CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="canonical" href=""/><title>Q&A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? | Penn State University</title><meta name="title" content="Q&A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? | Penn State University" data-testid="title"/><meta name="description" content="Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences." data-testid="description"/><meta name="abstract" content="Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences." data-testid="abstract"/><meta name="robots" content="noodp, noydir" data-testid="robots"/><meta property="og:type" content="article" data-testid="og:type"/><meta property="og:title" content="Q&A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? | Penn State University" data-testid="og:title"/><meta property="og:description" content="Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences." data-testid="og:description"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2&itok=oI2n96OT" data-testid="og:image"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/news/rss/rss.xml"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="13"/><style type="text/css">.fresnel-container{margin:0;padding:0;} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-at-xs{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:999.98px){.fresnel-at-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1000px) and (max-width:1199.98px){.fresnel-at-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1200px){.fresnel-at-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:999.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:1199.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px){.fresnel-greaterThan-xs{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1000px){.fresnel-greaterThan-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1200px){.fresnel-greaterThan-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-xs{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1000px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1200px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-between-xs-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:999.98px){.fresnel-between-xs-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:1199.98px){.fresnel-between-xs-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:999.98px){.fresnel-between-sm-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1199.98px){.fresnel-between-sm-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1000px) and (max-width:1199.98px){.fresnel-between-md-lg{display:none!important;}}</style><link rel="icon" href="/news/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="sitemap" type="application/xml" href="/news/sitemap.xml"/><link data-next-font="size-adjust" rel="preconnect" href="/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/news/_next/static/css/77ed6eb584b5b1d5.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/news/_next/static/css/77ed6eb584b5b1d5.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/news/_next/static/css/dc98bcbbf7fdab59.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/news/_next/static/css/dc98bcbbf7fdab59.css" data-n-p=""/><link rel="preload" href="/news/_next/static/css/3f4a0cb05520f391.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/news/_next/static/css/3f4a0cb05520f391.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/news/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js"></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/webpack-3f2402d6cdd597df.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/framework-0c7baedefba6b077.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/main-2b4282f9b6f67a5e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-1fe848fce28624b7.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/7112840a-a75665ab02ebb10c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/760-234e8442adcf5690.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/944-c32deae234a0f91e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/498-7658641123c036b9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...slug%5D%5D-af92cb4b75736344.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/I8Bv2lpzZ-C70Ic2F1A4b/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/news/_next/static/I8Bv2lpzZ-C70Ic2F1A4b/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div id="header-container" class="layout_headerWrap__PzYpR"><div class="layout_headerContainer__8qcwJ"><header class="header_header__B3_JY headerRegular" data-testid="header"><div class="header_headerContent__KESWl"><div class="header_container__2n_GG"><h1 class="header_title__QurZI"><a id="nav-main-logo" href="https://www.psu.edu/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="2" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 260 82"><g fill-rule="nonzero"><path fill="#fff" d="M37.005 82C20.638 72.268 0 58.123 0 33.146V6.773C7.549 3.918 19.213.343 37.003.343c17.995 0 30.346 3.892 37.006 6.43v26.373c0 25.188-21.439 39.702-37.004 48.854z"></path><path fill="#1d417c" d="M23.382 69.517c4.368 3.409 9.047 6.425 13.624 9.161.042-4.116-.091-6.542 2.695-9.456 1.128-1.179 2.289-2.38 3.339-3.468.791-.819 1.431-1.43 1.805-1.43.267 0 .386.14.386.498 0 .367.164 1.717 1.001 3.332 1.04 2.008 2.579 2.267 3.071 2.38 11.926-8.978 21.9-20.728 21.9-37.446V8.724c-2.941-1-15.024-5.634-34.2-5.634-19.175 0-31.258 4.634-34.199 5.634v24.364c0 7.348 1.928 13.736 5.101 19.351.317-3.384 2.606-4.989 2.606-8.314 0-2.321-.657-3.786-.657-5.728 0-3.512 4.742-10.738 7.201-13.682.072-.086.232-.292.43-.292.176 0 .31.123.418.288.25.384.358.586.625.586.27 0 .374-.15.374-.389 0-.613-.707-1.633-.707-5.625 0-2.792.648-3.383 2.384-5.082.317-.31 1.288-1.243 2.214-1.243 1.03 0 1.541.609 2.175 1.254 1.073 1.091 2.569 3.024 2.811 3.33.068.086.129.165.276.165.496 0 .91-.15 3.064-.15 3.915 0 9.815.615 12.847 1.607 1.561.511 1.886.863 2.3.863.202 0 .22-.132.22-.237 0-.198-.411-.515-.411-.784 0-.178.144-.309.288-.386 2.261-1.214 4.192-2.133 5.958-2.133 1.029 0 1.536.891 1.969 1.771.338.687.7 1.609.7 2.555 0 2.394-.915 3.854-1.644 4.878.349.358.844.901 1.145 1.261.537.64 1.181 1.477 1.181 2.347 0 .375-.183.965-.287 1.433-.047.21-.232.63-.596.623-.329-.007-.415-.366-.427-.684-.003-.066 0-.21 0-.241 0-.69-.191-1.625-.831-2.28-.737-.752-1.411-1.299-2.263-1.299h-.292c-1.399 0-2.036.611-2.42.986-.42.409-.746.956-.746 1.693 0 .423.287.923.67 1.689.227.452.807 1.53 1.124 2.084.276.484.631.653 1.028.653.973 0 1.823-.135 1.823-.427 0-.08-.043-.148-.176-.148-.056 0-.191.017-.311.017-1.273 0-1.954-1.62-2.592-3.09.486-.474 1.037-.96 2.036-.96 1.267 0 2.099.851 2.099 1.959 0 .55-.169 1.01-.268 1.216-.051.105-.078.169-.078.229 0 .173.22.208.566.288.123.028.358.084.502.125.372.109.768.43.936.88.111.299.366.984.421 1.151.21.627.549 1.539.549 2.634 0 1.114-.076 1.45-.383 2.582-.391 1.445-.563 1.995-.627 2.789.134.25.146.319.207.464.218.46.503 1.301.503 2.21v.749c0 1.45-.578 2.578-1.205 3.423-.487.658-1.185 1.585-1.585 2.099-.26.311-.61.536-1 .536-.187 0-.406-.062-.626-.117l-.983-.248c-.852-.216-1.168-.773-1.443-1.522-.042-.112-.171-.431-.21-.533-.204-.522-.319-.856-.643-.856-.241 0-.473.158-.714.52-.851 1.281-1.314 1.746-2.812 2.115-.524.129-1.587.35-2.182.483-.898.199-2.501.619-3.403.619-.192 0-.394-.011-.6-.034-1.231-.173-2.104-.255-3.637-2.084-2.108-2.516-1.891-2.87-2.017-6.267-.014-.38-.139-.853-.532-.853-.354 0-.507.721-.636 1.742-.151 1.199-.427 2.444-1.017 2.444-.412 0-.689-.063-1.324-.27-.766-.249-2.674-.894-3.678-1.226-1.366-.451-2.674-.809-3.201-2.02-.248-.57-.705-1.63-.938-2.181-.164-.387-.283-.59-.538-.59-.363 0-.444.432-.485.772a72.7 72.7 0 0 0-.191 1.83c-.206 2.367-.679 3.374-1.68 4.694-.459.604-.896 1.221-1.403 1.894-1.05 1.391-1.682 2.816-1.649 5.512.002.175-.011 1.179 0 1.643.094 4.012 1.111 5.979 7.875 11.368zm24.225-12.296c-.317.078-.939.232-3.71.232-4.199 0-4.911-1.031-4.911-1.85 0-1.366 6.021-2.33 8.394-2.33 2.272 0 3.276.731 3.276 1.287 0 .644-1.024 2.172-3.049 2.661zm-8.129-25.938c0-.967-1.088-2.384-2.986-2.384-1.688 0-2.977 1.274-3.314 2.269.405.783.794 1.609 2.413 2.099.214.065.428.071.428.253 0 .259-.274.389-.85.389-1.834 0-2.924-.749-3.408-1.382-.474.066-1.024.25-1.709.275-.561.02-.817-.354-.817-.855 0-.323.096-.678.288-1.073.106-.218.218-.444.301-.604.285-.558.72-1.799 2.394-2.753.195-.111.701-.418.96-.57.948-.557 1.665-.689 2.792-.689h.826c1.35 0 2.042.38 2.637.881 1.21 1.018 1.876 1.572 1.876 2.327 0 .84-.045 1.482-.716 2.367-.576.756-1.419 1.257-1.963 1.257-.154 0-.199-.083-.199-.169 0-.115.127-.172.259-.279.446-.362.647-1.002.788-1.359zm-16.896-5.412c.417 0 .734-.276 1.363-.971 1.406-1.555 2.764-1.763 2.764-2.427 0-.296-.189-.586-.387-.896-1.499-2.342-2.139-3.607-3.032-5.307-.324-.615-.745-1.037-1.066-1.037-.519 0-1.066.605-1.383 1.124-.447.731-.893 1.555-.893 2.304 0 1.133.278 3.2.749 4.523.508 1.43 1.246 2.687 1.885 2.687zm27.187-3.08c-.067-.039-.306-.126-.306-.363 0-.274.198-.557.6-1.097.927-1.242 2.2-2.765 2.667-2.765.228 0 .369.156.651.689.167.317.31.844.31 1.346 0 1.652-.569 2.813-1.452 4.124-.44-.422-1.258-1.24-2.47-1.934zm-1.632 25.056c0-.56.46-1.429.46-2.205 0-.923-1.131-1.217-2.011-1.339-1.85-.256-2.467-.172-2.467-.581 0-.282.249-.577.586-1.061.498-.715 1.682-.985 2.313-1.072.831-.114 1.751-.225 2.855-.225 1.235 0 2.284.185 2.767.269 1.134.197 1.31.671 1.31 1.203v.532c0 .537-.439.812-1.23.985-.198.043-.475.093-.608.121-.574.119-1.284.233-1.536.957-.541 1.555-1.481 2.774-2.177 2.743-.128-.006-.262-.103-.262-.327z"></path><path fill="#97bee5" d="M44.666 68.379c.097-1.062.565-2.834.565-3.557 0-.358-.119-.498-.386-.498-.374 0-1.014.611-1.805 1.43-1.05 1.088-2.211 2.289-3.339 3.468-2.786 2.914-2.653 5.34-2.695 9.456 3.097-1.867 5.928-3.661 8.024-5.091-.31-1.714-.571-2.944-.364-5.208zm-29.159-10.23c-.011-.464.002-1.468 0-1.643-.033-2.696.599-4.121 1.649-5.512.507-.673.944-1.29 1.403-1.894 1.001-1.32 1.474-2.327 1.68-4.694a72.7 72.7 0 0 1 .191-1.83c.041-.34.122-.772.485-.772.255 0 .374.203.538.59.233.551.69 1.611.938 2.181.527 1.211 1.835 1.569 3.201 2.02 1.004.332 2.912.977 3.678 1.226.635.207.912.27 1.324.27.59 0 .866-1.245 1.017-2.444.129-1.021.282-1.742.636-1.742.393 0 .518.473.532.853.126 3.397-.091 3.751 2.017 6.267 1.533 1.829 2.406 1.911 3.637 2.084-.457-.137-1.044-.665-1.044-1.777V50.11c0-.61.073-1.232.375-1.934.142-.331.309-.929.466-1.294.269-.623.14-.78.14-1.219 0-.464-.152-.923-.519-2.035-.188-.57-.443-1.401-.687-2.083-.764-2.131-1.073-2.633-3.621-2.971-.819-.108-4.394-.615-5.142-.721-2.86-.406-5.099-.542-6.265-2.458-1.392-2.288-1.251-5.079-2.59-5.079-.635 0-.972.711-.972 1.747 0 1.089.411 2.851.411 5.916 0 2.65-.247 3.389-1.791 5.34-.401.507-.94 1.252-1.286 1.685-1.149 1.443-1.658 2.256-1.588 3.937.18 4.352.87 7.549 1.187 9.208zm30.699-18.427c.112.28.206.598.206.835 0 .534-.133.698-.426 1.013-.176.157-.372.322-.551.488-.292.154-.554.35-.73.603-.337.484-.586.779-.586 1.061 0 .088.029.154.092.204-.408-.302-.571-.77-.571-1.186 0-.373.121-.569.121-.92 0-.297-.083-.587-.133-.756-.571-1.909-1.532-4.18-2.124-5.724-.603-1.574-1.077-2.436-1.759-2.436-.379 0-.716.186-1.115.186.545 0 1.387-.502 1.963-1.257.671-.885.716-1.527.716-2.367 0-.355-.148-.667-.43-1.002.863.88 1.416 2 2.001 3.241 1.283 2.718 2.393 5.695 3.326 8.017zm8.963-5.677c.111.299.366.984.421 1.151.21.627.549 1.539.549 2.634 0 1.114-.076 1.45-.383 2.582-.391 1.445-.563 1.995-.627 2.789-.109-.225-2.167-3.775-2.324-4.064-.157-.288-.288-.569-.288-.903 0-.363.155-.581.594-.857.263-.165.604-.361.835-.479 1.059-.543 1.313-1.214 1.314-1.931a5.996 5.996 0 0 0-.091-.922z"></path><path fill="#fff" d="M166.31 41.829h8.536v-3.174h-2.076v-7.942c0-4.275-2.679-7.037-6.824-7.037-3.44 0-5.191 1.954-5.683 2.791l-.113-.008-.132-2.367h-6.3v3.174h2.353v11.389h-1.973v3.174h8.536v-3.174h-2.075v-7.107c0-2.59 1.402-4.075 3.848-4.075 2.462 0 3.875 1.485 3.875 4.075v7.107h-1.972zm-65.668-12.514h-3.337v-8.172h3.268c2.727 0 4.42 1.566 4.42 4.087 0 2.52-1.667 4.085-4.351 4.085zm15.212 1.591c.207-2.682 1.648-4.263 3.894-4.263 2.407 0 3.844 1.527 3.844 4.086v.177zm130.98-.001c.162-2.578 1.652-4.262 3.897-4.262 2.407 0 3.845 1.527 3.845 4.086v.176zm-28.66 8.165c-2.097 0-2.841-1.269-2.841-2.356 0-1.798 1.605-2.564 5.366-2.564h1.526v.177c0 3.259-2.1 4.743-4.051 4.743zM90.222 41.829h9.47v-3.174h-2.387v-6.166h3.858c5.461 0 8.721-2.714 8.721-7.259 0-4.547-3.26-7.261-8.721-7.261H90.222v3.174h2.387v17.512h-2.387zm52.933 0h8.536v-3.174h-2.076v-7.942c0-4.275-2.678-7.037-6.824-7.037-3.439 0-5.191 1.954-5.683 2.791l-.112-.008-.133-2.367h-6.3v3.174h2.353v11.389h-1.974v3.174h8.538v-3.174h-2.076v-7.107c0-2.59 1.403-4.075 3.848-4.075 2.463 0 3.875 1.485 3.875 4.075v7.107h-1.972zm-27.261-7.957h12.6c-.056-6.483-3.173-10.196-8.573-10.196-5.419 0-8.921 3.679-8.921 9.371 0 2.157.704 9.197 9.751 9.197 3.704 0 5.703-.765 6.5-1.084v-3.355c-.904.369-2.683 1.057-5.428 1.057-3.508 0-5.786-2.026-5.929-4.99zm66.364 4.057V34.85h-4.222v6.096c2.624.897 5.12 1.298 8.071 1.298 6.01 0 9.32-2.67 9.32-7.518 0-4.91-3.613-6.281-6.999-7.181l-2.403-.63c-1.96-.493-2.954-1.547-2.954-3.132 0-1.521 1.274-3.056 4.121-3.056 1.238 0 2.506.408 3.033.615v2.914h4.216v-5.479c-1.96-.767-4.707-1.223-7.381-1.223-5.735 0-8.893 2.384-8.893 6.713 0 3.865 1.8 5.928 6.211 7.121l2.069.57c2.895.778 4.077 1.825 4.077 3.615 0 1.987-1.417 3.082-3.99 3.082-1.36 0-3.407-.465-4.276-.726zm15.066-10.663h2.456v10.057c0 3.035 2.181 4.921 5.693 4.921 1.723 0 3.351-.408 3.807-.533v-3.086c-.46.088-1.315.237-1.979.237-2.183 0-3.033-.941-3.033-3.359v-8.237h4.843v-3.174h-4.843v-3.875h-4.488v3.875h-2.456zm18.181.156c.153-.054 1.649-.572 2.954-.572 2.652 0 3.835 1.122 3.835 3.637v1.044h-2.35c-5.953 0-9.1 1.948-9.1 5.632 0 3.087 2.307 5.081 5.877 5.081 3.724 0 5.415-2.163 5.868-2.877l.13-.001.142 2.463h5.513v-3.174h-1.87v-8.037c0-4.606-2.727-6.942-8.106-6.942-3.218 0-6.078 1.462-6.689 1.795v4.32h3.796zm13.543-.156h2.455v10.057c0 3.035 2.182 4.921 5.693 4.921 1.724 0 3.351-.408 3.807-.533v-3.087c-.831.158-1.496.238-1.979.238-2.182 0-3.032-.941-3.032-3.359v-8.237h4.843v-3.174h-4.843v-3.875h-4.489v3.875h-2.455zm17.832 6.606h12.598c-.055-6.483-3.173-10.196-8.574-10.196-5.419 0-8.92 3.679-8.92 9.371 0 2.157.703 9.197 9.751 9.197 3.703 0 5.702-.765 6.499-1.084v-3.355c-.905.369-2.682 1.057-5.427 1.057-3.509 0-5.784-2.027-5.927-4.99z"></path></g></svg>Penn State</a></h1><div class="header_right__IiQPd"><div class="header_topRow__dn13x"><ul class="header-button-set_headerButtonSet__56zh3 header_buttons__gECz9" data-testid="header-button-set"></ul><div class="header-modal-buttons_headerModalButtons__sH2Jf header_modalButtons___s6Wx" data-testid="header-modal-buttons"><button class="header-modal-buttons_search__BSpca" aria-label="Search"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="2" clip-rule="evenodd"><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M7.403.026C3.303.15 0 3.494 0 7.52c0 4.025 3.303 7.369 7.403 7.494a7.662 7.662 0 0 0 3.622-.879c.086.102.181.195.284.279l2.792 2.841a2.245 2.245 0 0 0 1.674.745C16.996 18 18 17.014 18 15.816a2.17 2.17 0 0 0-.759-1.643l-2.795-2.842a2.136 2.136 0 0 0-.349-.279 7.284 7.284 0 0 0 .959-3.554C15.056 3.385 11.608 0 7.417 0l-.014.026zm0 2.141h.026c2.978 0 5.429 2.405 5.429 5.327v.026a5.319 5.319 0 0 1-1.44 3.683l-.066.065a2.194 2.194 0 0 0-.284.278 5.526 5.526 0 0 1-3.691 1.343c-2.963-.041-5.379-2.444-5.379-5.353s2.416-5.312 5.379-5.352z"></path></svg></button><button aria-label="Full menu" class="header-modal-buttons_hamburger__mufw6" id="nav-hamburger-click"><span class="header-modal-buttons_hamburgerBox__jZnIv" id="nav-hamburger-click"><span class="header-modal-buttons_hamburgerInner__6g1kN" id="nav-hamburger-click"></span></span></button></div></div><ul class="nav_nav__lDLTi, header_nav__rfLZv" data-testid="nav"></ul></div></div></div></header></div></div><main id="main" style="margin-top:0px" class="layout_main__88FzF"><article data-testid="article"><div class="article-header_articleHeader__2OlVW"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="article-header_articleTopic___KasL" id="article-primary-tag" href="/news/research">Research</a><h1 class="article-header_articleTitle__wF1eO">Q&A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? </h1></div><figure itemscope="" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject" class="article-hero-image_articleHeroImage__lVCi1" data-testid="article-hero-image"><button class="article-hero-image_imageButton__iJzX_"><img itemProp="contentUrl" class="image_image__VjCRd" loading="lazy" src="https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg" srcSet="" sizes="(min-width: 1080px) 1092px, 95vw" alt="A sample of a microbe collected on Penn State’s University Park campus grows on an agar plate" data-testid="image" id="article-image-click"/></button><figcaption id="caption" class="caption_caption__NUVUU article-hero-image_caption__M94xx" data-testid="caption"><div class="caption_wrapper__TvVG_"><div class="caption_captionContentWrapper__DBIP0 caption-background"><div class="caption_captionContent__ooqwN"><p><span>A sample of a microbe collected on Penn State’s University Park campus grows on an agar plate. Microbes are the foundation of our agricultural, environmental and human ecosystems, and they flow between these three environments to shape health and disease risk within each system.