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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Route_of_the_Nîmes_aqueduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Route_of_the_Nîmes_aqueduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Route of the Nîmes aqueduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Route_of_the_Nîmes_aqueduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_of_the_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_the_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Description of the bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_the_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_visitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_visitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Literary visitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_visitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pont du Gard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جسر غار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر غار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A8" title="Կարի կամուրջը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարի կամուրջը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_del_Gard" title="Ponte del Gard – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ponte del Gard" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8E-%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пон-дзю-Гар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пон-дзю-Гар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोंट डु गार्ड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोंट डु गार्ड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_ar_Gard" title="Pont ar Gard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pont ar Gard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_del_Gard" title="Pont del Gard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pont del Gard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Γέφυρα του Γκαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέφυρα του Γκαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_del_Gard" title="Puente del Gard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puente del Gard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پون دو گار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پون دو گار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4%EA%B5%90" title="가르교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가르교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Պոն դյու Գար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոն դյու Գար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembatan_Gard" title="Jembatan Gard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jembatan Gard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פון דו גאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פון דו גאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard_t%C9%9B_kondoloko" title="Gard tɛ kondoloko – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Gard tɛ kondoloko" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პონ-დიუ-გარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პონ-დიუ-გარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_tiltas" title="Garo tiltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Garo tiltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပွန်ဒူဂတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပွန်ဒူဂတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ポン・デュ・ガール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポン・デュ・ガール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2nt_de_Gard" title="Pònt de Gard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pònt de Gard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_do_Gard" title="Ponte do Gard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte do Gard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%8E-%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пон-дю-Гар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пон-дю-Гар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponti_d%C3%BB_Gard" title="Ponti dû Gard – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ponti dû Gard" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ปงดูว์การ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปงดูว์การ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%8E-%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пон-дю-Гар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пон-дю-Гар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pont du Gard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%A9%8B" title="加爾橋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加爾橋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pont_du_Gard&params=43_56_50_N_04_32_08_E_region:FR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°56′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°32′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.94722°N 4.53556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.94722; 4.53556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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4.53556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueduct</a> of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crosses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gardon" title="Gardon">Gardon River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Vers-Pont-du-Gard" title="Vers-Pont-du-Gard">Vers-Pont-du-Gard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maintained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Public Association of Cultural Cooperation (since 2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontdugard.fr">pontdugard<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">Arch bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Shelly_limestone" title="Shelly limestone">Shelly limestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Upper: 275 m (902 ft) (originally: 360 m (1,180 ft))</li><li>Mid: 242 m (794 ft)</li><li>Low: 142 m (466 ft)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>6.4 m (21 ft) (max)</li><li>1.2 m (4 ft) (aqueduct)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>48.8 m (160 ft) (total)</li><li>1.8 m (6 ft) (aqueduct)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of spans</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Upper: 35 (originally: 47)</li><li>Mid: 11</li><li>Low: 6</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Piers in water</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction end</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40–60 AD</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction cost</th><td class="infobox-data">30 million <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a> (est.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 <small>(9th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/344">344</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0055A4; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monument historique</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">PA00103291</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="43.947222222222" data-lon="4.5355555555556" data-overlays="["_2b82edb82c20a451cc0698edccf42f1615a7fd47"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/43.947222222222/4.5355555555556/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,43.947222222222,4.5355555555556,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pont_du_Gard&revid=1275645282&groups=_2b82edb82c20a451cc0698edccf42f1615a7fd47" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,43.947222222222,4.5355555555556,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pont_du_Gard&revid=1275645282&groups=_2b82edb82c20a451cc0698edccf42f1615a7fd47 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">References</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pont du Gard</b> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueduct</a> bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over 50 km (31 mi) to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> of <i>Nemausus</i> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It crosses the river <a href="/wiki/Gardon" title="Gardon">Gardon</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Vers-Pont-du-Gard" title="Vers-Pont-du-Gard">Vers-Pont-du-Gard</a> in southern France. The Pont du Gard is one of the best preserved Roman <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueduct bridges</a>. It was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage sites</a> in 1985 because of its exceptional preservation, historical importance, and architectural ingenuity.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bridge has three tiers of arches made from <a href="/wiki/Shelly_limestone" title="Shelly limestone">Shelly limestone</a> and stands 48.8 m (160 ft) high. The aqueduct formerly carried an estimated 40,000 m<sup>3</sup> (8,800,000 imp gal; 11,000,000 US gal) of water a day over 50 km (31 mi) to the fountains, baths and homes of the citizens of Nîmes. The structure's precise construction allowed an average gradient of 1 cm (0.39 in) in 182.4 m (598 ft). It may have been in use as late as the 6th century, with some parts used for significantly longer, but lack of maintenance after the 4th century led to clogging by mineral deposits and debris that eventually stopped the flow of water. </p><p>After the Roman Empire collapsed and the aqueduct fell into disuse, the Pont du Gard remained largely intact with a secondary function as a toll bridge. For centuries the local lords and bishops were responsible for its upkeep, with a right to levy tolls on travellers using it to cross the river. Over time, some of its stone blocks were looted, and serious damage was inflicted in the 17th century. It attracted increasing attention starting in the 18th century, and became an important tourist destination. A series of renovations between the 18th and 21st centuries, commissioned by local authorities and the French state, culminated in 2000 with opening of a new visitor centre and removal of traffic and buildings from the bridge and area immediately around it. Today it is one of France's most popular tourist attractions, and has attracted the attention of a succession of literary and artistic visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Route_of_the_Nîmes_aqueduct"><span id="Route_of_the_N.C3.AEmes_aqueduct"></span>Route of the Nîmes aqueduct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Route of the Nîmes aqueduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg/240px-Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg/360px-Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg/480px-Aqueduct-de-nimes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The Roman aqueduct from Fontaine d'Eure near <a href="/wiki/Uz%C3%A8s" title="Uzès">Uzès</a> to <i>Nemausus</i> (Nîmes) passes over the Pont du Gard, and many other significant bridges (not to scale).</figcaption></figure> <p>The location of <i>Nemausus</i> (Nîmes) was somewhat inconvenient when it came to providing a water supply. Plains lie to the city's south and east, where any sources of water would be at too low an altitude to be able to flow to the city, while the hills to the west made a water supply route too difficult from an engineering point of view. The only real alternative was to look to the north and in particular to the area around <i>Ucetia</i> (Uzès), where there are natural springs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nîmes aqueduct was built to channel water from the springs of the Fontaine d'Eure near Uzès to the <i>castellum divisorum</i> (repartition basin) in Nemausus. From there, it was distributed to fountains, baths and private homes around the city. The straight-line distance between the two is only about 20 km (12 mi), but the aqueduct takes a winding route measuring around 50 km (31 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was necessary to circumvent the southernmost foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a>, known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Garrigues de Nîmes</i></span>. They are difficult to cross, as they are covered in dense vegetation and <a href="/wiki/Garrigue" title="Garrigue">garrigue</a> and indented by deep valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was impractical for the Romans to attempt to tunnel through the hills, as it would have required a tunnel of between 8 and 10 kilometres (5 and 6 mi), depending on the starting point. A roughly V-shaped course around the eastern end of the Garrigues de Nîmes was therefore the only practical way of transporting the water from the spring to the city. </p><p>The Fontaine d'Eure, at 76 m (249 ft) above sea level, is only 17 m (56 ft) higher than the repartition basin in Nîmes, but this provided a sufficient <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a> to sustain a steady flow of water to the 50,000 inhabitants of the Roman city. The aqueduct's average gradient is only 1 in 3,000. It varies widely along its course, but is as little as 1 in 20,000 in some sections. The Pont du Gard itself descends 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in 456 m (1,496 ft), a gradient of 1 in 18,241.