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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theravada_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Who_is_a_householder?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Who_is_a_householder?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Who is a householder?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_is_a_householder?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Householder_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Householder_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Householder ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Householder_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lay-monastic_reciprocity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lay-monastic_reciprocity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lay-monastic reciprocity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lay-monastic_reciprocity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Householders_and_future_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Householders_and_future_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Householders and future lives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Householders_and_future_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Householders_and_Nibbana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Householders_and_Nibbana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Householders and Nibbana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Householders_and_Nibbana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_householders_in_the_Pali_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_householders_in_the_Pali_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Prominent householders in the Pali canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_householders_in_the_Pali_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mahayana perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayana_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vajrayana perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Buddhist_householder_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Buddhist_householder_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Buddhist householder practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Buddhist_householder_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Buddhist householder practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Buddhist_householder_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theravada_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Theravada practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Daily practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_day_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_day_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Special day practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_day_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mahayana practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Daily practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_day_practices_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_day_practices_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Special day practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_day_practices_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayana_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vajrayana practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_practices_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_practices_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Daily practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_practices_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_day_practices_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_day_practices_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Special day practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_day_practices_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist laity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br />householder</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gṛhin, gṛhastha,<br />gṛhapati</i></span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><i lang="pi"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gihin, gahattha,<br />gahapati</i></span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:居士">居士</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">perumah tangga</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:居士">居士</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">គ្រហស្ថ<br />(Kror Hors)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဂရှ်</span></span> <br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[həròh]</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ගිහි</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo">khyim-pa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">இல்லறம்</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">maybahay</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">คฤหัสถ์ <br />(<small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">kha rue hat</i></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%B0_s%C4%A9" class="extiw" title="vi:Cư sĩ">Cư sĩ</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg/220px-Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg/330px-Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg/440px-Buddhist_monks_giving_a_teaching_or_blessing_to_lay_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist monks giving a teaching or blessing to lay people in Myanmar</figcaption></figure> <p>In English translations of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>, <b>householder</b> denotes a variety of terms. Most broadly, it refers to any layperson, and most narrowly, to a wealthy and prestigious familial patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary Buddhist communities, householder is often used synonymously with <i><a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a></i>, or non-<a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastics</a>. </p><p>The Buddhist notion of householder is often contrasted with that of wandering ascetics (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pāḷi</i></span></i>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">samaṇa</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a></i></span></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">monastics</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhuni</a></i>), who would not live (for extended periods) in a normal house and who would pursue freedom from attachments to houses and families. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsakas and upāsikās</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">śrāvakas and śrāvikās</a> - are householders and other laypersons who <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">take refuge</a> in the Three Jewels (the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">teachings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">community</a>) and practice the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a>. In southeast Asian communities, lay disciples also <a href="/wiki/Alms#Buddhism" title="Alms">give alms</a> to monks on their daily rounds and observe weekly <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">uposatha</a> days. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of ethical conduct and <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a> or "almsgiving" will themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely even if there is no further "Noble" Buddhist practice (connected with the Supramundane goal of Nibbana, "Unbinding"). This level of attainment is viewed as a proper aim for laypersons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some traditional Buddhist societies, such as in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, people transition between householder and monk and back to householder with regularity and celebration as in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">shinbyu</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the evolving features of Buddhism in the West is the increasing dissolution of the traditional distinction between monastics and laity. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For all the diversity of Buddhist practices in the West, general trends in the recent transformations of Buddhist practice ... can be identified. These include an erosion of the distinction between professional and lay Buddhists; a decentralization of doctrinal authority; a diminished role for Buddhist monastics; an increasing spirit of egalitarianism; greater leadership roles for women; greater social activism; and, in many cases, an increasing emphasis on the psychological, as opposed to the purely religious, nature of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theravada_perspectives">Theravada perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theravada perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#FFFFCC;"><span style="font-size:large;">People of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <table class="infobox-subbox" style="margin:0;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="background:#FFFFCC"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><i>English</i></td></tr><tr style="background:#FFFFCC; border-top:1px solid #999999"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="font-size:small;"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha<br />(the Buddhist community)</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhikkhuṇī</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aik%E1%B9%A3am%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Śikṣamāṇā">Sikkhamānā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Nun trainee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇera</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇērī</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a> (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Laity</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anagarika" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagarika">Anagārika, Anagārikā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">lay renunciants (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maechi" title="Maechi">Maechi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thilashin" title="Thilashin">thilashin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dasa_sil_mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasa sil mata">dasa sil mata</a>,</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">modern female<br />lay renunciants (<i>f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Lay devotee (<i>m., f.</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;">Gahattha, gahapati</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Householder</a></td></tr><tr style="background:#FFFFCC; border-top:1px solid #999999"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="font-size:small;">Related religions</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Samaṇa</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;">Wanderer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Buddhism" title="Asceticism">Ascetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brāhmaṇa</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width:50%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nigaṇṭha</i></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monastics</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, householders received diverse advice and instructions from the Buddha and his noble disciples. </p><p>Core householder practices include undertaking the Five Precepts and taking refuge in the Triple Gem, leading an <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">ethical livelihood</a> and practicing generosity. In addition, the canon nurtures the essential spiritual bond between householders and monastics still apparent today in Southeast Asian communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Who_is_a_householder?"><span id="Who_is_a_householder.3F"></span>Who is a householder?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Who is a householder?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional Indian society, a householder (Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">gṛhastin</a></i>) is typically a settled adult male with a family. In the Pali canon, various Pali words have been translated into the English word "householder", including <b>agārika</b>, <b>gahapati</b>, <b>gahattha</b> and <b>gihin</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocations most often associated with householders in the Pali canon are those of guild foreman, banker and merchant (Pali, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Setthi" title="Setthi">seṭṭhi</a></i></span></i>) but other vocations are mentioned such as farmer and carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gombrich (2002, pp. 56–7) states: </p> <blockquote><p>Who were these people in terms of class or profession? In the Canon, most of them evidently own land, but they usually have labourers to do the physical work. Sometimes they are also in business. In fact, they illustrate how it is in the first instance wealth derived from agriculture which provides business capital. The average <i>gahapati</i> who gave material support to the Buddha and his Sangha thus seems to have been something like a gentleman farmer, perhaps with a town house. On the other hand, inscriptions in the western Deccan, where Buddhism flourished in the early centuries CE, use the term <i>gahapati</i> to refer to urban merchants. We must distinguish between reference and meaning: the meaning of <i>gahapati</i> is simple and unvarying, but the reference shifts with the social context.</p></blockquote> <p>Other people in the canon who are sometimes identified as "householders" in contemporary translations are simply those individuals who dwelt in a home or who had not renounced "home life" (Pali, <i>agārasmā</i>) for "homelessness" (Pali, <i>anagāriya</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Householder_ethics">Householder ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Householder ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no formal "householder discipline" in the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a> or "code of ethics", the <i><a href="/wiki/Sigalovada_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigalovada Sutta">Sigalovada Sutta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 31)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been referred to as "the Vinaya of the householder" (<i>gihi-vinaya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutta</a> includes: </p> <ul><li>an enumeration of the Five Precepts</li> <li>an analysis of good-hearted (Pali: <i>su-hada</i>) friends</li> <li>a description of respectful actions for one's parents, teachers, spouse, friends, workers and religious guides.</li></ul> <p>Similarly, in the "<a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Sutta" title="Dhammika Sutta">Dhammika Sutta</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 2.14),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Buddha articulates the "layman's rule of conduct" (Pali, <i>gahatthavatta</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <ul><li>the Five Precepts</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts#Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a> for Uposatha days</li> <li>support of one's parents</li> <li>engaging in fair business.</li></ul> <p>The <i>Mahanama sūtra</i> has been called the "<i>locus classicus</i> on the definition of <i>upāsaka</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sutra is preserved in five versions (two in Pali, three in Chinese) representing two different recensions, one in the <i>Samyuktagama/Samyuttanikaya</i>, the other in the <i>Anguttaranikaya</i> and in the <i>Samyuktagama</i> and further developed in the <i>Abhidharmaskandha</i>, one of the canonical books of the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sutra the Buddha defines an upāsaka in terms of faith (<i>śraddhā</i>), morality (<i>śīla</i>), liberality (<i><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">tyāga</a></i>), and wisdom (<i>prajñā</i>), as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"One produces a deep thought of faith toward the Tathagata and is established in faith. He never lacks faith or is evil towards śramaṇas, brāhmaṇas, or deva, or māra, or brahmā. This is called the faith of an upāsaka."