</span> <span class="caption_captionCredit___hoK5" data-testid="credit">Credit: Michelle Bixby / Penn State. <a data-link-type="nextjs" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons</a></span></p></div></div><button id="article-caption-expand">Expand</button></div></figcaption></figure><div class="article-top-social-share_outer__tYbND"><div class="article-top-social-share_inner__hHyrG"><div class="article-top-social-share_articleTopGrid__uFbzB"><p class="article-top-social-share_publishDate__TX0Gj">November 14, 2024</p><p class="article-top-social-share_authorName__Ob6EX">By Adrienne Berard</p><div data-testid="addthis-widget" class="article-top-social-share_socialShare__GyAms"><div class="article-top-social-share_content__OYcDe article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u"><button id="main-facebook" aria-label="facebook" class="react-share__ShareButton article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="64" height="64"><rect width="64" height="64" rx="0" ry="0" fill="#3b5998"></rect><path d="M34.1,47V33.3h4.6l0.7-5.3h-5.3v-3.4c0-1.5,0.4-2.6,2.6-2.6l2.8,0v-4.8c-0.5-0.1-2.2-0.2-4.1-0.2 c-4.1,0-6.9,2.5-6.9,7V28H24v5.3h4.6V47H34.1z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button id="main-twitter" aria-label="twitter" class="react-share__ShareButton article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="64" height="64"><rect width="64" height="64" rx="0" ry="0" fill="#00aced"></rect><path d="M48,22.1c-1.2,0.5-2.4,0.9-3.8,1c1.4-0.8,2.4-2.1,2.9-3.6c-1.3,0.8-2.7,1.3-4.2,1.6 C41.7,19.8,40,19,38.2,19c-3.6,0-6.6,2.9-6.6,6.6c0,0.5,0.1,1,0.2,1.5c-5.5-0.3-10.3-2.9-13.5-6.9c-0.6,1-0.9,2.1-0.9,3.3 c0,2.3,1.2,4.3,2.9,5.5c-1.1,0-2.1-0.3-3-0.8c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.1c0,3.2,2.3,5.8,5.3,6.4c-0.6,0.1-1.1,0.2-1.7,0.2c-0.4,0-0.8,0-1.2-0.1 c0.8,2.6,3.3,4.5,6.1,4.6c-2.2,1.8-5.1,2.8-8.2,2.8c-0.5,0-1.1,0-1.6-0.1c2.9,1.9,6.4,2.9,10.1,2.9c12.1,0,18.7-10,18.7-18.7 c0-0.3,0-0.6,0-0.8C46,24.5,47.1,23.4,48,22.1z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button id="main-linkedin" aria-label="linkedin" class="react-share__ShareButton article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="64" height="64"><rect width="64" height="64" rx="0" ry="0" fill="#007fb1"></rect><path d="M20.4,44h5.4V26.6h-5.4V44z M23.1,18c-1.7,0-3.1,1.4-3.1,3.1c0,1.7,1.4,3.1,3.1,3.1 c1.7,0,3.1-1.4,3.1-3.1C26.2,19.4,24.8,18,23.1,18z M39.5,26.2c-2.6,0-4.4,1.4-5.1,2.8h-0.1v-2.4h-5.2V44h5.4v-8.6 c0-2.3,0.4-4.5,3.2-4.5c2.8,0,2.8,2.6,2.8,4.6V44H46v-9.5C46,29.8,45,26.2,39.5,26.2z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button id="main-email" aria-label="email" class="react-share__ShareButton article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="64" height="64"><rect width="64" height="64" rx="0" ry="0" fill="#7f7f7f"></rect><path d="M17,22v20h30V22H17z M41.1,25L32,32.1L22.9,25H41.1z M20,39V26.6l12,9.3l12-9.3V39H20z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button class="article-top-social-share_printButton__EXFYY article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" id="main-print"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="at-svg-print-4" class="icon--print_inline_svg__at-icon icon--print_inline_svg__at-icon-print" style="fill:#fff;width:32px;height:32px" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M24.67 10.62h-2.86V7.49H10.82v3.12H7.95c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v7.66h3.77v1.31L15 24.66h6.81v-5.44h3.77v-7.7c-.01-.5-.41-.9-.91-.9zM11.88 8.56h8.86v2.06h-8.86V8.56zm10.98 9.18h-1.05v-2.1h-1.06v7.96H16.4c-1.58 0-.82-3.74-.82-3.74s-3.65.89-3.69-.78v-3.43h-1.06v2.06H9.77v-3.58h13.09v3.61zm.75-4.91c-.4 0-.72-.32-.72-.72s.32-.72.72-.72c.4 0 .72.32.72.72s-.32.72-.72.72zm-4.12 2.96h-6.1v1.06h6.1v-1.06zm-6.11 3.15h6.1v-1.06h-6.1v1.06z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="basic-story_paragraphContainer__TWxF3"><div class="text-content_outer__fxYfg text-intro"><div class="text-content_inner__OK4E9"><div class="text-content_textContent__f06k1"><div id="text-content-container"><p>UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to <a href="https://bordensteinlab.com/">Seth Bordenstein</a>, director of Penn State’s <a href="http://microbiome.psu.edu/">One Health Microbiome Center</a> within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, professor of biology and entomology, and the Dorothy Foehr Huck and J. Lloyd Huck Endowed Chair in Microbiome Sciences. Bordenstein and 21 other scientists from around the world published a paper in the leading journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado2152">Science,</a> summarizing research that they said drives a deeper understanding of biological variation by uniting life’s seen and unseen realms.</p> <p>The authors explained that this newly described concept — holobiont biology — underpins a multidisciplinary and holistic understanding of how life’s forms and functions, from human disease to agricultural output, depend upon the relationships between microorganisms and their hosts. Penn State News spoke with Bordenstein about the paper and the emerging field of holobiont biology.</p> <p><strong>Q: In simple terms, what is evolution? Why do organisms vary in traits? </strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein</strong><strong>:</strong> The longstanding definition of evolution is the process by which living things change over time by gradually mutating and adapting to their environments. This happens often through a process known as natural selection, where traits that help an organism survive and reproduce are passed on to future generations, while less useful traits gradually disappear.</p> <p>Historically, we’ve looked at the timescale for evolution as happening over many generations, with these small changes eventually leading to the development of new traits and even new species. Now, when it comes to incorporating the microbiome, the collection of all microbes in and on a host, into this discussion, the timescale and magnitude of biological change becomes more interesting and complex.</p> </div></div></div></div><figure class="article-hero-video_heroVideo__beD_L"><div class="article-hero-video_embedGrid__zGgVu"><div class="article-hero-video_embedContainer__rm55M"></div></div><div class="article-hero-video_captionGrid__QPXAl"></div></figure><div class="text-content_outer__fxYfg text-intro"><div class="text-content_inner__OK4E9"><div class="text-content_textContent__f06k1"><div id="text-content-container"><p><strong>Q: What can this new paper tell us about what has been overlooked in the study of life?</strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein</strong><strong>:</strong> Traditionally, biologists have studied visible and invisible life in silos, which has caused our concepts of life to separate. Many scientists were settled in their ways of thinking of microbes as background noise, or transient contaminants without major impact on host life. Yet microbial cells in and on the human body can actually outnumber human cells.</p> <p>What we’re learning today and over the past decade, is that sometimes microbes explain more biological trait variation in organisms than the genes do. This is the case, for instance, with the likelihood of human colon cancer, cholesterol levels, and body mass index. And, more importantly, if you take host genetics and microbes together, you start to see a fuller picture of how life varies and changes over time.</p> <p>Microbes are the base of the biosphere. They outnumber the stars in the universe by orders of magnitude and have been here for four billion years. There are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people on the planet. Every host organism lives in contact and association with microbes, and those microbes can cause variation in traits, whether it's chronic disease, agricultural output, biodiversity loss or how thin we are — there's a lot going on that microbes contribute to.</p> <p><strong>Q: Historically, the field of biology tends to categorize living things into taxa, the filing system for species, genus, family, order, etc. How does holobiont biology fit into or challenge that framework?</strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein:</strong> We envision that microbes are fundamental to how biologists explain variation in host life forms, for example animals and plants. So, in the case of classification of species, we’re making the case that organisms are not autonomous. They exist, by definition, always in association and in contact with microbes.</p> <p>Just has been done with genetic engineering and selective breeding, we see this holistic way of thinking about life as an opportunity to harness the power of the microbiome to make improvements in agriculture and aquaculture, resilience in environmental sustainability, and advances in human health.</p> <p>This holistic approach of holobiont biology will open the door to finding applications for live microbial communities that could, for example, make agriculture more resilient to climate change, help sustain biodiversity or improve human health by using microbes to combat chronic diseases including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, and diseases associated with aging.</p> <p><strong>Q: Essentially, you are saying that we should have a much broader view of what biology looks like, what evolution looks like, because there is an entire world on the microscopic level that is propelling life on the macro level. You reference “Origin of Species,” Charles Darwin’s seminal work published in 1859, frequently in your paper. Why re-examine a 165-year-old book when introducing a new paradigm? </strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein:</strong> Darwin's “Origin of Species” remains the bedrock of modern biology today. But it’s worth noting that the Origin of Species was written only about animals and plants. There were no bacteria in it. That doesn't mean that Darwin’s principles do not apply to microbes, but he was focused on what he could see at the time. Now, we have a much fuller picture of the biosphere. What Darwin did was explain to us why forces of evolution shape lineages into new varieties and ultimately into new species, but he didn't know the mechanisms that made these changes possible. He didn't know about genetic mutations nor the microbial forces at work.</p> <p><strong>Q: You also address Mendelian genetics in the paper, the science of breeding for various traits as described by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. There have been significant advancements in the study of genetics over the past century, from sequencing to editing, so how does the holobiont biology framework intersect with our modern understanding of genetic diversity and evolution? </strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein:</strong> During the 1920s to 1940s, biology had a revolution known as the Modern Synthesis, in which the 19th century discoveries of Mendel's genetic laws merged with Darwin's theory of evolution to create this beautiful explanation for how new variations of form and function develop. That science is what drove biology to where we are today. </p> <p>Now, many scholars think we're in a post-Modern Synthesis because we're now adding microbiology into our understanding of host genetics and evolution. We’ve learned that microbes are also sources of new forms, functions, and variants of host life, just like genetic mutations. As a consequence, several operational and practical steps can be taken to infuse holobiont biology into the full fabric of the life sciences.</p> <p><strong>Q: How do you bring about this new paradigm shift in the life sciences? </strong></p> <p><strong>Bordenstein:</strong> It starts with how we define and teach biology. That means rethinking how we describe animals and plants; we're not calling them animals and plants anymore. We’re thinking of animals and plants as a consortium of host and microbial cells that influence anatomy and physiology, because that is the reality of nature. We cannot think about animal or plant genomes in a way that's separate from microbial genomes when we know that both genomic compartments are all part of the functional unit.</p> <p>There is also a statistical, analytical aspect to what we're going to see next. Just as we have databases to determine the influence of genetics on traits, we will need new analytics to determine the contribution of microbes and how they interact with genetics to explain traits.</p> <p>Finally, once we have the databases and analytic tools developed, we can engineer microbes and microbiomes as much as we can engineer genes to make a better outcome for an organism, whether that’s in agriculture, the environment, or even for ourselves. Our hope is to use this concept to engineer a better future.</p> <p><em>Other Penn State co-authors are Mónica Medina, professor of biology, and Nichole Ginnan, research project manager. Other authors on the paper are affiliated with the Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics at the University of Copenhagen, the Department of Natural History in Trondheim, Norway, the Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria in Italy, the University of Padua in Italy, Aalborg University in Denmark, the Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at the United Arab Emirates University, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Clemson University, the University of Connecticut, Oregon State University and the University of Pittsburgh.</em></p> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="basic-story_updatedContainer__fKQ60"><div class="basic-story_updated__EkcOf">Last Updated November 14, 2024</div></div><section class="media-contact-list_container__1uep6"><h3 class="media-contact-list_title__hpRtk">Contact</h3><ul class="media-contact-list_list__FrkOp" data-testid="contacts"><li class="media-contact-list_contact__0yNSI"><div class="media-contact_contactGrid__7Sb7R"><p class="media-contact_name__jaYHI">Adrienne Berard</p><ul class="media-contact_list__o2Db4"><li class="media-contact_listItem__uLkAF"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="media-contact_itemLink__oc9dw" href="mailto:akb6884@psu.edu">akb6884@psu.edu</a></li><li class="media-contact_listItem__uLkAF">Cell Phone: <a data-link-type="nextjs" class="media-contact_itemLink__oc9dw" href="tel:814-753-1655">814-753-1655</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></section><section class="article-tags_outer__dHrwq"><h3 class="article-tags_title__8MQNs">Tags</h3><ul class="article-tags_list__Euped"><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/research">Research</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/faculty-and-staff">Faculty and Staff</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/faculty-and-staff/news-record">News of Record</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/faculty-and-staff/news-record/publications">Publications</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/university-park">University Park</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/agricultural-sciences">Agricultural Sciences</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/eberly-college-science">Eberly College of Science</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/huck-institutes-life-sciences">Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences</a></li><li class="article-tags_listItem__8O2kq"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="tag_tag__TPikM" id="article-tag-click" href="/news/latest-news">Latest News</a></li></ul></section><section class="email-newsletter_outer__7vgF9"><div class="email-newsletter_inner__KJab2"><p class="email-newsletter_text__rnIML">Get the news by email</p><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="button_button___31pr button_allCapsButton__C0JHW button_withChevron__3zxNX" href="https://headlines.psu.edu/">Subscribe</a></div></section></article></main><footer class="footer_outer__0c7aP" data-testid="footer"><div class="footer_inner__H_6Y9"><div class="footer_content__C_uiz"><div class="footer_left__Z_oR_"><div class="footer_mapContainer__E7I89"><img src="https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/newfootermap2.png" alt="Penn State Map" class="footer_map__KIld3"/></div><div class="footer_subscribeLinksContainer__m84JW"><ul class="footer_subscribeLinks__M5PdG" data-testid="subscribe-links"><li class="footer_subscribeItem__x60js"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_subscribeLink__J9J__" id="footer-social-icon-click" href="https://www.facebook.com/pennstate/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" aria-hidden="true" data-icon="facebook" data-prefix="fab" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z"></path></svg><span class="footer_socialName__3dS65">Facebook</span></a></li><li class="footer_subscribeItem__x60js"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_subscribeLink__J9J__" id="footer-social-icon-click" href="https://twitter.com/penn_state"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30" height="30" aria-hidden="true" data-icon="twitter" data-prefix="fab" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path></svg><span class="footer_socialName__3dS65">Twitter</span></a></li><li class="footer_subscribeItem__x60js"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_subscribeLink__J9J__" id="footer-social-icon-click" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/penn-state-university/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.25" height="30" aria-hidden="true" data-icon="linkedin" data-prefix="fab" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"></path></svg><span