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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passion_Play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passion_Play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Passion Play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passion_Play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuevo_Fuego_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuevo_Fuego_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nuevo Fuego Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuevo_Fuego_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Carnivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aztec_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztec_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Aztec Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztec_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(1923-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(1923-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Modern history (1923-present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(1923-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa_(munisipyo)" title="Iztapalapa (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iztapalapa (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ایزتاپالاپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزتاپالاپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegazione_Iztapalapa" title="Delegazione Iztapalapa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Delegazione Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%91" title="イスタパラパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスタパラパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8)" title="Истапалапа (Истапалапа, Мексико Сити) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истапалапа (Истапалапа, Мексико Сити)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa,_Distrito_Federal" title="Iztapalapa, Distrito Federal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iztapalapa, Distrito Federal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa_(kommun)" title="Iztapalapa (kommun) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iztapalapa (kommun)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Істапалапа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Істапалапа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztapalapa" title="Iztapalapa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iztapalapa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E5%8C%BA" title="伊斯塔帕拉帕区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯塔帕拉帕区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iztapalapa&params=19_21_30_N_99_05_35_W_region:MX_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°21′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°05′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.35833°N 99.09306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.35833; -99.09306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the metro station, see <a href="/wiki/Iztapalapa_metro_station" title="Iztapalapa metro station">Iztapalapa metro station</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Borough in Mexico City, Mexico</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Iztapalapa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Mexico_City" title="Boroughs of Mexico City">Borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_(Mexico_DF)_towards_the_North,_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground,_May_3013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png/280px-View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png/420px-View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png/560px-View_from_Cerro_de_la_Estrella_%28Mexico_DF%29_towards_the_North%2C_with_Central_de_Abastos_in_the_foreground%2C_May_3013.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg/139px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg/209px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg/278px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_longboarder_on_road_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg/139px-Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg/209px-Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg/278px-Templo_y_Ex_Convento_de_San_Mat%C3%ADas_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg/139px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg/209px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg/278px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella-_pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG/139px-Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG/209px-Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG/278px-Muros_Exconvento_de_Culhuac%C3%A1n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top: View of Iztapalapa from Cerro de la Estrella; Middle: <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_National_Park" title="Cerro de la Estrella National Park">Cerro de la Estrella National Park</a>, San Matías Parish and Former Convent; Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_(archaeological_site)" title="Cerro de la Estrella (archaeological site)">Cerro de la Estrella Archaeological Zone</a>, Former Culhuacán Convent</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Iztapalapa"><img alt="Official seal of Iztapalapa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg/88px-Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg/131px-Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg/175px-Escudo_delegacional_Iztapalapa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="129" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iztapalapa,_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iztapalapa within Mexico City"><img alt="Iztapalapa within Mexico City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg/200px-Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg/300px-Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg/400px-Iztapalapa%2C_M%C3%A9xico_DF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Iztapalapa within Mexico City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iztapalapa&params=19_21_30_N_99_05_35_W_region:MX_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°21′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°05′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.35833°N 99.09306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.35833; -99.09306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">Federal entity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Aztec neighborhood</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data">Aldama No. 63 esq. Ayuntamiento, Barrio San Lucas, Iztapalapa 09000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Raúl Basulto Luviano (<a href="/wiki/Morena_(political_party)" title="Morena (political party)">MORENA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMX2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">113.76 km<sup>2</sup> (43.92 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMX2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,240 m (7,350 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020).<sup id="cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMX2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,835,486</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">16,000/km<sup>2</sup> (42,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Zona Centro</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">09000 – 09990</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI (2020)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.783 <span style="color:#090"><b>Very High</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-idh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iztapalapa.cdmx.gob.mx/">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iztapalapa</b> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b4\/Itstapalapa.ogg\/Itstapalapa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"modern Nahuatl pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Itstapalapa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Itstapalapa.ogg/Itstapalapa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">modern Nahuatl pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Itstapalapa.ogg" title="File:Itstapalapa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Mexico_City" title="Boroughs of Mexico City">borough</a> (<i>demarcación territorial</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, located on the eastern side of the city. The borough is named after and centered on the formerly independent <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipality</a> of Iztapalapa (officially <b>Iztapalapa de Cuitláhuac</b>). The rest is made up of a number of other communities which are governed by the city of Iztapalapa. </p><p>With a population of 1,835,486 as of 2020, Iztapalapa is the most populous borough of Mexico City and as well as the most populous municipality in the country. Over 90% of its territory is urbanized. The formerly rural borough, which was home to some farms and canals as late as the 1970s, to an area with its only greenery in parks; nearly all of its population employed in commerce, services and industry. This is the result of a large influx of people into the borough starting beginning in the 1970s, with the borough still attracting migrants. </p><p>Iztapalapa remains afflicted by high levels of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">economic deprivation</a>, and a significant number of its residents lack access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">clean drinking water</a>. Iztapalapa has one of the highest rates of violent <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">crime in Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combatting homicides and drug trafficking remain a major issue for local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough is home of one of Mexico City's major cultural events, the annual <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion Play</a> in which 450 borough residents participate and about 2 million attend as spectators. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iztapalapa today is a borough of the Mexico City, centered on what used to be an independent settlement with its origins in the pre-Hispanic period. It has a territory of 116.67 km<sup>2</sup> (11,667 ha; 28,830 acres; 45.05 sq mi), and is located on the east side of the Mexico City bordering the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Iztacalco" title="Iztacalco">Iztacalco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%A1huac" title="Tláhuac">Tláhuac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Mexico_City" title="Benito Juárez, Mexico City">Benito Juárez</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> borders the borough on the east side, and Iztapalapa has strong cultural and economic ties to this part of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-geointro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geointro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough was created in 1928, centered on and named after a formerly independent municipality within the then <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal District (Mexico)">Federal District</a>, which already had governing authority over a number of surrounding communities.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern borough is made up of 15 “barrios” or neighborhoods, considered to be part of city of Iztapalapa, and 18 other “pueblos” or communities outside of it.<sup id="cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuitlahuac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To distinguish the original city of Iztapalapa from the rest of the borough, it was officially named Iztapalapa de Cuitláhuac in 2006 in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">tenth Aztec emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuitlahuac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, eight of the barrios are considered to be the historic center of the city of Iztapalapa, which are La Asunción, San Ignacio, Santa Barbara, San Lucas, San Pablo, San Miguel, San Pedro and San José. </p><p>Records of the “eight barrios of Iztapalapa” go back at least until 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borough authorities have sought “Barrios Mágicos Turísticos” (Magical Tourism Neighborhoods) status for these, for a program similar to the “<a href="/wiki/Pueblos_M%C3%A1gicos" title="Pueblos Mágicos">Pueblos Mágicos</a>” tourism program run by the federal government. The goal is to attract visitors to these neighborhoods as well as other landmarks of the borough such as the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_(archeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro de la Estrella (archeological site)">Cerro de la Estrella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Culhuac%C3%A1n" title="Pueblo Culhuacán">Pueblo Culhuacán</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Churubusco_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Churubusco Gardens (page does not exist)">Churubusco Gardens</a>, La Magdalena Atlazolpa, Los Reyes, San Antonio Culhuacán, Mexicalzingo, the San Lorenzo Cemetery, San Andrés Tetepilco and San José Aculco.<sup id="cite_ref-barriosmag_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barriosmag-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevation_and_climate">Elevation and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elevation and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yohualiuhqui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yohualiuhqui.jpg/220px-Yohualiuhqui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yohualiuhqui.jpg/330px-Yohualiuhqui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yohualiuhqui.jpg/440px-Yohualiuhqui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Yohualiuhqui volcano, as seen from the San Lorenzo Tezonco cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>The borough has an average elevation of 2,240 m (7,350 ft) <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">asl</a> and extends over firm land and what was former lake bed of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orografia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orografia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the firm land is <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> but most of it are elevations such as the Cerro de la Estrella (2,460 m or 8,070 ft asl), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peñón Viejo (page does not exist)">Peñón Viejo</a> or Peñon del Marqués (2,400 m or 7,900 ft asl), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_de_Santa_Catalina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra de Santa Catalina (page does not exist)">Sierra de Santa Catalina</a>, which contains the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Tecuatzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerro Tecuatzi (page does not exist)">Cerro Tecuatzi</a> (2,640 m or 8,660 ft asl), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Tetec%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerro Tetecón (page does not exist)">Cerro Tetecón</a> (2,480 m or 8,140 ft asl), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Borrego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupe Borrego (page does not exist)">Guadalupe Borrego</a> (2,820 m or 9,250 ft asl), <a href="/wiki/Xaltepec" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaltepec">Xaltepec</a> (2,500 m or 8,200 ft asl); and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuhualixqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuhualixqui (page does not exist)">Yuhualixqui</a> (2,420 m or 7,940 ft asl) volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-geointro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geointro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orografia_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orografia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are recent geological formations, with evidence of lava flow still existent and none extend over 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above the valley floor. Culturally, the most important of these elevations is the Cerro de la Estrella, which was the site of the <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orografia_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orografia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the pre-Hispanic period, Lake Texcoco has been drained, leaving behind only two natural river called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Churubusco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Churubusco River (page does not exist)">Churubusco</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Piedad_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Piedad River (page does not exist)">La Piedad</a>, which unite to form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_Unido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Río Unido (page does not exist)">Unido River</a>, and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Few_canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Few canal (page does not exist)">few canals</a>. However, the rivers are confined to large <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">pipes</a> as is one of the canals, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Nacional" title="Canal Nacional">Canal Nacional</a> which forms part of the border of the borough has been filled in to create <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calzada_La_Viga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calzada La Viga (page does not exist)">Calzada La Viga</a> road. For this reason, there are no longer any naturally occurring surface water.