</li> <li>"Not to kill, not to steal, not to seduce, not to lie, and not to drink liquor, etc. This is called the morality of an upāsaka".</li> <li>"It is a rule (dharma) for an upāsaka that he should abandon stinginess. As for all living beings, without exception, stinginess, and envy are destroyed by him. Therefore, his mind should be devoid of stinginess and envy, and he should produce thoughts of liberality and personally donate, tirelessly. This is called 'possessed of liberality.'"</li> <li>"An upāsaka knows suffering according to reality, knows the collection of suffering according to reality, knows the extinction of suffering according to reality, and knows the path to the extinction of suffering according to reality. He understands with certainty. This is called 'possessed of wisdom.'"</li></ul> <p>Some early schools, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a>, allowed for <i>aparipūrṇa-upāsaka</i> (partial lay vow holders), who took anywhere from one to four of the śīla observances.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other suttas in the canon likewise underline keeping the precepts, maintaining virtuous friends, homage to one's benefactors and earning one's wealth honestly.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a> the Buddha provides moral instruction to householders and their family members<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on how to be good parents, spouses and children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddha's advice to Buddhist laywomen is contained mostly in the Anguttara Nikaya 8:49; IV 269-71. His advice was as follows: </p> <ul><li>Be capable at one's work</li> <li>Work with diligence and skill</li> <li>Manage domestic help skillfully (if relevant) and treat them fairly</li> <li>Perform household duties efficiently</li> <li>Be hospitable to one's husband's parents and friends</li> <li>Be faithful to one's husband; protect and invest family earnings</li> <li>Discharge responsibilities lovingly and conscientiously; accomplish faith (faith in the possibility of enlightenment, and of the enlightenment of the Buddha.)</li> <li>Accomplish moral discipline (observe/practise the five precepts.)</li> <li>Practise generosity (cultivate a mind free from stinginess or avarice; delight in charity, giving and sharing.)</li> <li>Cultivate wisdom (Perceive the impermanence of all things.).</li></ul> <p>The Buddha also gave advice on householders' financial matters. In the Anguttara Nikaya (4.61; II 65-68) it is said that the Buddha stated that there are four worthy ways in which to spend one's wealth: </p> <ul><li>On the everyday maintenance of the happiness of oneself and one's family (as well as any employees, friends and co-workers);</li> <li>On providing insurance (against losses from fire, floods, unloved heirs and misfortune generally);</li> <li>By making offerings to relatives, guests, ancestors ( offerings to ancestors are traditionally made, in a respectful Halloween type ritual, throughout Buddhist countries on <a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Ullambana</a>, in the eighth lunar month – around October. Food offerings and good deeds are done in order to relieve the sufferings of hungry ghosts and to help rescue one's ancestors from the lower realms, to secure rebirth for them in higher realms. Many people visit cemeteries to make offerings to departed ancestors), the ruler and the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> (note that worshipping Devas will not bring you closer to enlightenment but it may give you some kind of material advantage);</li> <li>By providing alms to monks and nuns who are devoted to the attainment of nibbana. In the Digha Nikaya (III) the Buddha is said to have advised Sigala, a young man, that he should spend one fourth of his income on daily expenses, invest half in his business and put aside one fourth as insurance against an emergency.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lay-monastic_reciprocity">Lay-monastic reciprocity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lay-monastic reciprocity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some suttas suggest that Buddhist renunciates are best going it alone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many others celebrate and provide instruction for a vital reciprocity between householders and monastics. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">Khuddaka Nikaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Buddha articulates that "brahmins and householders" (Pali, <i>brāhmanagahapatikā</i>) support monks by providing monks with robes, <a href="/wiki/Alms#Buddhism" title="Alms">alms food</a>, lodgings and medicine while monks teach brahmins and householders the <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a>. In this sutta, the Buddha declares: </p> <dl><dd>Householders & the homeless [monastics]</dd> <dd>in mutual dependence</dd> <dd>both reach the true Dhamma:</dd> <dd>the unsurpassed safety from bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Householders_and_future_lives">Householders and future lives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Householders and future lives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Pali canon, the pursuit of Nibbana (Skt: <i>Nirvana</i>) within this lifetime usually starts with giving up the householder life. This is due to the householder life's intrinsic attachments to a home, a spouse, children and the associated wealth necessary for maintaining the household.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, instead of advising householders to relinquish these and all attachments as a prerequisite for the complete liberation from <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> in this lifetime, the Buddha instructed householders on how to achieve "well-being and happiness" (<i>hita-<a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">sukha</a></i>) in this and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">future lives</a> in a spiritually meaningful way. </p><p>In Buddhism, a householder's spiritual path is often conceived of in terms of making <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> (Pali: <i>puñña</i>). The primary bases for meritorious action in Buddhism are generosity (<i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a></i>), ethical conduct (<i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīla">sīla</a></i>) and mental development (<i><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81van%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāvanā">bhāvanā</a></i>). Practices associated with such behaviors are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a> (faith) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three jewels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a> (giving) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alms#Buddhism" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">Śīla</a> (virtue) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81van%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāvanā">Bhāvanā</a> (mind) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Paññā</a> (wisdom) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Householders_and_Nibbana">Householders and Nibbana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Householders and Nibbana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> (AN 6.119 and AN 6.120)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifies 19 householders (<i>gahapati</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have "attained perfection" or, according to an alternate translation, "attained to certainty" (<i>ni<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭṭ</i></span>hamgata</i>) and "seen <a href="/wiki/Nibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibbana">deathlessness</a>, seen deathlessness with their own eyes" (<i>amataddaso, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">amataṃ</i></span> sacchikata</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These householders are endowed (<i>samannāgato</i>) with six things (<i>chahi dhammehi</i>): </p> <ul><li>unwavering <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> (<i>aveccappasādena</i>) in the Buddha</li> <li>unwavering faith in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dhamma</a></li> <li>unwavering faith in the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>noble <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">moral discipline</a> (<i>ariyena sīlena</i>)</li> <li>noble <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">knowledge or wisdom</a> (<i>ariyena ñānena</i>)</li> <li>noble <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">release</a> (<i>ariyāya vimuttiyā</i>)</li></ul> <p>While some interpret this passage to indicate that these householders have attained <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arahantship</a>, others interpret it to mean they have attained at least "stream entry" (<a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">sotāpanna</a>) but not final release.