class="footer_socialName__3dS65">Linkedin</span></a></li><li class="footer_subscribeItem__x60js"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_subscribeLink__J9J__" id="footer-social-icon-click" href="https://www.instagram.com/pennstate/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.25" height="30" aria-hidden="true" data-icon="instagram" data-prefix="fab" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg><span class="footer_socialName__3dS65">Instagram</span></a></li></ul><h2 class="footer_newsLetterTitle__ZhBK0">Get News By Email</h2><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="button_button___31pr button_allCapsButton__C0JHW button_withChevron__3zxNX footer_newsLetterButton__qVe2_" href="https://headlines.psu.edu/">Discover News</a></div></div><div class="footer_right___aaRx"><div class="footer_column__emO7z"><h2 class="footer_linksTitle__wjGaj">Explore</h2><ul class="footer_linksContainer__C6XKC"><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/news/">News</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://hr.psu.edu/careers">Careers</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/facts-and-rankings/">Facts and Rankings</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/academics/colleges/">Colleges</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/academics/campuses/">Campuses</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/healthcare/">Health Care</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/research/">Research</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/impact/">Impact</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer_column__emO7z"><h2 class="footer_linksTitle__wjGaj">Resources</h2><ul class="footer_linksContainer__C6XKC"><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/prospective-students/">Prospective Students</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/current-students/">Current Students</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://global.psu.edu/">International Students</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/business-and-industry/">Business and Industry</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://veterans.psu.edu/">Veterans and Military</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/visitors/">Visitors</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/faculty-and-staff/">Faculty and Staff</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.alumni.psu.edu/">Alumni</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://media.psu.edu/">Media</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://virusinfo.psu.edu/">COVID-19 Information</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer_column__emO7z"><h2 class="footer_linksTitle__wjGaj">Popular Links</h2><ul class="footer_linksContainer__C6XKC"><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/maps/">Maps</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.work.psu.edu/ldap/">Directory</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://libraries.psu.edu/">Libraries</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.registrar.psu.edu/academic-calendars/">Academic Calendar</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://lionpathsupport.psu.edu/">LionPATH</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer_column__emO7z"><h2 class="footer_linksTitle__wjGaj">Stay Connected</h2><ul class="footer_linksContainer__C6XKC"><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://headlines.psu.edu/">Emails / Headlines</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://psualert.psu.edu/">Emergency Notifications</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://mobile.psu.edu/">Penn State Go</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://strategiccommunications.psu.edu/">Strategic Communications</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://universityethics.psu.edu/resources-reporting-wrongdoing">Report Misconduct</a></li><li class="footer_linkContainer__UMlgn"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.police.psu.edu/">Police</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer_bottom__tQEWJ"><div class="footer_footerLogoContainer__y2_eO"><a data-link-type="nextjs" href="/news"><img src="https://www.psu.edu/components/img/psu-mark-footer.png" alt="Penn State Footer Mark" class="footer_footerLogo__FA1tY" loading="lazy"/></a></div><div class="footer_contact__bBeTH"><ul class="footer_contactLinksContainer__Y_3wN"><li class="footer_link__VR8Bk footer_noLink___GwWP" id="footer-menu-item-click">201 Old Main, University Park, PA 16802</li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="tel:814-865-4700">814-865-4700</a></li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer_subFooterLinks__B0w8a"><ul class="footer_legalLinksContainer__OGppN"><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://policy.psu.edu/policies/ad85">Non Discrimination</a></li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://policy.psu.edu/policies/hr11">Equal Opportunity</a></li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/accessibilitystatement/">Accessibility</a></li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/legal-statements/">Legal Statements</a></li><li><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/copyright-information/">The Pennsylvania State University</a></li></ul><ul class="footer_copyrightContainer__koLFD"><li class="footer_copyright__dtYhr"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="footer_link__VR8Bk" id="footer-menu-item-click" href="https://www.psu.edu/copyright-information/">The Pennsylvania State University © 2024 </a></li><li><img src="https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/we-are-penn-state.svg" alt="We Are Penn State" class="footer_weAre__LmP7p" loading="lazy"/></li></ul></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"resource":{"type":"node--story","id":"21bd286c-0854-40be-bad1-38f2f48c9367","title":"Q\u0026A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? ","created":"2024-11-14T01:20:40+00:00","changed":"2024-11-14T22:15:46+00:00","path":"/research/story/qa-how-do-microbiomes-influence-study-life","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/story/21bd286c-0854-40be-bad1-38f2f48c9367?resourceVersion=id%3A1966151"}},"relationshipNames":["field_audience","field_campus","field_college","field_content","field_hero","field_primary_topic","field_story_contacts","field_tags","field_topics","field_unit"],"drupalInternalNid":798046,"metatagNormalized":[{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"title","content":"Q\u0026A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? | Penn State University"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"description","content":"Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences."}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"abstract","content":"Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences."}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"robots","content":"noodp, noydir"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:type","content":"article"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:title","content":"Q\u0026A: How do microbiomes influence the study of life? | Penn State University"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:description","content":"Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to Seth Bordenstein, director of Penn State’s One Health Microbiome Center within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences."}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:image","content":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=oI2n96OT"}}],"byline":"Adrienne Berard","publishOn":"2024-11-14T14:00:00-05:00","subhead":null,"audience":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76","name":"Faculty and Staff","description":null,"weight":10,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76?resourceVersion=id%3A16"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":4205},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e","path":"/faculty-and-staff","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e?resourceVersion=id%3A1942971"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12634}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":4205,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false},{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"3148aa4a-0a1e-4a0e-b4d6-1eab1dbc443e","name":"News of Record","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/3148aa4a-0a1e-4a0e-b4d6-1eab1dbc443e?resourceVersion=id%3A26"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":32345},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76","name":"Faculty and Staff","description":null,"weight":10,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76?resourceVersion=id%3A16"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":4205},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e","path":"/faculty-and-staff","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e?resourceVersion=id%3A1942971"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12634}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":4205,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"8962da90-40b0-4f1b-be2c-a4ad3ec00485","path":"/faculty-and-staff/news-record","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/8962da90-40b0-4f1b-be2c-a4ad3ec00485?resourceVersion=id%3A1343991"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":339992}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":32345,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":true},{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"d7400d29-be4f-45a8-8b23-5a44846895e4","name":"Publications","description":null,"weight":6,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/d7400d29-be4f-45a8-8b23-5a44846895e4?resourceVersion=id%3A46"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":32367},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"3148aa4a-0a1e-4a0e-b4d6-1eab1dbc443e","name":"News of Record","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/3148aa4a-0a1e-4a0e-b4d6-1eab1dbc443e?resourceVersion=id%3A26"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":32345},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76","name":"Faculty and Staff","description":null,"weight":10,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/audience/03f4d97f-7462-4a48-9845-0525f2d21b76?resourceVersion=id%3A16"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":4205},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--audience","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e","path":"/faculty-and-staff","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/8d2cb071-741f-4c45-b998-1977ac9e345e?resourceVersion=id%3A1942971"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12634}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":4205,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"8962da90-40b0-4f1b-be2c-a4ad3ec00485","path":"/faculty-and-staff/news-record","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/8962da90-40b0-4f1b-be2c-a4ad3ec00485?resourceVersion=id%3A1343991"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":339992}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":32345,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":true}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"aadba3f8-bc1e-48de-87ff-fe834d15bf30","path":"/faculty-and-staff/news-record/publications","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/aadba3f8-bc1e-48de-87ff-fe834d15bf30?resourceVersion=id%3A1344036"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":340077}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":32367,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":true}],"campus":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--campus","id":"bf0c5cb2-2d9d-4b5f-9678-4ace64182372","name":"University Park","description":null,"weight":105,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/campus/bf0c5cb2-2d9d-4b5f-9678-4ace64182372?resourceVersion=id%3A151"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":5460},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--campus","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"43eceab2-8728-41dd-9077-5338cba8112c","path":"/university-park","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/43eceab2-8728-41dd-9077-5338cba8112c?resourceVersion=id%3A1350326"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12610}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":5460,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false,"url":{"uri":"https://www.psu.edu/","title":"University Park","options":{"attributes":[]}}}],"college":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--college","id":"1e2e9550-3ae5-4daf-a02b-789478b13dbb","name":"Agricultural Sciences","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/college/1e2e9550-3ae5-4daf-a02b-789478b13dbb?resourceVersion=id%3A191"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":4196},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--college","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"05790f5b-7da0-4ce7-aae5-c21186b855f5","path":"/agricultural-sciences","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/05790f5b-7da0-4ce7-aae5-c21186b855f5?resourceVersion=id%3A1949736"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12615}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":4196,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false,"url":{"uri":"http://agsci.psu.edu/","title":"College of Agricultural Sciences","options":{"attributes":[]}}},{"type":"taxonomy_term--college","id":"71becbbd-4ae6-4778-9064-15a1615d3ef8","name":"Eberly College of Science","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/college/71becbbd-4ae6-4778-9064-15a1615d3ef8?resourceVersion=id%3A251"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":5441},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--college","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"ef8d672b-0d38-4d47-b0a0-3988610caa18","path":"/eberly-college-science","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/ef8d672b-0d38-4d47-b0a0-3988610caa18?resourceVersion=id%3A1938116"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12625}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":5441,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false,"url":{"uri":"http://science.psu.edu/","title":"Eberly College of Science","options":{"attributes":[]}}}],"content":[{"type":"paragraph--text","id":"478c6fd7-ce52-4d90-b1c7-96b96eeb7149","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/text/478c6fd7-ce52-4d90-b1c7-96b96eeb7149?resourceVersion=id%3A5387341"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":5387341,"drupalInternalTargetId":2278966},"backgroundColor":null,"text":"\u003cp\u003eUNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Microorganisms — bacteria, viruses and other tiny life forms — may drive biological variation in visible life as much, if not more, than genetic mutations, creating new lineages and even new species of animals and plants, according to \u003ca href=\"https://bordensteinlab.com/\"\u003eSeth Bordenstein\u003c/a\u003e, director of Penn State’s \u003ca href=\"http://microbiome.psu.edu/\"\u003eOne Health Microbiome Center\u003c/a\u003e within the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, professor of biology and entomology, and the Dorothy Foehr Huck and J. Lloyd Huck Endowed Chair in Microbiome Sciences. Bordenstein and 21 other scientists from around the world published a paper in the leading journal \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado2152\"\u003eScience,\u003c/a\u003e summarizing research that they said drives a deeper understanding of biological variation by uniting life’s seen and unseen realms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors explained that this newly described concept — holobiont biology — underpins a multidisciplinary and holistic understanding of how life’s forms and functions, from human disease to agricultural output, depend upon the relationships between microorganisms and their hosts. Penn State News spoke with Bordenstein about the paper and the emerging field of holobiont biology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: In simple terms, what is evolution? Why do organisms vary in traits? \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e The longstanding definition of evolution is the process by which living things change over time by gradually mutating and adapting to their environments. This happens often through a process known as natural selection, where traits that help an organism survive and reproduce are passed on to future generations, while less useful traits gradually disappear.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistorically, we’ve looked at the timescale for evolution as happening over many generations, with these small changes eventually leading to the development of new traits and even new species. Now, when it comes to incorporating the microbiome, the collection of all microbes in and on a host, into this discussion, the timescale and magnitude of biological change becomes more interesting and complex.