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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spar (aeronautics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm_(Fl%C3%BCgel)" title="Holm (Flügel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holm (Flügel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larguero" title="Larguero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Larguero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تیر حامل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیر حامل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longeron_de_voilure" title="Longeron de voilure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Longeron de voilure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(penerbangan)" title="Spar (penerbangan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spar (penerbangan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longherone_(aeronautica)" title="Longherone (aeronautica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Longherone (aeronautica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%E6%A1%81" title="翼桁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="翼桁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAwigar_(lotnictwo)" title="Dźwigar (lotnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźwigar (lotnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longarina" title="Longarina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Longarina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aviation)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Spar (aviation)">Spar (aviation)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Main structural member of the wing of an aircraft</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG/250px-DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG/375px-DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG/500px-DH-60_Gipsy_Moth_Wing_Structure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Main spar of a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">de Havilland DH.60 Moth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, the <b>spar</b> is often the main <a href="/wiki/Structural_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural member">structural member</a> of the wing, running <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">spanwise</a> at right angles (or thereabouts depending on <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">wing sweep</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. The spar carries flight <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load">loads</a> and the weight of the wings while on the ground. Other structural and forming members such as <a href="/wiki/Rib_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rib (aircraft)">ribs</a> may be attached to the spar or spars, with <a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">stressed skin</a> construction also sharing the loads where it is used. There may be more than one spar in a wing or none at all. Where a single spar carries most of the force, it is known as the main spar.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spars are also used in other aircraft <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">aerofoil</a> surfaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">fin</a> and serve a similar function, although the loads transmitted may be different from those of a wing spar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spar_loads">Spar loads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spar loads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wing spar provides the majority of the weight support and dynamic load integrity of <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplanes</a>, often coupled with the strength of the wing <a href="/w/index.php?title=D-box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-box (page does not exist)">'D' box</a> itself. Together, these two structural components collectively provide the wing rigidity needed to enable the aircraft to fly safely. <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">Biplanes</a> employing <a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">flying wires</a> have much of the flight loads transmitted through the wires and <a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">interplane struts</a> enabling smaller section and thus lighter spars to be used at the cost of increasing <a href="/wiki/Drag_(aerodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (aerodynamics)">drag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forces">Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_mechanics" title="Aircraft flight mechanics">Aircraft flight mechanics</a></div> <p>Some of the forces acting on a wing spar are:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Upward bending loads resulting from the wing <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> force that supports the fuselage in flight. These forces are often offset by carrying <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">fuel</a> in the wings or employing wing-tip-mounted fuel tanks; the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_310" title="Cessna 310">Cessna 310</a> is an example of this design feature.</li> <li>Downward bending loads while stationary on the ground due to the weight of the structure, fuel carried in the wings, and wing-mounted engines if used.</li> <li>Drag loads dependent on <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>.</li> <li>Rolling <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">inertia</a> loads.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord (aircraft)">Chordwise</a> twisting loads due to <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> effects at high airspeeds often associated with <a href="/wiki/Washout_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washout (aviation)">washout</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Control_reversal" title="Control reversal">control reversal</a>. Further twisting loads are induced by changes of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> settings to underwing-mounted engines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22D%22_box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""D" box (page does not exist)">"D" box</a> construction is beneficial to reduce wing twisting.