<sup id="cite_ref-hidrografia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidrografia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the area is divided into four zones. One consists of a warm wet climate with temperatures above 18 °C (64.4 °F) in the coldest months. Another is a temperate wet climate with temperatures between −3 and 18 °C (26.6 and 64.4 °F) in the coldest months. One has a relatively dry climate with a range of temperatures, and the last consists of a cold climate with average temperature not exceeding 6.5 °C (43.7 °F). Most of the area falls into the temperate category and all receive most of their rainfall in the summer and early fall.<sup id="cite_ref-climagob_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climagob-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <caption>Climate data for Iztapalapa, Mexico City (1951-2010) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(0.44) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(0.91) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.3<br />(2.10) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.7<br />(4.20) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.2<br />(4.85) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.9<br />(4.41) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.7<br />(3.93) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(0.66) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">620.0<br />(24.41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.9 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: National Meteorological Service<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urbanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FaroIztapalapa03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FaroIztapalapa03.JPG/220px-FaroIztapalapa03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FaroIztapalapa03.JPG/330px-FaroIztapalapa03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FaroIztapalapa03.JPG/440px-FaroIztapalapa03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_de_Artes_y_Oficios_Oriente" title="Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente">Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> in the area has nearly wiped out all forms of wildlife in the borough, although as late as the 1960s, there were still a number of waterfowl to be found. Animals found here now are pets or the few cases in which families still raise domestic fowl, rabbits and others for food.<sup id="cite_ref-fauna_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fauna-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all of the borough (90%) is urbanized, with only six percent designated as ecological reserve, concentrated in two parks, the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_National_Park" title="Cerro de la Estrella National Park">Cerro de la Estrella National Park</a> and the Sierra de Santa Catarina, declared a reserve in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vegetacion_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both of these areas are under pressure by the continued urbanization and population growth of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iztapalapa and most of the east side of the Federal District was historically rural and poor up until the mid-20th century. Large-scale urbanization and industrialization began in the 1950s, along with high rates of migration into the borough in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it has high population density, limited infrastructure and high levels of socio economic marginalization.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social problems include homelessness, unregulated street vending, illegal building and crimes associated with the sex trade.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many live in rundown housing with deficient municipal services. The exception to this are the areas that border the boroughs of Benito Juárez, Coyoacán and Iztacalco.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, about 30% of the borough's buildings still have damage from the <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">1985 earthquake</a>. Most are located in the Peñon Viejo, Ermita Zaragoza, Santa Martha Acatitla, Santa Cruz Meyehualco, El Molino, San Lorenzo and La Hera areas, with about 150,000 damaged homes.<sup id="cite_ref-vulnerable_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vulnerable-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 95% of the homes in the borough have electricity, running water and sewerage, and the borough provides sufficient educational services and other services such as sports facilities; however, the high population density means that the five or less percent equals a large number of people without sufficient services.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary problems facing the borough include <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">crime</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">drug trafficking</a> and sale of stolen auto parts, and also lack of water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-eluniversal_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eluniversal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iztapalpa has the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-mujeres_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mujeres-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most crime is connected with small scale drug trafficking, which is becoming more frequent on the borough's streets. Between 2008 and 2010, there were 470 murders in the borough, two out of ten for all of Mexico City, with one occurring every two days.<sup id="cite_ref-esconde_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has one of the highest rates of muggings and robberies of taxi drivers and public buses.<sup id="cite_ref-esconde_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the crime problems are concentrated into a group of neighborhoods, such as Santa Martha Acatitla Norte, Desarrollo Urbano Quetzalcoatl, Tenorios, La Polvorilla, Santa Cruz Meyehualco, San Miguel Teotongo, Xalpa, Lomas Estrella, Lonas de Zaragoza and Achualtepec. This area has over 100 known points where drugs are sold.<sup id="cite_ref-esconde_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its proximity to municipalities such as <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Nezahualcoyotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl">Nezahualcoyotl</a> in the State of Mexico allows criminals to escape jurisdiction easily.<sup id="cite_ref-esconde_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the borough reports that crime rates diminished 5.41% from 2009 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-bajaron_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajaron-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic services, especially <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable water</a>, is lacking in many of these same areas, which are close to the Sierra de Santa Catalina where there is no piped water service; rather it is delivered in trucks to home storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-faltaagua_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faltaagua-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the wait for these trucks can last hours, and there have been hijackings of water delivery trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-faltaagua2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faltaagua2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 96% of homes in the borough do have piped-in water, but about 500,000 residents have insufficient supplies, low pressure and in many places the water quality is visibly poor.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faltaagua_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faltaagua-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visibly dirty water is locally called “agua de tamarindo” (<a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> water) because of its brown color.<sup id="cite_ref-faltaagua2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faltaagua2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div align="left"> <table class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="600px" style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#black; color:white; font-size:120%" align="center" bgcolor="black"><b>Geographical information of Iztapalapa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="right" bgcolor="white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iztapalapa_clima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iztapalapa_clima.svg/250px-Iztapalapa_clima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iztapalapa_clima.svg/375px-Iztapalapa_clima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iztapalapa_clima.svg/500px-Iztapalapa_clima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a></span> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Iztapalapa </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">11</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:3.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">23</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:3.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">53</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">107</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">123</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">112</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">100</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">52</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">17</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">10</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: SMN<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:3.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:3.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.46em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center" valign="left" bgcolor="white" width="300px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg/250px-Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg/375px-Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg/500px-Iztapalapa_relieve_e_hidro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center">Weather </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center">Relief and Hidrology </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/220px-Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/330px-Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/440px-Procesi%C3%B3n_solemne_en_La_Cuevita_de_Iztapalapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Procession at the Señor de la Cuevita Sanctuary</figcaption></figure> <p>The borough is home to a number of historic churches, many of which were built in the colonial era. The <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> built monasteries and churches in communities such as Huitzilopohco, San Marcos Mexicaltzingo, Santa Marta, and Nativitas Tepetlacingo. Most of these churches, especially those of San Lucas Evangelista, San Marcos Mexicaltzingo, San Juan Evangelista and the chapels of Calvario and Santa Martha Acatitla were built over foundations of pre Hispanic temples, which had been destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main parish church building of the city of Iztapalapa dates from at least 1664. Its main entrance contains various indigenous symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some churches, however, were built later, such as the Asunción de María parish church built in 1890, and the current San Juan Evangelista church built between 1880 and 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two most important religious establishments have been <b>Señor de la Cuevita Sanctuary</b> and the former m<b>onastery of Culhuacán.</b> The Señor de la Cuevita Sanctuary is located on Avenida Morelos and 16 de Septiembre in the city of Iztapalapa. It was built to house an image of Christ made of cornstalks which is called the “Señor de la Cuevita” (Lord of the Small Cave). According to legend, this image was taken from here to <a href="/wiki/Villa_de_Etla" title="Villa de Etla">Etla, Oaxaca</a>, but it mysteriously disappeared from there to reappear in a small cave back in Iztapalapa. However, its importance stems from a miracle attributed to it. In 1833, the area was hit by the <a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">1826–1837 cholera pandemic</a>. People appealed to this image and when the plague dissipated, this image was given credit. Yearly rites of gratitude to this image eventually developed into the borough's annual <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion Play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1853, this church has been the center of most indigenous dance held. This is because in that year the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mexico">archbishop of Mexico</a> forbade “pagan” dances and to avoid confrontation, the dances began to be held here in the main <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>. In 1875, the church was painted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anacleto_Escutia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anacleto Escutia (page does not exist)">Anacleto Escutia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important monastery founded in the area in the colonial period was in <a href="/wiki/Culhuac%C3%A1n_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Culhuacán monastery">Culhuacán</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>. This monastery was begun in 1552 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Augustinians founded a school to teach indigenous languages which operated for over 100 years. It was also a center of paper making, taking advantage of springs and canals for water.