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The para-canonical <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Pañha</a> adds: </p> <dl><dd>"...[F]or a householder who has attained arahantship: either, that very day, he goes forth into homelessness or he attains final Nibbāna. That day is not able to pass without one or other of these events taking place." (<a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Miln</a>. VII, 2)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In the Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta (MN 71 / M I.483) the Buddha is asked by the ascetic Vacchagotta "is there any householder who, without abandoning the fetter of householdship, on the dissolution of the body has made an end to suffering?" The Buddha replied "there is no householder who, without abandoning the fetter of householdship, on the dissolution of the body has made an end to suffering."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attaining the state of <a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">anāgāmi</a> or "non-returner" is portrayed in the early texts as the ideal goal for laity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_householders_in_the_Pali_canon">Prominent householders in the Pali canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prominent householders in the Pali canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of individuals who are explicitly identified as a "householder" in multiple suttas: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anathapindika" title="Anathapindika">Anathapindika</a></b>, is referenced for instance in <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 1.14.249 as "the householder Sudatta, the foremost lay devotee."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Citta_(disciple)" title="Citta (disciple)">Citta</a></b>, referenced for instance in AN 1.14.250 as "the [foremost] householder for explaining the Teaching."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In SN 17.23, Citta is one of two male lay disciples identified for emulation by the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hatthaka_of_Alavi" title="Hatthaka of Alavi">Hatthaka of Alavi</a></b>, one of the foremost lay male disciples of the Buddha, he is one of two male lay disciples identified for emulation by the Buddha.</li> <li><b>Nakulapita</b> and <b>Nakulamata</b>, referenced for instance in AN 1.14.257 and AN 1.14.266, respectively, as "the best confident" and the foremost "for undivided pleasantness."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Visakha" title="Visakha">Visakha</a></b>, very generous and wise female lay-disciple of the Buddha who, by listening frequently to Dhamma, and became a <a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Stream-winner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khujjuttara" title="Khujjuttara"><b>Khujjuttarā</b></a> a servant to a queen of <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a> and a very learned laywoman who could recite the suttas and teach other ladies of the court.</li></ul> <p>Other individuals who are not explicitly identified in the suttas as "householder" but who, by the aforementioned broader criteria, might be considered a householder include: </p> <ul><li><b>Ghatikara</b> was a potter in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa Buddha</a>. He was an <i>anāgāmi</i> and his chief supporter. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vipassana.info/081-ghatikara-e1.htm">MN 81</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahayana_perspectives">Mahayana perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mahayana perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg/220px-%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg/330px-%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg/440px-%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A8%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB_Avalokitasvara_and_Householder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from an 1866 Japanese book. A long-haired householder, who is an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Bodhisattva Kannon</a>, gives a sermon to folks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sigalovada_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigalovada Sutta">Sigalovada Sutta</a> has a parallel Chinese text.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are few differences between the Pali and Chinese versions. Further discussion of householder duties is found in the fourteenth chapter of the Sutra on Upasaka Precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen">Dogen</a> recommended that householders meditate at least five minutes each day.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti" title="Vimalakirti">Vimalakīrti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Layman_Pang" title="Layman Pang">Páng Yùn</a> were prominent householders/laypersons who achieved enlightenment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vajrayana_perspectives">Vajrayana perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vajrayana perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vajrayana tradition has produced many prominent householders including <a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dromt%C3%B6n" title="Dromtön">Dromtön</a>, the heart son of <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">ngagpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sngags pa</i>. feminine <i>ngagma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sngags ma</i>) is an ordained Tantric practitioner, sometimes a householder with certain vows (dependent upon lama and lineage) that make them the householder equivalent of a monk or nun. The path of a ngakpa is a rigorous discipline whereby one "enjoys the sense-fields' as a part of one's practice. A practitioner utilizes the whole of the phenomenal world as one's path. Marrying, raising children, working jobs, leisure, art, play etc. are all means to realize the enlightened state or <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a>, non-dual awareness. As such, we can see the prominence of householders in the Vajrayana tradition. One can, however, be a householder without taking the vows of a ngagpa. Simply holding the five precepts, bodhisattva vows and the tantric vows while practising diligently can result in enlightenment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Buddhist_householder_practices">Contemporary Buddhist householder practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary Buddhist householder practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below common contemporary lay Buddhist practices are summarized. Some of these practices—such as taking Refuge and meditating—are common to all major schools. Other practices—such as taking the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Precepts">Eight Precepts</a> or the Bodhisattva Vows—are not pan-Buddhist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada_practices">Theravada practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theravada practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Theravada Buddhists, the following are practiced on a daily and weekly basis: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily_practice">Daily practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Daily practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Paying