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average gradient between the start and end of the aqueduct is far shallower than was usual for Roman aqueducts – only about a tenth of the average gradient of some of the aqueducts in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pont_du_Gard_HDR.jpg/250px-Pont_du_Gard_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pont_du_Gard_HDR.jpg/500px-Pont_du_Gard_HDR.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>Pont du Gard's stone blocks, some of which weigh up to six tons, were precisely cut to fit together without the need for mortar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reason for the disparity in gradients along the aqueduct's route is that a uniform gradient would have meant that the Pont du Gard would have been infeasibly high, given the limitations of the technology of the time. By varying the gradient along the route, the aqueduct's engineers were able to lower the height of the bridge by 6 metres (20 ft) to 48.77 metres (160.0 ft) above the river – still exceptionally high by Roman standards, but within acceptable limits. This height limit governed the profile and gradients of the entire aqueduct, but it came at the price of creating a "sag" in the middle of the aqueduct. The gradient profile before the Pont du Gard is relatively steep, descending at 0.67 metres (2 ft 2 in) per kilometre, but thereafter it descends by only 6 metres (20 ft) over the remaining 25 kilometres (16 mi). In one section, the winding route between the Pont du Gard and St Bonnet required an extraordinary degree of accuracy from the Roman engineers, who had to allow for a fall of only 7 millimetres (0.28 in) per 100 metres (330 ft) of the conduit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_pont_moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pont_du_Gard_pont_moderne.jpg/250px-Pont_du_Gard_pont_moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pont_du_Gard_pont_moderne.jpg/500px-Pont_du_Gard_pont_moderne.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Pont du Gard viewed from adjacent bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>It is estimated that the aqueduct supplied the city with around 40,000 cubic metres (8,800,000 imp gal) of water a day<sup id="cite_ref-Langmead_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmead-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that took nearly 27 hours to flow from the source to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water arrived in the <i>castellum divisorum</i> at Nîmes – an open, shallow, circular basin 5.5 m in diameter by 1 m deep. It would have been surrounded by a balustrade within some sort of enclosure, probably under some kind of small but elaborate pavilion. When it was excavated, traces of a tiled roof, Corinthian columns and a fresco decorated with fish and dolphins were discovered in a fragmentary condition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aqueduct water entered through an opening 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) wide, and ten large holes in the facing wall, each 40 centimetres (16 in) wide, directed the water into the city's main water pipes. Three large drains were also located in the floor, possibly to enable the nearby amphitheatre to be flooded rapidly to enable <i>naumachia</i> (mock naval battles) to be held.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spring still exists and is now the site of a small modern pumping station. Its water is pure but high in dissolved <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> leached out of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. This presented the Romans with significant problems in maintaining the aqueduct, as the carbonates precipitated out of the water during its journey through the conduit. This caused the flow of the aqueduct to become progressively reduced by deposits of <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sinter" title="Calcareous sinter">calcareous sinter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich=112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich=112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another threat was posed by vegetation penetrating the stone lid of the channel. As well as obstructing the flow of the water, dangling roots introduced algae and bacteria that decomposed in a process called biolithogenesis, producing concretions within the conduit. It required constant maintenance by <i>circitores</i>, workers responsible for the aqueduct's upkeep, who crawled along the conduit scrubbing the walls clean and removing any vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Nîmes aqueduct was built underground, as was typical of Roman aqueducts. It was constructed by digging a trench in which a stone channel was built and enclosed by an arched roof of stone slabs, which was then covered with earth. Some sections of the channel are tunnelled through solid rock. In all, 35 km (22 mi) of the aqueduct was constructed below the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder had to be carried on the surface through conduits set on a wall or on arched bridges. Some substantial remains of the above-ground works can still be seen today, such as the so-called "Pont Rue" that stretches for hundreds of metres around Vers and still stands up to 7.5 m (25 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-112-113_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-112-113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other surviving parts include the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Born%C3%A8gre" title="Pont de Bornègre">Pont de Bornègre</a>, three arches carrying the aqueduct 17 m (56 ft) across a stream; the Pont de Sartanette, near the Pont du Gard, which covers 32 m (105 ft) across a small valley; and three sections of aqueduct tunnel near <a href="/wiki/Sernhac" title="Sernhac">Sernhac</a>, measuring up to 66 m (217 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Athena_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athena-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Pont du Gard is by far the best-preserved section of the entire aqueduct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_of_the_bridge">Description of the bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description of the bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg/250px-Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg/330px-Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg/500px-Cross_section_Pont_du_Gard_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of the Pont du Gard (right) and the 18th-century road bridge (left) (Alfred Léger, 1875)<sup id="cite_ref-Léger1875_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Léger1875-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Built on three levels, the Pont is 49 m (161 ft) high above the river at low water and 274 m (899 ft) long. Its width varies from 9 m (30 ft) at the bottom to 3 m (9.8 ft) at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-Deming_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deming-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three levels of arches are recessed, with the main piers in line one above another. The span of the arches varies slightly, as each was constructed independently to provide flexibility to protect against subsidence. Each level has a differing number of arches:<sup id="cite_ref-Léger1875_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Léger1875-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michelin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Level </th> <th scope="col">Number of arches </th> <th scope="col">Length of level </th> <th scope="col">Thickness of piers </th> <th scope="col">Height of arches </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lower (1st row) </th> <td>6 </td> <td>142 m (466 ft) </td> <td>6 m (20 ft) </td> <td>22 m (72 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Middle (2nd row) </th> <td>11 </td> <td>242 m (794 ft) </td> <td>4 m (13 ft) </td> <td>20 m (66 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Upper (3rd row) </th> <td>35 (originally 47) </td> <td>275 m (902 ft) </td> <td>3 m (9.8 ft) </td> <td>7 m (23 ft) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first level of the Pont du Gard adjoins a road bridge that was added in the 18th century. The water conduit or <i>specus</i>, which is about 1.8 m (6 ft) high and 1.2 m (4 ft) wide, is carried at the top of the third level. The upper levels of the bridge are slightly curved in the upstream direction. It was long believed that the engineers had designed it this way deliberately to strengthen the bridge's structure against the flow of water, like a dam wall. However, a microtopographic survey carried out in 1989 showed that the bend is caused by the stone expanding and contracting by about 5 mm (0.20 in) a day under the heat of the sun. Over the centuries, this process has produced the current deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pont du Gard was constructed largely without the use of mortar or clamps. It contains an estimated 50,400 tons of limestone with a volume of some 21,000 m<sup>3</sup> (740,000 cu ft); some of the individual blocks weigh up to 6 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the stone was extracted from the local quarry of Estel located approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft) downstream, on the banks of the Gardon River.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coarse-grained soft reddish shelly limestone, known locally as "Pierre de Vers", lends itself very well to <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> production. The blocks were precisely cut to fit perfectly together by friction and gravity, eliminating the need for mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmead_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmead-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The builders also left inscriptions on the stonework conveying various messages and instructions. Many blocks were numbered and inscribed with the required locations, such as <i>fronte dextra</i> or <i>fronte sinistra</i> (front right or front left), to guide the builders.