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original church of the monastery was demolished a long time ago, but parts of the original complex still remain.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original church was replaced in the late 19th century by the San Juan Evangelista parish church, built between 1880 and 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the complex has been secularized since the 19th century and declared a national monument in 1944. From 1960 to 1984, it was occupied by <a href="/wiki/INAH" class="mw-redirect" title="INAH">INAH</a>, which renovated it.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this complex is home to the Museo del Exconvento de Culhuacán (Museum of the Former Monastery of Culhuacán), inaugurated in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grounds around it are referred to as the Parque Historico y Centro comunitario Culhuacán (Culhuacán Historic Park and Community Center). The park contains an artificial pond and areas planted with native trees such as <a href="/wiki/Ahuejote" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuejote">ahuejotes</a>. The monastery complex itself still contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> on its walls, and its library is still an important cultural and research center. A number of the old monks’ cells now contain exhibits related to the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg/200px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg/300px-Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Cerro_de_la_Estrella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Path on the Cerro de la Estrella</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG/220px-Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG/330px-Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG/440px-Museo_fuego_nuevo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Museo Nuevo Fuego</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_National_Park" title="Cerro de la Estrella National Park">Cerro de la Estrella National Park</a></b> was established in 1938 and is considered to be the most important natural area in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mexonline_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexonline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park covers over 1,093 hectares (2,700 acres) and was established for recreational and cultural purposes. The hill (cerro) was the site of the Aztec <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremony</a>, last performed in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-redescolar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redescolar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is also culturally important due to the annual Passion Play which is partially conducted on the summit of the cerro each year.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mexonline_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexonline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is managed by the Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos, but it lost its original forest cover due to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">over-cutting of trees</a>. The ecosystem now on the site consists only of planted <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_patula" title="Pinus patula">Pinus patula</a> trees, along with insects and rodents. There are also problems with illegal building and farming in areas.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redescolar_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redescolar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Museo Fuego Nuevo</b> (New Fire Museum) was built by architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Peña (page does not exist)">David Peña</a> and inaugurated in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum is dedicated to the history of the site, especially as related by the Fuego Nuevo Codex. There is evidence of the hill's ritual use going back 4,000 years; however, the New Fire Ceremony was Aztec. Every 52 years ended one cycle and began another. The worry, however, was that the sun would not return and the ceremony was designed to ensure the sun's return in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation of this site and others in the borough was begun in 1974 by INAH. This work has also uncovered fossilized human and mammoth remains in neighborhoods such as Santa María Aztahuacán and Santa Marta Acatitlán.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CabezaDeJuarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CabezaDeJuarez.jpg/220px-CabezaDeJuarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CabezaDeJuarez.jpg/330px-CabezaDeJuarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CabezaDeJuarez.jpg/440px-CabezaDeJuarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>The Cabeza de Juárez museum and monument</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Museo_Cabeza_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Museo Cabeza de Juárez">Museo Cabeza de Juárez</a></b> was constructed in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This museum in Colonia Agua Prieta is an enormous multicolored monument of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>’s head that measures 13 metres (43 ft) in height and weighs six tons. It was decorated by <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> but he died before he could finish the work. His brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arenal_Bastar" title="Luis Arenal Bastar">Luis Arenal Bastar</a> completed it. The work is considered to be a fusion of painting, sculpting, engineering and architecture. Today, it contains a number of abstract murals, a permanent collection of <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithographs</a> and a large auditorium. The monument is a symbol of the eastern part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Central_de_Abasto,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Central de Abasto, Mexico City">Central de Abasto</a></b> (Groceries Center) is Mexico City's main wholesale market for produce and other foodstuffs. It was constructed to be the meeting point for producers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers for the entire country. The site accommodates more than 250,000 people each day and provides foodstuffs for most of the people of Mexico City area. The facility extends over 328 hectares (810 acres) and is the most important commercial center for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-actecon_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actecon-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest such market in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centralabasto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centralabasto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established in the 1970s, over what were the remaining <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampa</a> farming plots in the borough, effectively eliminating this tradition in this part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-chinampasgob_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinampasgob-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main building was inaugurated in 1982, built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Zabludovesky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Zabludovesky (page does not exist)">Abraham Zabludovesky</a>, as a slightly deformed <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a> measuring 2.25 metres (7 ft 5 in) across. It was built to take over from the <a href="/wiki/La_Merced_Market,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="La Merced Market, Mexico City">La Merced Market</a>, which was no longer large enough to meet the city's needs for the wholesale distribution of produce and other foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-centralabasto_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centralabasto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough is also home to Mexico City and Mexico's largest fish market, called <b><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></b>, in Colonia San José Aculco on Prologación Eje 6 Sur. With 202 wholesalers and 165 retail outlets, it distributes about 60% of the country's seafood production along with much of what is imported.<sup id="cite_ref-actecon_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actecon-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guias_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guias-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The market begins business at 4:00 a.m., when delivery trucks bring in fresh fish from all over Mexico to the vendors. This daily delivery is about 500 tons and includes all kinds of seafood from shrimp to fish to shellfish to small sharks and <a href="/wiki/Manta_ray" title="Manta ray">manta rays</a>. The main fish market is here due to Mexico City's role as economic center since the pre Hispanic period.<sup id="cite_ref-guias_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guias-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twice-weekly <b>El Salado</b> <a href="/wiki/Tianguis" title="Tianguis">tianguis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Street_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Street market">street market</a> offers everything from the cheapest used items to luxury items can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg/220px-Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg/330px-Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Comercio_Set_Dominguez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Scene inside the Central de Abastos</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_de_Artes_y_Oficios_Oriente" title="Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente">Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente</a> was inaugurated in 2000, located between the two largest apartment complexes of the borough, the Iztapalapa and the Unidad Vicente Guerrero. It contains a forum for 800 people, lobby with two wings for expositions and workshops. Classes are given in guitar, dance, candlemaking, ceramics, and sewing. There is also an area for major event which can hold 1,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-casacultural_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casacultural-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>community museum of San Miguel Teotongo</b> on the highway to Puebla contains finds related to the ancient inhabitants of the area. Most relate to the pre-Hispanic period and include utensils, ceremonial objects, ceramics, obsidian blades and arrowheads and jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Museo de Hidrobiologia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a> Museum) mostly contains preserved example of the various species found in the different types of water found in Mexico. These include rivers, lakes, ponds, estuaries, beach areas as well as reefs offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current borough government building, or “<b>palacio delegacional</b>” were inaugurated in 1989. It contains a mural by Francisco Cárdenas done in 2003 called “Iztapalapa: Ayer, Hoy y Siempre” (Iztapalapa: Yesterday, Today and Always).<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough contains two large penal institutions called the <b>Centro de Ejecución de Sanciones Penales Varonil Oriente</b> and the <b>Centro de Readaptación Social Varonil Santa Martha Acatitla</b>. The Centro de Ejecución de Sanciones Penales Varonil Oriente (Center for the Execution of Penal Sanctions for Men East), more commonly called the Reclusorio Oriente (East Prison) was inaugurated in 1987 for adult males. The building extends over a 10,400 square metres (112,000 sq ft) surface in colonial San Lorenzo Tezonco. It contains five dormitories, intake center, workshops, sports facilities and classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-orientegob_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orientegob-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centro de Readaptación Social Varonil Santa Martha Acatitla (Center for Male Social Readaptation Santa Martha Acatitla) is for juvenile males which was inaugurated in 2003. It has a maximum population of 672 housed in four buildings with basketball court, dining hall, workshops, classrooms and computer room. A new building is under construction to bring the capacity up to 900 inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-surgob_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surgob-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG/220px-MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG/330px-MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG/440px-MetroPe%C3%B1onViejo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metro_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Viejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Peñón Viejo">Metro Peñón Viejo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For most of the borough's history, most transportation of people and freight was done on the waters of the lake and through canals. However, these began to dry up starting in the 19th century. They remained important up until the early 20th century, with even steamships passing through at one time. In the 1930s, many of the barrios of Iztapalapa were still marked by canals and still grew vegetables, fruits and flowers. Eventually, major traffic was confined mostly to the Canal Nacional. As the canals dried up, newer modes of transportation were introduced. In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>-drawn trolleys were introduced into the municipality to link it Mexico City via <a href="/wiki/Metro_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. These trolleys would be used to bring Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> to celebrate his inauguration in 1912. Several train lines linked the area to other parts of Mexico by 1922. The first bus services between the center of Mexico City and the large market was begun in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, most transportation in the borough is on various roadways via public or private vehicle. Main avenues include Calzada Ermita-Iztapalapa, Calzada Ignacio Zaragoza, Calzada Benito Juárez, Calzada La Viga, <a href="/wiki/Anillo_Perif%C3%A9rico" title="Anillo Periférico">Anillo Periférico</a> Norte, <a href="/wiki/Circuito_Interior" title="Circuito Interior">Circuito Interior</a>, Avenida Tláhuac, Avenida Plutarco Elias Calles. The “Eje” road system in the area includes Eje 3 Sur, Eje 4 Sur, Eje 5 Sur, Eje 6 Sur, Eje7 Sur, Eje 8 Sur, Eje 2 Oriente, Eje 3 Oriente, Eje 4 Oriente and Eje 5 Oriente.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main highway leaving Mexico City towards Puebla cuts through the borough. Each day about 80,000 vehicles pass through, making it the second busiest highway section in Mexico City. Many of these are local and intercity buses which can block two out of the three lanes. Construction work has been done to widen the highway, but political disputes have kept new lanes from opening as of early 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-diputados_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diputados-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public transportation includes several <a href="/wiki/Servicio_de_Transportes_El%C3%A9ctricos" title="Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos">trolleybus</a> lines, busses, taxis and <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">bicitaxis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_metro_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City metro lines">Line 8 and Line A of the Metro</a> also pass through the borough.