوم ایتالیا و اتیوپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ دوم ایتالیا و اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_italo-%C3%A9thiopienne" title="Seconde guerre italo-éthiopienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre italo-éthiopienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere_di_Abissinie" title="Vuere di Abissinie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere di Abissinie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 이탈리아-에티오피아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 이탈리아-에티오피아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_talijansko-abesinski_rat" title="Drugi talijansko-abesinski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi talijansko-abesinski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Italia%E2%80%93Etiopia_Kedua" title="Perang Italia–Etiopia Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Italia–Etiopia Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Etiopia" title="Guerra d'Etiopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="המלחמה האיטלקית-אתיופית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה האיטלקית-אתיופית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იტალია-ეთიოპიის მეორე ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალია-ეთიოპიის მეორე ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Италия-эфиопия соғыстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италия-эфиопия соғыстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_It%C4%81lijas-Etiopijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais Itālijas-Etiopijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrais Itālijas-Etiopijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abessz%C3%ADniai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Abesszíniai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abesszíniai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरे इटली-इथियोपिया युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरे इटली-इथियोपिया युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب الايطالية الاثيوبية التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب الايطالية الاثيوبية التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Itali-Habsyah_Kedua" title="Perang Itali-Habsyah Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Itali-Habsyah Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Italiaans-Ethiopische_Oorlog" title="Tweede Italiaans-Ethiopische Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Italiaans-Ethiopische Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第二次エチオピア戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次エチオピア戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_italiensk-abessinske_krig" title="Den andre italiensk-abessinske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre italiensk-abessinske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_krigen_mellom_Italia_og_Etiopia" title="Den andre krigen mellom Italia og Etiopia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den andre krigen mellom Italia og Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Etiopia" title="Guèrra d'Etiopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra d'Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w%C5%82osko-abisy%C5%84ska_(1935%E2%80%931936)" title="Wojna włosko-abisyńska (1935–1936) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna włosko-abisyńska (1935–1936)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_%C3%8Dtalo-Et%C3%ADope" title="Segunda Guerra Ítalo-Etíope – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra Ítalo-Etíope" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Italo-Etiopian" title="Al Doilea Război Italo-Etiopian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Război Italo-Etiopian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая итало-эфиопская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая итало-эфиопская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_gherra_%C3%ACtalo-et%C3%ACope" title="Segunda gherra ìtalo-etìope – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Segunda gherra ìtalo-etìope" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_italijansko-abesinska_vojna" title="Druga italijansko-abesinska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Druga italijansko-abesinska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други италијанско-етиопски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други италијанско-етиопски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_italijansko-abesinski_rat" title="Drugi italijansko-abesinski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi italijansko-abesinski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%E2%80%93Etiopian_sota_(1935%E2%80%931936)" title="Italian–Etiopian sota (1935–1936) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian–Etiopian sota (1935–1936)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_italiensk-abessinska_kriget" title="Andra italiensk-abessinska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra italiensk-abessinska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามอิตาลี-อะบิสซิเนียครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอิตาลี-อะบิสซิเนียครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._%C4%B0talya-Habe%C5%9Fistan_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="II. İtalya-Habeşistan Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. İtalya-Habeşistan Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга італо-ефіопська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга італо-ефіопська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_%C3%9D-Ethiopia_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Chiến tranh Ý-Ethiopia thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Ý-Ethiopia thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1935–1937 war between Italy and Ethiopia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other wars between Italy and Ethiopia, see <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Italo-Ethiopian war (disambiguation)">Italo-Ethiopian war (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa_Station_Blackshirts_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dire_Dawa_Station_Blackshirts_1936.jpg/151px-Dire_Dawa_Station_Blackshirts_1936.jpg" decoding="async" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abyssinian-soldiers-1936-142348340618.jpg/266px-Abyssinian-soldiers-1936-142348340618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="722" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg/140px-Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg/210px-Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg/280px-Winckel_ontmoet_Haile_Selassi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="718" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_SM._81_bombers_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg/144px-Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg/216px-Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Italian_SM._81_bombers_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="632" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg/153px-Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg/230px-Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg/306px-Italian_troops_with_a_machine_gun_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="645" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg/131px-Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg/197px-Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg/262px-Ethiopian_Warriors_on_their_way_to_the_Northern_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2450" /></a></div></div></div></div></div>Clockwise from top left: Italian Blackshirts at Dire Dawa; Ethiopian soldiers on horseback; Italian bombers in flight; Ethiopian soldiers holding rifles en route to the northern front; Italian soldiers with a machine gun; Haile Selassie with Red Cross members.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 October 1935 – 19 February 1937<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Italian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> by merging Ethiopia with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulugeta_Yeggazu" title="Mulugeta Yeggazu">Mulugeta Yeggazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa Haile Darge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasibu_Emmanual" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasibu Emmanual">Nasibu Emmanual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>350,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1968605–608-4">[3]</a>–760,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">[4]</a></li><li>4 tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">[5]</a></li><li>7 armoured cars<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">[5]</a></li><li>200 artillery pieces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></li><li>13 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky201319-8">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">[4]</a>–685,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197120-9">[8]</a></li><li>599<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197120-9">[8]</a>–800 tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">[4]</a></li><li>2,000 artillery pieces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">[4]</a></li><li>595 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197120-9">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~70,000 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>8,850 killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719-10">[9]</a> 9,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008128-11">[10]</a> 18,200 repatriated for disease<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008128-11">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>120,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>–200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197833-13">[12]</a> civilian casualties</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Second Italo-Ethiopian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Italo-Ethiopian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Italo-Ethiopian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Bono%27s_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia">De Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Offensive" title="Christmas Offensive">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolo_hospital_airstrike" title="Dolo hospital airstrike">Dolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganale_Doria" title="Battle of Ganale Doria">Ganale Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Tembien">1st Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Uarieu_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Uarieu Pass (page does not exist)">Uarieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam" title="Battle of Amba Aradam">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondrand_massacre" title="Gondrand massacre">Mai Lahlà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_to_Lake_Ashenge" title="Retreat to Lake Ashenge">Lake Ashenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Tembien">2nd Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shire_(1936)" title="Battle of Shire (1936)">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_on_Gondar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March on Gondar (page does not exist)">Gondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">Addis Ababa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a <a href="/wiki/War_of_aggression" title="War of aggression">war of aggression</a> waged by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the Italian Invasion (<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: ጣልያን ወረራ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: Ṭalyan warära; <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: Weerara Xaaliyaanii), and in Italy as the Ethiopian War (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Guerra d'Etiopia). It is seen as an example of the expansionist policy that characterized the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and the ineffectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Italian Army commanded by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a> attacked from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (then an Italian colonial possession) without prior declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeckie1987645-14">[13]</a> At the same time a minor force under General <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a> attacked from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>. On 6 October, <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a> was conquered, a symbolic place for the Italian army because of the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a> by the Ethiopian army during the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>. On 15 October, Italian troops seized <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Axum" title="Obelisk of Axum">obelisk</a> adorning the city was torn from its site and sent to Rome to be placed symbolically in front of the building of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Colonies_(Italy)" title="Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)">Ministry of Colonies</a>. Exasperated by De Bono's slow and cautious progress, Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> replaced him with General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>. Ethiopian forces attacked the newly arrived invading army and launched a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Offensive" title="Christmas Offensive">counterattack</a> in December 1935, but their poorly armed forces could not resist for long against the modern weapons of the Italians. Even the communications service of the Ethiopian forces depended on foot messengers, as they did not have radio. It was enough for the Italians to impose a narrow fence on Ethiopian detachments to leave them unaware of the movements of their own army. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> sent arms and munitions to Ethiopia because it was frustrated over Italian objections to its attempts to integrate Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeckie198764-15">[14]</a> This prolonged the war and sapped Italian resources. It would soon lead to Italy's greater economic dependence on Germany and less interventionist policy on Austria, clearing the path for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italians' weapons (particularly heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and airstrikes with bombs and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>) prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Italians resumed the offensive in early March. On 29 March 1936, Graziani bombed the city of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and two days later the Italians won a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Battle of Maychew</a>, which nullified any possible organized resistance of the Ethiopians. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> was forced to escape into exile on 2 May, and Badoglio's forces arrived in the capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> on 5 May. Italy announced the annexation of the territory of Ethiopia on 7 May and Italian King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> was proclaimed emperor on 9 May. The provinces of Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) were united to form the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian province of East Africa</a>. Fighting between Italian and Ethiopian troops persisted until 19 February 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–73-17">[16]</a> On the same day, an attempted assassination of Graziani led to the reprisal <a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a> massacre in Addis Ababa, in which between 1,400 and 30,000 civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Italian forces continued to suppress rebel activity until 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300-21">[20]</a> Italian troops used <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> in aerial bombardments (in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983231,_417-23">[22]</a> Deliberate Italian attacks against ambulances and hospitals of the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> were reported.<a href="#cite_note-rain-24">[23]</a> By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, which have been described by some historians as constituting <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanca2004300–313-25">[24]</a> Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">dumdum bullets</a> (in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a>), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the <a href="/wiki/Gondrand_massacre" title="Gondrand massacre">Gondrand massacre</a>) and the mutilation of captured <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Eritrean Ascari</a> and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197843-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonicelli197579-27">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_East_Africa">State of East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State of East Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/220px-Italian_empire_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/330px-Italian_empire_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/440px-Italian_empire_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Italy and its <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial possessions</a> at the time of the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> began its attempts to establish colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> in the 1880s. The first phase of the colonial expansion concluded with the disastrous <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and the defeat of the Italian forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>, on 1 March 1896, inflicted by the Ethiopian Army of <a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a> <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanca200428–66-28">[27]</a> In the following years, Italy abandoned its expansionist plans in the area and limited itself to administering the small possessions that it retained in the area: the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> and the protectorate (later colony) of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>. For the next few decades, Italian-Ethiopian economic and diplomatic relations remained relatively stable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDominioni20087-29">[28]</a> On 14 December 1925, Italy's fascist government signed a secret pact with Britain aimed at reinforcing Italian dominance in the region. London recognised that the area was of Italian interest and agreed to the Italian request to build a railway connecting Somalia and Eritrea. Although the signatories had wished to maintain the secrecy of the agreement, the plan soon leaked and caused indignation by the French and Ethiopian governments. The latter denounced it as a betrayal of a country that had been for all intents and purposes a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanca2004146–148-30">[29]</a> As fascist rule in Italy continued to radicalise, its colonial governors in the Horn of Africa began pushing outward the margins of their imperial foothold. The governor of Italian Eritrea, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Gasparini" title="Jacopo Gasparini">Jacopo Gasparini</a>, focused on the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Teseney" title="Teseney">Teseney</a> and an attempt to win over the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre people</a> against Ethiopia. The governor of Italian Somaliland, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maria_De_Vecchi" title="Cesare Maria De Vecchi">Cesare Maria de Vecchi</a>, began a policy of repression that led to the occupation of the fertile <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a>, and the cessation in 1928 of collaboration between the settlers and the traditional Somali