\u003c/p\u003e\n","parentTypeName":"node--story"},{"type":"paragraph--video","id":"0dd22cf2-b178-43fb-83bf-de2f306780c6","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/video/0dd22cf2-b178-43fb-83bf-de2f306780c6?resourceVersion=id%3A5387346"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":5387346,"drupalInternalTargetId":2278971},"relationshipNames":["field_video"],"captionOverride":null,"video":{"type":"media--video","id":"9118e3db-f423-475d-b65c-5b3a5419fbf8","name":"YouTube Video (OPIB38mXa3w)","created":"2024-11-14T01:22:50+00:00","changed":"2024-11-14T01:24:32+00:00","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/media/video/9118e3db-f423-475d-b65c-5b3a5419fbf8?resourceVersion=id%3A706971"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":706761},"thumbnail":{"type":"file--file","id":"eb919232-c1c6-403f-ae73-ba61189897ff","resourceIdObjMeta":{"alt":"microbes seen through microscope","title":"","width":1798,"height":962,"imageDerivatives":{"links":{"16_9_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=y8cDme2u","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_100w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=MGRpP8cQ","title":"Image Style: 16:9 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=td2DCD42","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_2000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8r02TL3s","title":"Image Style: 16:9 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_200w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=FoaxoX4d","title":"Image Style: 16:9 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_250w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=9AOPvNGJ","title":"Image Style: 16:9 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=p1h3zBZc","title":"Image Style: 16:9 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_750w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Rl5V-ejv","title":"Image Style: 16:9 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1020w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1020w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=LQK-wXIr","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1020w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=u8D_sKyg","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_2010w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_2010w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=sj-Y6j24","title":"Image Style: 3:4 2010w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_270w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_270w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=P5XQVm83","title":"Image Style: 3:4 270w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_510w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_510w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=1Wm_ctsK","title":"Image Style: 3:4 510w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8VqK_aV9","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=sMHOhziw","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_2000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8dy5DAvK","title":"Image Style: 4:3 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_280w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_280w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=7mzB89mu","title":"Image Style: 4:3 280w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=AHFNUmOH","title":"Image Style: 4:3 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=4tz2eOfu","title":"Image Style: Square 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_100w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Wf5rPaQw","title":"Image Style: Square 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=ueaFIQaA","title":"Image Style: Square 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_200w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=VkxQ3BmV","title":"Image Style: Square 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_250w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Ux0GGFMC","title":"Image Style: Square 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=l_6YCdgk","title":"Image Style: Square 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_750w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=9p_BjFY0","title":"Image Style: Square 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"}}},"drupalInternalTargetId":396626}},"relationshipNames":["thumbnail","field_image","field_terms"],"drupalInternalMid":706761,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"publishState":null,"unpublishState":null,"caption":null,"copyright":null,"mediaVideoEmbedField":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPIB38mXa3w","image":{"type":"file--file","id":"eb919232-c1c6-403f-ae73-ba61189897ff","resourceIdObjMeta":{"alt":"microbes seen through microscope","title":"","width":1798,"height":962,"imageDerivatives":{"links":{"16_9_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=y8cDme2u","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_100w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=MGRpP8cQ","title":"Image Style: 16:9 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=td2DCD42","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_2000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8r02TL3s","title":"Image Style: 16:9 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_200w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=FoaxoX4d","title":"Image Style: 16:9 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_250w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=9AOPvNGJ","title":"Image Style: 16:9 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=p1h3zBZc","title":"Image Style: 16:9 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_750w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Rl5V-ejv","title":"Image Style: 16:9 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1020w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1020w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=LQK-wXIr","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1020w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=u8D_sKyg","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_2010w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_2010w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=sj-Y6j24","title":"Image Style: 3:4 2010w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_270w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_270w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=P5XQVm83","title":"Image Style: 3:4 270w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_510w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_510w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=1Wm_ctsK","title":"Image Style: 3:4 510w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8VqK_aV9","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=sMHOhziw","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_2000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=8dy5DAvK","title":"Image Style: 4:3 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_280w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_280w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=7mzB89mu","title":"Image Style: 4:3 280w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=AHFNUmOH","title":"Image Style: 4:3 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1000w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=4tz2eOfu","title":"Image Style: Square 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_100w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Wf5rPaQw","title":"Image Style: Square 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=ueaFIQaA","title":"Image Style: Square 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_200w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=VkxQ3BmV","title":"Image Style: Square 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_250w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=Ux0GGFMC","title":"Image Style: Square 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_500w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=l_6YCdgk","title":"Image Style: Square 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_750w/public/2024/11/screenshot-2024-11-13-at-8.24.17-pm.png?h=99754674\u0026itok=9p_BjFY0","title":"Image Style: Square 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"}}},"drupalInternalTargetId":396626}},"terms":[],"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPIB38mXa3w"},"parentTypeName":"node--story"},{"type":"paragraph--text","id":"90b5f99c-6b45-4c4c-b010-0dcd8f9b5a16","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/text/90b5f99c-6b45-4c4c-b010-0dcd8f9b5a16?resourceVersion=id%3A5387351"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":5387351,"drupalInternalTargetId":2278976},"backgroundColor":null,"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: What can this new paper tell us about what has been overlooked in the study of life?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Traditionally, biologists have studied visible and invisible life in silos, which has caused our concepts of life to separate. Many scientists were settled in their ways of thinking of microbes as background noise, or transient contaminants without major impact on host life. Yet microbial cells in and on the human body can actually outnumber human cells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat we’re learning today and over the past decade, is that sometimes microbes explain more biological trait variation in organisms than the genes do. This is the case, for instance, with the likelihood of human colon cancer, cholesterol levels, and body mass index. And, more importantly, if you take host genetics and microbes together, you start to see a fuller picture of how life varies and changes over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrobes are the base of the biosphere. They outnumber the stars in the universe by orders of magnitude and have been here for four billion years. There are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people on the planet. Every host organism lives in contact and association with microbes, and those microbes can cause variation in traits, whether it's chronic disease, agricultural output, biodiversity loss or how thin we are — there's a lot going on that microbes contribute to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Historically, the field of biology tends to categorize living things into taxa, the filing system for species, genus, family, order, etc. How does holobiont biology fit into or challenge that framework?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein:\u003c/strong\u003e We envision that microbes are fundamental to how biologists explain variation in host life forms, for example animals and plants. So, in the case of classification of species, we’re making the case that organisms are not autonomous. They exist, by definition, always in association and in contact with microbes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJust has been done with genetic engineering and selective breeding, we see this holistic way of thinking about life as an opportunity to harness the power of the microbiome to make improvements in agriculture and aquaculture, resilience in environmental sustainability, and advances in human health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis holistic approach of holobiont biology will open the door to finding applications for live microbial communities that could, for example, make agriculture more resilient to climate change, help sustain biodiversity or improve human health by using microbes to combat chronic diseases including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, and diseases associated with aging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Essentially, you are saying that we should have a much broader view of what biology looks like, what evolution looks like, because there is an entire world on the microscopic level that is propelling life on the macro level. You reference “Origin of Species,” Charles Darwin’s seminal work published in 1859, frequently in your paper. Why re-examine a 165-year-old book when introducing a new paradigm? \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein:\u003c/strong\u003e Darwin's “Origin of Species” remains the bedrock of modern biology today. But it’s worth noting that the Origin of Species was written only about animals and plants. There were no bacteria in it. That doesn't mean that Darwin’s principles do not apply to microbes, but he was focused on what he could see at the time. Now, we have a much fuller picture of the biosphere. What Darwin did was explain to us why forces of evolution shape lineages into new varieties and ultimately into new species, but he didn't know the mechanisms that made these changes possible. He didn't know about genetic mutations nor the microbial forces at work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: You also address Mendelian genetics in the paper, the science of breeding for various traits as described by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. There have been significant advancements in the study of genetics over the past century, from sequencing to editing, so how does the holobiont biology framework intersect with our modern understanding of genetic diversity and evolution? \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein:\u003c/strong\u003e During the 1920s to 1940s, biology had a revolution known as the Modern Synthesis, in which the 19th century discoveries of Mendel's genetic laws merged with Darwin's theory of evolution to create this beautiful explanation for how new variations of form and function develop. That science is what drove biology to where we are today. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNow, many scholars think we're in a post-Modern Synthesis because we're now adding microbiology into our understanding of host genetics and evolution. We’ve learned that microbes are also sources of new forms, functions, and variants of host life, just like genetic mutations. As a consequence, several operational and practical steps can be taken to infuse holobiont biology into the full fabric of the life sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: How do you bring about this new paradigm shift in the life sciences? \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBordenstein:\u003c/strong\u003e It starts with how we define and teach biology. That means rethinking how we describe animals and plants; we're not calling them animals and plants anymore. We’re thinking of animals and plants as a consortium of host and microbial cells that influence anatomy and physiology, because that is the reality of nature. We cannot think about animal or plant genomes in a way that's separate from microbial genomes when we know that both genomic compartments are all part of the functional unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is also a statistical, analytical aspect to what we're going to see next. Just as we have databases to determine the influence of genetics on traits, we will need new analytics to determine the contribution of microbes and how they interact with genetics to explain traits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, once we have the databases and analytic tools developed, we can engineer microbes and microbiomes as much as we can engineer genes to make a better outcome for an organism, whether that’s in agriculture, the environment, or even for ourselves. Our hope is to use this concept to engineer a better future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOther Penn State co-authors are Mónica Medina, professor of biology, and Nichole Ginnan, research project manager. Other authors on the paper are affiliated with the Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics at the University of Copenhagen, the Department of Natural History in Trondheim, Norway, the Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria in Italy, the University of Padua in Italy, Aalborg University in Denmark, the Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at the United Arab Emirates University, the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Clemson University, the University of Connecticut, Oregon State University and the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","parentTypeName":"node--story"}],"hero":{"type":"paragraph--image_gallery","id":"9c0cd8a0-ef1a-4a5a-acce-36f6729cc5b3","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/image_gallery/9c0cd8a0-ef1a-4a5a-acce-36f6729cc5b3?resourceVersion=id%3A5387361"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":5387361,"drupalInternalTargetId":2278986},"relationshipNames":["field_images"],"backgroundColor":null,"title":null,"images":[{"type":"paragraph--image","id":"2ad7236f-9041-48e1-a3de-c1e56aff7d74","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/image/2ad7236f-9041-48e1-a3de-c1e56aff7d74?resourceVersion=id%3A5387356"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":5387356,"drupalInternalTargetId":2278981},"relationshipNames":["field_image"],"captionOverride":null,"heroImagePosition":null,"image":{"type":"media--image","id":"6e2443a1-3b26-4864-8a99-9f9c7d7511ad","name":"2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg","created":"2024-11-14T01:29:22+00:00","changed":"2024-11-14T22:15:42+00:00","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/media/image/6e2443a1-3b26-4864-8a99-9f9c7d7511ad?resourceVersion=id%3A706976"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":706766},"relationshipNames":["field_image","field_terms"],"drupalInternalMid":706766,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"publishState":null,"unpublishState":null,"caption":"\u003cp\u003eA sample of a microbe collected on Penn State’s University Park campus grows on an agar plate. Microbes are the foundation of our agricultural, environmental and human ecosystems, and they flow between these three environments to shape health and disease risk within each system.