</li></ul> <p>Many of these loads are reversed abruptly in flight with an aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Extra_EA-300" title="Extra EA-300">Extra 300</a> when performing extreme <a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">aerobatic</a> manoeuvers; the spars of these aircraft are designed to safely withstand great <a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(aeronautics)" title="Load factor (aeronautics)">load factors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_and_construction">Materials and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_construction">Wooden construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wooden construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early aircraft used spars often carved from solid <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior#Uses" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>. Several different wooden spar types have been used and experimented with such as spars that are box-section in form; and laminated spars laid up in a <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jig</a>, and compression glued to retain the wing <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihedral (aircraft)">dihedral</a>. Wooden spars are still being used in light aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Robin_DR400" title="Robin DR400">Robin DR400</a> and its relatives. A disadvantage of the wooden spar is the deteriorating effect that atmospheric conditions, both dry and wet, and biological threats such as wood-boring insect infestation and <a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">fungal attack</a> can have on the component; consequently regular inspections are often mandated to maintain <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness" title="Airworthiness">airworthiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood wing spars of multipiece construction usually consist of upper and lower members, called <i>spar caps</i>, and vertical sheet wood members, known as <i>shear webs</i> or more simply <i>webs</i>, that span the distance between the spar caps. </p><p>Even in modern times, "homebuilt replica aircraft" such as the replica Spitfires use laminated wooden spars. These spars are laminated usually from spruce or douglas fir (by clamping and glueing). A number of enthusiasts build "replica" Spitfires that will actually fly using a variety of engines relative to the size of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-spitfire-kit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spitfire-kit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_spars">Metal spars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metal spars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandwich_core.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sandwich_core.jpg/220px-Sandwich_core.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sandwich_core.jpg/330px-Sandwich_core.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sandwich_core.jpg/440px-Sandwich_core.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Basic metal-sparred wing using a <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_structured_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich structured composite">honeycomb</a> 'D' box <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A typical metal spar in a <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> aircraft usually consists of a sheet <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> spar web, with L- or T-shaped spar caps being welded or <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">riveted</a> to the top and bottom of the sheet to prevent buckling under applied loads. Larger aircraft using this method of spar construction may have the spar caps sealed to provide <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">integral fuel tanks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Fatigue</a> of metal wing spars has been an identified causal factor in aviation accidents, especially in older aircraft as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_Ocean_Airways_Flight_101" title="Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101">Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tubular_metal_spars">Tubular metal spars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tubular metal spars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J.I" title="Junkers J.I">Junkers J.I</a> armoured fuselage ground-attack <a href="/wiki/Biplane#Aviation" title="Biplane">sesquiplane</a> of 1917 used a <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a>-designed multi-tube network of several tubular wing spars, placed just under the corrugated <a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">duralumin</a> wing covering and with each tubular spar connected to the adjacent one with a space frame of triangulated duralumin strips — usually in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge#Warren_truss" title="Truss bridge">Warren truss</a> layout — riveted onto the spars, resulting in a substantial increase in structural strength at a time when most other aircraft designs were built almost completely with wood-structure wings. The Junkers all-metal corrugated-covered wing / multiple tubular wing spar design format was emulated after <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span> by American aviation designer <a href="/wiki/William_Bushnell_Stout" title="William Bushnell Stout">William Stout</a> for his 1920s-era <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> airliner series, and by Russian aerospace designer <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tupolev" title="Andrei Tupolev">Andrei Tupolev</a> for such aircraft as his <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-2" title="Tupolev ANT-2">Tupolev ANT-2</a> of 1922, upwards in size to the then-gigantic <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-20" title="Tupolev ANT-20"><i>Maksim Gorki</i></a> of 1934. </p><p>A design aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> wing that contributed greatly to its success was an innovative spar boom design, made up of five square concentric tubes that fitted into each other. Two of these booms were linked together by an alloy web, creating a lightweight and very strong main spar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A version of this spar construction method is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Bede_BD-5" title="Bede BD-5">BD-5</a>, which was designed and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bede" title="Jim Bede">Jim Bede</a> in the early 1970s. The spar used in the BD-5 and subsequent BD projects was primarily aluminium tube of approximately 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, and joined at the wing root with a much larger internal diameter aluminium tube to provide the wing structural integrity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geodesic_construction">Geodesic construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geodesic construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_airframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodesic airframe">geodesic</a> wing spar structure was employed, which had the advantages of being lightweight and able to withstand heavy battle damage with only partial loss of strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_construction">Composite construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Composite construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern aircraft use <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fibre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> in their construction, ranging in size from large <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> to small <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt aircraft</a>. Of note are the developments made by <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">glider</a> manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth" title="Schempp-Hirth">Schempp-Hirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schleicher" title="Alexander Schleicher">Schleicher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These companies initially employed solid <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fibreglass</a> spars in their designs but now often use carbon fibre in their high performance gliders such as the <a href="/wiki/Schleicher_ASG_29" title="Schleicher ASG 29">ASG 29</a>. The increase in strength and reduction in weight compared to the earlier fibreglass-sparred aircraft allows a greater quantity of <a href="/wiki/Gliding_competitions#Water_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding competitions">water ballast</a> to be carried.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-spar_construction">Multi-spar construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multi-spar construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft utilizing three or more spars are considered <i>multi-spar</i> aircraft. Using multiple spars allows for an equivalent overall strength of wing, but with multiple, smaller, spars, which in turn allow for a thinner wing or tail structure (at a cost of increased complexity and difficulty of packaging additional equipment such as fuel tanks, guns, <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">aileron</a> jacks, etc.). Although multi-spar wings have been used since at least the 1930s (for example, the World War 2-era <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40</a> had 3 spars per wing), they gained greater popularity when the increasing speed of jet fighters demanded thinner wings to reduce drag at high speeds. The <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a> used numerous slender spars to allow for a wing of unusually thin section; the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> uses a similar construction. Other aircraft like the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a> and others use 3 or more spars to give sufficient strength in a relatively thin wing, and thus qualify as multi-spar aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_spars">False spars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: False spars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>False spars, like main spars, are load bearing structural members running spanwise but are not joined to the fuselage. Their most common purpose is to carry moving surfaces, principally <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thom 1988, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1990, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1990, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAA 1988, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spitfire-kit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spitfire-kit_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531043059/http://www.spitfirebuilder.4t.com/catalog.html">"Spitfire Aircraft Co. – A full-sized Spitfire replica you can build from a kit!!"</a>. <i>spitfirebuilder.4t.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitfirebuilder.4t.com/catalog.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spitfirebuilder.4t.com&rft.atitle=Spitfire+Aircraft+Co.+%E2%80%93+A+full-sized+Spitfire+replica+you+can+build+from+a+kit%21%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spitfirebuilder.4t.com%2Fcatalog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpar+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR07-04.pdf">NTSB report - Grumman Turbo Mallard, N2969</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910185520/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR07-04.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 1 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1990, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor 1990, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 1982, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datwiki.net/page.php?id=5364&find=multispar%2520wing%2520%2528aircraft%2520structure%2529&searching=yes">"DatWiki.net - Aviation Dictionary Presented by Aviation Supplies and Academics, Inc"</a>. <i>www.datwiki.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162600/http://www.datwiki.net/page.php?id=5364&find=multispar%2520wing%2520%2528aircraft%2520structure%2529&searching=yes">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.datwiki.net&rft.atitle=DatWiki.net+-+Aviation+Dictionary+Presented+by+Aviation+Supplies+and+Academics%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datwiki.net%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D5364%26find%3Dmultispar%252520wing%252520%252528aircraft%252520structure%252529%26searching%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpar+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuma 2005 p.265</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, <i>Acceptable Methods, Techniques and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and Repair, AC43.13.1A, Change 3.</i> U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1988.</li> <li>Hardy, Michael. <i>Gliders & Sailplanes of the World</i>. London: Ian Allan, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1152-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1152-4">0-7110-1152-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2005" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Bharat (2005). <i>An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-139606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-139606-3"><bdi>0-07-139606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-139606-3&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Bharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpar+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, John W.R. <i>The Lore of Flight</i>, London: Universal Books Ltd., 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9509620-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9509620-1-5">0-9509620-1-5</a>.</li> <li>Thom, Trevor. <i>The Air Pilot's Manual 4-The Aeroplane-Technical</i>. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-017-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-017-X">1-85310-017-X</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spar_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200767.html">1913 article on spar testing from <i>Flight</i> magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td 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<li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air 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