Homage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Gem">Triple Gem</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">Refuge</a> in the Triple Gem, accepting the <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla (moral discipline)</a> cultivation, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">reciting</a> and contemplating on the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Sutta</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhāvanā (cultivation of the heart/mind)</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a> to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati (mindfulness)</a>, cultivating generosity by <a href="/wiki/Dana_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana (Buddhism)">giving and sharing</a> (Pali: <i>dana</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_day_practices">Special day practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Special day practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesakha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesakha Puja">Vesakha Puja (Buddha Day)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja (Dhamma Day)</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā (Sangha Day)</a>): accepting the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Precepts">Eight Precepts</a>, listening to Buddhist sermons, studying and contemplating on the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Pāli Canon</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a>, supporting and learning from the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Sangha</a>, visiting and supporting <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist monasteries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_practices">Other practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Undertaking a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimage (Buddhism)">pilgrimage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayana_practices">Mahayana practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mahayana practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily_practices">Daily practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Daily practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostrations to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Gem">Triple Gem</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, taking refuge in the Triple Gem, taking the Five Precepts, chanting sutras and the names of buddhas/bodhisattvas, meditating, cultivating compassion and <a href="/wiki/Bodhichitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhichitta">bodhichitta</a>, recitation of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_day_practices_2">Special day practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Special day practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upholding the eight precepts, listening to teachings, supporting Sangha, repentance, performing offering ceremonies to sentient beings </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_practices_2">Other practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vows" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattva vows">Bodhisattva vows</a>, going on a retreat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayana_practices">Vajrayana practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vajrayana practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily_practices_2">Daily practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Daily practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostrations, refuge, cultivating compassion and <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">bodhisattva vows</a>, tantric vows (if applicable), meditation in the form of Tantric <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">sādhanās</a> (if applicable), purification techniques, recitation of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_day_practices_3">Special day practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Special day practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight precepts, listening to teachings, offering ceremonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_practices_3">Other practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studying texts, receiving initiations and personal practice instructions from the teacher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Practices: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Refuges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Refuges">Three Refuges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Precepts">Eight Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana (Buddhism)">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīla">Sīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81van%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāvanā">Bhāvanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Samatha-vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual_Training_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradual Training (Buddhism)">Training methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold training">Threefold training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puja (Buddhism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">Shinbyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awgatha" title="Awgatha">Awgatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sravaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sravaka">Buddhist disciples</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">Bhikkhuni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monastic disciples</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasaka">Upasaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upasika" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasika">Upasika</a> (Buddhist lay disciples)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Suttas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pariyatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariyatti">Pariyatti</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Sutta" title="Dhammika Sutta">Dhammika Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 2.14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dighajanu_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighajanu Sutta">Dighajanu Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 8.54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigalovada_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigalovada Sutta">Sigalovada Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 31)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_centre" title="Dharma centre">Dharma centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaly%C4%81%E1%B9%87a-mittat%C4%81" title="Kalyāṇa-mittatā">Kalyāṇa-mittatā</a> (Spiritual fellowship)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note 1: gahapati is given as "upper middle class", see The winds of change, Himanshu P. Ray, Delhi 1994, p. 20 </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In regards to the narrower definition of what today is often translated from the Pali Canon as "householder," see, for instance, the description of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gṛhaspati</i></span></i> in Nattier (2003), pp. 22-25. For more information, see <a href="#note-2">Note 3</a> below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., <i>Buddhism.</i> Continuum, 2001, pages 195-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7014173.stm">Buckley (2007)</a>, a BBC News article describing Burma's monks, the subheading includes: "...even those who do not choose to become a 'career monk' usually enter the orders for short periods of their lives...." In addition, the article's initial source is a BBC Burmese service professional who mentions that during his adult life he himself entered monastic life three times, each time for a few weeks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Wallace2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spectrum_of_Buddhist_Practice_in_the_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spectrum of Buddhist Practice in the West (page does not exist)">Alan Wallace</a> (2002). Prebish, Charles S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010053015/http://www.alanwallace.org/The%20Spectrum%20of%20Buddhist%20Practice.pdf"><i>Westward dharma : Buddhism beyond Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22625-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22625-9"><bdi>0-520-22625-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwallace.org/The%20Spectrum%20of%20Buddhist%20Practice.