\u003c/p\u003e\n","copyright":"Michelle Bixby","license":"Creative Commons","pennStateOwned":true,"image":{"type":"file--file","id":"6cf12d5f-3bbc-4736-94e2-df084ffc60f9","langcode":"en","filename":"2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg","uri":{"value":"public://2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg","url":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg"},"filemime":"image/jpeg","filesize":2201011,"status":true,"created":"2024-11-14T01:29:22+00:00","changed":"2024-11-14T01:30:10+00:00","links":{"16_9_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=oI2n96OT","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_100w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=YiYlugpB","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=fdbd93gT","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_2000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=G8a-oSZr","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_200w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=q3c39GxJ","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_250w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=_6HtKxAo","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=96nBqd1L","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"16_9_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_750w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=j7oBmT2R","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"3_4_1020w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1020w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=LOrNCues","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"3_4_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=ekgLKeFN","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"3_4_2010w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_2010w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=MbYX_RJb","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"3_4_270w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_270w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=qYqkiH4p","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"3_4_510w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_510w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=4D0h7KX5","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"4_3_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=CZVV_Aot","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"4_3_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=PggjUiC2","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"4_3_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_2000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=_qzT2H0R","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"4_3_280w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_280w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=x83cZayU","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"4_3_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=OMqdH6XL","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"headlines_full_width":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/headlines_full_width/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=OZt32sIY","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"headlines_medium":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/headlines_medium/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=lFso2Pk1","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"headlines_news_item_medium":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/headlines_news_item_medium/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=3BwciYIi","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"headlines_thumbnail":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/headlines_thumbnail/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=BBosSDPT","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"large":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/large/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?itok=emkjbC27","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"linkit_result_thumbnail":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/linkit_result_thumbnail/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=rLiQxk5V","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"media_library":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/media_library/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=_wdvh_3E","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"medium":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/medium/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?itok=9_aBnMD6","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/file/file/6cf12d5f-3bbc-4736-94e2-df084ffc60f9"},"square_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=M6BtGG02","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_100w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=arNVGzzI","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=PVU8Xy_1","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_200w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=Uoer19uQ","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_250w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=t83oFJO6","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=UXGe64-7","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"square_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_750w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=hEiiz5U8","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}},"thumbnail":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/thumbnail/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?itok=cq7RnHeW","meta":{"rel":["drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"]}}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"alt":"A sample of a microbe collected on Penn State’s University Park campus grows on an agar plate","title":"","width":2400,"height":1800,"imageDerivatives":{"links":{"16_9_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=oI2n96OT","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_100w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=YiYlugpB","title":"Image Style: 16:9 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=fdbd93gT","title":"Image Style: 16:9 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_2000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=G8a-oSZr","title":"Image Style: 16:9 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_200w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=q3c39GxJ","title":"Image Style: 16:9 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_250w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=_6HtKxAo","title":"Image Style: 16:9 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=96nBqd1L","title":"Image Style: 16:9 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"16_9_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/16_9_750w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=j7oBmT2R","title":"Image Style: 16:9 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1020w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1020w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=LOrNCues","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1020w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=ekgLKeFN","title":"Image Style: 3:4 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_2010w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_2010w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=MbYX_RJb","title":"Image Style: 3:4 2010w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_270w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_270w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=qYqkiH4p","title":"Image Style: 3:4 270w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"3_4_510w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/3_4_510w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=4D0h7KX5","title":"Image Style: 3:4 510w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=CZVV_Aot","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=PggjUiC2","title":"Image Style: 4:3 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_2000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_2000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=_qzT2H0R","title":"Image Style: 4:3 2000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_280w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_280w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=x83cZayU","title":"Image Style: 4:3 280w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"4_3_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/4_3_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=OMqdH6XL","title":"Image Style: 4:3 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1000w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1000w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=M6BtGG02","title":"Image Style: Square 1000w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_100w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_100w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=arNVGzzI","title":"Image Style: Square 100w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_1500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_1500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=PVU8Xy_1","title":"Image Style: Square 1500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_200w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_200w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=Uoer19uQ","title":"Image Style: Square 200w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_250w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_250w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=t83oFJO6","title":"Image Style: Square 250w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_500w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_500w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=UXGe64-7","title":"Image Style: Square 500w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"square_750w":{"href":"https://psu-gatsby-files-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/square_750w/public/2024/11/2024_neelionehealthmicrobiomecenter-3.jpg?h=7024d9d2\u0026itok=hEiiz5U8","title":"Image Style: Square 750w","meta":{"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"},"rel":"drupal://jsonapi/extensions/consumer_image_styles/links/relation-types/#derivative"}}},"drupalInternalTargetId":396631},"drupalInternalFid":396631},"terms":[]}}]},"primaryTopic":{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915","name":"Research","description":null,"weight":43,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/topics/45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915?resourceVersion=id%3A271"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":5386},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"b0f39772-df65-4cac-b48e-5ce4c4cbe66a","path":"/research","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/b0f39772-df65-4cac-b48e-5ce4c4cbe66a?resourceVersion=id%3A1971756"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12673}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":5386,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false},"storyContacts":[{"type":"node--person","id":"6682d46b-cd20-46e2-b4aa-12bbc34ef9d5","title":"Adrienne Berard","created":"2022-08-10T14:58:14+00:00","changed":"2022-08-10T15:01:26+00:00","body":null,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/person/6682d46b-cd20-46e2-b4aa-12bbc34ef9d5?resourceVersion=id%3A1500096"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":706351},"relationshipNames":["field_thumbnail"],"drupalInternalNid":706351,"publishState":null,"unpublishState":null,"areasOfInterest":null,"emailAddress":"akb6884@psu.edu","firstName":"Adrienne","jobTitle":"Senior Research Writer","lastName":"Berard","personType":["author","contact"],"phone":"814-753-1655","psuUserId":null,"twitterHandle":null,"url":null,"thumbnail":null}],"tags":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--tags","id":"7e1e0019-55ac-43a5-9fd1-99a743aae26c","name":"Latest News","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/tags/7e1e0019-55ac-43a5-9fd1-99a743aae26c?resourceVersion=id%3A1781"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":24522},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--tags","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"c097cead-346f-4a03-a801-7aaf05b0db61","path":"/latest-news","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/c097cead-346f-4a03-a801-7aaf05b0db61?resourceVersion=id%3A1971386"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":285395}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":24522,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false}],"topics":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915","name":"Research","description":null,"weight":43,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/topics/45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915?resourceVersion=id%3A271"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":5386},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"b0f39772-df65-4cac-b48e-5ce4c4cbe66a","path":"/research","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/b0f39772-df65-4cac-b48e-5ce4c4cbe66a?resourceVersion=id%3A1971756"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":12673}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":5386,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false}],"unit":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--unit","id":"b6e2b714-5d4c-4a55-b7d9-45d6a0e2d9aa","name":"Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences","description":null,"weight":0,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/unit/b6e2b714-5d4c-4a55-b7d9-45d6a0e2d9aa?resourceVersion=id%3A571"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":36687},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--unit","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource identifier."