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The method of construction is fairly well understood by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patron of the aqueduct – a rich individual or the city of Nîmes itself – would have hired a large team of contractors and skilled labourers. A surveyor or <i>mensor</i> planned the route using a <i><a href="/wiki/Groma_surveying" class="mw-redirect" title="Groma surveying">groma</a></i> for sighting, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chorobates" title="Chorobates">chorobates</a></i> for levelling, and a set of measuring poles five or ten <a href="/wiki/Roman_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman foot">Roman feet</a> long. His figures and perhaps diagrams were recorded on <i><a href="/wiki/Wax_tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax tablets">wax tablets</a></i>, later to be written up on scrolls. The builders may have used templates to guide them with tasks that required a high degree of precision, such as carving the standardised blocks from which the water conduit was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-119-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The builders would have made extensive use of cranes and <a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">block and tackle</a> pulleys to lift the stones into place. Much of the work could have been done using simple <a href="/wiki/Sheers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheers">sheers</a> operated by a <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">windlass</a>. For the largest blocks, a massive human-powered <a href="/wiki/Treadwheel_crane" title="Treadwheel crane">treadmill</a> would have been used; such machines were still being used in the quarries of Provence until as late as the start of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-119-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complex scaffold was erected to support the bridge as it was being built. Large blocks were left protruding from the bridge to support the frames and scaffolds used during construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Michelin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aqueduct as a whole would have been a very expensive undertaking; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Esp%C3%A9randieu" title="Émile Espérandieu">Émile Espérandieu</a> estimated the cost to be over 30 million <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-119-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to 50 years' pay for 500 new recruits in a Roman legion.<sup id="cite_ref-Athena_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athena-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Features of the Pont du Gard</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stonework on the Pont du Gard, showing the protruding blocks that were used to support the scaffolding"><img alt="Stonework on the Pont du Gard, showing the protruding blocks that were used to support the scaffolding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg/200px-Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg/300px-Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg/400px-Pont_du_Gard_stonework.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stonework on the Pont du Gard, showing the protruding blocks that were used to support the scaffolding</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The underside of an arch on the second tier of the Pont du Gard. Note the missing stonework atop the aqueduct."><img alt="The underside of an arch on the second tier of the Pont du Gard. Note the missing stonework atop the aqueduct." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg/200px-Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg/300px-Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg/400px-Pont_du_Gard_Arch_Underside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The underside of an arch on the second tier of the Pont du Gard. Note the missing stonework atop the aqueduct.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The road bridge adjacent to the aqueduct. Pedestrians are shown for scale."><img alt="The road bridge adjacent to the aqueduct. Pedestrians are shown for scale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg/120px-Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg/179px-Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg/239px-Pont_du_Gard_Scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The road bridge adjacent to the aqueduct. Pedestrians are shown for scale.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the water conduit of the Pont du Gard"><img alt="Interior of the water conduit of the Pont du Gard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg/200px-Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg/300px-Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg/400px-Aqueduc_pont_du_gard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the water conduit of the Pont du Gard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castellum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The water tank or castellum divisorum at Nîmes, into which the aqueduct emptied. The round holes were where the city's water supply pipes connected to the tank."><img alt="The water tank or castellum divisorum at Nîmes, into which the aqueduct emptied. The round holes were where the city's water supply pipes connected to the tank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castellum.jpg/250px-Castellum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castellum.jpg/330px-Castellum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castellum.jpg/500px-Castellum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The water tank or <i>castellum divisorum</i> at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, into which the aqueduct emptied. The round holes were where the city's water supply pipes connected to the tank.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pont du Gard seen from the river Gardon"><img alt="Pont du Gard seen from the river Gardon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg/250px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg/330px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg/500px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pont du Gard seen from the river Gardon</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Although the exterior of the Pont du Gard is rough and relatively unfinished, the builders took care to ensure that the interior of the water conduit was as smooth as possible so that the flow of water would not be obstructed. The walls of the conduit were constructed from dressed masonry and the floor from concrete. Both were covered with a <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> incorporating minute shards of pottery and tile. It was painted with olive oil and covered with <i>maltha</i>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">slaked lime</a>, pork grease and the viscous juice of unripe figs. This produced a surface that was both smooth and durable.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Pont du Gard is renowned for its appearance, its design is not optimal as the technique of stacking arches on top of each other is clumsy and inefficient (and therefore expensive) in the amount of materials it requires. Later aqueducts had a more sophisticated design, making greater use of concrete to reduce their volume and cost of construction. The <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct bridge of Segovia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_les_Ferreres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont de les Ferreres">Pont de les Ferreres</a> are of roughly similar length but use far fewer arches. Roman architects were eventually able to do away with "stacking" altogether. The <a href="/wiki/Acueducto_de_los_Milagros" title="Acueducto de los Milagros">Acueducto de los Milagros</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida, Spain</a> and the Chabet Ilelouine aqueduct bridge, near <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilise tall, slender piers, constructed from top to bottom with concrete-faced masonry and brick.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg/330px-Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg/500px-Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg/960px-Pont-de-gard-clerisseau-1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the Pont du Gard by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Cl%C3%A9risseau" title="Charles-Louis Clérisseau">Charles-Louis Clérisseau</a>, 1804, showing the seriously dilapidated state of the bridge at the start of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the aqueduct has long been credited to the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s son-in-law and aide, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>, around the year 19 BC. At the time, he was serving as <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedile</a>, the senior magistrate responsible for managing the water supply of Rome and its colonies. Espérandieu, writing in 1926, linked the construction of the aqueduct with Agrippa's visit to <a href="/wiki/Narbonensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a> in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-110_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer excavations suggest the construction may have taken place between 40 and 60 AD. Tunnels dating from the time of Augustus had to be bypassed by the builders of the Nîmes aqueduct, and coins discovered in the outflow in Nîmes are no older than the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (41–54 AD). On this basis, a team led by Guilhem Fabre has argued that the aqueduct must have been completed around the middle of the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to have taken about fifteen years to build, employing between 800 and 1,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 4th century onwards, the aqueduct's maintenance was neglected as successive waves of invaders disrupted the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became clogged with debris, encrustations and plant roots, greatly reducing the flow of the water. The resulting deposits in the conduit, consisting of layers of dirt and organic material, are up to 50 cm (20 in) thick on each wall.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the deposits originally suggested that it had continued to supply water to Nîmes until as late as the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Cleere_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleere-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recent investigations suggest that it had gone out of use by about the sixth century, though parts of it may have continued to be used for significantly longer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg/250px-Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg/330px-Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg/500px-Pont-du-gard-mond-rel-1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>West end of the Pont du Gard in 1891, showing the stairs installed by Charles Laisné to enable visitors to enter the conduit</figcaption></figure> <p>Although some of its stones were plundered for use elsewhere, the Pont du Gard remained largely intact. Its survival was due to its use as a <a href="/wiki/Toll_bridge" title="Toll bridge">toll bridge</a> across the valley. In the 13th century the French king granted the <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">seigneurs</a> of Uzès the right to levy tolls on those using the bridge. The right later passed to the Bishops of Uzès. In return, they were responsible for maintaining the bridge in good repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleere_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleere-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it suffered serious damage during the 1620s when <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Rohan" title="Henri, Duke of Rohan">Henri, Duke of Rohan</a> made use of the bridge to transport his artillery during the wars between the French royalists and the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, whom he led. To make space for his artillery to cross the bridge, the duke had one side of the second row of arches cut away to a depth of about one-third of their original thickness. This left a gap on the lowest deck wide enough to accommodate carts and cannons, but severely weakened the bridge in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennie_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennie-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1703 the local authorities renovated the Pont du Gard to repair cracks, fill in ruts and replace the stones lost in the previous century. A new bridge was built by the engineer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pitot" title="Henri Pitot">Henri Pitot</a> in 1743–47 next to the arches of the lower level, so that the road traffic could cross on a purpose-built bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmead_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmead-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rennie_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennie-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> was strongly critical of the construction of the new bridge, commenting that "it was reserved for the eighteenth century to dishonour a monument which the barbarians of the fifth had not dared to destroy."