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Metro stations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Apatlaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Apatlaco">Apatlaco</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Aculco" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Aculco">Aculco</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Escuadr%C3%B3n_201" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Escuadrón 201">Escuadrón 201</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlalilco" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Atlalilco">Atlalilco</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Iztapalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Iztapalapa">Iztapalapa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Cerro_de_la_Estrella" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Cerro de la Estrella">Cerro de la Estrella</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_UAM-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro UAM-I">UAM-I</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Constitución de 1917">Constitución de 1917</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_8" title="Mexico City Metro Line 8"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Tepalcates" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Tepalcates">Tepalcates</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_A" title="Mexico City Metro Line A"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Guelatao" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Guelatao">Guelatao</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_A" title="Mexico City Metro Line A"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Viejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Peñón Viejo">Peñón Viejo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_A" title="Mexico City Metro Line A"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Acatitla" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Acatitla">Acatitla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_A" title="Mexico City Metro Line A"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Santa_Marta" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_A" title="Mexico City Metro Line A"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Mexicaltzingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Mexicaltzingo">Mexicaltzingo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Culhuac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Culhuacán">Culhuacán</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tomatl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro San Andrés Tomatlán">San Andrés Tomatlán</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Lomas_Estrella" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Lomas Estrella">Lomas Estrella</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Calle_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Calle 11">Calle 11</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12" title="Mexico City Metro Line 12"><img alt="Mexico City Metro Line 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/16px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/24px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg/32px-MetroDF_L%C3%ADnea_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a population of 1,815,768 as of the 2010 census,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iztapalapa is the most populous and fastest growing borough in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eluniversal_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eluniversal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esconde_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Mexico">most populous locality (<i>localidad</i>) in Mexico</a>, larger than <a href="/wiki/Ecatepec_de_Morelos" title="Ecatepec de Morelos">Ecatepec de Morelos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>. Until the mid-20th century, the area was rural, but migration into the borough began in the 1970s as this is the only area with significant land that could be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-demintro_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demintro-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1970 to 1980, it accounted for 54.3% of the city's population increase. From 1980 to 1990, Iztapalapa gained 341,988, more than 1.6 times that of the rest of the city. Most of the migration came from families leaving the center of the city, but more importantly many migrants from other parts of Mexico into the city settled in the relatively cheap Iztapalapa. In the last decades, the population increase of the borough has accounted for 83% of the population growth of Mexico City. Today, the population of the borough accounts for <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City%27s_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City's boroughs">over 20.5% of Federal District</a>’s total. The population growth has slowed somewhat, but at its peak in the 1990s, it was over 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crecimiento_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crecimiento-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This population growth has spurred the location of most of the city's housing projects of the last decades in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-crecimiento_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crecimiento-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borough's population is still expected to increase at a rate of 0.77%.<sup id="cite_ref-proyeccion_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proyeccion-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While migration into the borough is significant, there is very little migration out into other parts of Mexico or abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-migracion_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migracion-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the borough's residents are poor to middle class, with a very large percentage of youth.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crecimiento_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crecimiento-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just over 42% of the population is considered to be socioeconomically marginalized, meaning there are fully or partially excluded from social and/or municipal services of one type or another. While this is not the highest level of all the boroughs, since Iztapalapa has the highest population by a significant margin, most of the city's marginalized are here with just under 9% of Mexico City's total.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population between 0 and 19 years of age represents about 40% of the total. Next are those between 20 and 34, who account for about 29% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large percentage of the population of the borough is under 15 at 36.4%, with only 7.6% over 50.<sup id="cite_ref-crecimiento_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crecimiento-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the colonial period into the 19th century, Iztapalapa was mostly indigenous, with small population of European descent and <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a>. Migration into the area eventually would change the ethnic composition to primarily mestizo and the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language would essentially disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005, only about two percent of the population speaks an indigenous language, with 94.8% bilingual in Spanish as well. This is about equal to the city average. However, the borough contains about 25% of the total ethnic indigenous of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-indigenismo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indigenismo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the indigenous languages found in the borough are those associated with the state of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec language">Zapotec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixteca</a> and Chatina. Oaxacan languages account for 34.9% of the total. <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan languages</a> account for 23.32% which include <a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a>. Another significant percentage are those of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean languages</a> which include <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a>.The only language which has been spoken in Mexico not represented in Iztapalapa is <a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Kickapoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lenguajefe_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenguajefe-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overwhelming majority of the population is <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, although this has declined by 1.9% since the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> sects have grown to about 6% of the population, with less than 2% professing no faith.<sup id="cite_ref-religion_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first public primary school classes in Iztapalapa were established in 1914 under the government of <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a> at Escuela Enrique Laubscher and in the San Lucas Church. However, during the government of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>, many in the borough refused to send their children to school, afraid that they would be indoctrinated against the Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the borough has sufficient educational infrastructure, with most schools belonging to the primary level. There are a number of institutions of higher education such as <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">UAM</a>, and the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza of <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>. There are 452 preschools, 612 primary schools, 191 middle schools, 21 vocational schools, 35 high schools, and two teachers’ colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety-five percent of children between five and nine years of age attend school, with 96% of those between 10 and 14. Only 62% of those between 15 and 19 attend school and 27% of those between 20 and 24.<sup id="cite_ref-asistencia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asistencia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 4% of the population above the age of six is illiterate with 63% of this number being female. The highest rates of illiteracy are in the 65 and older age group.<sup id="cite_ref-alfabeto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alfabeto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public high schools of the <i><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_Media_Superior_del_Distrito_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal">Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal</a></i> (IEMS) include:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Preparatoria_Iztapalapa_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa I (page does not exist)">Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Preparatoria_Iztapalapa_II_%22Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa II "Benito Juárez" (page does not exist)">Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa II "Benito Juárez"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Preparatoria_Iztapalapa_III_%22Miravalles%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa III "Miravalles" (page does not exist)">Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa III "Miravalles"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Preparatoria_Iztapalapa_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa IV (page does not exist)">Escuela Preparatoria Iztapalapa IV</a></li></ul> <p>The Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana was established in 1974 with three campuses in <a href="/wiki/Azcapotzalco" title="Azcapotzalco">Azcapotzalco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a> and Iztapalapa. Iztapalapa was constructed first and covers an area of 177,966 square metres (1,915,610 sq ft). Most of the institution's research work is conducted at the Iztapalapa campus.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uami_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uami-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other institutions include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Aut%C3%B3noma_dela_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Autónoma dela Ciudad de México (page does not exist)">University Autónoma dela Ciudad de México</a>, San Lorenzo Campus and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Iztapalapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Iztapalapa (page does not exist)">Instituto Tecnológico de Iztapalapa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two most important economic activities in the borough are manufacturing and commerce. Sixty-three percent of all business establishments are dedicated to commerce, which employ 42% of the people and accounts for 45% of the borough's GDP. Commerce and services together employ 63.3% of the population. Twenty-four percent of this commerce is wholesale, much of which is tied to the <a href="/wiki/Central_de_Abasto,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Central de Abasto, Mexico City">Central de Abasto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a> markets. However, wholesale businesses have declined 2.8% while retail establishment have increased 8.1%. This has a positive effect on employment, but this activity adds less to the GDP. The largest sector of retail sales is in street markets called <a href="/wiki/Tianguis" title="Tianguis">tianguis</a>, followed by public markets, street peddlers and lastly through the Central de Abasto.<sup id="cite_ref-actecon_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actecon-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 32.5% is employed in industry, minerals and construction. Industry includes food processing, bottling, tobacco products, metals, machinery, surgical equipment, paper and printing and textiles. Only 0.3% is now employed in agriculture or livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-actecon_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actecon-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passion_Play">Passion Play</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Passion Play"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passion_Play_of_Iztapalapa" title="Passion Play of Iztapalapa">Passion Play of Iztapalapa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg/220px-Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg/330px-Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg/440px-Nazareno_en_La_Cuevita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>Man carrying cross during Holy Week in Iztapalapa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_bigger_offering.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_bigger_offering.JPG/220px-The_bigger_offering.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_bigger_offering.JPG/330px-The_bigger_offering.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_bigger_offering.JPG/440px-The_bigger_offering.