}}}}}],"aggregator":{"type":"node--aggregator","id":"e8863bd9-7fba-4b20-8b75-d1acc5a3548c","path":"/huck-institutes-life-sciences","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/aggregator/e8863bd9-7fba-4b20-8b75-d1acc5a3548c?resourceVersion=id%3A1959486"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":365325}},"relationshipNames":["parent","aggregator"],"drupalInternalTid":36687,"publishOn":null,"unpublishOn":null,"showOnAggregatorPage":false}],"nid":798046},"headerData":[{"Type":"Search and Mark Components","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Search","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":1,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"search","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/search/","slug":"search","displayname":"Search","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594659540,"LastEditDate":1594829095,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"\u0026lt;form\u0026gt;\u0026lt;input type='input' value='' name='' placeholder='search'\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/form\u0026gt;","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"All Penn State","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":53,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"all-penn-state","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/search/gss/","slug":"all-penn-state","displayname":"All Penn State","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594870380,"LastEditDate":1594870430,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"News Archive","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":54,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"news-archive","uri":"/news/search","slug":"penn-state-news-search","displayname":"News Archive","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594870380,"LastEditDate":1594870478,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Penn State News","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":56,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-news","uri":"penn-state-news","slug":"penn-state-news","displayname":"Penn State News","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594870380,"LastEditDate":1594870478,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Penn State Mark","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":55,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-mark","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/","slug":"penn-state-mark","displayname":"Penn State Mark","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/psu-mark.svg","CreateDate":1594916220,"LastEditDate":1603393316,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]},{"title":"Penn State Mark","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":55,"CategoryID":1,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"penn-state-mark","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/","slug":"penn-state-mark","displayname":"Penn State Mark","Decorate":"TRUE","DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/psu-mark.svg","CreateDate":1594916220,"LastEditDate":1603393316,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[]}]},{"Type":"Master Navigation","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"This is Penn State","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":5,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"this-is-penn-state","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/","slug":"this-is-penn-state","displayname":"This is Penn State","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594660080,"LastEditDate":1594829076,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Mission and Values","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":6,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"mission","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/mission-and-values/","slug":"mission","displayname":"Mission and Values","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594660140,"LastEditDate":1602272123,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Belonging","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":130,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"equity","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/belonging/","slug":"equity","displayname":"Belonging","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1607012760,"LastEditDate":1607015090,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Leadership","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":8,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"leadership","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/leadership/","slug":"leadership","displayname":"Leadership","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594661580,"LastEditDate":1598539822,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"History","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":10,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"history","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/history/","slug":"history","displayname":"History","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662240,"LastEditDate":1596680084,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Facts and Rankings","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":11,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"explore-rankings","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/facts-and-rankings/","slug":"rankings","displayname":"Facts and Rankings","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662240,"LastEditDate":1600285516,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Our Impact","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":9,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"our-impact","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/our-impact/","slug":"our-impact","displayname":"Our Impact","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594661640,"LastEditDate":1596680278,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Health Care","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":112,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"header-healthcare","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/healthcare/","slug":"header-healthcare","displayname":"Health Care","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1596680940,"LastEditDate":1601491963,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"This is Penn State Menu Card","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":113,"CategoryID":16,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"this-is-penn-state-menu-card","uri":"#","slug":"this-is-penn-state-menu-card","displayname":"This is Penn State Menu Card","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-advocate.jpg","CreateDate":1596681180,"LastEditDate":1607013372,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"\u0026lt;a href=\u0026quot;/advocate/\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-advocate.jpg\u0026quot; alt=\u0026quot;Advocate Penn State.\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3\u0026gt;Advocate Penn State\u0026lt;/h3\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;","card_anchor":"https://www.psu.edu/advocate/","card_src":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-advocate.jpg","card_heading":"Advocate Penn State","card_alt":"Advocate Penn State.","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]},{"title":"Academics","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":13,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"academics","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/","slug":"academics","displayname":"Academics","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662300,"LastEditDate":1594829027,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Undergraduate","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":108,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"undergraduate-degrees","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/undergraduate-degrees/","slug":"undergraduate-degrees","displayname":"Undergraduate","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1596655620,"LastEditDate":1598539904,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Graduate \u0026 Professional Schools","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":114,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"graduate-degrees-aca-header","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/graduate-degrees/","slug":"graduate-degrees-aca-header","displayname":"Graduate \u0026 Professional Schools","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1597704240,"LastEditDate":1600117755,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Online Degrees","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":115,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"online","uri":"https://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/","slug":"online","displayname":"Online Degrees","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598059980,"LastEditDate":1598474246,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Global Education","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":117,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"global-education","uri":"https://global.psu.edu/","slug":"global-education","displayname":"Global Education","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598540220,"LastEditDate":1598540265,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Academic Colleges","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":110,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"colleges","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/colleges/","slug":"colleges","displayname":"Academic Colleges","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1596656100,"LastEditDate":1598540342,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Campus Locations","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":14,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"campuses","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/campuses/","slug":"campuses","displayname":"Campus Locations","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662300,"LastEditDate":1598540374,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Academics Menu Card","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":124,"CategoryID":18,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"academics-menu-card","uri":"#","slug":"academics-menu-card","displayname":"Academics Menu Card","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-academics.jpg","CreateDate":1601496000,"LastEditDate":1611861185,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"\u0026lt;a href=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/news/academics/story/penn-state-rises-10-places-2024-qs-world-university-rankings/\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-academics.jpg\u0026quot; alt=\u0026quot;Penn State rises 10 places in 2024 QS World University Rankings\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3\u0026gt;Penn State rises 10 places in 2024 QS World University Rankings\u0026lt;/h3\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;","card_anchor":"https://www.psu.edu/news/academics/story/penn-state-rises-10-places-2024-qs-world-university-rankings/","card_src":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/nav-image-academics.jpg","card_heading":"Penn State rises 10 places in 2024 QS World University Rankings","card_alt":"Penn State rises 10 places in 2024 QS World University Rankings","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]},{"title":"Admission","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":15,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"admission","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/","slug":"admission","displayname":"Admission","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662360,"LastEditDate":1594829012,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Undergraduate","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":16,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"undergraduate-programs","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/undergraduate/","slug":"undergraduate-programs","displayname":"Undergraduate","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662360,"LastEditDate":1597704998,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Graduate","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":118,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"graduate-admission","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/graduate/","slug":"graduate-admission","displayname":"Graduate","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598543760,"LastEditDate":1617303162,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Online","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":119,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"online-admission","uri":"https://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/","slug":"online-admission","displayname":"Online","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598543820,"LastEditDate":1598551334,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Professional Schools","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":120,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"professional-schools-admission","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/#prof","slug":"professional-schools-admission","displayname":"Professional Schools","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598543880,"LastEditDate":1601502591,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Continuing Education","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":121,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"continuing-education-admission","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/#continuing","slug":"continuing-education-admission","displayname":"Continuing Education","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598543940,"LastEditDate":1601502609,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Admissions Menu Card","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":125,"CategoryID":20,"ParentCategoryID":2,"url_title":"admissions-menu-card","uri":"#","slug":"admissions-menu-card","displayname":"Admissions Menu Card","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/dhruvi-portrait.jpg","CreateDate":1601496000,"LastEditDate":1611861185,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"\u0026lt;a href=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/impact/story/first-to-inspire/\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;img src=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/dhruvi-portrait.jpg\u0026quot; alt=\u0026quot;Featured Impact: First to Inspire\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;h3\u0026gt;Featured Impact: First to Inspire\u0026lt;/h3\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;","card_anchor":"https://www.psu.edu/impact/story/first-to-inspire/","card_src":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/dhruvi-portrait.jpg","card_heading":"Featured Impact: First to Inspire","card_alt":"Featured Impact: First to Inspire","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]},{"title":"Tuition and Aid","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":17,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"tuition-and-aid","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/tuition-and-financial-aid/","slug":"tuition-and-aid","displayname":"Tuition and Aid","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662420,"LastEditDate":1594828999,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[]},{"title":"Research","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":18,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"research","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/research/","slug":"research","displayname":"Research","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662480,"LastEditDate":1594828982,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[]},{"title":"Athletics","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":20,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"athletics","uri":"https://gopsusports.com/","slug":"athletics","displayname":"Athletics","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662720,"LastEditDate":1594828963,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[]}]},{"Type":"News Navigation","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"News","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":21,"CategoryID":2,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/","slug":"news","displayname":"News","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662720,"LastEditDate":1597929167,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Latest News","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":22,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"latest-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/latest-news/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/latest-news/","slug":"latest-news","displayname":"Latest News","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662780,"LastEditDate":1598100974,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Academics","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":24,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"academic-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/academics/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/academics/","slug":"academic-news","displayname":"Academics","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662960,"LastEditDate":1602784636,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Our Research","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":23,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"research-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/research/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/research/","slug":"research-news","displayname":"Our Research","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594662960,"LastEditDate":1598545635,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Campus Life","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":25,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"campus-life","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/campus-life/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/campus-life/","slug":"campus-life","displayname":"Campus Life","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663080,"LastEditDate":1598100817,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Campus Life","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":26,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"campus-life-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/campus-life/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/campus-life/","slug":"campus-life-news","displayname":"Campus Life","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"test decorate src","CreateDate":1594663080,"LastEditDate":1598100903,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Athletics","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":27,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"athletic-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/athletics/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/athletics/","slug":"athletic-news","displayname":"Athletics","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663140,"LastEditDate":1598100889,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Administration","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":28,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"administration-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/administration/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/administration/","slug":"administration-news","displayname":"Administration","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663200,"LastEditDate":1598100854,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Arts and Entertainment","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":29,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"arts-and-entertainment-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/arts-and-entertainment/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/arts-and-entertainment/","slug":"arts-and-entertainment-news","displayname":"Arts and Entertainment","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663200,"LastEditDate":1598100874,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"College and Campus News","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":29,"CategoryID":3,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-college-and-campus-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/penn-state-college-and-campus-news/","suri":"https://psu.edu/news/penn-state-college-and-campus-news/","slug":"penn-state-college-and-campus-news","displayname":"College and Campus News","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663200,"LastEditDate":1598100874,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"News Menu Card","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":126,"CategoryID":33,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"news-menu-card","uri":"#","slug":"news-menu-card","displayname":"News Menu Card","Decorate":1,"DecorateSRC":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/solari-portrait.jpg","CreateDate":1601496120,"LastEditDate":1616090913,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"\u0026lt;a href=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/worlds-collide-art-history-and-materials-science-yucatan/\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;img src=\u0026quot;https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/solari-portrait.jpg\u0026quot; alt=\u0026quot;Worlds Collide: Art history and materials science in the Yucatán.