<sup id="cite_ref-Wigan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pont du Gard continued to deteriorate and by the time <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> saw it in 1835 it was at serious risk of collapse from erosion and the loss of stonework.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, who had a great admiration for all things Roman, visited the Pont du Gard in 1850 and took a close interest in it. He approved plans by the architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Laisn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Laisné (page does not exist)">Charles Laisné</a> to repair the bridge in a project which was carried out between 1855 and 1858, with funding provided by the Ministry of State. The work involved substantial renovations that included replacing the eroded stone, infilling some of the piers with concrete to aid stability and improving drainage by separating the bridge from the aqueduct. Stairs were installed at one end and the conduit walls were repaired, allowing visitors to walk along the conduit itself in reasonable safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been a number of subsequent projects to consolidate the piers and arches of the Pont du Gard. It has survived three serious floods over the last century; in 1958 the whole of the lower tier was submerged by a giant flood that washed away other bridges,<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-117-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1998 another major flood affected the area. A further flood struck in 2002, badly damaging nearby installations. </p><p>The Pont du Gard was added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 1985 on the criteria of "Human creative genius; testimony to cultural tradition; significance to human history".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description on the list states: "The hydraulic engineers and ... architects who conceived this bridge created a technical as well as artistic masterpiece."<sup id="cite_ref-Langmead_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmead-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pont du Gard has been a tourist attraction for centuries. The outstanding quality of the bridge's masonry led to it becoming an obligatory stop for French journeyman masons on their traditional tour around the country (see <a href="/wiki/Compagnons_du_Tour_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnons du Tour de France">Compagnons du Tour de France</a>), many of whom have left their names on the stonework. From the 18th century onwards, particularly after the construction of the new road bridge, it became a famous staging-post for travellers on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> and became increasingly renowned as an object of historical importance and French national pride.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bridge has had a long association with French monarchs seeking to associate themselves with a symbol of Roman imperial power. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> visited in 1564 during his Grand Tour of France and was greeted with a grand entertainment laid on by the <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Crussol" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Crussol">vicomte d'Uzès</a>. Twelve young girls dressed as <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a> came out of a cave by the riverside near the aqueduct and presented the king with pastry and preserved fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigan_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> and his court visited the Pont du Gard during a visit to Nîmes in January 1660 shortly after the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1786 his great-great-great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> commissioned the artist <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Principal_Monuments_of_France" title="Principal Monuments of France">a set of paintings of Roman ruins of southern France</a> to hang in the king's new dining room at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a>, including a picture depicting the Pont du Gard in an idealised landscape. The commission was meant to reassert the ties between the French monarchy and the imperial past.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon III, in the mid-19th century, consciously identified with Augustus and accorded great respect to Roman antiquities; his patronage of the bridge's restoration in the 1850s was essential to its survival.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg/220px-Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg/330px-Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg/440px-Pont_Du_Gard_-_entrada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Access point to the interior of the aqueduct of Pont du Gard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg/250px-Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg/330px-Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg/500px-Pont_Du_Gard2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View from Pont du Gard</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1990s the Pont du Gard had become a hugely popular tourist attraction but was congested with traffic – vehicles were still allowed to drive over the 1743 road bridge – and was cluttered with illegally built structures and tourist shops lining the river banks. As the architect <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Viguier" title="Jean-Paul Viguier">Jean-Paul Viguier</a> put it, the "appetite for gain" had transformed the Pont du Gard into "a fairground attraction".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 the General Council of the Gard <i>département</i> began a major four-year project to improve the area, sponsored by the French government, in conjunction with local sources, UNESCO and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>. The entire area around the bridge was pedestrianised and a new visitor centre was built on the north bank to a design by Jean-Paul Viguier. The redevelopment has ensured that the area around the Pont du Gard is now much quieter due to the removal of vehicle traffic, and the new museum provides a much improved historical context for visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pont du Gard is today one of France's top five tourist attractions, with 1.4 million visitors reported in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_visitors">Literary visitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary visitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg/290px-Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg/435px-Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg/580px-Pont-du-gard-hubert-robert-1786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Pont du Gard</i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a> for King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> in 1786</figcaption></figure> <p>Since it became a tourist destination, many novelists and writers have visited the Pont du Gard and written of the experience. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> was overwhelmed when he first visited it in 1738:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had been told to go and see the Pont du Gard; I did not fail to do so. It was the first work of the Romans that I had seen. I expected to see a monument worthy of the hands which had constructed it. This time the object surpassed my expectation, for the only time in my life. Only the Romans could have produced such an effect. The sight of this simple and noble work struck me all the more since it is in the middle of a wilderness where silence and solitude render the object more striking and the admiration more lively; for this so-called bridge was only an aqueduct. One asks oneself what force has transported these enormous stones so far from any quarry, and what brought together the arms of so many thousands of men in a place where none of them live. I wandered about the three storeys of this superb edifice although my respect for it almost kept me from daring to trample it underfoot. The echo of my footsteps under these immense vaults made me imagine that I heard the strong voices of those who had built them. I felt myself lost like an insect in that immensity. While making myself small, I felt an indefinable something that raised up my soul, and I said to myself with a sigh, "Why was I not born a Roman!"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, visiting in 1884, was similarly impressed; he described the Pont du Gard as "unspeakably imposing, and nothing could well be more Roman." He commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The hugeness, the solidity, the unexpectedness, the monumental rectitude of the whole thing leave you nothing to say – at the time – and make you stand gazing. You simply feel that it is noble and perfect, that it has the quality of greatness ... When the vague twilight began to gather, the lonely valley seemed to fill itself with the shadow of the Roman name, as if the mighty empire were still as erect as the supports of the aqueduct; and it was open to a solitary tourist, sitting there sentimental, to believe that no people has ever been, or will ever be, as great as that, measured, as we measure the greatness of an individual, by the push they gave to what they undertook. The Pont du Gard is one of the three or four deepest impressions they have left; it speaks of them in a manner with which they might have been satisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The mid-19th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M%C3%A9ry" title="Joseph Méry">Joseph Méry</a> wrote in his 1853 book <i>Les Nuits italiennes, contes nocturnes</i> that on seeing the Pont du Gard: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[O]ne is struck dumb with astonishment; you are walking in a desert where nothing reminds you of man; cultivation has disappeared; there are ravines, heaths, blocks of rock, clusters of rushes, oaks, massed together, a stream which flows by a melancholy strand, wild mountains, a silence like that of Thebaid, and in the midst of this landscape springs up the most magnificent object that civilization has created for the glory of the fine arts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> wrote in 1928 that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[W]hen one sees the thing all that is said of it comes true. Its isolation, its dignity, its weight, are all three awful. It looks as though it had been built long before all record by beings greater than ourselves, and were intended to stand long after the dissolution of our petty race. One can repose in it. I confess to a great reluctance to praise what has been praised too much; but so it is. A man, suffering from the unrest of our time, might do worse than camp out for three days, fishing and bathing under the shadow of the Pont du Gard.