chiefs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walwal_Incident">Walwal Incident</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Walwal Incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_Treaty_of_1928" title="Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928">Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928</a> stated that the border between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia was 21 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> coast (approximately 118.3 kilometres [73.5 miles]). In 1930, Italy built a fort at the <a href="/wiki/Welwel,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwel, Ethiopia">Welwel</a> oasis (also Walwal, Italian: Ual-Ual) in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> and garrisoned it with Somali <a href="/wiki/Dubats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubats">dubats</a> (irregular frontier troops commanded by Italian officers). The fort at Welwel was well beyond the 21-league limit and inside Ethiopian territory. On 23 November 1934, an Anglo–Ethiopian boundary commission studying grazing grounds to find a definitive border between British Somaliland and Ethiopia arrived at Welwel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker19681–6-31">[30]</a> The party contained Ethiopian and British technicians and an escort of around 600 Ethiopian soldiers. Both sides knew that the Italians had installed a military post at Welwel and were not surprised to see an <a href="/wiki/Italian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian flag">Italian flag</a> at the wells. The Ethiopian government had notified the Italian authorities in Italian Somaliland that the commission was active in the Ogaden and requested the Italians to co-operate. When the British commissioner Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Esmond_Clifford" title="Esmond Clifford">Esmond Clifford</a>, asked the Italians for permission to camp nearby, the Italian commander, Captain Roberto Cimmaruta, rebuffed the request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker19681–6-31">[30]</a> Fitorari Shiferra, the commander of the Ethiopian escort, took no notice of the 150 Italian and Somali troops and made camp. To avoid being caught in an Italian–Ethiopian incident, Clifford withdrew the British contingent to Ado, about 20 mi (32 km) to the north-east, and Italian aircraft began to fly over Welwel. The Ethiopian commissioners retired with the British, but the escort remained. For ten days both sides exchanged menaces, sometimes no more than 2 m apart. Reinforcements increased the Ethiopian contingent to about 1,500 men and the Italians to about 500, and on 5 December 1934, shots were fired. The Italians were supported by an armoured car and bomber aircraft. The bombs missed, but machine gunfire from the car caused about 110 Ethiopian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker19686–7-32">[31]</a> 30 to 50 Italians and Somalis were killed. The incident led to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a> at the League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler200346-33">[32]</a> On 4 September 1935, the League of Nations exonerated both parties for the incident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky2013392-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_isolation">Ethiopian isolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethiopian isolation">edit</a>]</div> Britain and France, preferring Italy as an ally against Germany, did not take strong steps to discourage an Italian military buildup on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>. Because of the <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German Question</a>, Mussolini needed to deter Hitler from annexing <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> while much of the Italian Army was being deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, which led him to draw closer to France to provide the necessary deterrent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> shared the traditional Italian respect for British sea power and insisted to Mussolini that Italy must not antagonise Britain before he <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">assented</a> to the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> In that regard, British diplomacy in the first half of 1935 greatly assisted Mussolini's efforts to win Victor Emmanuel's support for the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> On 7 January 1935, a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Italian Agreement">Franco-Italian Agreement</a> was made that gave Italy essentially a free hand in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> in return for Italian co-operation in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearnsLanger2002677-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> told Mussolini that he wanted a Franco-Italian alliance against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and that Italy had a "free hand" in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> In April, Italy was further emboldened by participation in the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>, an agreement to curb further German violations of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrozier2004108-37">[36]</a> The first draft of the communique at Stresa Summit spoke of upholding stability all over the world, but British Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a>, insisted for the final draft to declare that Britain, France and Italy were committed to upholding stability "in Europe", which Mussolini took for British acceptance of an invasion of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> In June, non-interference was further assured by a political rift, which had developed between the United Kingdom and France, because of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStackelberg2009164-38">[37]</a> As 300,000 Italian soldiers were transferred to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland over the spring and the summer of 1935, the world's media was abuzz with speculation that Italy would soon be invading Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> In June 1935, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> arrived in Rome with the message that Britain opposed an invasion and had a compromise plan for Italy to be given a corridor in Ethiopia to link the two Italian colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, which Mussolini rejected outright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000126-35">[34]</a> As the Italians had broken the British naval codes, Mussolini knew of the problems in the British Mediterranean Fleet, which led him to believe that the British opposition to the invasion, which had come as an unwelcome surprise to him, was not serious and that Britain would never go to war over Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000127-39">[38]</a> The prospect that an Italian invasion of Ethiopia would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations was seen as an opportunity in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Although Hitler did not want to see <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> win, Germany provided some weapons to Ethiopia out of fear of quick victory for Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000145-40">[39]</a> The German perspective was that if Italy was bogged down in a long war in Ethiopia, that would probably lead to Britain pushing the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to impose sanctions on Italy, which the French would almost certainly not veto out of fear of destroying relations with Britain; that would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations and allow Germany to offer its "good services" to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000145-40">[39]</a> In that way, Hitler hoped to win Mussolini as an ally and to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000145-40">[39]</a> A final possible foreign ally of Ethiopia <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Ethiopia–Japan relations">was Japan</a>, which had served as a model to some Ethiopian intellectuals. After the Welwel incident, several right-wing Japanese groups, including the Great Asianism Association and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a>, attempted to raise money for the Ethiopian cause. The Japanese ambassador to Italy, Dr. Sugimura Yotaro, on 16 July assured Mussolini that Japan held no political interests in Ethiopia and would stay neutral in the coming war. His comments stirred up a furor inside <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where there had been popular affinity for the fellow nonwhite empire in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[40]</a> which was reciprocated with similar anger in Italy towards Japan combined with praise for Mussolini and his firm stance against the "gialli di Tokyo" ("Tokyo Yellows").<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[40]</a> Despite popular opinion, when the Ethiopians approached Japan for help on 2 August, they were refused, and even a modest request for the Japanese government for an official statement of its support for Ethiopia during the coming conflict was denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvitt_Clarke19999–20-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armies">Armies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_forces">Ethiopian forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethiopian forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_order_of_battle_in_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_weapons_of_Ethiopia" title="List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia">List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front,_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg/220px-Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg/330px-Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg/440px-Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia._Medical_supplies_for_the_front%2C_including_bales_of_cotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4115" data-file-height="3229" /></a><figcaption>Medical supplies for the front in Addis Ababa.</figcaption></figure> With war appearing inevitable, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Emperor">Ethiopian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> ordered a general mobilisation of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Ethiopian Empire</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All men and boys able to carry a spear go to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. Every married man will bring his wife to cook and wash for him. Every unmarried man will bring any unmarried woman he can find to cook and wash for him. Women with babies, the blind, and those too aged and infirm to carry a spear are excused. Anyone found at home after receiving this order will be hanged.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></blockquote> Selassie's army consisted of around 500,000 men, some of whom were armed with spears and bows. Other soldiers carried more modern weapons including rifles, but many of them were equipment from before 1900 and so were obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1968605–608-4">[3]</a> According to Italian estimates, on the eve of hostilities, the Ethiopians had an army of 350,000–760,000 men. Only about 25% of the army had any military training, and the men were armed with a motley collection of 400,000 rifles of every type and in every condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">[5]</a> The Ethiopian Army had about 234 antiquated pieces of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> mounted on rigid gun carriages as well as a dozen <a href="/wiki/PaK_36" class="mw-redirect" title="PaK 36">3.7 cm PaK 35/36</a> anti-tank guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2013203-45">[44]</a> The army had about 800 light <a href="/wiki/M1895_Colt%E2%80%93Browning_machine_gun" title="M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun">Colt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1922_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss M1922 machine gun">Hotchkiss</a> machine-guns and 250 heavy <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1914_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun">Hotchkiss</a> machine guns, about 100 .303-inch Vickers guns on AA mounts, 48 <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20 mm Oerlikon S</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a> and some recently purchased <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_75_antia%C3%A9rien_mle_1913-1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon de 75 antiaérien mle 1913-1917">Canon de 75 CA modèle 1917 Schneider</a> 75 mm field guns. The arms embargo imposed on the belligerents by France and Britain disproportionately affected Ethiopia, which lacked the manufacturing industry to produce its own weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2013203-45">[44]</a> The Ethiopian army had some 300 <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1927–31)">Ford A</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a> and four World War I era <a href="/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">[5]</a> The best Ethiopian units were the emperor's "<a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">Kebur Zabagna</a>" (Imperial Guard), which were well-trained and better equipped than the other Ethiopian troops. The Imperial Guard wore a distinctive greenish-khaki uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component" title="Belgian Land Component">Belgian Army</a>, which stood out from the white cotton cloak (shamma), which was worn by most Ethiopian fighters and proved to be an excellent target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">[5]</a> The skills of the <a href="/wiki/Ras_(title)" title="Ras (title)">Rases</a>, the Ethiopian generals armies, were reported to rate from relatively good to incompetent. After Italian objections to the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, the German annexation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> sent three aeroplanes, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a> and 10 million rounds of ammunition to the Ethiopians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2013203-45">[44]</a> The serviceable portion of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> was commanded by a Frenchman, André Maillet, and included three obsolete <a href="/wiki/Potez_25" title="Potez 25">Potez 25</a> biplanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197157-46">[45]</a> A few transport aircraft had been acquired between 1934 and 1935 for ambulance work, but the Air Force had 13 aircraft and four pilots at the outbreak of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky201319-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Airspeed Ltd">Airspeed</a> in England had a surplus <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Viceroy" title="Airspeed Viceroy">Viceroy</a> racing plane, and its director, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Shute" class="mw-redirect" title="Neville Shute">Neville Shute</a>, was delighted with a good offer for the "<a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephant</a>" in August 1935. The agent said that it was to fly cinema films around Europe. When the client wanted bomb racks to carry the (flammable) films, Shute agreed to fit lugs under the wings to which they could attach "anything they liked". He was told that the plane was to be used to bomb the Italian oil storage tanks at Massawa, and when the CID enquired about the alien (ex-German) pilot practices in it Shute got the impression that the Foreign Office did not object. However, fuel, bombs and bomb racks from Finland could not reach Ethiopia in time, and the paid-for Viceroy stayed at its works. The emperor of Ethiopia had £16,000 to spend on modern aircraft to resist the Italians and planned to spend £5000 on the Viceroy and the rest on three <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiator</a> fighters.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> There were 50 foreign mercenaries who joined the Ethiopian forces, including French pilots like Pierre Corriger, American pilot <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(aviator)" title="John Robinson (aviator)">John Robinson (aviator)</a>, the Trinidadian pilot <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Julian" title="Hubert Julian">Hubert Julian</a>, an official Swedish military mission under Captain <a href="/wiki/Viking_Tamm" title="Viking Tamm">Viking Tamm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> Feodor Konovalov and the Czechoslovak writer Adolf Parlesak. Several Austrian Nazis, a team of Belgian fascists, and the Cuban mercenary Alejandro del Valle also fought for Haile Selassie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOthen2017238–239-48">[47]</a> Many of the individuals were military advisers, pilots, doctors or supporters of the Ethiopian cause; 50 mercenaries fought in the Ethiopian army and another 50 people were active in the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> or nonmilitary activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOthen2017238-49">[48]</a> The Italians later attributed most of the relative success achieved by the Ethiopians to foreigners, or ferenghi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199718-50">[49]</a> (The Italian propaganda machine magnified the number to thousands to explain away the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Christmas Offensive">Ethiopian Christmas Offensive</a> in late 1935.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197147-51">[50]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haile Selassie"><img alt="Haile Selassie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg/315px-Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Kassa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ras Kassa Haile Darge"><img alt="Ras Kassa Haile Darge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ras_Kassa.png/158px-Ras_Kassa.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ras_Kassa.png/237px-Ras_Kassa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ras_Kassa.png/316px-Ras_Kassa.png 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="2921" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ras <a href="/wiki/Kassa_Haile_Darge" title="Kassa Haile Darge">Kassa Haile Darge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Damtou,_Desta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ras Desta Damtew"><img alt="Ras Desta Damtew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg/119px-Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg/179px-Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg/238px-Damtou%2C_Desta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="541" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ras <a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Immiru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imru Haile Selassie"><img alt="Imru Haile Selassie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ras_Immiru.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="166" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_forces">Italian forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_order_of_battle_for_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian order of battle for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian order of battle for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_weapons_of_Italy" title="List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy">List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldatietiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/220px-Soldatietiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/330px-Soldatietiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Soldatietiopia.jpg/440px-Soldatietiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 in <a href="/wiki/Montevarchi" title="Montevarchi">Montevarchi</a> to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.