\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;h3\u0026gt;Worlds Collide: Art history and materials science in the Yucatán\u0026lt;/h3\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;","card_anchor":"https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/worlds-collide-art-history-and-materials-science-yucatan/","card_src":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/nav-cards/solari-portrait.jpg","card_heading":"Worlds Collide: Art history and materials science in the Yucatán","card_alt":"Worlds Collide: Art history and materials science in the Yucatán.","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Calls to Action","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Hotline","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":2,"CategoryID":4,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"report-a-concern","uri":"https://universityethics.psu.edu/reporting-at-penn-state","slug":"report-a-concern","displayname":"Report A Concern","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594659960,"LastEditDate":1594660046,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":[]},{"title":"Give","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":3,"CategoryID":4,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"give","uri":"https://raise.psu.edu/?utm_source=psumain\u0026utm_medium=referral\u0026utm_campaign=DonateButton-MainNavigation","slug":"give","displayname":"Give","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594660020,"LastEditDate":1615230831,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":[]},{"title":"Apply","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":4,"CategoryID":4,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"apply","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/admission/","slug":"apply","displayname":"Apply","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594660080,"LastEditDate":1594660110,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":[]}]},{"Type":"Social Media Navigation","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Social","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":45,"CategoryID":5,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"social","uri":"/","slug":"social","displayname":"Social","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663860,"LastEditDate":1594828869,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Facebook","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":46,"CategoryID":5,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"facebook","uri":"https://www.facebook.com/pennstate","slug":"facebook","displayname":"Facebook","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663920,"LastEditDate":1594663961,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Instagram","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":47,"CategoryID":5,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"instagram","uri":"https://www.instagram.com/pennstate","slug":"instagram","displayname":"Instagram","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663920,"LastEditDate":1594663992,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Twitter","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":48,"CategoryID":5,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"twitter","uri":"https://www.twitter.com/penn_state","slug":"twitter","displayname":"Twitter","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663980,"LastEditDate":1594664017,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"YouTube","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":49,"CategoryID":5,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"youtube","uri":"https://www.youtube.com/pennstate","slug":"youtube","displayname":"YouTube","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663980,"LastEditDate":1594664039,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Information For Navigation","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Find Information For","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":32,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"information-for","uri":"/","slug":"information-for","displayname":"Find Information For","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663320,"LastEditDate":1594917080,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Visitors","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":34,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"visitors","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/visitors/","slug":"visitors","displayname":"Visitors","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663440,"LastEditDate":1594663475,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Prospective Students","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":33,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"prospective-students","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/prospective-students/","slug":"prospective-students","displayname":"Prospective Students","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663380,"LastEditDate":1594663454,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Current Students","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":35,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"current-students","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/current-students/","slug":"current-students","displayname":"Current Students","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663440,"LastEditDate":1594663514,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Faculty and Staff","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":36,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"faculty-and-staff","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/faculty-and-staff/","slug":"faculty-and-staff","displayname":"Faculty and Staff","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663500,"LastEditDate":1594663576,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Business and Industry","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":127,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"business-and-industry","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/business-and-industry/","slug":"business-and-industry","displayname":"Business and Industry","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1602272280,"LastEditDate":1604427087,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Veterans and Military","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":127,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"veterans","uri":"https://veterans.psu.edu/","slug":"veterans","displayname":"Veterans and Military","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1602272280,"LastEditDate":1604427087,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Alumni","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":37,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"alumni","uri":"https://www.alumni.psu.edu/","slug":"alumni","displayname":"Alumni","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663560,"LastEditDate":1605734111,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Media","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":38,"CategoryID":6,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"media","uri":"https://media.psu.edu","slug":"media","displayname":"Media","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663560,"LastEditDate":1594663623,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":null,"html":"","CategoryMast":null,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Helpful Links Navigation","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Helpful Links","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":40,"CategoryID":7,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"helpful-links","uri":"/","slug":"helpful-links","displayname":"Helpful Links","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663620,"LastEditDate":1594828891,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Find a Campus","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":41,"CategoryID":7,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"find-a-campus","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/campuses/","slug":"find-a-campus","displayname":"Find a Campus","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663680,"LastEditDate":1597059473,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Maps","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":122,"CategoryID":7,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"maps-helpful-links","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/maps/","slug":"maps-helpful-links","displayname":"Maps","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598544660,"LastEditDate":1598544760,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Careers","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":43,"CategoryID":7,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"jobs","uri":"https://hr.psu.edu/careers","slug":"jobs","displayname":"Careers","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663740,"LastEditDate":1602792123,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Directory","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":4300,"CategoryID":7000,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"directory","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/search/directories/","slug":"directory","displayname":"Directory","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1594663740,"LastEditDate":1602792123,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Academic Calendar","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":123,"CategoryID":7,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"academic-calendar-helpful-links","uri":"https://www.registrar.psu.edu/academic-calendars/","slug":"academic-calendar-helpful-links","displayname":"Academic Calendar","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1598544840,"LastEditDate":1602779557,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]}],"footerData":[{"Type":"Explore","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Explore","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":56,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"explore","uri":"#","slug":"explore","displayname":"Explore","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595346000,"LastEditDate":1595346098,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"News","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":57,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"explore-news","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/","suri":"https://www.psu.edu/news/","slug":"explore-news","displayname":"News","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595346060,"LastEditDate":1601642725,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Careers","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":58,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"careers","uri":"https://hr.psu.edu/careers","slug":"careers","displayname":"Careers","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349240,"LastEditDate":1595349324,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Facts and Rankings","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":59,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"facts-and-rankings","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/facts-and-rankings/","slug":"facts-and-rankings","displayname":"Facts and Rankings","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349300,"LastEditDate":1600087706,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Colleges","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":61,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"colleges","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/colleges/","slug":"Colleges","displayname":"Colleges","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349360,"LastEditDate":1602621511,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Campuses","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":60,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"campuses","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/academics/campuses/","slug":"/academics/Campuses","displayname":"Campuses","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349360,"LastEditDate":1602621526,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Health Care","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":69,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-healthcare","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/healthcare/","slug":"footer-healthcare","displayname":"Health Care","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349840,"LastEditDate":1600088003,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Research","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":62,"CategoryID":30,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"explore-research","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/research/","slug":"explore-research","displayname":"Research","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349420,"LastEditDate":1595349500,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Impact","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":6200,"CategoryID":3000,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"impact","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/impact/","slug":"impact","displayname":"Impact","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349420,"LastEditDate":1595349500,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Resources","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Resources","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":100,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"resources","uri":"#","slug":"resources","displayname":"Resources","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352060,"LastEditDate":1595352161,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Prospective Students","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":63,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-prospective-students","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/prospective-students/","slug":"footer-prospective-students","displayname":"Prospective Students","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349480,"LastEditDate":1595353904,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Current Students","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":64,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-current-students","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/current-students/","slug":"footer-current-students","displayname":"Current Students","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349540,"LastEditDate":1595353971,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"International Students","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":65,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-international-students","uri":"https://global.