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<li id="toc-Pre-Ottoman_Illumination_(9th-10th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Ottoman_Illumination_(9th-10th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Ottoman Illumination (9th-10th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Ottoman_Illumination_(9th-10th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Ottoman_Illumination_(13th-15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Ottoman_Illumination_(13th-15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Ottoman Illumination (13th-15th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Ottoman_Illumination_(13th-15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_(c._1520-1566)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cloud-chain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud-chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decorative Forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of painted or drawn decorative art developed in Ottoman Turkey</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_(I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg/297px-Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg/446px-Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg/594px-Double_page_from_the_%22Divan-i_Muhibbi%22_%28I%C3%9C_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Double page from the "Divan-i Muhibbi", sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman's</a> collected poems written under the pseudonym Muhibbi, illuminated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Memi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Memi (page does not exist)">Kara Memi</a>. Istanbul, 1566. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a> Library</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Turkish</b> or <b>Ottoman illumination</b> refers to non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art found in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> or on sheets in <i><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> it is called “tezhip”,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning “ornamenting with gold”. The Classical Islamic style of manuscript illumination combines techniques from Turkish, Persian, and Arabic traditions. Illumination was central to the traditional arts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, who developed a style of illumination distinct from earlier traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manuscript illustration, such as the painting of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> (<i>taswir</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a distinct process from manuscript illumination, and each process was thus carried out by an artist specially trained in that particular craft.<sup id="cite_ref-sims_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sims-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illumination design varies depending on the associated text. Poetic texts often featured decoration along the margins of the text block or interrupting columns of text.<sup id="cite_ref-sims_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sims-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> in the 14th and 16th centuries feature fully decorated opening pages (levha or plate illumination), with subsequent pages only featuring illumination on the edges of the text block (koltuk illumination).<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illumination techniques were used to decorate manuscripts of the Qur'an as well as other mediums such as decorative papers, book covers, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, glass and wood panels, <a href="/wiki/Metalworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalworks">metal works</a>, and architectural surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuscripts of the Qur'an and literary or historical works were illuminated in palace workshops or in private artists' workshops. Illuminated manuscripts were generally accessible to <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> because of their high production cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of illuminated works of art under royal or elite patronage contributed to the unity of style frequently observed in Turkish decorative arts.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Ottoman_Illumination_(9th-10th_centuries)"><span id="Pre-Ottoman_Illumination_.289th-10th_centuries.29"></span>Pre-Ottoman Illumination (9th-10th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Ottoman Illumination (9th-10th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first examples of illumination among Turks appeared on wall paintings and book adornments by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Turks">Uygur Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illumination took hold in the 9th and 10th centuries as it was used to gild and adorn the margins of Qur'anic manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> manuscripts of this period began to incorporate more elaborate geometric decoration as both an act of religious devotion and a tool for facilitating the text's legibility.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman illuminators built upon the legacy established by these pre-Ottoman artists while incorporating their own styles and techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Ottoman_Illumination_(13th-15th_centuries)"><span id="Early_Ottoman_Illumination_.2813th-15th_centuries.29"></span>Early Ottoman Illumination (13th-15th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Ottoman Illumination (13th-15th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_(TIEM_30.2a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg/180px-Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg/270px-Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg/360px-Page_from_Ottoman_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_30.2a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Qur'an. Probably <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, 1457-58. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> in the 13th and 14th centuries, illumination techniques spread across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illuminations of this period were characterized by geometric designs and motifs. Palace workshops, set up during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror">Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror</a>, produced most examples of illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent artist Baba Naqqash led an ornamentation workshop established by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror at <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapi Palace</a>, producing masterpieces while training new students in the art of illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 15th century, refined techniques in papermaking and page dyeing allowed for the incorporation of more varied colors in paper manuscripts. Pages could be decorated with gold dust or marbled using the <i>abri</i> technique imported from China.