</figcaption></figure> There were 400,000 Italian soldiers in Eritrea and 285,000 in Italian Somaliland with 3,300 machine guns, 275 artillery pieces, 200 <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a> and 205 aircraft. In April 1935, the reinforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> (Regio Esercito) and the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> (Royal Air Force) in East Africa (Africa Orientale) accelerated. Eight regular, mountain and <a href="/wiki/Blackshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackshirt">blackshirt</a> militia infantry divisions arrived in Eritrea, and four regular infantry divisions arrived in Italian Somaliland, about 685,000 soldiers and a great number of logistical and support units; the Italians included 200 journalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer197613-52">[51]</a> The Italians had 6,000 machine guns, 2,000 pieces of artillery, 599 tanks and 390 aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> (Royal Navy) carried tons of ammunition, food and other supplies, with the motor vehicles to move them, but the Ethiopians had only horse-drawn carts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197120-9">[8]</a> The Italians placed considerable reliance on their Corps of Colonial Troops (Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali, RCTC) of indigenous regiments recruited from the Italian colonies of Eritrea, Somalia and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. The most effective of the Italian commanded units were the Eritrean native infantry (<a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Ascari</a>), which was often used as advanced troops. The Eritreans also provided cavalry and artillery units; the "Falcon Feathers" (Penne di Falco) was one prestigious and colourful Eritrean cavalry unit. Other RCTC units during the invasion of Ethiopia were irregular Somali frontier troops (dubats), regular Arab-Somali infantry and artillery and infantry from Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968318-53">[52]</a> The Italians had a variety of local semi-independent "allies" in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Azebu Galla</a> were among several groups induced to fight for the Italians. In the south, the Somali sultan <a href="/wiki/Olol_Dinle" title="Olol Dinle">Olol Dinle</a> commanded a personal army, which advanced into the northern Ogaden with the forces of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Frusci" title="Luigi Frusci">Luigi Frusci</a>. The sultan was motivated by his desire to take back lands that the Ethiopians had taken from him. The Italian colonial forces even included men from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199741-54">[53]</a> The Italians were reinforced by volunteers from the so-called Italiani all'estero, members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>; they formed the 221st Legion in the Divisione Tevere, which a special Legione Parini fought under Frusci near Dire Dawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968237,_267-55">[54]</a> On 28 March 1935, General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a> was named the commander-in-chief of all Italian armed forces in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007301-56">[55]</a> De Bono was also the commander-in-chief of the forces invading from Eritrea on the northern front. De Bono commanded nine divisions in the Italian I Corps, the Italian II Corps and the Eritrean Corps. General <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a> was commander-in-chief of forces invading from Italian Somaliland on the southern front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007299-57">[56]</a> Initially, he had two divisions and a variety of smaller units under his command: a mixture of Italians, Somalis, Eritreans, Libyans and others. De Bono regarded Italian Somaliland as a secondary theatre, whose primary need was to defend itself, but it could aid the main front with offensive thrusts if the enemy forces were not too large there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007299-57">[56]</a> Most foreigners accompanied the Ethiopians, but <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Matthews" title="Herbert Matthews">Herbert Matthews</a>, a reporter and historian who wrote Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa (1937), and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_del_Valle" title="Pedro del Valle">Pedro del Valle</a>, an observer for <a href="/wiki/US_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a>, accompanied the Italian forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968222-58">[57]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benito Mussolini"><img alt="Benito Mussolini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg/179px-Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg/269px-Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg/358px-Benito_Mussolini_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:E._De_Bono_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emilio De Bono"><img alt="Emilio De Bono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._De_Bono_04.jpg/149px-E._De_Bono_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._De_Bono_04.jpg/223px-E._De_Bono_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._De_Bono_04.jpg/298px-E._De_Bono_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Badoglio"><img alt="Pietro Badoglio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg/150px-Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg/225px-Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Pietro_Badoglio_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="363" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hostilities">Hostilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hostilities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_invasion">Italian invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_Bono%27s_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia">De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_War_Map_(1935-feb_1936)_it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg/220px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg/330px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg/440px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%281935-feb_1936%29_it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the military actions from 1935 to February 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_War_Map_(may_1936)_it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg/220px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg/330px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg/440px-Ethiopia_War_Map_%28may_1936%29_it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the military actions from February to May 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg/220px-Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg/330px-Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg/440px-Bando_contro_lo_schiavismo_in_Tigr%C3%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Italian notice, signed by general <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a>, proclaiming the abolishment of slavery in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>. The abolition of slavery was one of the first measures taken by the Italian occupation government in Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> At 5:00 am on 3 October 1935, De Bono crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mareb_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareb River">Mareb River</a> and advanced into Ethiopia from Eritrea without a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197133-59">[58]</a> Aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica scattered leaflets asking the population to rebel against Haile Selassie and support the "true Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasu V">Iyasu V</a>". Forty-year-old Iyasu had been deposed many years earlier but was still in custody. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199711-60">[59]</a> At this point in the campaign, the lack of roads represented a serious hindrance for the Italians as they crossed into Ethiopia. On the Eritrean side, roads had been constructed right up to the border. On the Ethiopian side, these roads often transitioned into vaguely defined paths,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197133-59">[58]</a> and the Italian army used <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance_in_World_War_II#Italian_reconnaissance_over_Ethiopia" title="Aerial reconnaissance in World War II">aerial photography</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> to plan its advance, as well as mustard gas attacks. On 5 October the Italian I Corps took <a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a>, and by 6 October, <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a> (Adowa) was captured by the Italian II Corps. Haile Selassie had ordered <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> (Ras) <a href="/wiki/Seyum_Mangasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyum Mangasha">Seyoum Mangasha</a>, the Commander of the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Army of Tigre</a>, to withdraw a day's march away from the Mareb River. Later, the Emperor ordered his son-in-law and Commander of the Gate (<a href="/wiki/Dejazmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejazmach">Dejazmach</a>) <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_Gugsa" title="Haile Selassie Gugsa">Haile Selassie Gugsa</a>, also in the area, to move back 89 and 56 km (55 and 35 mi) from the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197133-59">[58]</a> On 11 October, Gugsa surrendered with 1,200 followers at the Italian outpost at Adagamos. Italian propagandists lavishly publicised the surrender but fewer than a tenth of Gugsa's men defected with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197135-62">[61]</a> On 14 October, De Bono proclaimed the end of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">slavery in Ethiopia</a> but this liberated the former slave owners from the obligation to feed their former slaves, in the unsettled conditions caused by the war.<a href="#cite_note-64">[b]</a> Much of the livestock in the area had been moved to the south to feed the Ethiopian army and many of the emancipated people had no choice but to appeal to the Italian authorities for food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197135-62">[61]</a> By 15 October, De Bono's forces had advanced from Adwa and occupied the holy capital of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>. De Bono entered the city riding on a white horse and then looted the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Axum" title="Obelisk of Axum">Obelisk of Axum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968157-65">[63]</a> To Mussolini's dismay, the advance was methodical and on 8 November, the I Corps and the Eritrean Corps captured <a href="/wiki/Mek%27ele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mek'ele">Makale</a>. The Italian advance had added 56 mi (90 km) to the line of supply and De Bono wanted to build a road from Adigrat before continuing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968170-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197136-67">[65]</a> On 16 November, De Bono was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a> (Maresciallo d'Italia) and in December was replaced by Badoglio to speed up the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle19978-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoare–Laval_Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hoare–Laval Pact">edit</a>]</div> On 14 November 1935, the National government in Britain, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, won a general election on a platform of upholding collective security and support for the League of Nations, which at least implied that Britain would support Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt20111384-69">[67]</a> However, the British service chiefs, led by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Earle Chatfield, all advised against going to war with Italy for the sake of Ethiopia, which carried much weight with the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt20111392-70">[68]</a> During the 1935 election, Baldwin and the rest of the cabinet had repeatedly promised that Britain was committed to upholding collective security in the belief of that being the best way to neutralise the Labour Party, which also ran on a platform emphasising collective security and support for the League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt20111394–1395-71">[69]</a> To square the circle caused by its election promises and its desire to avoid offending Mussolini too much, the cabinet decided upon a plan to give most of Ethiopia to Italy, with the rest in the Italian <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>, as the best way of ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt20111384-69">[67]</a> In early December 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a> was proposed by Britain and France. Italy would gain the best parts of Ogaden and Tigray and economic influence over all the south. Abyssinia would have a guaranteed corridor to the sea at the port of <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a>; the corridor was a poor one and known as a "corridor for camels".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler200375-72">[70]</a> Mussolini was ready to play along with considering the Hoare-Laval Pact, rather than rejecting it outright, to avoid a complete break with Britain and France, but he kept demanding changes to the plan before he would accept it as a way to stall for more time to allow his army to conquer Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000128-73">[71]</a> Mussolini was not prepared to abandon the goal of conquering Ethiopia, but the imposition of League of Nations sanctions on Italy caused much alarm in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000127–128-74">[72]</a> The war was wildly popular with the Italian people, who relished Mussolini's defiance of the League as an example of Italian greatness. Even if Mussolini had been willing to stop the war, the move would have been very unpopular in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000128-73">[71]</a> Kallis wrote, "Especially after the imposition of sanctions in November 1935, the popularity of the Fascist regime reached unprecedented heights".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000128-73">[71]</a> On 13 December, details of the pact were leaked by a French newspaper and denounced as a sellout of the Ethiopians. The British government disassociated itself from the pact and British Foreign Secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> was forced to resign in disgrace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968187–210-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_Christmas_Offensive">Ethiopian Christmas Offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Christmas Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Offensive" title="Christmas Offensive">Christmas Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_soldiers_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian soldiers on a trench.</figcaption></figure> The Christmas Offensive was intended to split the Italian forces in the north with the Ethiopian centre, crushing the Italian left with the Ethiopian right and to invade Eritrea with the Ethiopian left. Ras Seyum Mangasha held the area around <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Addi" title="Abiy Addi">Abiy Addi</a> with about 30,000 men. Selassie with about 40,000 men advanced from <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a> toward Mai Timket to the left of Ras Seyoum. Ras Kassa Haile Darge with around 40,000 men advanced from <a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a> to support Ras Seyoum in the centre in a push towards Warieu Pass. <a href="/wiki/Mulugeta_Yeggazu" title="Mulugeta Yeggazu">Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu</a>, the Minister of War, advanced from Dessie with approximately 80,000 men to take positions on and around <a href="/wiki/Amba_Aradam" title="Amba Aradam">Amba Aradam</a> to the right of Ras Seyoum. Amba Aradam was a steep sided, flat topped mountain directly in the way of an Italian advance on Addis Ababa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197145-76">[74]</a> The four commanders had approximately 190,000 men facing the Italians. Ras Imru and his <a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Army of Shire</a> were on the Ethiopian left. Ras Seyoum and his Army of Tigre and Ras Kassa and his Army of <a href="/wiki/Beghemder" class="mw-redirect" title="Beghemder">Beghemder</a> were the Ethiopian centre. Ras Mulugeta and his "Army of the Center" (Mahel Sefari) were on the Ethiopian right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197145-76">[74]</a> A force of 1,000 Ethiopians crossed the Tekeze river and advanced toward the Dembeguina Pass (Inda Aba Guna or Indabaguna pass). The Italian commander, Major Criniti, commanded a force of 1,000 Eritrean infantry supported by <a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3 tanks</a>. When the Ethiopians attacked, the Italian force fell back to the pass, only to discover that 2,000 Ethiopian soldiers were already there and Criniti's force was encircled. In the first Ethiopian attack, two Italian officers were killed and Criniti was wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968219-77">[75]</a> The Italians tried to break out using their L3 tanks but the rough terrain immobilised the vehicles. The Ethiopians killed the infantry, then rushed the tanks and killed their two-man crews. Italian forces organised a relief column made up of tanks and infantry to relieve Critini but it was ambushed en route. Ethiopians on the high ground rolled boulders in front of and behind several of the tanks, to immobilise them, picked off the Eritrean infantry and swarmed the tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968219-77">[75]</a> The other tanks were immobilised by the terrain, unable to advance further and two were set on fire. Critini managed to break-out in a bayonet charge and half escaped. Italian casualties were 31 Italians and 370 Askari killed and five Italians taken prisoner; Ethiopian casualties were estimated by the Italians to be 500, which was probably greatly exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968219-77">[75]</a> The news from the "northern front" was generally bad for Italy. However, foreign correspondents in Addis Ababa publicly took up knitting to mock their lack of access to the front. There was no way for them to verify reports that 4,700 Italians had been captured. The correspondents were told by the Ethiopians that Italian tanks had been stranded and abandoned and that Italian native troops were mutinying.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Later, a report was issued that Ethiopian warriors had captured eighteen tanks, thirty-three field guns, 175 machine guns, and 2,605 rifles. In addition, this report indicated that the Ethiopians had wiped out an entire legion of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_CC.NN._Division_%2228_Ottobre%22" title="2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"">2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"</a> and that the Italians had lost at least 3,000 men. Rome denied these figures.