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Large scale altar for <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion Play</a> of Iztapalapa has its origin in an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in 1833, which left many dead and many children orphaned. A procession was performed to an image of Christ called the “Señor de la Cuevita” (Lord of the Little Cave) to end the epidemic. When it subsided, it was considered a miracle and various cults to this Christ figure appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressions of gratitude to this figure eventually consolidated into two annual events. The first is a <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in honor of these images, now known as the Fiesta de Solteras de Septiembre. The second is the annual Passion Play.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Passion Play is considered to be part of “folk religion,” supported by clergy but not considered to be liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Passion Play has antecedents in the plays put on by evangelizers to teach the Catholic faith and to get the indigenous to renounce their former beliefs. However, the passion play incorporates areas which were special or sacred to the pre Hispanic world, including the gardens that once belonged to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> and the hill on which the <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremony</a> was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Passion Play started as a number of reenactment events held in a number of places in the borough during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, including a procession with the Señor de la Cuevita on the fifth Friday of Lent.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the early 20th century, one main passion play for the borough had come into existence. According to one local legend, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> lent his horses for the 1914 version of the play.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/220px-Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/330px-Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg/440px-Romano_de_Iztapalapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Participant dressed as Roman soldier</figcaption></figure> <p>Since that time, this Passion Play has become a major event with the participation of 450 actors and attended by 2 million people over the course of the week and 2,000 police to provide security.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vivenen_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivenen-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes people from other parts of Mexico, from abroad and from the media.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most crowded and best known of its type in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vivenen_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivenen-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most crowded day is <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, but as many as 40,000 are expected on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> at the start of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patrimonio_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrimonio-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reenactments start on Palm Sunday and last until Easter Sunday with various Biblical scenes related to the life and death of Jesus played out.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important episodes include the blessing of the palms on Palm Sunday, <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> in the Cuitláhuac Garden, and Good Friday, with the sentencing, the crown of thorns and the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Señor de la Cuevita Sanctuary, the scene of the expulsion of the money changers from the temple is re enacted. The Palm Sunday procession proceeds then to the Casa de la Mayordomía in the San Miguel barrio followed by hundreds dressed as Nazarenes and thousands more spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-cuarenta_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Jesus is played out, the “body” is lowered and taken to the Cuitláhuac Plaza where it is “buried” and “guarded” by people playing Roman soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-vivenen_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivenen-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the Passion Play was submitted to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to become an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patrimonio_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrimonio-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Iztapalapa residents seek roles but not all are selected. The most coveted role is that of Jesus, which is selected each year by the Comité Organizador de Iztapalapa.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next is the role of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. These are reserved for single young people, who do not have children, addictions, <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a> and can demonstrate their Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Jesus requires physical conditioning to carry the cross, which weight about 198 pounds. For a year, the chosen Jesus exercises daily as well as prays to prepare physically and spiritually. The <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion and Death</a> are played out at the Cerro de la Estrella, emulating <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>. The man playing Jesus must carry the cross 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the center of Iztapalapa to the summit of the Cerro de las Estrellas to be crucified. The day after Easter Sunday the selection committee meets to choose the next Jesus and Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While this Passion Play is the best known, events related to Holy Week take place in all parts and parishes of the borough including other re-enactments done by children as well as smaller events in Santiago Acahualtepec and Culhuacán which are more recent.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reclusorio_Oriente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reclusorio Oriente (page does not exist)">Reclusorio Oriente</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclusorio_Oriente" class="extiw" title="es:Reclusorio Oriente">es</a>]</span> hold their own Passion Play with the involvement of about 80 people.<sup id="cite_ref-vivenen_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivenen-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuevo_Fuego_Festival">Nuevo Fuego Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nuevo Fuego Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Festival del Fuego Nuevo (<a href="/wiki/New_Fire_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="New Fire Festival">New Fire Festival</a>) is an annual event held in November/December with events such as music, dance, theatre, cinema and art exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-festfuego_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festfuego-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is named after the Aztec <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremony</a>, which was celebrated every 52 years at the summit of the Cerro de la Estrella hill. This was a solemn ceremony when all fires were extinguished with a “new fire” ignited at night to provoke the return of the sun in the morning as well as the mark the beginning of a new 52-year cycle on the Aztec calendar. This “new fire” would then be distributed among the populace. The last ancient ceremony was held in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While named for the ancient New Fire ceremony, the modern version is a cultural festival dedicated to the area's culture past and present. The festival is divided into four “axis” called “Traditions of the Ancient Mexicans,” “The Footsteps of Zapata,” “Sounds of the Underworld” and New Fire and Mexican Contemporary Cinema.”<sup id="cite_ref-festfuego_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festfuego-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivals">Carnivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Carnivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various neighborhoods hold celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Carnivals_of_Iztapalapa" title="Carnivals of Iztapalapa">Carnival</a>, which mostly consists of costumed groups, dance, live music and parades. These communities come together to hold a finale at the end of Carnival.<sup id="cite_ref-carngob_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carngob-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_events">Other events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> season, the borough sponsors various activities such as Christmas plays, processions “<a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">posadas</a>” as well as cultural events such as dance recitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Milanes_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milanes-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg/220px-Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg/330px-Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg/440px-Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Valley of Mexico in 1519, showing Iztapalapa and causeway running north from it to Villa Guadalupe.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The borough is named after a city which was founded here in the pre-Hispanic period. "Iztapalapa" comes from <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> and means "in the waters of the banks," referring to its position along the lakeshore, situated partly on dry land and partly over water<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-significado_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-significado-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the pre-Hispanic villages of <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco_(altepetl)" title="Xochimilco (altepetl)">Xochimilco</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tl%C3%A1huac_(altepetl)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tláhuac (altepetl) (page does not exist)">Tláhuac</a>, Iztapalapa began as a village on the shores of the lake system and dedicated to farming on <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rincones_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rincones-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first settlements on this side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a> were formed by refugees from the fall of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> at the base of the Cerro de Culhuacán hill.<sup id="cite_ref-pobladores_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people were led by a chief named Mixcoatl and would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Culhuac%C3%A1n_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culhuacán (altepetl)">Culhuas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the area was a peninsula jutting onto the lake formed by the Sierra de Santa Catarina. The first city on this peninsula was Culhuacán on the south side next to the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_(archeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro de la Estrella (archeological site)">Cerro de la Estrella</a>, which grew to contain various neighborhoods surrounded by chinampas, or artificial islands in the lake used to grow food.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pobladores_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and the exploitation of lake resources was the basis of the city's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinampa agriculture would be important in many areas of the Valley of Mexico, including the area of Iztapalapa. Chinampas here were made from reeds, tree branches and lake mud,<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> growing corn, beans and wide variety of vegetables. These chinampas, now known as neighborhoods called Tezontitla, El Bordo, El Moral, Las Largas, Las Cuadradas, Tecorrales, Zapotla and others were separated by small canals and some of them had docks. They were also an ecosystem home to wide variety of land and aquatic flora and fauna, including storks, flowers, trees, reeds, quetzals, frogs, and fish. The chinampas remained in private hands until 1970, when they were expropriated to construct the <a href="/wiki/Central_de_Abasto" title="Central de Abasto">Central de Abasto</a>, which eliminated them.<sup id="cite_ref-chinampasgob_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinampasgob-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xilomantzin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Xilomantzin.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Image of Xilomatzin, one of the rulers of Culhuacan</figcaption></figure> <p>Culhuacan was moved to a site called Tollantzingo in the 950s, and shortly after that migrants from <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a> came into the area to settle as well, bringing with them the worship of <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pobladores_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pre-Hispanic settlements in the Iztapalapa area were established and grew as well, including Hitzilopochco (<a href="/wiki/Churubusco" title="Churubusco">Churubusco</a>), <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_Mexicaltzingo" title="San Mateo Mexicaltzingo">Mexicaltzingo</a> and Iztapalapa. These would be the four main settlements of the area, with close relations that would last into the colonial era, when they were part of the Mexicaltzingo corregimiento. The village of Iztapalapa has its origins in the fall of Teotihuacan in the 8th century. Ancient Iztapalapa has alliances and disputes mostly with the other dominions with economies based on chinampas, such as Xochimilco, <a href="/wiki/Chalco_(alt%C3%A9petl)" title="Chalco (altépetl)">Chalco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixquic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixquic">Mixquic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> descendants had become dominant with the area with Culhuacán becoming the capital of a dominion in 1114. The main rulers of this city included Nauhyotl, Cuauhtexpetlatzin, Huetzin, Nonoalcatle and Cuauhtonal who ruled between 1120 and 1251. In the middle of the 13th century, the Toltecs were displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimecas</a>, who ruled it from 1250 to 1400 under various rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-pobladores_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aztec_Empire">Aztec Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aztec Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the tribes that moved into the Valley of Mexico in the 14th century were the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, at a time when the city of Culhuacán was powerful. However, the area was divided into a number of dominions around the lake system of the valley, which vied among themselves for dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-pobladores_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late arrivals, the Mexica wandered among the various dominions and were granted permission to settle in Culhuacán territory. They lived together mostly peacefully. However, records indicate that the Mexicas were forced into servitude as punishment for raids by young warriors to carry off women from neighboring settlements. One legend states that problems between the two peoples began when the Mexica asked for and received a Culhua princess, Achitómetla, to become a goddess of war. The ceremony required the woman to be sacrificed, angering Culhuacán.