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-international-students","displayname":"International Students","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349600,"LastEditDate":1601642785,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Business and Industry","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":66,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-business-and-industry","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/business-and-industry/","slug":"footer-business-and-industry","displayname":"Business and Industry","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349660,"LastEditDate":1595349745,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Veterans and Military","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":128,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"veterans","uri":"https://veterans.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-veterans","displayname":"Veterans and Military","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1602272400,"LastEditDate":1604427070,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Visitors","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":67,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-visitors","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/visitors/","slug":"footer-visitors","displayname":"Visitors","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349720,"LastEditDate":1596683494,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Faculty and Staff","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":68,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-faculty-and-staff","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/faculty-and-staff/","slug":"footer-faculty-and-staff","displayname":"Faculty and Staff","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349780,"LastEditDate":1595349882,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Alumni","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":70,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-alumni","uri":"https://www.alumni.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-alumni","displayname":"Alumni","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595349960,"LastEditDate":1595350068,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Media","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":71,"CategoryID":27,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-media","uri":"https://media.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-media","displayname":"Media","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350020,"LastEditDate":1595350094,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"COVID-19 Information","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":771,"CategoryID":727,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-covid","uri":"https://virusinfo.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-covid","displayname":"COVID-19 Information","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350020,"LastEditDate":1595350094,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Popular Links","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Popular Links","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":101,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"quick-links","uri":"#","slug":"quick-links","displayname":"Popular Links","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352120,"LastEditDate":1600088081,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Maps","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":72,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"maps","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/maps/","slug":"maps","displayname":"Maps","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350080,"LastEditDate":1595350122,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Directory","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":73,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"directory","uri":"https://www.work.psu.edu/ldap/","slug":"directory","displayname":"Directory","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350080,"LastEditDate":1595350175,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Libraries","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":74,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"libraries","uri":"https://libraries.psu.edu/","slug":"libraries","displayname":"Libraries","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350140,"LastEditDate":1595350209,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Academic Calendar","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":75,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"academic-calendar","uri":"https://www.registrar.psu.edu/academic-calendars/","slug":"academic-calendar","displayname":"Academic Calendar","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350200,"LastEditDate":1595350279,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"LionPATH","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":77,"CategoryID":28,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-lion-path","uri":"https://lionpathsupport.psu.edu/","slug":"footer-lion-path","displayname":"LionPATH","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350320,"LastEditDate":1600088298,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Stay Connected","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Stay Connected","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":102,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"stay-connected","uri":"#","slug":"stay-connected","displayname":"Stay Connected","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352180,"LastEditDate":1595352230,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Emails / Headlines","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":78,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"emails-headlines","uri":"https://headlines.psu.edu/","slug":"emails-headlines","displayname":"Emails / Headlines","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350380,"LastEditDate":1595350430,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Emergency Notifications","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":79,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"emergency-notifications","uri":"https://psualert.psu.edu/","slug":"emergency-notifications","displayname":"Emergency Notifications","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350380,"LastEditDate":1595350473,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Penn State Go","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":129,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-go","uri":"https://mobile.psu.edu/","slug":"penn-state-go","displayname":"Penn State Go","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1603733460,"LastEditDate":1603733638,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Strategic Communications","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":80,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"strategic-communications","uri":"https://strategiccommunications.psu.edu/","slug":"strategic-communications","displayname":"Strategic Communications","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350440,"LastEditDate":1595350536,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Report Misconduct","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":81,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"report-misconduct","uri":"https://universityethics.psu.edu/resources-reporting-wrongdoing","slug":"report-misconduct","displayname":"Report Misconduct","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350500,"LastEditDate":1595350571,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Police","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":82,"CategoryID":29,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"police","uri":"https://www.police.psu.edu/","slug":"police","displayname":"Police","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350560,"LastEditDate":1603733609,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Sub-Footer","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Sub-Footer","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":103,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"sub-footer","uri":"#","slug":"sub-footer","displayname":"Sub-Footer","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352180,"LastEditDate":1595352265,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Address","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":83,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"address","uri":"#","slug":"address","displayname":"Address","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350560,"LastEditDate":1595350697,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"201 Old Main, University Park, PA 16802","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Telephone","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":84,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"telephone","uri":"#","slug":"telephone","displayname":"Telephone","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350680,"LastEditDate":1595350737,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"814-865-4700","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Contact Us","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":85,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"contact-us","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/contact-us/","slug":"contact-us","displayname":"Contact Us","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350680,"LastEditDate":1595350812,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Privacy","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":86,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"web-privacy-statement","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/web-privacy-statement/","slug":"web-privacy-statement","displayname":"Privacy Statement","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350800,"LastEditDate":1602852460,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Non Discrimination","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":87,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"non-discrimination","uri":"https://policy.psu.edu/policies/ad85","slug":"non-discrimination","displayname":"Non Discrimination","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350860,"LastEditDate":1595350906,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Equal Opportunity","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":88,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"equal-opportunity","uri":"https://policy.psu.edu/policies/hr11","slug":"equal-opportunity","displayname":"Equal Opportunity","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350860,"LastEditDate":1595350934,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Accessibility Statement","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":89,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"accessibilitystatement","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/accessibilitystatement/","slug":"accessibilitystatement","displayname":"Accessibility","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350920,"LastEditDate":1595603262,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Legal","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":90,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"legal","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/legal-statements/","slug":"legal","displayname":"Legal Statements","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595350980,"LastEditDate":1596655190,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Copyright Information","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":91,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"copyright-information","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/copyright-information/","slug":"copyright-information","displayname":"The Pennsylvania State University","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351040,"LastEditDate":1595437299,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"(render the copyright symbol and date) in the template","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"We Are Penn State","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":92,"CategoryID":31,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"we-are-penn-state","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/","slug":"we-are-penn-state","displayname":"We Are Penn State","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351280,"LastEditDate":1602075214,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/we-are-penn-state.svg","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Subscribe","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Subscribe","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":104,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"subscribe","uri":"#","slug":"subscribe","displayname":"Subscribe","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352240,"LastEditDate":1595438478,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"SUBSCRIBE","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Facebook","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":93,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-facebook","uri":"https://www.facebook.com/pennstate/","slug":"footer-facebook","displayname":"Facebook","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351400,"LastEditDate":1595351554,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"YouTube","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":94,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-youtube","uri":"https://www.youtube.com/pennstate","slug":"footer-youtube","displayname":"YouTube","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351520,"LastEditDate":1602784779,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Twitter","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":95,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-twitter","uri":"https://twitter.com/penn_state","slug":"footer-twitter","displayname":"Twitter","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351580,"LastEditDate":1595352532,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Linkedin","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":96,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-linkedin","uri":"https://www.linkedin.com/school/penn-state-university/","slug":"footer-linkedin","displayname":"Linkedin","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351640,"LastEditDate":1595352563,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Instagram","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":97,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"footer-instagram","uri":"https://www.instagram.com/pennstate/","slug":"footer-instagram","displayname":"Instagram","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351700,"LastEditDate":1595352519,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Get News By Email","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":105,"CategoryID":32,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"get-news-by-email","uri":"https://headlines.psu.edu/","slug":"get-news-by-email","displayname":"Get News By Email","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595352420,"LastEditDate":1601642349,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"Discover News","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]},{"Type":"Art","NavLevel":0,"SourceID":"0","Hide":"1","HasChildren":"Yes","Note":"The function of this level of the API is to indicate structure only","Children":[{"title":"Art","NavLevel":"1","SourceID":106,"CategoryID":33,"ParentCategoryID":"0","url_title":"art","uri":"#","slug":"art","displayname":"Art","Decorate":"FALSE","DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595353740,"LastEditDate":1595353775,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":1,"html":"","CategoryMast":1,"HasChildren":"Yes","Children":[{"title":"Penn State Footer Mark","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":98,"CategoryID":33,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-footer-mark","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/components/img/psu-mark-footer.png","slug":"penn-state-footer-mark","displayname":"Penn State Footer Mark","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351760,"LastEditDate":1595351811,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"https://www.psu.edu/components/img/psu-mark-footer.png","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"},{"title":"Penn State Map","NavLevel":"2","SourceID":99,"CategoryID":33,"ParentCategoryID":0,"url_title":"penn-state-map","uri":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/newfootermap2.png","slug":"penn-state-map","displayname":"Penn State Map","Decorate":0,"DecorateSRC":"","CreateDate":1595351760,"LastEditDate":1595607082,"ExpireDate":0,"Hide":0,"html":"https://www.psu.edu/psu-edu-assets/images/shared/newfootermap2.png","CategoryMast":0,"HasChildren":"No","Children":"none"}]}]}]},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/[[...slug]]","query":{"slug":["research","story","qa-how-do-microbiomes-influence-study-life"]},"buildId":"I8Bv2lpzZ-C70Ic2F1A4b","assetPrefix":"/news","runtimeConfig":{"basePath":"/news"},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gsp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>