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The ambitious Ethiopian plan called for Ras Kassa and Ras Seyoum to split the Italian army in two and isolate the Italian I Corps and III Corps in Mekele. Ras Mulugeta would then descend from Amba Aradam and crush both corps. According to this plan, after Ras Imru retook Adwa, he was to invade Eritrea. In November, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and imposed economic sanctions. This excluded oil, however, an indispensable raw material for the conduct of any modern military campaign, and this favoured Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalla2000104-80">[78]</a> The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italian's weaponry (artillery and machine guns) as well as aerial bombardment with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>, at first with <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Ethiopians in general were very poorly armed, with few machine guns, their troops mainly armed with swords and spears. Having spent a decade accumulating poison gas in East Africa, Mussolini gave Badoglio authority to resort to <a href="/wiki/Schrecklichkeit" title="Schrecklichkeit">Schrecklichkeit</a> (frightfulness), which included destroying villages and using gas (OC 23/06, 28 December 1935). Mussolini was even prepared to resort to bacteriological warfare as long as these methods could be kept quiet. Some Italians objected when they found out but the practices were kept secret, the government issuing denials or spurious stories blaming the Ethiopians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983231–232-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Italian_advance">Second Italian advance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second Italian advance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Tembien">First Battle of Tembien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam" title="Battle of Amba Aradam">Battle of Amba Aradam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Tembien">Second Battle of Tembien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shire_(1936)" title="Battle of Shire (1936)">Battle of Shire (1936)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Battle of Maychew</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg/220px-Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg/330px-Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg/440px-Italian_troops_in_Abyssinia_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers operating a field gun.</figcaption></figure> As the progress of the Christmas Offensive slowed, Italian plans to renew the advance on the northern front began as Mussolini had given permission to use <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">poison gas</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">mustard gas</a>) and Badoglio received the Italian <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Army Corps (Italy)">III Corps</a> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/COMALP" class="mw-redirect" title="COMALP">IV Corps</a> in Eritrea during early 1936. On 20 January, the Italians resumed their northern offensive at the First Battle of Tembien (20 to 24 January) in the broken terrain between the Warieu Pass and Makale. The forces of Ras Kassa were defeated, the Italians using <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene gas</a> and suffering 1,082 casualties against 8,000 Ethiopian casualties according to an Ethiopian wireless message intercepted by the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968224–225-84">[81]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[It]...was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makale were taking place that the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed the procedure which it is now my duty to denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. To systematically kill all living creatures, to more surely poison waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Haile Selassie<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire1997318-85">[82]</a></cite></div></blockquote> From 10 to 19 February, the Italians captured Amba Aradam and destroyed Ras Mulugeta's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam" title="Battle of Amba Aradam">Battle of Amba Aradam</a> (Battle of Enderta). The Ethiopians suffered massive losses and poison gas destroyed a small part of Ras Mulugeta's army, according to the Ethiopians. During the slaughter following the attempted withdrawal of his army, both Ras Mulugeta and his son were killed. The Italians lost 800 killed and wounded while the Ethiopians lost 6,000 killed and 12,000 wounded. From 27 to 29 February, the armies of Ras Kassa and Ras Seyoum were destroyed at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Tembien">Second Battle of Tembien</a>. Ethiopians again argued that poison gas played a role in the destruction of the withdrawing armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968237–238-86">[83]</a> In early March, the army of Ras Imru was attacked, bombed and defeated in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shire_(1936)" title="Battle of Shire (1936)">Battle of Shire</a>. In the battles of Amba Aradam, Tembien and Shire, the Italians suffered about 2,600 casualties and the Ethiopians about 15,000; Italian casualties at the Battle of Shire being 969 men. The Italian victories stripped the Ethiopian defences on the northern front, Tigré province had fallen most of the Ethiopian survivors returned home or took refuge in the countryside and only the army guarding Addis Ababa stood between the Italians and the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968237–238-86">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/220px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/330px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/440px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Italian artillery operated by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somali Ascari</a> troops</figcaption></figure> On 31 March 1936 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew" title="Battle of Maychew">Battle of Maychew</a>, the Italians defeated an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensive</a> by the main Ethiopian army commanded by Selassie. The Ethiopians launched near non-stop <a href="/wiki/Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">attacks</a> on the Italian and Eritrean defenders but could not overcome the well-prepared Italian defences. When the exhausted Ethiopians withdrew, the Italians counter-attacked. The Regia Aeronautica attacked the survivors at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ashangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ashangi">Lake Ashangi</a> with mustard gas. The Italian troops had 400 casualties, the Eritreans 874 and the Ethiopians suffered 8,900 casualties from 31,000 men present according to an Italian estimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968247–256-87">[84]</a> On 4 April, Selassie looked with despair upon the horrific sight of the dead bodies of his army ringing the poisoned lake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971105-88">[85]</a> Following the battle, Ethiopian soldiers began to employ guerrilla tactics against the Italians, initiating a trend of resistance that would transform into the <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Ethiopia)">Patriot</a>/Arbegnoch movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200394-89">[86]</a> They were joined by local residents who operated independently near their own homes. Early activities included capturing war materials, rolling boulders off cliffs at passing convoys, kidnapping messengers, cutting telephone lines, setting fire to administrative offices and fuel and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_dump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition dump">ammunition dumps</a>, and killing collaborators. As disruption increased, the Italians were forced to redeploy more troops to Tigre, away from the campaign further south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200395-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_front">Southern front</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern front">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genale_Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Genale Doria">Battle of Genale Doria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Battle of the Ogaden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Column_of_Italian_colonial_troops_in_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Column of Italian colonial troops and vehicles in Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> On 3 October 1935, Graziani implemented the Milan Plan to remove Ethiopian forces from various frontier posts and to test the reaction to a series of probes all along the southern front. While incessant rains worked to hinder the plan, within three weeks the Somali villages of <a href="/wiki/Kelafo" title="Kelafo">Kelafo</a>, Dagnerai, Gerlogubi and Gorahai in Ogaden were in Italian hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197170-91">[88]</a> Late in the year, Ras Desta Damtu assembled up his army in the area around <a href="/wiki/Negele_Borana" title="Negele Borana">Negele Borana</a>, to advance on <a href="/wiki/Dolo,_Ethiopia" title="Dolo, Ethiopia">Dolo</a> and invade Italian Somaliland. Between 12 and 16 January 1936, the Italians defeated the Ethiopians at the Battle of Genale Doria. The Regia Aeronautica destroyed the army of Ras Desta, Ethiopians claiming that poison gas was used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197176-92">[89]</a> After a lull in February 1936, the Italians in the south prepared an advance towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>. On 22 March, the Regia Aeronautica bombed Harar and <a href="/wiki/Jijiga" title="Jijiga">Jijiga</a>, reducing them to ruins even though Harar had been declared an "<a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971112-93">[90]</a> On 14 April, Graziani launched his attack against Ras <a href="/wiki/Nasibu_Emmanual" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasibu Emmanual">Nasibu Emmanual</a> to defeat the last Ethiopian army in the field at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden" title="Battle of the Ogaden">Battle of the Ogaden</a>. The Ethiopians were drawn up behind a defensive line that was termed the "Hindenburg Wall", designed by the chief of staff of Ras Nasibu, and <a href="/wiki/Wehib_Pasha" title="Wehib Pasha">Wehib Pasha</a>, a seasoned ex-Ottoman commander. After ten days, the last Ethiopian army had disintegrated; 2,000 Italian soldiers and 5,000 Ethiopian soldiers were killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971121,_123-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Addis_Ababa">Fall of Addis Ababa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fall of Addis Ababa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Italian_troops_marching_in_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Column of Italian troops marching</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg/220px-AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg/330px-AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg/440px-AO-Etiopia-1936-H-Cavalleria-indigena-verso-Addis-Abeba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Italian colonial troops advance on Addis Ababa</figcaption></figure> On 26 April 1936, Badoglio began the "March of the Iron Will" from Dessie to Addis Ababa, an advance with a mechanised column against slight Ethiopian resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971109-95">[92]</a> The column experienced a more serious attack on 4 May when Ethiopian forces under <a href="/wiki/Haile_Mariam_Mammo" title="Haile Mariam Mammo">Haile Mariam Mammo</a> ambushed the formation in Chacha, near <a href="/wiki/Debre_Berhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Berhan">Debre Berhan</a>, killing approximately 170 colonial troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkyeampongGates2012543-96">[93]</a> Meanwhile, Selassie conducted a disorganized retreat towards the capital. There, government officials operated without leadership, unable to contact the Emperor and unsure of his whereabouts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200658–59-97">[94]</a> Realizing that Addis Ababa would soon fall to the Italians, Ethiopian administrators met to discuss a possible evacuation of the government to the west. After several days, they decided that they should relocate to <a href="/wiki/Gore,_Ethiopia" title="Gore, Ethiopia">Gore</a>, though actual preparations for their departure were postponed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200659-98">[95]</a> Addis Ababa became crowded with retreating soldiers from the front while its foreign residents sought refuge at various European legations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200661-99">[96]</a> Selassie reached the capital on 30 April. That day his <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council of Ministers</a> resolved that the city should be defended and a retreat to Gore conducted only as a last resort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200661-99">[96]</a> The following day an ad hoc council of Ethiopian nobles convened to re-examine the decision, where Ras <a href="/wiki/Aberra_Kassa" title="Aberra Kassa">Aberra Kassa</a> suggested that the Emperor should go to Geneva to appeal to the League of Nations for assistance before returning to lead resistance against the Italians. The view was subsequently adopted by Selassie and preparations were made for his departure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer200662-100">[97]</a> On 2 May, Selassie boarded a train from <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, with the gold of the Ethiopian Central Bank. From there he fled to the United Kingdom, with the tacit acquiescence of the Italians who could have bombed his train, into exile (Mussolini had refused a request from Graziani to mount such an attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971126-101">[98]</a>) Before he departed, Selassie ordered that the government of Ethiopia be moved to Gore and directed the mayor of Addis Ababa to maintain order in the city until the Italians' arrival. <a href="/wiki/Imru_Haile_Selassie" title="Imru Haile Selassie">Imru Haile Selassie</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Prince Regent</a> during his absence. The city police, under <a href="/wiki/Abebe_Aregai" title="Abebe Aregai">Abebe Aregai</a> and the remainder of the Imperial Guard did their utmost to restrain a growing crowd but rioters rampaged throughout the city, looting and setting fire to shops owned by Europeans. Most of the violence occurred between looters, fighting over the spoils and by 5 May, much of the city lay in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971125-102">[99]</a> At 04:00 Badoglio drove into the city at the head of 1,600 lorries and patrols of Italian tanks, troops and Carabinieri were sent to occupy tactically valuable areas in the city, as the remaining inhabitants watched sullenly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968262–263-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_(1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg/220px-Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg/330px-Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg/440px-Military_Parade_of_Italian_Troops_in_Addis_Ababa_%281936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops in Addis Ababa, 1936</figcaption></figure> After the occupation of Addis Ababa, nearly half of Ethiopia was still unoccupied and the fighting continued for another three years until nearly 90% was "pacified" just before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, although censorship kept this from the Italian public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232–233-1">[1]</a> Ethiopian commanders withdrew to nearby areas to regroup; Abebe Aregai went to <a href="/wiki/Ankober" title="Ankober">Ankober</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balcha_Safo" title="Balcha Safo">Balcha Safo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gurage_Zone" title="Gurage Zone">Gurage</a>, Zewdu Asfaw to <a href="/wiki/Mulo_(woreda)" title="Mulo (woreda)">Mulo</a>, Blatta Takale Wolde Hawariat to <a href="/wiki/Limmu_(woreda)" title="Limmu (woreda)">Limmu</a> and the Kassa brothers—Aberra, <a href="/wiki/Wondosson_Kassa" title="Wondosson Kassa">Wondosson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asfawossen_Kassa" title="Asfawossen Kassa">Asfawossen</a>—to Selale. Haile Mariam conducted <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> attacks around the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200397-104">[101]</a> About 10,000 troops remaining under the command of Aberra Kassa had orders from Selassie to continue resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200397-104">[101]</a> On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199712-105">[102]</a> The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras, <a href="/wiki/Hailu_Tekle_Haymanot" title="Hailu Tekle Haymanot">Hailu Tekle Haymanot</a>, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971127-106">[103]</a> Imru Haile Selassie fell back to Gore in southern Ethiopia to reorganise and continue to resist the Italians. In early June, the Italian government promulgated a constitution for Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI, <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>) bringing Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland together into an administrative unit of six provinces. Badoglio became the first <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General">Governor General</a> but on 11 June, he was replaced by Marshal Graziani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus199932-107">[104]</a> On 21 June Kassa held a meeting with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Abune_Petros" title="Abune Petros">Abune Petros</a> and several other Patriot leaders at <a href="/wiki/Debre_Libanos" title="Debre Libanos">Debre Libanos</a>, about 70 km (43 mi) north of Addis Ababa. Plans were made to storm parts of the capital but a lack of transport and radio equipment prevented a co-ordinated attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200397-104">[101]</a> In July, Ethiopian forces attacked Addis Ababa and were routed. Numerous members of Ethiopian royalty were taken prisoner and others were executed soon after they surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus199932-107">[104]</a> The exiled government in Gore was never able to provide any meaningful leadership to the Patriots or remaining military formations but sporadic resistance by independent groups persisted around the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven200397-104">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_Bonaia_-_Lekempti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Nekemte" title="Nekemte">Nekemte</a></figcaption></figure> On the night 26 June, members of the Black Lions organization destroyed three Italian aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Nekemte" title="Nekemte">Nekemte</a> and killed twelve Italian officials, including Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Magliocco" title="Vincenzo Magliocco">Vincenzo Magliocco</a> and aviator <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Locatelli" title="Antonio Locatelli">Antonio Locatelli</a>, after the Italians had sent the party to parley with the local populace. Graziani ordered the town to be bombed in retaliation for the killings (Magliocco was his deputy). Local hostility forced out the Patriots and Desta Damtew, commander of the southern Patriots, withdrew his troops to <a href="/wiki/Arbegona_(woreda)" title="Arbegona (woreda)">Arbegona</a>. Surrounded by Italian forces, they retreated to <a href="/wiki/Butajira" title="Butajira">Butajira</a>, where they were eventually defeated. An estimated 4,000 Patriots were reportedly killed in both engagements, 1,600 of whom—including Damtew—after being taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven2003102-108">[105]</a> On 19 December, Wondosson Kassa was executed near <a href="/wiki/Debre_Zebit" title="Debre Zebit">Debre Zebit</a> and on 21 December, Aberra Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa were executed in <a href="/wiki/Fiche,_Ethiopia" title="Fiche, Ethiopia">Fikke</a>. In late 1936, after the Italians tracked him down in Gurage, Dejazmach Balcha Safo was killed in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus199932-107">[104]</a> On 19 December, Ras Imru surrendered at the Gojeb river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003168-109">[106]</a> After