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, the art of Ottoman illumination experienced its second peak since the reign of Sultan Mehmed II. The style of Classical Turkish Illumination emerged, while illumination began to be used more widely beyond book adornment, decorating forms of art such as weaving and ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_(c._1520-1566)"><span id="Golden_Age_.28c._1520-1566.29"></span>Golden Age (c. 1520-1566)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden Age (c. 1520-1566)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_(TIEM_224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg/220px-Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg/330px-Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg/440px-Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur%27an_%28TIEM_224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5245" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Opening pages from the Qur'an probably meant for the <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512-1520). Istanbul, dated September 1517.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 'Golden Age' of Ottoman illumination occurred during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, spanning from 1520 to 1566. Illumination was used to decorate royal edicts and <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignias</a>, book covers, heads of Qur'anic chapters, and end pages. Artists, working out of royal workshops, primarily utilized gold and navy blue ink.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman artists <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_(painter)" title="Şahkulu (painter)">Shah Kulu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and his student, Karamemi, pioneered the naturalistic <a href="/wiki/Saz_style" title="Saz style">"Sazyolu" (reed) style</a>, characterized by its vegetal forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karamemi later introduced the "Halic work" style to Ottoman illumination tradition while serving as chief illuminist at the ornamentation workshop in the palace of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Influences_(18th-20th_centuries)"><span id="European_Influences_.2818th-20th_centuries.29"></span>European Influences (18th-20th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European Influences (18th-20th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg/220px-Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg/330px-Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg/440px-Qur%27an_copied_by_Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8655" data-file-height="6675" /></a><figcaption>Qur'an copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Z%C3%BChdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Zühdi (page does not exist)">Abdullah Zühdi</a>, 1848-49. <a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period" title="Tulip Period">Tulip Period</a> of illumination (1718-1730) was characterized by the incorporation of large flowers and bouquets into decoration, influenced by the styles of the <a href="/wiki/French_rococo_and_neoclassicism" class="mw-redirect" title="French rococo and neoclassicism">French Rococo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three-dimensional and naturalistic floral designs and reflected the influence of cultural Westernization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent artists of this period include Ahmed Efendi, Ali Ragip, Rashid, and Ahmed Ataullah. </p><p>The rise of printing in the 19th century led to a decline in illumination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 20th century, however, witnessed a revival of the art form thanks to champions like <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCheyl_%C3%9Cnver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süheyl Ünver (page does not exist)">Süheyl Ünver</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCheyl_%C3%9Cnver" class="extiw" title="tr:Süheyl Ünver">tr</a>]</span>, Rikkat Kunt, Muhsin Demironat, Ismail Hakki Altunbezer, and Feyzullah Dayigil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the foundation of Turkish Decorative Arts section within the Academy of Fine Arts, new generations of illumination artists were educated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are many artists in the field of illumination, such as Çiçek Derman, Gülnur Duran, Şahin İnalöz, Cahide Keskiner, Ülker Erke, Melek Anter and Münevver Üçer (all of whom are women).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_motifs">Common motifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometric">Geometric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geometric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The name "Muhammad" reflected with Quranic verses inside. <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection of Islamic Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Geometric patterns gained popularity during the 13th century under the Seljuk Dynasty and Ilkhanate, with their usage continuing through the Early Ottoman period.<sup id="cite_ref-sims_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sims-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geometric forms such as squares, circles, triangles, and stars were often combined into a singular motif. The weaving of these forms was believed to signify <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geometric motifs are often employed in single or double <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispieces</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Carpet_page" title="Carpet page">carpet pages.