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westward+dharma+%3A+Buddhism+beyond+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-22625-9&rft.au=Alan+Wallace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanwallace.org%2FThe%2520Spectrum%2520of%2520Buddhist%2520Practice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouseholder+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>'s (PTS) "Pali-English Dictionary" provides the following definitions for these various householder-related Pali words (listed alphabetically below): <ul><li><u>agārika</u> - "having a house..., householder, layman," juxtaposed with <i><a href="/wiki/Anagarika" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagarika">anagārika</a></i>. Similarly, <i>agārikā</i> is translated as "housewife." (PTS, 1921-25, p. 3, entry for <i>agārika</i>.)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gahapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahapati">gahapati</a></u> - "the possessor of a house, the head of the household, <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">pater familias</a></i>," often with a social status similar to high-ranking personages (Pali, <i>khattiyā</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">brahmins</a>, suggesting comfort and wealth; may be used as a form of address comparable to "Sir." (PTS, 1921-25, p. 248, entry for <i>gahapati</i>.) See also Buddhadatta, 2002, p. 96, where "gaha-ttha" is defined as "a layman; householder" and "gaha-pati" is defined as "master of a house"; and, Nattier (2003), pp. 22-25, which provides contextual information to support its conclusion: "The word <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gṛhapati</i></span></i> [Sanskrit for the Pali <i>gahapati</i>] is thus not an indicator of simple householder status but rather of significant social and financial standing, and it would have been applied only to a relatively limited segment of the lay Buddhist population."</li> <li><u>gahattha</u> - "a householder, one who leads the life of a layman." (PTS, 1921-25, p. 247, entry for <i>gaha</i> with mention of use with the suffix <i>-ttha.</i>)</li> <li><u>gihin</u> - "a householder, one who leads a domestic life, a layman." (PTS, 1921-25, p. 251, entry for <i>gihin</i>.)</li></ul> In the Pali canon, these terms for "householder" can be combined with some other appellations. For instance, in the Sāleyyaka Sutta (MN 41), the Buddha is addressed by <i>sāleyyakā brāhmana-gahapatikā</i> which, for instance, is translated by Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005, p. 156) as "brahmin householders of Sālā." Within the Pali canon, there is a "Householder section" (<i>Gahapativagga</i>) in the following <a href="/wiki/Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikaya">nikayas</a>: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> (MN 51 to MN 60) (see Nanamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 441-519).</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> (SN 12.41 to SN 12.50) (see Bodhi, 2000, pp. 578-86, and, in the Sinhalese Tipitaka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/3Samyutta-Nikaya/Samyutta2/12-Abhisamaya-Samyutta/05-Gahapativaggo-e.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/3Samyutta-Nikaya/Samyutta2/12-Abhisamaya-Samyutta/05-Gahapativaggo-e.html</a>).</li> <li>the Anguttara Nikaya (AN 8.3) (see, in the Sinhalese Tipitaka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara5/8-atthakanipata/003-gahapativaggo-e.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara5/8-atthakanipata/003-gahapativaggo-e.html</a>).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See PTS (1921–25) entries for "Gahapati" (p. 248; retrieved 2008-02-16 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1150.pali">http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1150.pali</a>) and "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Seṭṭhi</i></span>" (p. 722; retrieved 2008-02-16 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:416.pali">http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:416.pali</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DN 31 is translated in Narada (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This epithet is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> in Narada (1995) and is referenced in Bodhi (2005), p. 109; Hinüber (2000), p. 31; and Law (1932-33), p. 85, <i>n</i>. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ireland (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PTS, p. 247, under the entry for "gaha (1)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indian Views of the Buddhist Laity: Precepts and Upāsaka Status" by Giulio Agostini. PhD dissertation. Berkeley: 2004 pg 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indian Views of the Buddhist Laity: Precepts and Upāsaka Status" by Giulio Agostini. PhD dissertation. Berkeley: 2004 pg 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Dighajanu_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighajanu Sutta">Dighajanu Sutta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 31, the Buddha addresses "Sigalaka the householder's son" (Bodhi, 2005, pp. 116-8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, additional examples in Narada (1995) and in Bodhi (2005)'s chapter, "The Happiness Visible in this Present Life," pp. 107-142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Sutta">Rhinoceros Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Snp</a> 1.3) (Thanissaro, 1997) has the frequent cautionary refrain: "wander alone like a rhinoceros."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itivuttaka 4.8 (Thanissaro, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thanissaro (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, a recurrent refrain attributed to the Buddha in the nikāyas is: <dl><dd>"Household life is crowded and dusty; life gone forth is wide open. It is not easy, while living in a home, to lead the holy life utterly perfect and pure as a polished shell." (MN 36, "The Greater Discourse to Saccaka," trans. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> & Bodhi, 2001, p. 335, para. 12.)</dd></dl> In Pali: <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Abbhokāso pabbajjā. Nayidaṃ sukaraṃ agāraṃ ajjhāvasatā ekantaparipuṇṇaṃ ekantaparisuddhaṃ saṃkhalikhitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ.</i></i></span></dd></dl> This refrain is also found in <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 4, DN 6, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 27, MN 38, MN 51, MN 60, MN 76, MN 79, MN 94, MN 100, MN 101, MN 125, <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 4.1.11, SN 11.1.6, <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 4.4.5.8, and AN 10.2.5.9. More poetically, one finds in the <i>Muni Sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 1.12), verse 14 (trans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.12.than.html">Thanissaro, 1996</a>): <dl><dd>As the crested,</dd> <dd>blue-necked peacock,</dd> <dd>when flying, <dl><dd>never matches</dd></dl></dd> <dd>the wild goose</dd> <dd>in speed: <dl><dd>Even so the householder</dd> <dd>never keeps up with the monk,</dd></dl></dd> <dd>the sage secluded, <dl><dd>doing <a href="/wiki/Jhana_in_Theravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana in Theravada">jhana</a></dd> <dd>in the forest.</dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an on-line English-language <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a>, these suttas are identified as AN 6.12.3 and 6.12.4 respectively, and are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara4/6-chakkanipata/012-samannavaggo-e.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara4/6-chakkanipata/012-samannavaggo-e.html</a>. An on-line Pali-language version of these Sinhalese suttas, identified as AN 6.2.17 through 6.2.34 (with a separate verse for each <i>gahapati</i>), are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara4/6-chakkanipata/012-samannavaggo-p.