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexica were eventually forced off Culhua lands and forced to settle on an island on the west side of the lake, although the stronger city of Culhuacán maintained relations with them.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new settlement, called <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, would begin rising and dominating since its establishment in 1325. The <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Triple_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Triple Alliance">Aztec Triple Alliance</a> would be formed in the early 15th century, as part of the process of uniting the Nahuatl-speaking peoples of the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of this process included legitimizing the lineage Tenochtitlan's rulers. These Mexica rulers used the time they spent in Culhuacán territory, and the links formed from it for this purpose. The ruling family could trace its ancestors back to Culhuacán ruler Nahuyotl. This and various marital ties from the past would make these new rulers descendants from the old. This was formalized with the government of <a href="/wiki/Acamapichtli" title="Acamapichtli">Acamapichtli</a>, who was granted the title of “culhua tecuhtli” (Lord of the Culhuas) .<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alliance came to include thirty dominions, with Tenochtitlan, <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlacopan" title="Tlacopan">Tlacopan</a>, with Texcoco dominating the formerly powerful city of Culhuacán as well as Iztapalapa. As Tenochtitlan's power grew, it eventually ruled the new empire alone.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As one of the first members of the Alliance, Iztapalapa was not conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was indirectly ruled by Tenochtitlan as part of a confederation of four city-states (along with Mexicaltzingo, Huitzilopochco and Culhuacán) allied with the Mexica.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Itzcoatl" title="Itzcoatl">Itzcoatl</a>’s son, Huehua Cuitlahuatzin would be made ruler of Iztapalapa. Under this arrangement, Iztapalapa did not pay tribute to Tenochtitlan, they did have to supply labor for major projects as well as military service.<sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iztapalapa was important in pre Hispanic times militarily and religiously as the side of the Huixachtécatl, today called the Cerro de la Estrella. This was the site of the <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">New Fire ceremony</a>, held once every 52 years, beginning anew cycle of years. The ceremony also required the destruction of all household goods to be replaced by new. Women and children would stay at home while the men participated in the distribution of the “new fire.” It was celebrated a total of nine times, with the last one in 1507 (2 acatl by the Aztec calendar). For this last celebration, <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma</a> had a temple construction on the summit called the Ayauhcalli, later named “the church of the New Fire” by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epoca_63-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time the Spanish arrived, Culhuacán was no longer an important city; rather it had been eclipsed by Iztapalapa as one of the Aztec royal towns, chosen as such due to its defensive position. At that time, the area has about 10,000 inhabitants dedicated to chinampa agriculture and the raising of fish and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A causeway linking Iztapalapa and Tenochtitlan was one of the most important roads in the area. The construction of this causeway began in 1429 under Itzcoatl, using labor from peoples from the south of the valley such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xochimilca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xochimilca (page does not exist)">Xochimilcas</a>. It consisted of artificial land built up from the shallow lake bottom, rising about a meter and a half over the lake's surface and extending for about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). It was wide enough for horses to cross in pairs. The causeway was divided by a fort called Xoloc, made of stone with towers, <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a> and gates to control entrance and exit. This causeway also had a branch leading to Coyoacán.<sup id="cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ruler was <a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a>, born in 1476 as younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_Ilhuicamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Moctezuma Ilhuicamina">Moctezuma Ilhuicamina</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Axayacatl" title="Axayacatl">Axayacatl</a>. Cuitláhuac received the Spanish in Iztapalapa before they went onto Tenochtitlan. They met in a garden which most Aztec lords had as a refuge and to demonstrate culture. In the center of the garden was a large palace made of sandstone and fine woods such as cedar.<sup id="cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuitlahuac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1519, the Spanish took Moctezuma, <a href="/wiki/Cacamatzin" title="Cacamatzin">Cacamatzin</a> (ruler of Texcoco), Cuitlahuac and other nobles as prisoners. Cortés was then forced to return to <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> to face Spanish authorities, leaving <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> in charge. Alvarado had hundreds of Aztec nobles killed. After Cortés returned, he liberated Cuitláhuac in exchange for supplies, allowing the lord to organize an army against the Spanish. Cuitlahuac succeeded Moctezuma as Aztec emperor and forced the Spanish to flee during the <a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">Noche Triste</a>. However, Cuitlahuac was ruler only somewhere between 40 and 80 days according to various records. He spent that time repairing the city of Tenochtitlan as the Spanish regrouped in <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcala</a>. Cuitlahuac died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in December 1520, with <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> succeeding him.<sup id="cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuitlahuac-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laconquista_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laconquista-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Spanish and their allies regrouped in Tlaxcala, Cortés decided to attack Iztapalapa before besieging the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, in part to secure supplies. The city of Iztapalapa had about 10,000 people with about two-thirds of its structures built over water. Eight thousand Aztecs defended the city on land and on water. Cortés and his indigenous allied burned, massacred and destroyed the city completely, killing 6,000 of the city's residents.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after the battle, when the Spanish let down their guard, Iztapalapa opened water channels to flood the city and drown the invaders. Most of the Spanish survived, but many of their Indian allies did not and were drowned. The Spanish lost all of their gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-laconquista_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laconquista-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 316–318">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofnewspa00diaz/page/318">316–318</a> </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg/220px-San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg/330px-San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/San_Lucas_Iztapalapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>View of the San Lucas Church in Iztapalapa</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Conquest, the pre-Hispanic temples of the area were destroyed, the Iztapalapa and surrounding cities were subjugated by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Sandoval" title="Gonzalo de Sandoval">Gonzalo de Sandoval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was brutal, as the area was highly loyal to Tenochtitlan, with more than 5,000 people killed by both war and epidemics. By the first census of the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> in 1552, Culhuacan was down to 817 inhabitants, and 260 in Mexicaltzingo.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the destruction of the temples, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> moved in to build churches and monasteries. The Augustinians began construction of the Culhuacán monastery in 1552, built in various stages. It was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. They founded a school to teach indigenous languages which operated for 100 years. The Franciscans built a monastery in Huitzilopochco as well as small churches in San Marcos Mexicaltzingo and in Santa Marta and Nativitas Tepetlacingo. The churches of San Lucas Evangelista, San Marcos Mexicaltzingo, San Juan Evangelista and the chapels of Calvario and Santa Martha Acatitla were all built over foundations of pre-Hispanic temples which the Spanish had destroyed. These were built with much of the material from the destroyed temples. However, by the end of the 18th century, all of these would be in the hands of normal clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iztapalapa and several other nearby communities were under the direct control of Mexico City, but shortly after only Iztapalapa would remain so. Mexicaltzingo belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> from early on. Iztapalapa became a tributary of Mexico City, required to provide food, manual labor and more. At the end of the 16th century, it too became property of the Spanish Crown. Other areas of the modern borough were made into <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomiendas</a>. Culhuacan came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a>, which remained in the family until the system was abolished. Later in the colonial period, the area would become a <a href="/wiki/Corregimiento" title="Corregimiento">corregimiento</a> headed by Mexicaltzingo and later an “alcaldia mayor” as it grew to include areas such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Reyes_Acaquilpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Reyes Acaquilpan">Los Reyes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Marta_Acatitl%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Marta Acatitlán (page does not exist)">Santa Marta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the colonial period, Iztapalapa was very rural, notable only as one of the primary providers of produce and flowers to Mexico City and its lake and canal transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-vegetacion_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culhuacán had eighteen villages surrounding it in the pre Hispanic era, butby the 18th century, only San Lorenzo Tezonco and Santiago Acahualtepec remained. In the middle of the 18th century, there were still only 80 families in Iztapalapa, with 31 of them being Spanish. By the end of the same century, that would become 130 indigenous families distributed into nine barrios and three villages. At the end of the colonial period Iztapalapa would also include three haciendas and two ranches.<sup id="cite_ref-epocacolonial_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epocacolonial-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During much of this time, Iztapalapa was also a stopover for travelers between Mexico City and Puebla or Veracruz. There were two main canals through here that connected the area with Chalco and Xochimilco. One of these was the Canal de la Viga, which was an important means of transporting corn, beans, vegetables and more into the capital<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These canals had control and customs checkpoints which divided Mexico City from rural areas. The most important of these was the La Viga control point due to the merchandise that passed through.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, the Federal District of Mexico City was established as the new nation's capital in 1824. The village of Iztapalapa became part of this district at the same time, but the borough had not yet been established. It would remain an autonomous settlement. In 1828, it was one of the municipalities outside of Mexico City proper.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the 19th century would be concerned with disease and the status of the area's water transportation. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic in 1833 prompted the first passion play to be performed in this area, which has been performed since. In the middle of the 19th century, the town of Iztapalapa had 3,416 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drainage of the lakes in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a> would have an effect on the size and arrangement of water transportation. According to records, the ancient “Calzada de los Indios” (Indian Causeway) that linked Iztapalapa and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Guadalupe">Villa Guadalupe</a> was destroyed in 1835. Much of what is now the borough was lake or crisscrossed by various canals, which carried barge, canoe and even steamship traffic until the late 19th century. New canals were dug to connect Mexico City with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peñón Viejo (page does not exist)">Peñón Viejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalco_de_D%C3%ADaz_Covarrubias" title="Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias">Chalco</a> and San Isidro as well as the villages of Ayotla, Tlapicahua and Tlapacoya.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of this century, much of the lake and many of the small canals had dried. The main ones were the Mexicaltzingo canal and those near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Churubusco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Churubusco River (page does not exist)">Churubusco River</a>. The Mexicalcingo canal was widened for steamships.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canals would remain a part of the borough until the mid-20th century. Efforts to preserve the system began in 1920, when <a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">ejido</a> owners turned over land to construct new ones. In the 1930s, many of the barrios of Iztapalapa were still marked by canals and still grew vegetables, fruits and flowers. Major traffic was confined mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Nacional" title="Canal Nacional">Canal Nacional</a> on the borough's border. However, groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables and began the process of destroying the rest of the canals, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a> along with them.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrialization began in the area in the 1890s but agriculture remained the most important economic activity. Most of the population in the area still lived in poor huts. In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a> and ranches of Iztapalapa were broken up and divided into <a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">ejidos</a>; however the area remained extremely poor and there were disputes between Iztapalapa and neighboring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapotitl%C3%A1n,_Mexico_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapotitlán, Mexico City (page does not exist)">Zapotitlán</a> over ejido land.