</a> These pages feature full-page illuminations employing geometric and vegetal motifs such as <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetal">Vegetal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vegetal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown,_circa_1725_(SHM_15501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg/220px-Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg/330px-Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg/440px-Hilye-i_%C5%9Eerif._Unknown%2C_circa_1725_%28SHM_15501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="4819" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hilye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilye">Hilye-i Şerif</a></i>, c. 1725. <a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rumi is a commonly used ornamental motif originating in Central Asia and further developed by the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuks">Anatolian Seljuks</a>. Rumi emerged through the stylization of animal wings, legs, and trunks, but in the 13th century, Ottoman illuminators adopted the motif, varying its forms.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vegetal forms, including stylized leaves, stems and buds (such as the gonca, or unopened flower), were a common element of the khatai style of illumination. Khatai flowers are usually symmetrical on a vertical axis. Another common vegetal motif is the panch, or five-pointed foliation. These forms were often used in the center of a design.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Munhani, or 'curved line' motifs were commonly used between the 11th and 15th centuries, particularly in the ornamentation of handwritten manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shukufa or naturalist flower motifs were commonly employed in Ottoman illuminating from the 17th century onward. These motifs emerged alongside the rise of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">European Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> influences. This motif involves the stylization of different flowers, including the tulip, carnation, violet, and iris.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud-chain">Cloud-chain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cloud-chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 15th century, under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, a more delicate style of illumination relying on cloud-chain motifs began to take hold. This movement replaced the geometric <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> style of illumination that had emerged in the 13th century in Persia and Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulut or cloud motif is a stylized representation of a cloud's movement across the sky. The two main forms of the cloud motif are the free cloud and the aggregate cloud. Free clouds are drawn independently in a design, while aggregate clouds combine individual clouds with the incorporation of curved lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggregate cloud bands between medallion motifs were a characteristic feature of illumination during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_Forms">Decorative Forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decorative Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_(Official_Signature)_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_(r._1520%E2%80%9366)_MET_DP251197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg/220px-Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg/330px-Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg/440px-Tughra_%28Official_Signature%29_of_Sultan_S%C3%BCleiman_the_Magnificent_%28r._1520%E2%80%9366%29_MET_DP251197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (1520-1566), c. 1555-1560. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">shamsa</a> is a round form symbolizing the sun and light. These forms were commonly employed on the bound or inner covers of handwritten works. The shamsa motif could also be encircled by curvilinear or vegetal motifs, or overlapped with other geometric forms to resemble petals.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">hilye</a> is a calligraphic illustration including a written description of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Islamic Prophet Muhammad's</a> physical characteristics and traits. The text of the hilye was often contained within an illuminated circular or rectangular cartouche.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a> is a symbol representing the insignia of the sultan, often included at the top of an Ottoman imperial <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">ferman</a> or edict. Karamemi-style flowers were commonly used to decorate the insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-tanindi_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:52-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTanindi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tanindi, Zeren (2002). "Manuscript Illumination". <i>Ottoman Civilization</i>. <b>2</b>: 864-.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottoman+Civilization&rft.atitle=Manuscript+Illumination&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=864-&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tanindi&rft.aufirst=Zeren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تذهیب</span> <i>tazhīb</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تذهيب</span> <i>tadhhīb</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تصویر</span> <i>taswīr</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sims-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sims_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sims_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sims_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sims, Eleanor (2001). "The Art of Illumination in Islamic Manuscripts in the Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon". <i>HALI, The International Journal of Oriental Carpets and Textiles</i> (114): 96–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HALI%2C+The+International+Journal+of+Oriental+Carpets+and+Textiles&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Illumination+in+Islamic+Manuscripts+in+the+Gulbenkian+Museum%2C+Lisbon&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=96-99&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanindi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanindi_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanindi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tanindi, Zeren (2000). "The Art of Illumination in the Ottomans". <i>The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation</i>. <b>4</b>: 669–674.