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara4/6-chakkanipata/012-samannavaggo-p.html</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">PTS</a> edition of the tipitaka, these passages are identified as <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">A</a>.iii, 450-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyanaponika & Hecker (2003), p. 365, state that AN 6.120 refers to 21 "eminent lay disciples." The actual Pali text itself explicitly identifies 18 householders (<i>gahapati</i>) and three lay disciples (<i><a href="/wiki/Upasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasaka">upasaka</a></i>; see also, <i><a href="/wiki/Sravaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sravaka">savaka</a></i>); nonetheless, many of these identified householders are also identified as "foremost" (<i>agga</i>) lay disciples in <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 1.14.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618235857/http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tangentially, Bodhi (2005), p. 226, notes that a lay disciple is able to achieve the state of <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment#Non-returner" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">nonreturner</a> but is not able to achieve <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arahantship</a> unless upon death or, after realizing such, they immediately become monastics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Bodhi's translation of <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a>, chapter 43, where <i>amata</i> ("deathlessness" or "the deathless") and <i>nibbana</i> are synonyms (Bodhi, 2005, pp. 364-5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These first three objects of faith — the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha — are known in Buddhism as the Three Jewels. In the Pali Canon, in general, <i>sangha</i> (without an explicit modifier or other contextual information) can refer to either the community of monks (see <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a>) or the community of noble disciples (see <a href="/wiki/Sravaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sravaka">sravaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Robinson & Johnson (1970/1982), p. 41: <dl><dd>The early teaching admitted that laypersons could attain the first three degrees of sainthood (stream-winner, once-returner, and non-returner); but whether they could become arahants was a disputed point. The Buddha reportedly declared that he took no categorical stand, that with the laity as with the monks it is conduct that counts. The Sūtras list twenty lay followers who attained the highest goal without ever becoming monks. Their case, though, is rarer than that of monks becoming arahants, and the household life is not considered propitious for the highest attainment.</dd></dl> For an example of an alternate view, see Mendis (2001, p. 185, <i>n</i>. 64): <dl><dd>A famous passage at <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">A</a>.iii, 450-51 is often held to provide evidence for lay persons attaining arahantship and continuing to remain as householders, but such an interpretation is erroneous, based on mistaking the expression <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">niṭṭhaṅgata</i></span></i> to mean 'attained the goal,' when it actually means 'attained to certainty' and signifies a stream-enterer or one at some other <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of enlightenment">grade of noble attainment</a> short of arhatship.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendis (2001), p. 119. Mendis (2001), p. 185, <i>n</i>. 64, further notes: <dl><dd>This statement is not found as such in the canonical texts, but the idea it expresses seems to be based on the few instances recorded in the Suttas of lay persons attaining arahantship. In such cases the lay person either immediately seeks admission into the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Order</a>, as in the case of Yasa (<a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vin</a>.i,17) or is a householder on the verge of death, as in the case mentioned at <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">S</a>.V,410...."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Bhikkhu Ñanamola and Bhikkhu Bodhi pg. 588</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Shaw, author of <i>Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon</i>. Routledge, 2006. [www.vesakday.net/vesak50/article/pdf_file/13_Buddhist_%20Meditation_Practices_West.pdf], page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an on-line English-language Sinhalese Tipitaka, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618235857/http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Also see, Nyanaponika & Hecker (2003), pp. 337-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an on-line English-language Sinhalese Tipitaka, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618235857/http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Also see, Nyanaponika & Hecker (2003), pp. 365-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodhi (2000), p. 688. This sutta is entitled, "Only Son," and in it the Buddha states: <dl><dd>"A faithful female lay follower, rightly imploring her only son, dear and beloved, might implore him thus: 'Dear, you should become like Citta the householder and <a href="/wiki/Hatthaka_of_Alavaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatthaka of Alavaka">Hatthaka of Alavaka</a>—for this is the standard and criterion for my male disciples who are lay followers...."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see AN 4.55 in Bodhi (2005), pp. 121-2, 433 <i>n</i>. 3. Note that, technically, Nakulapita is identified as the "householder" and, his spouse, Nakulamata as the "householder's wife."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.043.khan.html">"Visakhuposatha Sutta: The Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visakhuposatha+Sutta%3A+The+Discourse+to+Visakha+on+the+Uposatha+with+the+Eight+Practices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan08%2Fan08.043.khan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouseholder+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041206122315/http://w3.cbeta.org/result/normal/T01/0001_011.htm">"Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 1, Sutra 16 (佛說長阿含第二分善生經第十二)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.cbeta.org/result/normal/T01/0001_011.htm">the original</a> on 2004-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taisho+Tripitaka+Vol.+1%2C+No.+1%2C+Sutra+16+%28%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E5%96%84%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT01%2F0001_011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouseholder+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102033748/http://www.cbeta.org/result/T24/T24n1488.htm">"Taisho Tripitaka Vol. T24, No. 1488 (優婆塞戒經)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/T24/T24n1488.htm">the original</a> on 2015-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taisho+Tripitaka+Vol.+T24%2C+No.+1488+%28%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E%E6%88%92%E7%B6%93%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2FT24%2FT24n1488.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouseholder+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017134436/http://www.aszc.org/abbot/2000_Sept.html">"ASZC: Abbot's commentary: Introduction to Dr. Soyu Matsuoka, Roshi's Reflections on Dogen Zenji"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aszc.org/abbot/2000_Sept.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASZC%3A+Abbot%27s+commentary%3A+Introduction+to+Dr.+Soyu+Matsuoka%2C+Roshi%27s+Reflections+on+Dogen+Zenji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aszc.org%2Fabbot%2F2000_Sept.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouseholder+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (2000). <i>The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya</i>. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-331-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-331-1">0-86171-331-1</a>.</li> <li>Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2005), <i>In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon</i>. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1">0-86171-491-1</a>.</li> <li>Buckley, Sarah (26 Sept 2007). "Who are Burma's monks?" Retrieved 26 Sep 2007 from "BBC News" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7014173.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7014173.stm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Buddhadatta_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. Buddhadatta Mahathera">Buddhadatta Mahathera, A. P.</a> (2002). <i>Concise Pali-English Dictionary</i>. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0605-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0605-0">81-208-0605-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard</a> (2002). <i>Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8">0-415-07585-8</a>.</li> <li>Hinüber, Oskar von (2000). <i>A Handbook on Pāli Literature</i>. Berlin: de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016738-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016738-7">3-11-016738-7</a>.</li> <li>Ireland, John D. (trans.) (1983). <i>Sn 2.14, Dhammika Sutta: Dhammika (excerpt)</i>. Available on-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.14.irel.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.14.irel.html</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Kapleau, Philip</a> (1989). <i>Zen: Merging of East and West</i>. NY:Anchor Book. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26104-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26104-7">0-385-26104-7</a>.</li> <li>Law, Bimala Churn (1932–33), "Nirvana and Buddhist Laymen" in the <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>, Vol. 14, 1932–1933, pp. 80–86. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/lawn.htm">http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/lawn.htm</a>.</li> <li>Mendis, N.K.G. (2001). <i>The Questions of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milindapañha</i>. Kandy: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0067-8" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0067-8">955-24-0067-8</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span>, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bhikkhu Bodhi (ed.) (2001). <i>The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya</i>. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X">0-86171-072-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Maha_Thera" title="Narada Maha Thera">Narada Thera</a> (1995). <i>Everyman's Ethics: Four Discourses of the Buddha</i>. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/narada/wheel014.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/narada/wheel014.html</a>.</li> <li>Narada Thera (trans.) (1996). <i>DN 31, Sigalovada Sutta: The Discourse to Sigala, The Layperson's Code of Discipline</i>. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.31.0.nara.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.31.0.nara.html</a>.</li> <li>Nattier, Jan (2003). <i>A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ugraparpṛcchā</i></span>)</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2607-8">0-8248-2607-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a> & Hellmuth Hecker, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> (ed.) (2003). <i>Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, their Works, their Legacy</i>. Somerville, MA:Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-381-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-381-8">0-86171-381-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a> (PTS) (1921–1925). <i>The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary</i>. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/">http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, Richard H. and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). <i>The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction</i> (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-01027-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-01027-X">0-534-01027-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (1996). <i>Muni Sutta: The Sage</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 1.12). Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.12.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.12.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). <i>Khaggavisana Sutta: A Rhinoceros Horn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 1.3). Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704202056/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/suttanipata/snp1-03.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080704202056/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/khuddaka/suttanipata/snp1-03.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). <i>The Group of Fours.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Itivuttaka" title="Itivuttaka">Iti</a>. 100-112). Available on-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.4.100-112.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.4.100-112.than.html</a>. Itivuttaka 4.8 is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.4.100-112.than.html#iti-107">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.4.100-112.than.html#iti-107</a>.</li> <li>Wallace, Alan (2002). "The Spectrum of Buddhist Practice in the West" <i>in</i> Charles Prebish & Martin Baumann (eds.), <i>Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia</i>. Berkeley:University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22625-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22625-9">0-520-22625-9</a>. Also available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010053015/http://www.alanwallace.org/The%20Spectrum%20of%20Buddhist%20Practice.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20061010053015/http://www.alanwallace.org/The%20Spectrum%20of%20Buddhist%20Practice.pdf</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Householder_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1308.pali">"Gahapati"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511175757/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1308.pali">Archived</a> 2008-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511175752/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1303.pali">"Gaha-ttha"</a> - two <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">PTS</a> Pali-English Dictionary (PED) entries related to "householder."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html">"Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence"</a>, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (Wheel No. 206/207, 1982)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=wh397">"Simple Guide to Life"</a>, by Robert Bogoda (Wheel No. 397/398)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/ritepath.pdf">"The Eightfold Path for the Householder"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kornfield" title="Jack Kornfield">Jack Kornfield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=8,1036,0,0,1,0">"How would Buddha handle your kids?"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Insight" title="Access to Insight">John Bullitt</a> (The Buddhist Channel, April 14, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014183352/http://www.dharma.org/ims/news/archive/ks_interview.htm">"A Seamless Process: Practice On and Off the Cushion"</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Insight_Meditation_Society" title="Insight Meditation Society">IMS</a> interview with Kamala Masters & Steve Armstrong.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://according-to-buddha.nibbanam.com/">According to Buddha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhammawheel.nibbanam.com/">Chanting service of Theravada texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102225156/http://metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/2Majjhima-Nikaya/Majjhima2/054-potaliya-e1.html">Majjhima Nikaya 54: To The Householder Potaliya</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western 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