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eifel_Aqueduct" title="Eifel Aqueduct">Eifel Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueducts_in_the_city_of_Rome" title="List of aqueducts in the city of Rome">List of aqueducts in the city of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges#Aqueduct_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">List of Roman aqueduct bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_France" title="List of bridges in France">List of bridges in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture-epcc.fr/?p=376">"EPCC du Pont du Gard"</a>. <i>Culture-epcc.fr</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture-epcc.fr&rft.atitle=EPCC+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture-epcc.fr%2F%3Fp%3D376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00103291">PA00103291</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115034438/http://www.athenapub.com/gardmap1.htm">"Map of the Roman Aqueduct to Nîmes"</a>. <i>Athena Review Image Archive</i>. Athena Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athenapub.com/gardmap1.htm">the original</a> on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Athena+Review+Image+Archive&rft.atitle=Map+of+the+Roman+Aqueduct+to+N%C3%AEmes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athenapub.com%2Fgardmap1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/344">"Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Pont+du+Gard+%28Roman+Aqueduct%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodge2002" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, A. Trevor (2002). <i>Roman aqueducts & water supply</i> (2 ed.). London: Duckworth. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3171-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3171-3"><bdi>978-0-7156-3171-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+aqueducts+%26+water+supply&rft.place=London&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3171-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=A.+Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chanson, H. (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.civil.uq.edu.au/h.chanson/reprints/jide02_2.pdf">"Hydraulics of Large Culvert beneath Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering</i>. <b>128</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">326–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9437%282002%29128%3A5%28326%29">10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:5(326)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Irrigation+and+Drainage+Engineering&rft.atitle=Hydraulics+of+Large+Culvert+beneath+Roman+Aqueduct+of+N%C3%AEmes&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E326-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2F%28ASCE%290733-9437%282002%29128%3A5%28326%29&rft.aulast=Chanson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.civil.uq.edu.au%2Fh.chanson%2Freprints%2Fjide02_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-110-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-110_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-110_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2006" class="citation book cs1">Bromwich, James (2006). <i>Roman Remains of Southern France: A Guide Book</i>. Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14358-5"><bdi>978-0-415-14358-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Remains+of+Southern+France%3A+A+Guide+Book&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14358-5&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Michael Jonathan Taunton (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyinginstrum00lewi"><i>Surveying instruments of Greece and Rome</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyinginstrum00lewi/page/n208">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79297-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surveying+instruments+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79297-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael+Jonathan+Taunton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyinginstrum00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, pp. 189–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langmead-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langmead_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmead_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmead_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langmead_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangmeadGarnaut2001" class="citation book cs1">Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine, eds. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang"><i>Encyclopedia of architectural and engineering feats</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/254">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-112-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-112-X"><bdi>1-57607-112-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+architectural+and+engineering+feats&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57607-112-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofar0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sobin_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSobin1999" class="citation book cs1">Sobin, Gustaf (1999). <i>Luminous debris: reflecting on vestige in Provence and Languedoc</i>. University of California Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22245-8"><bdi>978-0-520-22245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminous+debris%3A+reflecting+on+vestige+in+Provence+and+Languedoc&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22245-8&rft.aulast=Sobin&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich=112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich=112_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobin, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-112-113-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-112-113_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 112–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athena-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athena_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athena_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065250/http://www.athenapub.com/rhone3.htm">"The Aqueduct at Pont du Gard"</a>. <i>Athena Review</i>. <b>1</b> (4). Athena Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athenapub.com/rhone3.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athena+Review&rft.atitle=The+Aqueduct+at+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athenapub.com%2Frhone3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Léger1875-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Léger1875_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Léger1875_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLéger1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Léger, Alfred (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lestravauxpubli00legegoog">"Acqueducs"</a>. <i>Les travaux publics, les mines et la métallurgie aux temps des Romains, la tradition romaine jusqu'à nos jours</i> (in French). Impr. J. Dejey & cie. pp. <span class="nowrap">551–</span>676. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3263776">3263776</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acqueducs&rft.btitle=Les+travaux+publics%2C+les+mines+et+la+m%C3%A9tallurgie+aux+temps+des+Romains%2C+la+tradition+romaine+jusqu%27%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E676&rft.pub=Impr.+J.+Dejey+%26+cie&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3263776&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flestravauxpubli00legegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deming-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deming_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeming2010" class="citation book cs1">Deming, David (2010). <i>Science and Technology in World History, Volume 1: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization</i>. McFarland. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3932-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-3932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+World+History%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ancient+World+and+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3932-4&rft.aulast=Deming&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michelin_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michelin_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provence00trot/page/297"><i>Michelin Green Guide Provence</i></a>. Michelin Travel Publications. 2008. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provence00trot/page/297">297–298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906261-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906261-29-0"><bdi>978-1-906261-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelin+Green+Guide+Provence&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Michelin+Travel+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906261-29-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovence00trot%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabreFinches1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fabre, Guilhem; Finches, Jean-Luc (1989). "L'aqueduc romain de Nîmes et le Pont du Gard". <i>Pour la Science</i> (40): <span class="nowrap">412–</span>420.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pour+la+Science&rft.atitle=L%27aqueduc+romain+de+N%C3%AEmes+et+le+Pont+du+Gard&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Guilhem&rft.au=Finches%2C+Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontdugard.fr/en/ancient-work-art">"Pont du Gard – An ancient work of art"</a>. Site du Pont du Gard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pont+du+Gard+%E2%80%93+An+ancient+work+of+art&rft.pub=Site+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontdugard.fr%2Fen%2Fancient-work-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBessacVacca-Goutoulli2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bessac, Jean-Claude; Vacca-Goutoulli, Mireille (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153323/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/galia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093/article_galia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093.pdf">"La carrière romaine de L'Estel près du Pont du Gard"</a> [The Roman Estel quarry next to the Pont du Gard] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gallia</i> (in French). <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgalia.2002.3093">10.3406/galia.2002.3093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190982076">190982076</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/galia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093/article_galia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallia&rft.atitle=La+carri%C3%A8re+romaine+de+L%27Estel+pr%C3%A8s+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgalia.2002.3093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190982076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bessac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.au=Vacca-Goutoulli%2C+Mireille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FarticleAsPDF%2Fgalia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093%2Farticle_galia_0016-4119_2002_num_59_1_3093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBessac1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bessac, Jean-Claude (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160845/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413/article_ran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413.pdf">"Données et hypothèses sur les chantiers des carrières de l'Estel près du Pont du Gard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise</i> (in French). <b>25</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fran.1992.1413">10.3406/ran.1992.1413</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413/article_ran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+arch%C3%A9ologique+de+Narbonnaise&rft.atitle=Donn%C3%A9es+et+hypoth%C3%A8ses+sur+les+chantiers+des+carri%C3%A8res+de+l%27Estel+pr%C3%A8s+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fran.1992.1413&rft.aulast=Bessac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FarticleAsPDF%2Fran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413%2Farticle_ran_0557-7705_1992_num_25_1_1413.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGimpel1993" class="citation book cs1">Gimpel, Jean (1993). <i>The cathedral builders</i>. Pimlico. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091158-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091158-4"><bdi>978-0-06-091158-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cathedral+builders&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-06-091158-4&rft.aulast=Gimpel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaillet2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paillet, Jean-Louis (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153329/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/galia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220/article_galia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220.pdf">"Réflexions sur la construction du Pont du Gard"</a> [Reflections on the construction of the Pont du Gard] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gallia</i> (in French). <b>62</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgalia.2005.3220">10.3406/galia.2005.3220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191969914">191969914</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/galia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220/article_galia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallia&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+construction+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgalia.2005.3220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191969914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paillet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FarticleAsPDF%2Fgalia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220%2Farticle_galia_0016-4119_2005_num_62_1_3220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Colin (1993). <i>Roman Bridges</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4"><bdi>0-521-39326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Bridges&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-39326-4&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabre1992" class="citation book cs1">Fabre, Guilhem (1992). <i>The Pont du Gard : water and the Roman town</i>. Paris: Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87682-079-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-87682-079-X"><bdi>2-87682-079-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pont+du+Gard+%3A+water+and+the+Roman+town&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Caisse+nationale+des+monuments+historiques+et+des+sites&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=2-87682-079-X&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Guilhem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-119-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-119_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspérandieu1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Espérandieu, Emile (1926). <i>Le Pont du Gard et l'aqueduc de Nîmes</i> (in French). Paris: H. Laurens. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/616562598">616562598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Pont+du+Gard+et+l%27aqueduc+de+N%C3%AEmes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=H.+Laurens&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F616562598&rft.aulast=Esp%C3%A9randieu&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke_Boyle1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Rourke Boyle, Marjorie (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223015057/http://www.brill.nl/divine-domesticity-augustine-thagaste-teresa-avila"><i>Divine domesticity: Augustine of Thagaste to Teresa of Avila</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004106758" title="Special:BookSources/9789004106758"><bdi>9789004106758</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/divine-domesticity-augustine-thagaste-teresa-avila">the original</a> on February 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+domesticity%3A+Augustine+of+Thagaste+to+Teresa+of+Avila&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789004106758&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke+Boyle&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.nl%2Fdivine-domesticity-augustine-thagaste-teresa-avila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/cherchell/index.html">"Aqueduct Cherchell (Algeria)"</a>. <i>Romanaqueducts.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romanaqueducts.info&rft.atitle=Aqueduct+Cherchell+%28Algeria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanaqueducts.info%2Faquasite%2Fcherchell%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span> (location:<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pont_du_Gard&params=36_34_6.33_N_2_17_25.39_E_type:landmark_scale:1000_region:DZ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°34′6.33″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°17′25.39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.5684250°N 2.2903861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.5684250; 2.2903861</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). <i>A history of engineering in classical and medieval times</i>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15291-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15291-4"><bdi>978-0-415-15291-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+engineering+in+classical+and+medieval+times&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15291-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+Routledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabreFichesPaillet1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fabre, Guilhem; Fiches, Jean-Luc; Paillet, Jean-Louis (1991). "Interdisciplinary Research on the Aqueduct of Nimes and the Pont du Gard". <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS104775940001549X">10.1017/S104775940001549X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193800472">193800472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Interdisciplinary+Research+on+the+Aqueduct+of+Nimes+and+the+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS104775940001549X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193800472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Guilhem&rft.au=Fiches%2C+Jean-Luc&rft.au=Paillet%2C+Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrachanBolton2008" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Edward; Bolton, Roy (2008). <i>Russia & Europe in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Sphinx Fine Art. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907200021" title="Special:BookSources/9781907200021"><bdi>9781907200021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+%26+Europe+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Sphinx+Fine+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781907200021&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer-Dixon2006" class="citation book cs1">Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upsideofdowncata00home"><i>The upside of down: catastrophe, creativity, and the renewal of civilization</i></a></span>. Island Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upsideofdowncata00home/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-065-7"><bdi>978-1-59726-065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+upside+of+down%3A+catastrophe%2C+creativity%2C+and+the+renewal+of+civilization&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-065-7&rft.aulast=Homer-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fupsideofdowncata00home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleere-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleere_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleere_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleere2001" class="citation book cs1">Cleere, Henry (2001). <i>Southern France: an Oxford archaeological guide</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288006-2"><bdi>978-0-19-288006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+France%3A+an+Oxford+archaeological+guide&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288006-2&rft.aulast=Cleere&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2001" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Roberta J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/watertechnologym00magn"><i>Water Technology in the Middle Ages: Cities, Monasteries, and Waterworks after the Roman Empire</i></a></span>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/watertechnologym00magn/page/n19">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801866265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801866265"><bdi>978-0801866265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Technology+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Cities%2C+Monasteries%2C+and+Waterworks+after+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0801866265&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Roberta+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwatertechnologym00magn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rennie-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rennie_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rennie_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRennie1855" class="citation journal cs1">Rennie, George (1855). "Description of the Pont du Gard". <i>Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>. <b>14</b>: 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minutes+of+Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Description+of+the+Pont+du+Gard&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=238&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigan_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigan_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWigan1856" class="citation book cs1">Wigan, Arthur C. (1856). <i>The great wonders of the world: from the pyramids to the Crystal Palace</i>. George Routledge and Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+wonders+of+the+world%3A+from+the+pyramids+to+the+Crystal+Palace&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=George+Routledge+and+Sons&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Wigan&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-117-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-117_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2012" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO (2012). <i>The World's Heritage</i>. Collins. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007435616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007435616"><bdi>978-0007435616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Heritage&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0007435616&rft.au=UNESCO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStirton2003" class="citation book cs1">Stirton, Paul (2003). <i>Provence and the Côte d'Azur</i>. A&C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30972-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30972-X"><bdi>0-393-30972-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provence+and+the+C%C3%B4te+d%27Azur&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=A%26C+Black+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-393-30972-X&rft.aulast=Stirton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaval1853" class="citation book cs1">Laval, Eugène (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albumarcheologiq00dura"><i>Monuments historiques du Gard</i></a>. impr. de Soustelle-Gaude. p. XXI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+historiques+du+Gard&rft.pages=XXI&rft.pub=impr.+de+Soustelle-Gaude&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbumarcheologiq00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald,_ChristieHoffmann,_Stacey2010" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Christie; Hoffmann, Stacey (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rousseaufreedom00mcdo"><i>Rousseau and Freedom</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rousseaufreedom00mcdo/page/n216">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51582-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51582-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51582-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rousseau+and+Freedom&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51582-5&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Christie&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Stacey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frousseaufreedom00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, p. 400 fn. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViguier2009" class="citation book cs1">Viguier, Jean-Paul (2009). <i>Architecte</i>. Odile Jacob. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7381-2304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7381-2304-6"><bdi>978-2-7381-2304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecte&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Odile+Jacob&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7381-2304-6&rft.aulast=Viguier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830084526/http://www.pontdugard.fr/en/presentation-works-pont-du-gard">"Presentation works of Pont du Gard"</a>. Site du Pont du Gard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontdugard.fr/en/presentation-works-pont-du-gard">the original</a> on 2012-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+works+of+Pont+du+Gard&rft.pub=Site+du+Pont+du+Gard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontdugard.fr%2Fen%2Fpresentation-works-pont-du-gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2001" class="citation news cs1">Schmid, John (2001-08-22). "Euro Bill Hits a High Note With Folks in Small French Town". <i>International Herald Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Euro+Bill+Hits+a+High+Note+With+Folks+in+Small+French+Town&rft.date=2001-08-22&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRousseau1889" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau, Jean-Jacques</a> (1889). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:Les_Confessions_(Rousseau)/Livre VI"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Les_Confessions_(Rousseau)/Livre_VI">"Livre VI" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:Les_Confessions_(Rousseau)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Les_Confessions_(Rousseau)"><i>Les Confessions</i> </a></span> (in French). Launette. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>269 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livre+VI&rft.btitle=Les+Confessions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.pub=Launette&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Rousseau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRousseau1998" class="citation book cs1">Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1998). <i>The Confessions and Correspondence, Including the Letters to Malesherbes</i>. Vol. 5. trans. Christopher Kelly. UPNE. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-836-8"><bdi>978-0-87451-836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confessions+and+Correspondence%2C+Including+the+Letters+to+Malesherbes&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-836-8&rft.aulast=Rousseau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1993" class="citation book cs1">James, Henry (1993). Howard, Richard (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedtravelw00jame"><i>Collected Travel Writings: The Continent. A little tour in France ; Italian hours ; other travels</i></a></span>. Library of America. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedtravelw00jame/page/189">189</a>–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-77-6"><bdi>978-0-940450-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Travel+Writings%3A+The+Continent.+A+little+tour+in+France+%3B+Italian+hours+%3B+other+travels&rft.pages=189-90&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-940450-77-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedtravelw00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMéry1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M%C3%A9ry" title="Joseph Méry">Méry, Joseph</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lesnuitsitalien00mrgoog#page/n287/mode/2up/search/desert">"L'Italie des Gaules"</a>. <i>Les nuits italiennes: contes nocturnes</i> (in French). Paris: M. Lévy Frères. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Italie+des+Gaules&rft.btitle=Les+nuits+italiennes%3A+contes+nocturnes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=M.+L%C3%A9vy+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flesnuitsitalien00mrgoog%23page%2Fn287%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fdesert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelloc1928" class="citation book cs1">Belloc, Hilaire (1928). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manycities0000bell"><i>Many cities</i></a></span>. Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+cities&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Belloc&rft.aufirst=Hilaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanycities0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APont+du+Gard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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12 March 2023<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-3-12</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pontdugard.fr/en?langue=GB">Official Pont du Gard museum website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000256">Pont du Gard</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museociviltaromana.it/it/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/sezioni_storiche/sala_ix_augusto/plastico_ricostruttivo_scala_1_200_del_ponte_del_gard_dell_acquedotto_di_nimes_19_a_c_circa">Scale model of the Pont du Gard</a> in Room IX of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo della Civiltà Romana">Museo della Civiltà Romana</a> in Rome.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Fontainebleau#Fontainebleau_forest" title="Fontainebleau">Park</a></li> <li>Paris: Banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Parisian basin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">Belfries of Belgium and France</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_hillsides,_houses_and_cellars" title="Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars">Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climats,_terroirs_of_Burgundy" title="Climats, terroirs of Burgundy"><i>Climats</i> and <i>terroirs</i> of Burgundy</a></li> <li>Reims: <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Cathedral of Notre-Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi" title="Musée Saint-Remi">Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Tau" title="Palace of Tau">Palace of Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Fontenay" title="Abbey of Fontenay">Abbey of Fontenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Bay" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Church and hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">Belfries of Belgium and France</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin" title="Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin">Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Great Saltworks of <a href="/wiki/Salins-les-Bains" title="Salins-les-Bains">Salins-les-Bains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a>, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%8Ele_(Strasbourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Île (Strasbourg)">Grande Île</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neustadt,_Strasbourg" title="Neustadt, Strasbourg">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe" title="Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe">Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">South West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Episcopal city, Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Port of the Moon, Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_%E2%80%93_Mont_Perdu_World_Heritage_Site" title="Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage Site">Pyrénées – Mont Perdu</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion" title="Saint-Émilion">Saint-Émilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Centre East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys" title="Chaîne des Puys">Chaîne des Puys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arles,_Roman_and_Romanesque_Monuments" title="Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments">Roman and Romanesque monuments, Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_Carcassonne" title="Cité de Carcassonne">Carcassonne citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Porto" title="Gulf of Porto">Gulf of Porto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calanques_de_Piana" title="Calanques de Piana">Calanches de Piana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica#Ecology" title="Corsica">Gulf of Girolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandola_Nature_Reserve" title="Scandola Nature Reserve">Scandola Reserve</a></li> <li>Avignon: <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Papes" title="Palais des Papes">Papal Palace</a>, Episcopal Ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Pont_Saint-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9zet" title="Pont Saint-Bénézet">Avignon Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pont du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_of_Orange" title="Roman Theatre of Orange">Roman Theatre and environs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Triumphal Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier" title="The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vauban" title="Fortifications of Vauban">Fortifications of Vauban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_and_memory_sites_of_the_First_World_War_(Western_Front)" title="Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)">Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sully-sur-Loire" title="Sully-sur-Loire">Sully-sur-Loire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalonnes-sur-Loire" title="Chalonnes-sur-Loire">Chalonnes-sur-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routes_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_in_France" title="Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France">Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">Overseas departments<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Austral_Lands_and_Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="French Austral Lands and Seas">French Austral Lands and Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_Barrier_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="New Caledonia Barrier Reef">Lagoons of New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_National_Park" title="Réunion National Park">Pitons, cirques and remparts of Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taputapuatea" title="Taputapuatea">Taputapuātea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Shared locally with other <a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">region/s</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_aqueducts159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_aqueducts" title="Template:Roman aqueducts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_aqueducts" title="Template talk:Roman aqueducts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_aqueducts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman aqueducts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_aqueducts159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueducts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Diocletian" title="Aqueduct of Diocletian">Aqueduct of Diocletian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain"><img alt="Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg/120px-AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg/250px-AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1324" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_the_Gier" title="Aqueduct of the Gier">Aqueduct of the Gier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Luynes" title="Aqueduct of Luynes">Aqueduct of Luynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbegal_aqueduct_and_mills" title="Barbegal aqueduct and mills">Barbegal aqueduct</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pont du Gard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eifel_Aqueduct" title="Eifel Aqueduct">Eifel Aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta (Naples)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Rome)" title="Aqua Augusta (Rome)">Aqua Augusta (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Crabra" title="Aqua Crabra">Aqua Crabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Traiana" title="Aqua Traiana">Aqua Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldaccoli_Aqueduct" title="Caldaccoli Aqueduct">Caldaccoli Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27A%C3%ABl" title="Pont d'Aël">Pont d'Aël</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadara_Aqueduct" title="Gadara Aqueduct">Gadara Aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luxembourg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raschp%C3%ABtzer_Qanat" title="Raschpëtzer Qanat">Raschpëtzer Qanat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27Argamassa_Roman_Fish_Farm" title="S'Argamassa Roman Fish Farm">Aqüeducte de s'Argamassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acueducto_de_los_Milagros" title="Acueducto de los Milagros">Acueducto de los Milagros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1os_de_Carmona" title="Caños de Carmona">Caños de Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Ferreres_Aqueduct" title="Les Ferreres Aqueduct">Les Ferreres Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueducts_of_Toledo" title="Roman aqueducts of Toledo">Roman aqueducts of Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_L%C3%A1zaro_Roman_aqueduct" title="San Lázaro Roman aqueduct">San Lázaro Roman aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaghouan_Aqueduct" title="Zaghouan Aqueduct">Zaghouan Aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%C4%B1germe" title="Ballıgerme">Ballıgerme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Aqueduct" title="Lamas Aqueduct">Lamas Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_Aqueduct" title="Olba Aqueduct">Olba Aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolaucothi_Gold_Mines" title="Dolaucothi Gold Mines">Dolaucothi Gold Mines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueducts_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire">List of Roman aqueducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_bridges138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_bridges" title="Template:Roman bridges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_bridges" title="Template talk:Roman bridges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_bridges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman bridges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_bridges138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Roman bridges</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesters_Bridge" title="Chesters Bridge">Chesters Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercebridge_Roman_Bridge" title="Piercebridge Roman Bridge">Piercebridge Roman Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome"><img alt="Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/150px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/225px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/300px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Ambroix" title="Pont Ambroix">Pont Ambroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Born%C3%A8gre" title="Pont de Bornègre">Pont de Bornègre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Marchands" title="Pont des Marchands">Pont des Marchands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pont du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Flavien" title="Pont Flavien">Pont Flavien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Julien" title="Pont Julien">Pont Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Serme" title="Pont Serme">Pont Serme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_sur_la_Laye" title="Pont sur la Laye">Pont sur la Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry)" title="Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry)">Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Vaison-la-Romaine)" title="Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine)">Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Trier)" title="Roman Bridge (Trier)">Roman Bridge (Trier)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Kaisar" title="Band-e Kaisar">Band-e Kaisar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Agrippae" title="Pons Agrippae">Pons Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Altinate" title="Ponte Altinate">Ponte Altinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Neronianus" title="Pons Neronianus">Pons Neronianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Probi" title="Pons Probi">Pons Probi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Sublicius" title="Pons Sublicius">Pons Sublicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27A%C3%ABl" title="Pont d'Aël">Pont d'Aël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Pierre_(Aosta)" title="Pont de Pierre (Aosta)">Pont de Pierre (Aosta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Saint-Martin_(bridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont-Saint-Martin (bridge)">Pont-Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_d%27Augusto_(Narni)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)">Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Tiberio_(Rimini)" title="Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)">Ponte di Tiberio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Corvo_(bridge)" title="Ponte Corvo (bridge)">Ponte Corvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_del_Gran_Caso" title="Ponte del Gran Caso">Ponte del Gran Caso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Molino_(Padua)" title="Ponte Molino (Padua)">Ponte Molino (Padua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nomentano" title="Ponte Nomentano">Ponte Nomentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Pietra_(Verona)" title="Ponte Pietra (Verona)">Ponte Pietra (Verona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Pioraco" title="Ponte di Pioraco">Ponte di Pioraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Quintodecimo" title="Ponte di Quintodecimo">Ponte di Quintodecimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Salario" title="Ponte Salario">Ponte Salario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_San_Lorenzo" title="Ponte San Lorenzo">Ponte San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_San_Vito" title="Ponte di San Vito">Ponte di San Vito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susegana_Bridge" title="Susegana Bridge">Susegana Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leontes_Bridge" title="Leontes Bridge">Leontes Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_de_Rubi%C3%A3es" title="Ponte de Rubiães">Ponte de Rubiães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nova_da_Cava_da_Velha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha">Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Chaves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bridge (Chaves)">Roman Bridge (Chaves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_of_Catribana" title="Roman Bridge of Catribana">Roman Bridge of Catribana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Danube)">Constantine's Bridge (Danube)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acueducto_de_los_Milagros" title="Acueducto de los Milagros">Acueducto de los Milagros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarregas_Roman_bridge" title="Albarregas Roman bridge">Albarregas Roman bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcon%C3%A9tar_Bridge" title="Alconétar Bridge">Alconétar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara_Bridge" title="Alcántara Bridge">Alcántara Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Ferreres_Aqueduct" title="Les Ferreres Aqueduct">Les Ferreres Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Puente de Alcántara">Puente de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_Romano,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Puente Romano, Mérida">Puente Romano, Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge_of_%C3%81vila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman bridge of Ávila (page does not exist)">Roman bridge of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Roman bridge of Córdoba">Roman bridge of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Lugo" title="Roman bridge of Lugo">Roman bridge of Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Salamanca" title="Roman bridge of Salamanca">Roman bridge of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Talamanca_de_Jarama" title="Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama">Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Diwar_Bridge" title="Ain Diwar Bridge">Ain Diwar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_Nimreh" title="Bridge at Nimreh">Bridge at Nimreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemarrin_Bridge" title="Gemarrin Bridge">Gemarrin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaba_Bridge" title="Kharaba Bridge">Kharaba Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus_Bridge" title="Aesepus Bridge">Aesepus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapsu_Bridge" title="Arapsu Bridge">Arapsu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_Oinoanda" title="Bridge at Oinoanda">Bridge at Oinoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Mysia)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Mysia)">Constantine's Bridge (Mysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymedon_Bridge_(Aspendos)" title="Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)">Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymedon_Bridge_(Selge)" title="Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)">Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_near_Kemer" title="Bridge near Kemer">Kemer Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_near_Limyra" title="Bridge near Limyra">Limyra Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misis_Bridge" title="Misis Bridge">Misis Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macestus_Bridge" title="Macestus Bridge">Macestus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_Bridge" title="Nysa Bridge">Nysa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penkalas_Bridge" title="Penkalas Bridge">Penkalas Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Bridge" title="Pergamon Bridge">Pergamon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">Sangarius Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_Bridge" title="Severan Bridge">Severan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Adana)" title="Stone Bridge (Adana)">Stone Bridge (Adana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens Aqueduct">Valens Aqueduct Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bridge_(Mysia)" title="White Bridge (Mysia)">White Bridge (Mysia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">Full list of Roman bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189764#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236953380">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWTDYPqGQYFbX3whhj4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4313599-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120410982">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120410982">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00103291">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000256">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/149496">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028610342">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&oldid=1275645282">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&oldid=1275645282</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_in_Provence" title="Category:Roman sites in Provence">Roman sites in Provence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_N%C3%AEmes" title="Category:Roman Nîmes">Roman Nîmes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_aqueducts_outside_Rome" title="Category:Roman aqueducts outside Rome">Roman aqueducts 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