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Ottoman-Turkish+Civilisation&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Illumination+in+the+Ottomans&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=669-674&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Tanindi&rft.aufirst=Zeren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar2009" class="citation book cs1">Grabar, Oleg (2009). <i>Masterpieces of Islamic Art: The Decorated Page From the 8th to the 17th Century</i>. Munich: Prestel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783791343792" title="Special:BookSources/9783791343792"><bdi>9783791343792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Islamic+Art%3A+The+Decorated+Page+From+the+8th+to+the+17th+Century&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783791343792&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2007" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Colin F. (2007). <i>Qur'an Manuscripts: Calligraphy, Illumination, Design</i>. London: The British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_0_7123_0689_8" title="Special:BookSources/978 0 7123 0689 8"><bdi>978 0 7123 0689 8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an+Manuscripts%3A+Calligraphy%2C+Illumination%2C+Design&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780712306898&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Colin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.si.edu/exhibition/explore-discover/">"The Art of the Qur'an: Explore & Discover"</a>. <i>National Museum of Asian Art, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Asian+Art%2C+Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+the+Qur%E2%80%99an%3A+Explore+%26+Discover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fexplore-discover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerman" class="citation journal cs1">Derman, F. Çiçek. "The Art of Tezhip (gilding) in the Ottoman Centuries with its Styles and Artists". <i>Ottoman Culture and Arts</i>: 676–690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottoman+Culture+and+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Tezhip+%28gilding%29+in+the+Ottoman+Centuries+with+its+Styles+and+Artists&rft.pages=676-690&rft.aulast=Derman&rft.aufirst=F.+%C3%87i%C3%A7ek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEMLAK2022" class="citation journal cs1">EMLAK, Uyesi (2022). "Flower Paintings in the Naturalist Style: Hodja Sadeddin Efendi's Selimname". <i>Artuklu Journal of Art & Humanities</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artuklu+Journal+of+Art+%26+Humanities&rft.atitle=Flower+Paintings+in+the+Naturalist+Style%3A+Hodja+Sadeddin+Efendi%27s+Selimname&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=EMLAK&rft.aufirst=Uyesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thekonyanews.com/en/art/detay/illumination-art-in-konya-tezhip-manuscript-illumination-580">"Illumination art in Konya; Tezhip - Manuscript Illumination"</a>. <i>The Konya News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Konya+News&rft.atitle=Illumination+art+in+Konya%3B+Tezhip+-+Manuscript+Illumination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekonyanews.com%2Fen%2Fart%2Fdetay%2Fillumination-art-in-konya-tezhip-manuscript-illumination-580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUğur_Derman2023" class="citation book cs1">Uğur Derman, M (2023). <i>Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi hat koleksiyonu = The Academy of Fine Arts collection of calligraphy</i>. İstanbul: İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%BCzel+Sanatlar+Akademisi+hat+koleksiyonu+%3D+The+Academy+of+Fine+Arts+collection+of+calligraphy&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=%C4%B0slam+Tarih%2C+Sanat+ve+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi%2C+Mimar+Sinan+G%C3%BCzel+Sanatlar+%C3%9Cniversitesi&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=U%C4%9Fur+Derman&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ktsv.com.tr/sanatkarlar/37-cicek-derman">"Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı: Çiçek Derman"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klasik+T%C3%BCrk+Sanatlar%C4%B1+Vakf%C4%B1%3A+%C3%87i%C3%A7ek+Derman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktsv.com.tr%2Fsanatkarlar%2F37-cicek-derman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnat2015" class="citation book cs1">Onat, Sema (2015). <i>Islamic Art of Illumination: Classical Tazhib From Ottoman to Contemporary Times</i>. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935295-82-2"><bdi>978-1-935295-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+of+Illumination%3A+Classical+Tazhib+From+Ottoman+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.place=Clifton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935295-82-2&rft.aulast=Onat&rft.aufirst=Sema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoltar-Yildirim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yoltar-Yildirim, Ayşi̇n (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482425">"A 1498-99 Khusraw Va Shīrīn: Turning the Pages of an Ottoman Illustrated Manuscript"</a>. <i>Muqarnas</i>. <b>22</b>: 95–109 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=A+1498-99+Khusraw+Va+Sh%C4%ABr%C4%ABn%3A+Turning+the+Pages+of+an+Ottoman+Illustrated+Manuscript&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=95-109&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yoltar-Yildirim&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fi%CC%87n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25482425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Rogers" title="J. M. Rogers">Rogers, J. M.</a> (2000). <i>Empire of the Sultans : Ottoman art from the Khalili collection</i> (4th ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Art Services International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88397-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88397-132-1"><bdi>0-88397-132-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41165435">41165435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Sultans+%3A+Ottoman+art+from+the+Khalili+collection&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Va.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Art+Services+International&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41165435&rft.isbn=0-88397-132-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+illumination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Turkish Culture Portal – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishculture.org/traditional-arts/handwritten-books/manuscript-illumination-264.htm">Illumination</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_calligraphy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template talk:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&oldid=1254367288">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_illumination&oldid=1254367288</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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