the end of the rainy season, an Italian column left Addis Ababa in September and occupied Gore a month later. The forces of Ras Imru were trapped between the Italians and the Sudan border and Imru surrendered on 19 December. Imru was flown to Italy and imprisoned on the Island of <a href="/wiki/Ponza" title="Ponza">Ponza</a>, while the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_POWs_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian POWs during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopian prisoners</a> taken in the war were dispersed in camps in East Africa and Italy. A second column went south-west to attack Ras Desta and the Dejasmatch Gabre Mariam who had assembled military forces in the Great Lakes district. The Ethiopians were defeated on 16 December and by January, the Italians had established a measure of control over the provinces of Jimma, Kafa and Arusi. After another two months, the remaining Ethiopians were surrounded and fought on, rather than surrender. Mariam was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968282-110">[107]</a> On 19 February 1937 the last battle of the war occurred when remnants of the Armies of Sidamo and Bale clashed with Italian forces at Gogetti, and were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–173-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addis_Ababa_massacre">Addis Ababa massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Addis Ababa massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a></div> That same date, 19 February 1937 – Yekatit 12 according to the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez calendar">Ge'ez calendar</a> – saw the attempted assassination of Marshal Graziani by Eritrean rebels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Deboch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Deboch (page does not exist)">Abraham Deboch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogos_Asgedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mogos Asgedom (page does not exist)">Mogos Asgedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. The campaign of reprisals visited by the Italians upon the population of Addis Ababa has been described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the three days that followed the attempt on Graziani's life. Ethiopian sources estimated that 30,000 people were killed by the Italians, while Italian sources claimed that only a few hundred were killed. A 2017 history of the massacre estimated that 19,200 people were killed, 20 percent of the population of Addis Ababa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[17]</a> Over the following week, numerous Ethiopians suspected of opposing Italian rule were rounded up and executed, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a> and other members of the aristocracy. Many more were imprisoned, even collaborators such as Ras Gebre Haywot, the son of Ras <a href="/wiki/Mikael_of_Wollo" title="Mikael of Wollo">Mikael of Wollo</a>, Brehane Markos, and Ayale Gebre, who had helped the Italians identify the two men who made the attempt on Graziani's life.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> According to Mockler, "Italian <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">carabinieri</a> had fired into the crowds of beggars and poor assembled for the distribution of alms; and it is said that the Federal Secretary, Guido Cortese, even fired his revolver into the group of Ethiopian dignitaries standing around him."<a href="#cite_note-Mockler_20032-113">[110]</a> Hours later, Cortese gave the fatal order:<blockquote>Comrades, today is the day when we should show our devotion to our Viceroy by reacting and destroying the Ethiopians for three days. For three days I give you ''carte blanche'' to destroy and kill and do what you want to the Ethiopians.<a href="#cite_note-Mockler_20032-113">[110]</a> </blockquote>Italians doused native houses with <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> and set them on fire. They broke into the homes of local <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian People">Armenians</a> and lynched their servants. Some even posed on the corpses of their victims to have their photographs taken.<a href="#cite_note-Mockler_20032-113">[110]</a> The first day of the massacre has been commemorated as "<a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a>" (19 February) by Ethiopians ever since. There is a <a href="/wiki/Yekatit_12_monument" title="Yekatit 12 monument">Yekatit 12 monument</a> in Addis Ababa in memory of these Ethiopian victims of Italian aggression. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> In 1968, Colonel A. J. Barker wrote that from 1 January 1935 to 31 May 1936, the Italian army and Blackshirt units lost 1,148 men killed, 125 men died of wounds and thirty-one missing; about 1,593 Eritrean troops and 453 civilian workmen were also killed, a total of 3,319 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293-19">[18]</a> In a 1978 publication, Alberto Sbacchi wrote that these official Italian casualty figures of about 3,000 were an underestimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197837-114">[111]</a> Sbacchi wrote that the official total of Italian casualties was unreliable, because the regime desired to underestimate Italian losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi1997xxi-115">[112]</a> Del Boca estimates the total Italian losses up to 31 December 1936 (including more than six months of guerrilla warfare after the end of the conflict) speak of 2,317 dead for the Italian army, 1,165 for the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a>, 193 from the air force, 56 from the navy, 78 civilians in the Gondrand shipyard massacre, 453 factory workers and 88 merchant marines, for a total of 4,350 Italians killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719-10">[9]</a> To these figures must be added approximately 9,000 injured and 18,200 repatriated due to illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008128-11">[10]</a> Estimates on the losses of the askaris, however very vague, he puts it at 4,500 killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719-10">[9]</a> From 1936 to 1940, there was an additional 9,555 men killed and 144,000 sick and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197836–38,_43-116">[113]</a> Total Italian casualties from 1935 to 1940 according to these calculations were about 208,000 killed or wounded. Based on 1,911 Italians killed in the first six months of 1940, Ministry of Africa figures for 6 May 1936 to 10 June 1940 are 8,284 men killed, which Sbacchi considered to be fairly accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197843-26">[25]</a> There was a lack of reliable statistics because confusion during the invasion made it difficult to keep accurate records and the Statistical Bulletin had ceased to provide data on fatalities. Field hospital records had been destroyed, inventories dispersed, individual deaths were not reported and bodies were not repatriated to Italy. Unpublished reports listed 3,694 military and civilian fatalities among 44,000 casualties and from May 1936 to June 1940, there were another 12,248 military and civilian fatalities in 144,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi1997xxi–xxii-117">[114]</a> The Italian estimation of Ethiopian losses are 50,000 men killed in the Northern front and 20,000 men killed in the Southern front for a total of 70,000 battle deaths. Conversely, in a memorandum submitted to the Paris conference in 1946, the Ethiopian government enumerated 275,000 men killed in action, 78,500 Patriots killed in hostilities during the occupation from 1936 to 1941, 17,800 women and children killed by bombing, 30,000 people killed in the massacre of February 1937, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, 24,000 Patriots killed in obedience to orders from summary courts, 300,000 people died after their villages had been destroyed, a total of 760,300 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker196891-118">[115]</a> However, Del Boca claims that these figures are unreliable and were likely exaggerated to extract more reparations. He asserts that the Italian estimation is more accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24._Adolf_Hoffmeister,_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg/220px-24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg/330px-24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg/440px-24._Adolf_Hoffmeister%2C_%C5%98%C3%ADm_nese_%C4%8Dernou_kulturu_Habe%C5%A1an%C5%AFm%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Rome brings black culture to the Abbysians, caricature by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hoffmeister" title="Adolf Hoffmeister">Adolf Hoffmeister</a>, 1936.</figcaption></figure> Italian military forces used between 300 and 500 tons of mustard gas to attack both military and civilian targets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983231-119">[116]</a> despite being a signatory to the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a> banning the practice. This gas had been produced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and subsequently transported to East Africa. <a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a>, who was present in Ethiopia during the conflict, stated that mustard gas "was the decisive tactical factor in the war."<a href="#cite_note-Legro-120">[117]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> estimates that up to one-third of Ethiopian casualties of the war were caused by chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The Italians claimed that their use of gas was justified by the execution of <a href="/wiki/Tito_Minniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito Minniti">Tito Minniti</a> and his observer in Ogaden by Ethiopian forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaudendistel2006131-122">[119]</a> However, the use of gas was authorized by Mussolini nearly two months before Minniti's death on 26 December 1935, as evinced by the following order: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Rome, October 27, 1935. To His Excellency Graziani. The use of gas as an ultima ratio to overwhelm enemy resistance and in case of counter-attack is authorized. Mussolini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983231,_417-23">[22]</a></blockquote>After Minniti's death, the order was expanded to use of gas "on a vast scale":<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Rome, December 28, 1935. To His Excellency Badoglio. Given the enemy system I have authorized Your Excellency the use even on a vast scale of any gas and flamethrowers. Mussolini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983231,_417-23">[22]</a></blockquote> Military and civilian targets were gas bombed and on 30 December, a <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a> unit was bombed at Dolo and an Egyptian ambulance was attacked at Bulale; a few days later an Egyptian medical unit was bombed at Daggah Bur. There were more attacks in January and February, then on 4 March 1936, a British Red Cross camp near Quoram appeared to be subject to the most deliberate attack of all, when low-flying Italian aircraft crews could not have missed the big Red Cross signs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968222-58">[57]</a> Mustard gas was also sprayed from above on Ethiopian combatants and villages. The Italians tried to keep their resort to chemical warfare secret but were exposed by the International Red Cross and many foreign observers. The Italians claimed that at least 19 bombardments of Red Cross tents "posted in the areas of military encampment of the Ethiopian resistance", had been "erroneous".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Italians delivered poison gas by <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">gas shell</a> and in bombs dropped by the Regia Aeronautica. Though poorly equipped, the Ethiopians had achieved some success against modern weaponry but had no defence against the "terrible rain that burned and killed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197156-123">[120]</a> In general, historians concluded that the use of chemical weapons was effective and devastating to morale and manpower, though some disagree and argue that they had negligible effect in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark195920-124">[121]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Del_Boca" title="Angelo Del Boca">Angelo Del Boca</a> condemned the use of gas, but argued that it had only a minimal effect on Italian war aims.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> An analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> argued that the use of chemical weapons shifted the war in favor of the Italians, and dealt a major blow to Ethiopian morale.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> American and British military analysis came to similar conclusions. The US military concluded that "Chemical weapons were devastating against the unprepared and unprotected Ethiopians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart19971–78-127">[124]</a> British Major General J. F. C. Fuller, assigned to the Italian army, noted that "In place of the laborious process of picketing the heights, the heights sprayed with gas were rendered unoccupiable by the enemy, save at the gravest risk. It was an exceedingly cunning use of this chemical."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart19971–78-127">[124]</a> Haile Selassie in his report to the League of Nations described it:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">....Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so they could vaporize over vast areas of territory a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of 9, 15, or 18 aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. In order more surely to poison the waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. These fearful tactics succeeded. Men and animals succumbed. The deadly rain that fell from the aircraft made all those whom it touched fly shrieking with pain. All those who drank poisoned water or ate infected food also succumbed in dreadful suffering. In tens of thousands the victims of Italian mustard gas fell.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Smart<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart19971–78-127">[124]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ethiopian troops used <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Dum-Dum bullets</a>, which had been banned by declaration IV, 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention (1899)</a> and began mutilating captured <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Eritrean Askari</a> (often with <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>) beginning in the first weeks of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonicelli197579-27">[26]</a> Some hundreds of colonial Eritrean Ascari and dozens of Italians suffered these amputations, often done before death as allegedly happened to 17 Italian workers emasculated in <a href="/wiki/Gondrand_massacre" title="Gondrand massacre">Gondrand</a> in February 1936.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern,_Military_medal_(FindID_383905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg/220px-Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg/330px-Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg/440px-Modern%2C_Military_medal_%28FindID_383905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Medal commemorating the role of the Italian Eritrean colonial troops in the war</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_and_international_reaction">Public and international reaction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public and international reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg/330px-Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Haile_Selassie_Time_cover_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion made him <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Man of the Year 1935</a>.</figcaption></figure> Italy's military victory overshadowed concerns about the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983234-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131-130">[127]</a> Mussolini was at the height of his popularity in May 1936 with the proclamation of the Italian empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000128-73">[71]</a> His biographer, <a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">Renzo De Felice</a>, called the war "Mussolini's masterpiece" as for a brief moment he had been able to create something resembling a national consensus both in favor of himself and his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000124,_197–198-131">[128]</a> When Badoglio returned to Italy, he received a snub, as Mussolini made certain that the honours bestowed on Badoglio received fell short of those granted to an Italian "national hero", in order to present the victory as an achievement of the Fascist system rather than as an achievement of the traditional Italian elites, of which Badoglio was a member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis200074-132">[129]</a> A sign of Mussolini's increased power and popularity after the war was his creation of a new military rank; First Marshal of the Italian Empire, to which he promoted both himself and King Victor Emmanuel III, thus putting the prime minister on a theoretical level of equality with the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis200074-132">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SelassieInJerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/220px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/330px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SelassieInJerusalem.jpg/440px-SelassieInJerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>Haile Selassie passes through <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> on his way to exile in England.</figcaption></figure> Haile Selassie sailed from Djibouti in the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Enterprise_(D52)" title="HMS Enterprise (D52)">HMS Enterprise</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> Selassie sailed to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> en route to Britain. While still in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Haile Selassie sent a <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> to the League of Nations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have decided to bring to an end the most unequal, most unjust, most barbarous war of our age, and have chosen the road to exile in order that our people will not be exterminated and in order to consecrate ourselves wholly and in peace to the preservation of our empire's independence... we now demand that the League of Nations should continue its efforts to secure respect for the covenant, and that it should decide not to recognize territorial extensions, or the exercise of an assumed sovereignty, resulting from the illegal recourse to armed force and to numerous other violations of international agreements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131–132-133">[130]</a></blockquote> The Ethiopian Emperor's telegram caused several nations to temporarily defer recognition of the Italian conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131–132-133">[130]</a> On 30 June, Selassie spoke at the League of Nations and was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_League_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of the League of Nations">President of the Assembly</a> as "His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Ethiopia" ("Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Ethiopie"). A group of jeering Italian journalists began yelling insults and were expelled before he could speak. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian</a> chairman, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Titulescu" title="Nicolae Titulescu">Nicolae Titulescu</a>, jumped to his feet and shouted "Show the savages the door!" ("À la porte les sauvages!").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971133-134">[131]</a> Selassie denounced Italian aggression and criticised the world community for standing by. At the conclusion of his speech, which appeared on <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> throughout the world, he said "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow". France appeased Italy because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany; Britain decided that its military weakness meant that it had to follow France's lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno199766–104-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt20111381–1401-136">[133]</a> Selassie's resolution to the League to deny recognition of the Italian conquest was defeated and he was denied a loan to finance a resistance movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971159-137">[134]</a> On 4 July 1936, the League voted to end the sanctions imposed against Italy in November 1935. By 15 July, the sanctions were at an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer1976299-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[d]</a> On 18 November 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and Italy recognised the Japanese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2010307-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus199920-142">[138]</a> Hitler had supplied the Ethiopians with 16,000 rifles and 600 machine guns in the hope that Italy would be weakened when he moved against Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeckie198764-15">[14]</a> By contrast, France and Britain recognised Italian control over Ethiopia in 1938. <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> was the only country to strongly condemn Italy's sovereignty over Ethiopia, respecting Ethiopian independence throughout. Including Mexico, only six nations in 1937 did not recognise the Italian occupation: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a>, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSSD194328–32-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus199922-144">[140]</a> Three years later, only the USSR officially recognised Selassie and the United States government considered recognising the Italian Empire with Ethiopia included.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1999214-145">[141]</a> The invasion of Ethiopia and its general condemnation by Western democracies isolated Mussolini and Fascist Italy until 1938. From 1936 to 1939, Mussolini and Hitler joined forces to support the fascist camp during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. In April 1939, Mussolini launched the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a>. In May, Italy and Nazi Germany joined in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>. In September 1940, both nations signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> along with the Empire of Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–1940">1936–1940</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1936–1940">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_East_Africa_(1938%E2%80%931941).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/220px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/330px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/440px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The six provinces of Italian East Africa.</figcaption></figure> On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199712-105">[102]</a> The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras, <a href="/wiki/Hailu_Tekle_Haymanot" title="Hailu Tekle Haymanot">Hailu Tekle Haymanot</a>, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971127-106">[103]</a> On 21 December 1937, Rome appointed <a href="/wiki/Amedeo,_3rd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta">Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta</a>, as the new Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa with instructions to take a more conciliatory line. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png/220px-Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png/330px-Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png/440px-Guerillakrieg_in_Italienisch-Ostafrika_1937.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a> resistance in 1937</figcaption></figure> Aosta instituted public works projects including 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of new paved roadways, 25 hospitals, 14 hotels, dozens of post offices, telephone exchanges, aqueducts, schools and shops. The Italians decreed <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> to be illegal.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Racial separation, including residential segregation, was enforced as thoroughly as possible and the Italians showed favouritism to non-Christian groups. To isolate the dominant <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> rulers of Ethiopia, who supported Selassie, the Italians granted the <a href="/wiki/Oromos" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromos">Oromos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> and other Muslims, many of whom had supported the invasion, autonomy and rights. The Italians also definitively abolished <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery timeline">slavery</a> and abrogated <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal laws</a> that had been upheld by the Amharas. Early in 1938, a revolt broke out in Gojjam, led by the Committee of Unity and Collaboration, made up of some of the young, educated elite who had escaped reprisals after the assassination attempt on Graziani. The general oversaw another wave of reprisals and had all Ethiopians in administrative jobs murdered, some by being thrown from aircraft, after being taken on board under the pretext of visiting the King in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, leading to the saying "He went to Rome".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281-147">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg/110px-Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg/165px-Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg/220px-Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Duke of Aosta</figcaption></figure> The army of occupation had 150,000 men but was spread thinly; by 1941 the garrison had been increased to 250,000 soldiers, including 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italian civilians</a>. The former police chief of Addis Ababa, Abebe Aregai, was the most successful leader of the Ethiopian guerrilla movement after 1937, using units of fifty men. On 11 December, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> voted to condemn Italy and Mussolini withdrew from the League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968272-148">[144]</a> Along with world condemnation, the occupation was expensive, the budget for AOI from 1936 to 1937 required 19,136 billion <a href="/wiki/Lira" title="Lira">lire</a> for infrastructure, when the annual revenue of Italy was only 18,581 billion lire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannistraro19825-149">[145]</a> In 1939 Ras <a href="/wiki/Seyoum_Mengesha" title="Seyoum Mengesha">Seyoum Mengesha</a>, Ras Getachew Abate and Ras Kebede Guebret submitted to the Italian Empire and <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a> petered out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300-21">[20]</a> In early 1940, the last area of guerilla activity was around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> and the southern Gojjam, under the leadership of the degiac Mengesha Gembere and <a href="/wiki/Belay_Zeleke" title="Belay Zeleke">Belay Zeleke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_African_campaign,_1940–1941">East African campaign, 1940–1941</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: East African campaign, 1940–1941">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa,_1941_E2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg/220px-The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg/330px-The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg/440px-The_West_African_Frontier_Force_in_East_Africa%2C_1941_E2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the West African Frontier Force removing Italian frontier markers from the Kenya–Italian Somaliland border, 1941</figcaption></figure> While in exile in United Kingdom, Haile Selassie had sought the support of the Western democracies for his cause but had little success until the Second World War began. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, Kenya and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>. In August 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a> was completed. The British and Selassie incited Ethiopian and other local forces to join a campaign to dislodge the Italians from Ethiopia. Selassie went to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> to establish closer liaison with the British and resistance forces within Ethiopia. On 18 January 1941, Selassie crossed the border into Ethiopia near the village of Um Iddla and two days later rendezvoused with <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a>. The Allied <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Command" title="East Africa Command">East Africa Command</a> and Ethiopian patriots had largely succeeded in their operations by 6 April 1941, when Addis Ababa was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Edward_de_Robillard_Wetherall" title="Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall">Harry Wetherall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Pienaar" title="Dan Pienaar">Dan Pienaar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Fowkes" title="Charles Christopher Fowkes">Charles Christopher Fowkes</a>, who received the surrender of the city; on 5 May, exactly five years after the fall of the capital, Selassie made a formal entry in Addis Ababa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971156-150">[146]</a> After the Italian defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a> was carried out by remnants of Italian troops and their allies, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces">Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces</a> in September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECernuschi199474-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaty,_1947">Peace treaty, 1947</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Peace treaty, 1947">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947</a></div> The treaty signed in Paris by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> (Repubblica Italiana) and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">victorious powers</a> of World War II on 10 February 1947, included formal Italian recognition of Ethiopian independence and an agreement to pay $25,000,000 (equivalent to $341,133,000 in 2023) in reparations. Since the League of Nations and most of its members had never officially recognized Italian sovereignty over Ethiopia, Haile Selassie had been recognized as the restored emperor of Ethiopia following his formal entry into Addis Ababa in May 1941. Ethiopia presented a bill to the Economic Commission for Italy of £184,746,023 for damages inflicted during the course of the Italian occupation. The list included the destruction of 2,000 churches, 535,000 houses, the slaughter or theft of 5,000,000 cattle, 7,000,000 sheep and goats, 1,000,000 horses and mules and 700,000 camels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_weapons_of_Ethiopia" title="List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia">List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War_weapons_of_Italy" title="List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy">List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faccetta_Nera" title="Faccetta Nera">Faccetta Nera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Timeline of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Timeline of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogra_Massacre" title="Vogra Massacre">Vogra Massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the capital, was occupied on 5 May 1936 and Haile Selassie fled the country. <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Resistance movements</a> continued for several years after the Italian victory at Addis Ababa of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232–233-1">[1]</a> The date of the last battle between regular Italian and Ethiopian forces was 19 February 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–173-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Ethiopian emperors since <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> had issued "superficial" proclamations to end slavery but these had made little difference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith1989103-63">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Years later, Badoglio admitted to using gas once and a former government minister said that three gas bombs had been dropped but these admissions came after copious amounts of records had been published showing that gas had been used to a much greater extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232-82">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> In 1976, Baer wrote that Selassie's resolution requesting loans was defeated by a vote of 23 against, 25 abstentions and 1 vote for (from Ethiopia). In the sanctions vote, 44 delegates approved the ending of sanctions, 4 abstained and 1 (Ethiopian) delegate voted for retention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer1976298-139">[136]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232–233-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232–233_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983232–233_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack_Smith1983">Mack Smith 1983</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–173-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–173_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–173_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler2003">Mockler 2003</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1968605–608-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1968605–608_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1968605–608_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPankhurst1968">Pankhurst 1968</a>, pp. 605–608. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2018The_Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2018">Stapleton 2018</a>, The Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197129-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197129_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197129_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197129_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197129_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197129_6-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1971">Barker 1971</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Storia dell'Aeronautica-l'aeronautica italiana, Hobby e Work 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky201319-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky201319_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShinnOfcansky201319_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShinnOfcansky2013">Shinn & Ofcansky 2013</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker197120-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197120_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197120_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197120_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker197120_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1971">Barker 1971</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_Boca2009717–719_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDel_Boca2009">Del Boca 2009</a>, pp. 717–719. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008128-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008128_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008128_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008128_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, p. 128. Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTERochat2008128" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm#Eth35">"Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century"</a>. Necrometrics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Necrometrics&rft.atitle=Secondary+Wars+and+Atrocities+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c300k.htm%23Eth35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESbacchi197833-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESbacchi197833_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSbacchi1978">Sbacchi 1978</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeckie1987645-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeckie1987645_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeckie1987">Leckie 1987</a>, p. 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeckie198764-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeckie198764_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeckie198764_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeckie1987">Leckie 1987</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru1934" class="citation book cs1">Nehru, Jawaharlal (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108462">Glimpses Of World History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+Of+World+History&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–73-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockler2003172–73_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockler2003">Mockler 2003</a>, pp. 172–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2017" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ian (2017). The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-692-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-692-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999629248">999629248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Addis+Ababa+Massacre%3A+Italy%27s+National+Shame&rft.place=London&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F999629248&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-692-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968292–293_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1968">Barker 1968</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel1999" class="citation book cs1">Martel, Gordon (1999). The origins of the Second World War reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-01024-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-01024-8"><bdi>0-203-01024-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252806536">252806536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Second+World+War+reconsidered%3A+A.+J.+P.+Taylor+and+the+Historians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252806536&rft.isbn=0-203-01024-8&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281,_300_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1968">Barker 1968</a>, pp. 281, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelladonna2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belladonna, Simone (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOHbCgAAQBAJ&q=uccisione+dell'aviatore+Tito+Minniti&pg=PT156">Gas in Etiopia: I crimini rimossi dell'Italia coloniale</a> (in Italian). 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"Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935–41)". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 8 (3): 425–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09585170320000113770">10.1080/09585170320000113770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145516332">145516332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Italian+Studies&rft.atitle=Mussolini%27s+colonial+race+laws+and+state-settler+relations+in+Africa+Orientale+Italiana+%281935%E2%80%9341%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-443&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09585170320000113770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145516332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barrera&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968281_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1968">Barker 1968</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1968272-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1968272_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1968">Barker 1968</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannistraro19825-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannistraro19825_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCannistraro1982">Cannistraro 1982</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971156-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1971156_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1971">Barker 1971</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECernuschi199474-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECernuschi199474_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCernuschi1994">Cernuschi 1994</a>, p. 74. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbinkDe_BruijnVan_Walraven2003" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, Gerrit Jan; De Bruijn, Mirjam; Van Walraven, Klass, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ54bFqJtV8C">Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History</a>. African Dynamics. Vol. II (illus. ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12624-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12624-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Resistance%3A+Revolt+and+Violence+in+African+History&rft.place=Leiden%2C+NL&rft.series=African+Dynamics&rft.edition=illus.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12624-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJ54bFqJtV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012" class="citation book cs1">Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ">Dictionary of African Biography</a>. Vol. II. Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195382075" title="Special:BookSources/9780195382075"><bdi>9780195382075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195382075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39JMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonicelli1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonicelli, Franco (1975). Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze [Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878595757">878595757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trent%27anni+di+storia+italiana%3A+dall%27antifascismo+alla+Resistenza+%281915%E2%80%931945%29+lezioni+con+testimonianze&rft.place=Torino&rft.series=Reprints+Einaudi&rft.pub=Giulio+Einaudi+Editore&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878595757&rft.aulast=Antonicelli&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1976" class="citation book cs1">Baer, George W. (1976). Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations. Stanford, California: Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6591-4"><bdi>978-0-8179-6591-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Test+Case%3A+Italy%2C+Ethiopia%2C+and+the+League+of+Nations&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Hoover+Institute+Press%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-6591-4&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1968" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (1968). The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-93201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-93201-6"><bdi>978-0-304-93201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilising+Mission%3A+The+Italo-Ethiopian+War+1935%E2%80%936&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-304-93201-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1971" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (1971). Rape of Ethiopia, 1936. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6"><bdi>978-0-345-02462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape+of+Ethiopia%2C+1936&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-345-02462-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudendistel2006" class="citation book cs1">Baudendistel, Reiner (2006). Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936. Human Rights in Context. Vol. I. Oxford: Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-035-9"><bdi>978-1-84545-035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Bombs+and+Good+Intentions%3A+The+Red+Cross+and+the+Italo-Ethiopian+War%2C+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Human+Rights+in+Context&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-035-9&rft.aulast=Baudendistel&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandeloro1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Candeloro, Giorgio (1981). Storia dell'Italia Moderna [History of Modern Italy] (in Italian) (10th ed.). Milano: Feltrinelli. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797807582">797807582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dell%27Italia+Moderna&rft.place=Milano&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Feltrinelli&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797807582&rft.aulast=Candeloro&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannistraro1982" class="citation book cs1">Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00tion">Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21317-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21317-5"><bdi>978-0-313-21317-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Fascist+Italy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21317-5&rft.aulast=Cannistraro&rft.aufirst=Philip+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00tion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith1989" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1989). The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3359-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-3359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Indian+Ocean+Slave+Trade+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3359-6&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1959" class="citation book cs1">Clark, D. K. (1959). Effectiveness of Toxic Chemicals in the Italo–Ethiopian War. Bethesda, Maryland: Operations Research Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effectiveness+of+Toxic+Chemicals+in+the+Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian+War&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Operations+Research+Office&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier2004" class="citation book cs1">Crozier, Andrew J. (2004). The Causes of the Second World War. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18601-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18601-4"><bdi>978-0-631-18601-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18601-4&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_BocaRochat1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Boca, Angelo; Rochat, Giorgio (1996). I gas di Mussolini: il fascismo e la guerra d'Etiopia [Mussolini's Gas: Fascism and the Ethiopian War]. Primo piano (in Italian). Roma: <a href="/wiki/Editori_Riuniti" title="Editori Riuniti">Editori Riuniti</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-359-4091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-359-4091-3"><bdi>978-88-359-4091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+gas+di+Mussolini%3A+il+fascismo+e+la+guerra+d%27Etiopia&rft.place=Roma&rft.series=Primo+piano&rft.pub=Editori+Riuniti&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-88-359-4091-3&rft.aulast=Del+Boca&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Rochat%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_Boca2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">del Boca, Angelo (2005). Italiani, brava gente? Un mito duro a morire [Italians, Good People? A Myth dies Hard]. I colibrì (in Italian). Vicenza: N. Pozza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-545-0013-6"><bdi>978-88-545-0013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italiani%2C+brava+gente%3F+Un+mito+duro+a+morire&rft.place=Vicenza&rft.series=I+colibr%C3%AC&rft.pub=N.+Pozza&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-545-0013-6&rft.aulast=del+Boca&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Boca2009" class="citation book cs1">Del Boca, Angelo (2009). Gli italiani in Africa Orientale – II. La conquista dell'Impero. Milan: Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-46947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-46947-6"><bdi>978-88-04-46947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+in+Africa+Orientale+%E2%80%93+II.+La+conquista+dell%27Impero&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-88-04-46947-6&rft.aulast=Del+Boca&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominioni2008" class="citation book cs1">Dominioni, M. (2008). Lo sfascio dell'impero: gli italiani in Etiopia [The Collapse of the Empire: The Italians in Ethiopia]. Quadrante Laterza, 143. Roma: Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-84-208533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-84-208533-1"><bdi>978-8-84-208533-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+sfascio+dell%27impero%3A+gli+italiani+in+Etiopia&rft.place=Roma&rft.series=Quadrante+Laterza%2C+143&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-84-208533-1&rft.aulast=Dominioni&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch2007" class="citation book cs1">Gooch, John (2007). Mussolini and His Generals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85602-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85602-7"><bdi>978-0-521-85602-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+His+Generals&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85602-7&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallis2000" class="citation book cs1">Kallis, Aristotle (2000). Fascist Ideology Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21612-8"><bdi>978-0-415-21612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascist+Ideology+Territory+and+Expansionism+in+Italy+and+Germany%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21612-8&rft.aulast=Kallis&rft.aufirst=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1999" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Richard (1999). Mussolini as Diplomat. New York: Fromm International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88064-244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88064-244-6"><bdi>978-0-88064-244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+as+Diplomat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fromm+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88064-244-6&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckie1987" class="citation book cs1">Leckie, Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck_0">Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015812-5"><bdi>978-0-06-015812-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delivered+from+Evil%3A+The+Saga+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-015812-5&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeliveredfromevi00leck_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweMarzari2010" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Cedric James; Marzari, F. (2010) [1975]. Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940. Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Vol. VIII (online ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-88880-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-88880-4"><bdi>978-1-315-88880-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.series=Foreign+Policies+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-315-88880-4&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Cedric+James&rft.au=Marzari%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, D.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack">Mussolini: A Biography</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50694-4"><bdi>978-0-394-50694-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50694-4&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmussolini0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1983" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, D. (1983) [1981]. Mussolini. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08444-1"><bdi>978-0-586-08444-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08444-1&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet2015" class="citation book cs1">Mallet, Robert (2015) [2015]. Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919–1935. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107090439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107090439"><bdi>978-1107090439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+in+Ethiopia%2C+1919%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107090439&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1999" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Harold, ed. (1999). Haile Selassie I: My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords. Vol. II. Translated by Gebions, Ezekiel. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1"><bdi>978-0-948390-40-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie+I%3A+My+Life+and+Ethiopia%27s+Progress%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I%2C+King+of+Kings+and+Lord+of+Lords&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Research+Associates+School+Times+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-948390-40-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignemi1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignemi, A., ed. (1982). Si e no padroni del mondo. Etiopia 1935–36. Immagine e consenso per un impero [Yes and no: Masters of the World. Ethiopia 1935–36. Image and Consensus for an Empire] (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Provincia Novara Piero Fornara. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878601977">878601977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Si+e+no+padroni+del+mondo.+Etiopia+1935%E2%80%9336.+Immagine+e+consenso+per+un+impero&rft.place=Novara&rft.pub=Istituto+Storico+della+Resistenza+in+Provincia+Novara+Piero+Fornara&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878601977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockler2003" class="citation book cs1">Mockler, Anthony (2003). Haile Selassie's War. New York: Olive Branch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-473-1"><bdi>978-1-56656-473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-473-1&rft.aulast=Mockler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1997). The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936. Westminster, Maryland: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-692-7"><bdi>978-1-85532-692-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Invasion+of+Abyssinia+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.place=Westminster%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-692-7&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOthen2017" class="citation book cs1">Othen, Christopher (2017). Lost Lions of Judah: Haile Selassie's Mongrel Foreign Legion. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5983-1"><bdi>978-1-4456-5983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lions+of+Judah%3A+Haile+Selassie%27s+Mongrel+Foreign+Legion&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5983-1&rft.aulast=Othen&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalla2000" class="citation book cs1">Palla, Marco (2000). Mussolini and Fascism. Interlink Illustrated Histories. New York: Interlink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-340-6"><bdi>978-1-56656-340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Interlink+Illustrated+Histories&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-340-6&rft.aulast=Palla&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1968" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, R. (1968). A Brief Note on the Economic History of Ethiopia from 1800 to 1935. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/434191">434191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Note+on+the+Economic+History+of+Ethiopia+from+1800+to+1935&rft.place=Addis+Ababa&rft.pub=Haile+Selassie+I+University&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F434191&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSSD1943" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/index.html">Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941</a>. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. 1983 [1943]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/506009610">506009610</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304073455/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017 – via Hyperwar Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+War%3A+United+States+Foreign+Policy+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F506009610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FDip%2FPaW%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochat2008" class="citation book cs1">Rochat, Giorgio (2008). Le guerre italiane 1935–1943. Milano: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-19168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-19168-9"><bdi>978-88-06-19168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+guerre+italiane+1935%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-06-19168-9&rft.aulast=Rochat&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rhodes" title="Anthony Rhodes">Rhodes, A.</a> (1973). The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators: 1922–1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-02394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-02394-5"><bdi>978-0-340-02394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican+in+the+Age+of+the+Dictators%3A+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-340-02394-5&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation book cs1">Safire, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lendmeyourearsgr00safi">Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History</a> (rev. expanded ed.). New York: norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04005-0"><bdi>978-0-393-04005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lend+Me+Your+Ears%3A+Great+Speeches+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=rev.+expanded&rft.pub=norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04005-0&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flendmeyourearsgr00safi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSbacchi1997" class="citation book cs1">Sbacchi, A. (1997). Legacy of Bitterness: Ethiopia and Fascist Italy, 1935–1941. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-74-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-74-5"><bdi>978-0-932415-74-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Bitterness%3A+Ethiopia+and+Fascist+Italy%2C+1935%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-74-5&rft.aulast=Sbacchi&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnOfcansky2013" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, D. H.; Ofcansky, T. P. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Historical dictionaries of Africa (2nd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7194-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Lanham&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+Africa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7194-6&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1997" class="citation book cs1">Smart, J. K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemBio/Ch2.pdf">"History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective"</a> (PDF). In Zajtchuk, Russ (ed.). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry and the Casualty: Part I. Vol. III (online ed.). Bethesda, Maryland: Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40153101">40153101</a>. Retrieved 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare%3A+An+American+Perspective&rft.btitle=Medical+Aspects+of+Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Textbook+of+Military+Medicine%3A+Warfare%2C+Weaponry+and+the+Casualty%3A+Part+I&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Office+of+The+Surgeon+General+Department+of+the+Army%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40153101&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fke.army.mil%2Fbordeninstitute%2Fpublished_volumes%2FchemBio%2FCh2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Spencer" title="John H. Spencer">Spencer, John H.</a> (2006). Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-000-1"><bdi>978-1-59907-000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+at+Bay%3A+A+Personal+Account+of+the+Haile+Selassie+Years&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+California&rft.pub=Tsehai+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59907-000-1&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackelberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Stackelberg, R. (2009). Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37331-9"><bdi>978-0-415-37331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Origins%2C+Interpretations%2C+Legacies&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37331-9&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). A Military History of Africa: The Colonial Period: from the Scramble for Africa to the Algerian Independence War (ca. 1870–1963). Vol. II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39570-3"><bdi>978-0-313-39570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Africa%3A+The+Colonial+Period%3A+from+the+Scramble+for+Africa+to+the+Algerian+Independence+War+%28ca.+1870%E2%80%931963%29&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39570-3&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2018" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C35aDwAAQBAJ">Africa: War and Conflict in the Twentieth Century</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351104661" title="Special:BookSources/9781351104661"><bdi>9781351104661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+War+and+Conflict+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351104661&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC35aDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsLanger2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2002). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern (6th, online ed.). New York: Bartleby.com. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51671800">51671800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th%2C+online&rft.pub=Bartleby.com&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51671800&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rft.au=Langer%2C+William+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1999" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Barry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0/page/178">"More than Meets the Eye: The Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War"</a>. In Martel, G. (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0/page/178">178–203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=More+than+Meets+the+Eye%3A+The+Ethiopian+War+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered+A.+J.+P.+Taylor+and+the+Historians&rft.pages=178-203&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16325-5&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00gord_0%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernuschi1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). "La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" [The Unknown Resistance in East Africa]. Rivista Storica (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30747124">30747124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Storica&rft.atitle=La+resistenza+sconosciuta+in+Africa+Orientale&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30747124&rft.aulast=Cernuschi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvitt_Clarke1999" class="citation journal cs1">Calvitt Clarke, J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608012801/http://users.ju.edu/jclarke/wizzd.html">"Japan and Italy squabble over Ethiopia: The Sugimura affair of July 1935"</a>. Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians: 9–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9517">2373-9517</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ju.edu/jclarke/wizzd.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Selected+Annual+Proceedings+of+the+Florida+Conference+of+Historians&rft.atitle=Japan+and+Italy+squabble+over+Ethiopia%3A+The+Sugimura+affair+of+July+1935&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=2373-9517&rft.aulast=Calvitt+Clarke&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ju.edu%2Fjclarke%2Fwizzd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Holt, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/1679/">"No more Hoares to Paris': British Foreign Policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935"</a>. Review of International Studies. XXXVII (3): 1383–1401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210510001646">10.1017/S0260210510001646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-2105">0260-2105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=No+more+Hoares+to+Paris%27%3A+British+Foreign+Policymaking+and+the+Abyssinian+Crisis%2C+1935&rft.volume=XXXVII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1383-1401&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210510001646&rft.issn=0260-2105&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F1679%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabanca2004" class="citation journal cs1">Labanca, Nicola (2004). "Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 9 (3): 300–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1354571042000254737">10.1080/1354571042000254737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144498755">144498755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Italian+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+rule%2C+colonial+repression+and+war+crimes+in+the+Italian+colonies&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=300-313&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1354571042000254737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144498755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Labanca&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSbacchi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sbacchi, Alberto (1978). Marcus, H. G. (ed.). "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–40". Ethiopianist Notes. II (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-2751">1063-2751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethiopianist+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Empire%3A+Towards+an+Enumeration+of+Italian+Casualties+in+Ethiopia+1935%E2%80%9340&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=1063-2751&rft.aulast=Sbacchi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalerno1997" class="citation journal cs1">Salerno, Reynolds M. (1997). "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937–9". <a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a>. CXII (445): 66–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcxii.445.66">10.1093/ehr/cxii.445.66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+French+Navy+and+the+Appeasement+of+Italy%2C+1937%E2%80%939&rft.volume=CXII&rft.issue=445&rft.pages=66-104&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcxii.445.66&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Salerno&rft.aufirst=Reynolds+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Burgwyn, H. J. (1997). Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940. Praeger Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.series=Praeger+Studies+of+Foreign+Policies+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94877-1&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocianiViotti1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crociani, P.; Viotti, A. (1980). Le Uniformi Dell' A.O.I., Somalia, 1889–1941 [Uniforms of Italian East Africa, Somalia, 1889–1941] (in Italian). Roma: La Roccia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/164959633">164959633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Uniformi+Dell%27+A.O.I.%2C+Somalia%2C+1889%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=La+Roccia&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F164959633&rft.aulast=Crociani&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Viotti%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Bono1937" class="citation book cs1">De Bono, E. (1937). La conquista dell' Impero. La preparazione e le prime operazioni [The Preparation and First Operations]. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Roma: Istituto Nazionale Fascista di Cultura. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46203391">46203391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+conquista+dell%27+Impero.+La+preparazione+e+le+prime+operazioni&rft.place=Roma&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Istituto+Nazionale+Fascista+di+Cultura&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46203391&rft.aulast=De+Bono&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2023" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ian (2023) [1st pub. 2021]. Holy War. The Untold Story of Catholic Italy's Crusade Against the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. London: C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787384774" title="Special:BookSources/978-1787384774"><bdi>978-1787384774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War.+The+Untold+Story+of+Catholic+Italy%27s+Crusade+Against+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1787384774&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Boca1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Boca, A. (1965). La guerra d'Abissinia: 1935–1941 [The Ethiopian War 1935–1941] (in Italian). Milano: Feltrinelli. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799937693">799937693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerra+d%27Abissinia%3A+1935%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Feltrinelli&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799937693&rft.aulast=Del+Boca&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianniniMussolini1999" class="citation book cs1">Giannini, Filippo; Mussolini, Guido (1999). Benito Mussolini, l'uomo della pace: da Versailles al 10 giugno 1940 [Benito Mussolini, the Man of Peace: From Versailles to 10 June 1940]. Roma: Editoriale Greco e Greco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7980-133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7980-133-1"><bdi>978-88-7980-133-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benito+Mussolini%2C+l%27uomo+della+pace%3A+da+Versailles+al+10+giugno+1940&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Editoriale+Greco+e+Greco&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7980-133-1&rft.aulast=Giannini&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Mussolini%2C+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziani1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graziani, R. (1938). Il fronte Sud [The South Front] (in Italian). Milano: A. Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602590204">602590204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+fronte+Sud&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=A.+Mondadori&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F602590204&rft.aulast=Graziani&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers">Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04671-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04671-7"><bdi>978-0-393-04671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04671-7&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerhubris00kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1937" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Herbert Lionel (1937). Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa. London: M. Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5315947">5315947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+in+Abyssinia%3A+With+Marshal+Bodoglio%27s+forces+to+Addis+Ababa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=M.+Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5315947&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, R.</a>; Wheatcroft, A. (1999) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over">The Road to War</a> (rev. enl. Penguin pbk. ed.). London: Macmillan London and BBC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7"><bdi>978-0-14-028530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=rev.+enl.+Penguin+pbk.&rft.pub=Macmillan+London+and+BBC+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028530-7&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtowar00over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnProutyOfcansky2004" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David Hamilton; Prouty, Chris; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4910-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4910-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-4910-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4910-5&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+Hamilton&rft.au=Prouty%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ofcansky%2C+Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarace1937" class="citation book cs1">Starace, A. (1937). La marcia su Gondar della colonna celere A.O. e le successive operazioni nella Etiopia Occidentale [The March on Gondar, the Expedited Column A.O. and Subsequent Operations in Western Ethiopia]. Milano: A. Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799891187">799891187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+marcia+su+Gondar+della+colonna+celere+A.O.+e+le+successive+operazioni+nella+Etiopia+Occidentale&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=A.+Mondadori&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799891187&rft.aulast=Starace&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Marlborough: Crowood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0"><bdi>978-1-86126-646-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3A+Mussolini%27s+elite+Armoured+Divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Marlborough&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-646-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby1990" class="citation book cs1">Willoughby, C. A. (1990) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/FMFRP%2012-13%20%20Maneuver%20in%20War.pdf">"XI: The Italo-Ethiopian War"</a> (PDF). Maneuver in War. FMRP 12, 13 (repr. online ed.). Washington, DC: Department of the Navy: Headquarters United States Marine Corps. pp. 230–285. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34869726">34869726</a>. PCN 140 12130000. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XI%3A+The+Italo-Ethiopian+War&rft.btitle=Maneuver+in+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=FMRP+12%2C+13&rft.pages=230-285&rft.edition=repr.+online&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Navy%3A+Headquarters+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34869726&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F59%2FPublications%2FFMFRP%252012-13%2520%2520Maneuver%2520in%2520War.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theses">Theses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Theses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2000" class="citation thesis cs1">May, M. A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091612/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482810">Fuelling Fascism: British and Italian Economic Relations in the 1930s, League Sanctions and the Abyssinian Crisis</a> (PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940362449">940362449</a>. Docket uk.bl.ethos.482810. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482810">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fuelling+Fascism%3A+British+and+Italian+Economic+Relations+in+the+1930s%2C+League+Sanctions+and+the+Abyssinian+Crisis&rft.inst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science+%28University+of+London%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940362449&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.482810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Italo-Ethiopian+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="commons:Category:Italo–Abyssinian War">Italo–Abyssinian War</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appeal_to_The_League_of_Nations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Appeal to The League of Nations">Haile Selassie's appeal to the League of Nations</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm">Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022190043/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/selassie.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (full text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Italo-Ethiopian-War-1935-1936">Encyclopædia Britannica: Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oyX2kXeFUlo">British newsreel footage of Haile Selassie's address to the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regioesercito.it/campagne/etiopia/indexcampetiopia.htm">Regio Esercito: La Campagna d'Etiopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList96/DEB07F09BE30F4B8C1256DB000479398">Ethiopia 1935–36: mustard gas and attacks on the Red Cross</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/html/5RQERS">Full version in French</a>) – Bernard Bridel, <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Italo-Ethiopian-war.pdf">The use of chemical weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War</a> – SIPRI Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme, October 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_mussolinis_invasion_and_the_italian_occupation.html">Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040314102707/http://www.needham.k12.ma.us/High_School/cur/Baker_00/03/baker-mc-03/ethiopia.htm">Mussolini's Ethiopia Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/italy/fitalyethiopia1935.htm">OnWar: Second Italo–Abyssinian War 1935–1936</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsinternational.net/exhibit2.html">The Day the Angel Cried</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108231945/http://www.rootsinternational.net/exhibit2.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Emperor_Leaves_Ethiopia" class="extiw" title="s:The Emperor Leaves Ethiopia">The Emperor Leaves Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.libero.it/wrnzla/">Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea.</a> Second Italo-Abyssinian war. Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas...</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/Donovanpapers/Papers%201900%20Forward/STUP6/RossFrank%20S.%20CPT.pdf">Ross, F. 1937. The Strategical Conduct of the Campaign and supply and Evacuation Programmes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219213628/http://www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/Donovanpapers/Papers%201900%20Forward/STUP6/RossFrank%20S.%20CPT.pdf">Archived</a> 19 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKsHYopJdsQ">Italian videos of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.78-giri.net/en/canti/2-guerra-etiopica">Songs of 2nd Italo-Abyssinian War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Banadir Resistance">Banadir Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/76px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/152px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">World War II campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Italian Blockade of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Italian Invasion of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Intervention_in_Northern_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Intervention in Northern Russia">Italian Intervention in Northern Russia</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_di_spedizione_italiano_in_Murmania" class="extiw" title="it:Corpo di spedizione italiano in Murmania">it</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Occupation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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