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, the population was over 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iztapalapa would remain rural and poor until the 1950s, when its population and its urbanization began in earnest. In the 1940s, the urban sprawl of Mexico City had reached sections of the borough and furthering this was promoted by the federal government which favored industry over agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, the chinampas suffered when the Canal de la Viga was drained, and only runoff from the Cerro de la Estrella was still available.<sup id="cite_ref-vegetacion_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groundwater pumping dried swamps, allowing for more urbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iztapalapa had been semi-independent of Mexico City since the colonial era, but politically organized in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-introduccion_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been part of the Federal District since it was created, but this District was an unstable entity in the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a> as <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberals</a>, who favored a federalist government, fought with <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservatives</a>, who favored a more centralized regime. Thus much of the borough would either be part of the Federal District or the State/Department of Mexico, depending on who was in power during the first half of the 19th century. The Federal District, including Iztapalapa, would be permanently restored in 1848, and then enlarged to its current dimensions between 1853 and 1854. Since that time, the Federal District has been reorganized several times, usually separating the Mexico City and making the other areas of the District either districts or <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipalities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_history_(1923-present)"><span id="Modern_history_.281923-present.29"></span>Modern history (1923-present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern history (1923-present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Mexico_City" title="Boroughs of Mexico City">borough</a> was established in 1928, which created the current borough of Iztapalapa, centered on and named over the former municipality of Iztapalapa. This borough's government was appointed by the Mexican federal government until 1970, when borough presidents began to be democratically elected.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cananea_Conamup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cananea_Conamup.jpg/220px-Cananea_Conamup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cananea_Conamup.jpg/330px-Cananea_Conamup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cananea_Conamup.jpg/440px-Cananea_Conamup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Groundbreaking for an apartment complex in the 1980s in the borough</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1950s to the present, the borough's history has been dominated by its population growth and urbanization, along with the problems that come with it. Before 1970, the area still had various types of flora including forested hills, ponds and other surface water, grasslands and more. Chinampas and other farmland still existed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-vegetacion_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, waves of migrants from other parts of the country began to move into the borough. This prompted the building of a number of large apartment complexes including Unidad Vicente Guerrero, Unidad Ejército de Oriente, Unidad Santa Cruz Meyehualco, Conjunto Urbano Popular Ermita Zaragoza and Unidad Habitacional Ejército Constitucionalista.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1980, all of the land that could be developed legally was, but the population continued to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-iedf_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the borough had growth rates of over 100% according to <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a>. By 2000, the population of the borough accounted for over 20% of the total of the Federal District, the largest in population.<sup id="cite_ref-tabla_9-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now almost all of the land in the borough has been urbanized, with only the highest elevations and a few family farm plots without buildings. The only green spaces are parks controlled by local or federal authorities, where various types of trees can still be found.<sup id="cite_ref-vegetacion_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2006_Mexico_City_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Mexico City election">2006</a>, there was a dispute in the election for borough president between activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Acosta_%C3%81ngeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Acosta Ángeles (page does not exist)">Rafael Acosta Ángeles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Acosta_%C3%81ngeles" class="extiw" title="es:Rafael Acosta Ángeles">es</a>]</span>, better known as “Juanito”, and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Brugada" title="Clara Brugada">Clara Brugada</a>, then a former federal deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-quiengob_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quiengob-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juanito and supporters blocked the main entrance to the borough offices, but allowed employees access through other entrances. The protest was to have him declared the winner of borough president elections. In the end, Brugada retained the position.<sup id="cite_ref-rcruz_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcruz-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2010s, Iztapalapa was affected by severe water shortages in September 2017 following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Puebla_earthquake" title="2017 Puebla earthquake">2017 Puebla earthquake</a>, and in October and November of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Iztapalapa was disproportionately impacted by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic consequences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described Iztapalapa as the 'epicenter' of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, with the borough's density and high rates of poverty cited as reasons why.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CDMX2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDMX2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sedeco.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/resultados-del-censo-pob-y-viv-2020-1.pdf">"Principales Resultados del Censo de Vivienda y Población 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principales+Resultados+del+Censo+de+Vivienda+y+Poblaci%C3%B3n+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sedeco.cdmx.gob.mx%2Fstorage%2Fapp%2Fmedia%2Fuploaded-files%2Fresultados-del-censo-pob-y-viv-2020-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evalua.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/2021/estadistica/indice-de-desarrollo-social-2020.xlsx">"Base de datos del IDS-2020"</a>. <i>Consejo de Evaluación de la Ciudad de México</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consejo+de+Evaluaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Base+de+datos+del+IDS-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evalua.cdmx.gob.mx%2Fstorage%2Fapp%2Fmedia%2F2021%2Festadistica%2Findice-de-desarrollo-social-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía2021" class="citation web cs1">García, Jacobo (2021-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-10-18/iztapalapa-how-mexico-citys-most-dangerous-borough-is-breaking-the-stigma.html">"Iztapalapa: How Mexico City's most dangerous borough is breaking the stigma"</a>. <i>EL PAÍS English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English&rft.atitle=Iztapalapa%3A+How+Mexico+City%E2%80%99s+most+dangerous+borough+is+breaking+the+stigma&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Jacobo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fusa%2F2021-10-18%2Fiztapalapa-how-mexico-citys-most-dangerous-borough-is-breaking-the-stigma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/3-most-dangerous-boroughs-in-mexico-city/">"Iztapalapa No. 1 of the 3 most dangerous boroughs in Mexico City"</a>. <i>Mexico News Daily</i>. 2019-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexico+News+Daily&rft.atitle=Iztapalapa+No.+1+of+the+3+most+dangerous+boroughs+in+Mexico+City&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexiconewsdaily.com%2Fnews%2F3-most-dangerous-boroughs-in-mexico-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstevez" class="citation web cs1">Estevez, Dolia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2015/10/29/rise-in-criminal-violence-in-mexico-city-may-be-linked-to-drug-cartels/">"Rise In Criminal Violence In Mexico City May Be Linked To Drug Cartels"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Rise+In+Criminal+Violence+In+Mexico+City+May+Be+Linked+To+Drug+Cartels&rft.aulast=Estevez&rft.aufirst=Dolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdoliaestevez%2F2015%2F10%2F29%2Frise-in-criminal-violence-in-mexico-city-may-be-linked-to-drug-cartels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/parts-of-mexico-city-have-already-run-dry">"These Women Are The Only Reason Some People In Mexico City Get Any Water"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed News</i>. 22 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=These+Women+Are+The+Only+Reason+Some+People+In+Mexico+City+Get+Any+Water&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fkarlazabludovsky%2Fparts-of-mexico-city-have-already-run-dry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geointro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geointro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geointro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225234/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103010000_2005.html">"Introducción"</a> [Introduction] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103010000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103010000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iedf-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iedf_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230124/http://www.iedf.org.mx/de/deoyge/SEE2000/Iztapalapa.pdf"><i>Delegación Iztapalapa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Comisión de Organización Electoral (Government of Mexico City). 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-5505-26-8" title="Special:BookSources/968-5505-26-8"><bdi>968-5505-26-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iedf.org.mx/de/deoyge/SEE2000/Iztapalapa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delegaci%C3%B3n+Iztapalapa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+de+Organizaci%C3%B3n+Electoral+%28Government+of+Mexico+City%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=968-5505-26-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedf.org.mx%2Fde%2Fdeoyge%2FSEE2000%2FIztapalapa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tabla-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabla_9-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225242/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090400_2005.html">"Tabla cronológica de hechos históricos de Iztapalapa en el contexto nacional y del Distrito Federal"</a> [Chronological table of historical facts of Iztapalapa in the context of the nation and the Federal District] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090400_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabla+cronol%C3%B3gica+de+hechos+hist%C3%B3ricos+de+Iztapalapa+en+el+contexto+nacional+y+del+Distrito+Federal&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101090400_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuitlahuac-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuitlahuac_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariam_Salazar_Hernández2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariam Salazar Hernández (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225307/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090200_2005.html">"Cuitláhuac, Señor de Iztapalapa y décimo tlatoani mexica"</a> [Cuitláhuac, Lord of Iztapalapa and tenth Aztec ruler] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090200_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuitl%C3%A1huac%2C+Se%C3%B1or+de+Iztapalapa+y+d%C3%A9cimo+tlatoani+mexica&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Mariam+Salazar+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101090200_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuarenta-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuarenta_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2010/189497/6/cuarenta-mil-personas-se-reunen-en-iztapalapa.htm">"Cuarenta mil personas se reúnen en Iztapalapa"</a> [40,000 people gather in Iztapalapa]. <i>El Informador</i>. Guadalajara, Mexico. March 29, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429001526/http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2010/189497/6/cuarenta-mil-personas-se-reunen-en-iztapalapa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Informador&rft.atitle=Cuarenta+mil+personas+se+re%C3%BAnen+en+Iztapalapa&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.com.mx%2Fmexico%2F2010%2F189497%2F6%2Fcuarenta-mil-personas-se-reunen-en-iztapalapa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barriosmag-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barriosmag_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terra.com.mx/Turismo/articulo/1041508/Iztapalapa+quiere+tener+Barrios+Magicos+para+atraer+turistas.htm">"Iztapalapa quiere tener Barrios Mágicos para atraer turistas"</a> [Iztapalapa wants to have Barrios Mágicos to attract tourists]. <i>Terra</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. February 10, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224721/http://www.terra.com.mx/Turismo/articulo/1041508/Iztapalapa+quiere+tener+Barrios+Magicos+para+atraer+turistas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terra&rft.atitle=Iztapalapa+quiere+tener+Barrios+M%C3%A1gicos+para+atraer+turistas&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terra.com.mx%2FTurismo%2Farticulo%2F1041508%2FIztapalapa%2Bquiere%2Btener%2BBarrios%2BMagicos%2Bpara%2Batraer%2Bturistas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-introduccion-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-introduccion_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101">"Introducción"</a> [Introduction] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orografia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orografia_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orografia_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orografia_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225335/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103050000_2005.html">"Orografía"</a> [Geographic layout] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103050000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orograf%C3%ADa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103050000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidrografia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hidrografia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225341/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103040000_2005.html">"Hidrografía"</a> [Water Resources] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103040000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidrograf%C3%ADa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103040000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climagob-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climagob_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225356/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103030000_2005.html">"Clima"</a> [Climate] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103030000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clima&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103030000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMN-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205148/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL09026.TXT">"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010"</a>. Servicio Meteorológico National. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL09026.TXT">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORMALES+CLIMATOL%C3%93GICAS+1951-2010&rft.pub=Servicio+Meteorol%C3%B3gico+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmn.cna.gob.mx%2Fclimatologia%2FNormales5110%2FNORMAL09026.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fauna-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fauna_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225407/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103060000_2005.html">"Fauna"</a> [Fauna] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103060000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fauna&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103060000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegetacion-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vegetacion_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vegetacion_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vegetacion_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vegetacion_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vegetacion_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225412/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103070000_2005.html">"Vegetación"</a> [Vegetation] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0103070000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0103070000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulnerable-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vulnerable_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRíos2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ríos, Fernando (September 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n1786606.htm">"Iztapalapa, entidad más vulnerable de la capital"</a> [Iztapalapa, the most vulnerable entity of the capital]. <i>El Sol de México</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224344/http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n1786606.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Sol+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Iztapalapa%2C+entidad+m%C3%A1s+vulnerable+de+la+capital&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft.aulast=R%C3%ADos&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oem.com.mx%2Foem%2Fnotas%2Fn1786606.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eluniversal-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eluniversal_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eluniversal_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interactivo.eluniversal.com.mx/contactanos/n_wcontactanos_vercomentariosEC.html?p_id_categoria=17">"Iztapalapa"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Universal newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223205/http://interactivo.eluniversal.com.mx/contactanos/n_wcontactanos_vercomentariosEC.html?p_id_categoria=17">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iztapalapa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=El+Universal+newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteractivo.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fcontactanos%2Fn_wcontactanos_vercomentariosEC.html%3Fp_id_categoria%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mujeres-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mujeres_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRíos2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ríos, Fernando (October 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oem.com.mx/LAPRENSA/notas/n1809618.htm">"Tiene Iztapalapa el más alto índice de violencia hacia las mujeres"</a> [Iztapalapa has the highest rate of violence against women]. <i>El Sol de México</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224347/http://www.oem.com.mx/LAPRENSA/notas/n1809618.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Sol+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Tiene+Iztapalapa+el+m%C3%A1s+alto+%C3%ADndice+de+violencia+hacia+las+mujeres&rft.date=2010-10-08&rft.aulast=R%C3%ADos&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oem.com.mx%2FLAPRENSA%2Fnotas%2Fn1809618.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esconde-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esconde_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esconde_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esconde_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esconde_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esconde_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrito2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brito, Luis (January 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125035443/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/01/22/la-capital-mexicana-esconde-su-cara-mas-violenta-en-iztapalapa">"La capital mexicana esconde su cara más violenta en Iztapalapa"</a> [the Mexican capital hides its most violent face in Iztapalapa]. <i>CNN Mexico</i> (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/01/22/la-capital-mexicana-esconde-su-cara-mas-violenta-en-iztapalapa">the original</a> on January 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Mexico&rft.atitle=La+capital+mexicana+esconde+su+cara+m%C3%A1s+violenta+en+Iztapalapa&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmexico.cnn.com%2Fnacional%2F2011%2F01%2F22%2Fla-capital-mexicana-esconde-su-cara-mas-violenta-en-iztapalapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bajaron-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bajaron_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera, Francisco (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/iztapalapa/nota19924.html">"Asegura Iztapalapa que delitos bajaron 5.41% en 2010"</a> [Iztapalapa assures that crime dropped 5.41% in 2010]. <i>El Universal</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224727/http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/iztapalapa/nota19924.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Asegura+Iztapalapa+que+delitos+bajaron+5.41%25+en+2010&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversaldf.mx%2Fiztapalapa%2Fnota19924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faltaagua-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faltaagua_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faltaagua_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocha2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rocha, Carolina (March 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710202215/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/433053.html">"Se agudiza escasez de agua en Iztapalapa"</a> [Water scarcity worsening in Iztapalapa]. <i>Noticias Televisa</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/433053.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Noticias+Televisa&rft.atitle=Se+agudiza+escasez+de+agua+en+Iztapalapa&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.aulast=Rocha&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esmas.com%2Fnoticierostelevisa%2Fmexico%2F433053.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faltaagua2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faltaagua2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faltaagua2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershenson2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gershenson, Antonio (August 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/08/23/index.php?section=politica&article=018a2pol">"Iztapalapa: falta de agua, necesaria dirección"</a> [Iztapalapa: lacks water, needs management]. <i>La Jornada</i> (in Spanish). 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Mexico City: Government of the Federal District of Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ficeda.com.mx/editorial.php?idEditorial=2">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maspormas.com&rft.atitle=Tianguis+de+El+Salado%3A+un+para%C3%ADso+para+chacharear+-+M%C3%A1sporm%C3%A1s&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maspormas.com%2Fciudad%2Ftianguis-salado-paraiso-chacharear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casacultural-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casacultural_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sic.conaculta.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=centro_cultural&table_id=1045">"Centro Cultural Iztapalapa"</a>. <i>Sistema de Información Cultural</i> (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/CONACULTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CONACULTA">CONACULTA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224935/http://sic.conaculta.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=centro_cultural&table_id=1045">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sistema+de+Informaci%C3%B3n+Cultural&rft.atitle=Centro+Cultural+Iztapalapa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsic.conaculta.gob.mx%2Fficha.php%3Ftable%3Dcentro_cultural%26table_id%3D1045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orientegob-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orientegob_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225008/http://www.reclusorios.df.gob.mx/reclusorios/sp_varonil_oriente.html">"Centro de Ejecución de Sanciones Penales Varonil Oriente"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Government of the Federal District of Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reclusorios.df.gob.mx/reclusorios/sp_varonil_oriente.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+de+Ejecuci%C3%B3n+de+Sanciones+Penales+Varonil+Oriente&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Federal+District+of+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reclusorios.df.gob.mx%2Freclusorios%2Fsp_varonil_oriente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-surgob-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surgob_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225016/http://www.reclusorios.df.gob.mx/reclusorios/ceresova.html">"Centro de Readaptación Social Varonil Santa Martha Acatitla"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Government of the Federal District of Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reclusorios.df.gob.mx/reclusorios/ceresova.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+de+Readaptaci%C3%B3n+Social+Varonil+Santa+Martha+Acatitla&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Federal+District+of+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reclusorios.df.gob.mx%2Freclusorios%2Fceresova.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diputados-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diputados_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPáramo2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Páramo, Arturo (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=710024">"Frenan diputados de Iztapalapa ampliación de la vía México-Puebla"</a> [Iztapalapa legislators stop widening of the Mexico-Puebla road]. <i>El Excelsior</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223348/http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&id_nota=710024">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Excelsior&rft.atitle=Frenan+diputados+de+Iztapalapa+ampliaci%C3%B3n+de+la+v%C3%ADa+M%C3%A9xico-Puebla&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1ramo&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.excelsior.com.mx%2Findex.php%3Fm%3Dnota%26id_nota%3D710024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223">2010 census tables: INEGI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025339/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223">Archived</a> 2013-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demintro-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demintro_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225506/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102010000_2005.html">"Introducción"</a> [Introduction] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102010000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102010000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crecimiento-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crecimiento_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crecimiento_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crecimiento_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crecimiento_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225528/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102020002_2009.html">"Crecimiento poblacional reciente, 1990-2005"</a> [Recent population growth, 1990-2005] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102020002_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crecimiento+poblacional+reciente%2C+1990-2005&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102020002_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proyeccion-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proyeccion_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225538/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102020001_2009.html">"Proyección poblacional reciente, 1990-2005"</a> [Population projection] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102020001_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proyecci%C3%B3n+poblacional+reciente%2C+1990-2005&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102020001_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-migracion-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-migracion_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225552/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102090000_2009.html">"Migración"</a> [Migration] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102090000_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migraci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102090000_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indigenismo-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indigenismo_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225601/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102080001_2009.html">"Indigenismo"</a> [Indigenous Affairs] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102080001_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenismo&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102080001_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenguajefe-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenguajefe_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225611/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102080003_2009.html">"Población en hogares indígenas por lengua del jefe de hogar y/o cónyuge"</a> [Population in indigenous homes by language of the head of household and/or spouse] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102080003_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+en+hogares+ind%C3%ADgenas+por+lengua+del+jefe+de+hogar+y%2Fo+c%C3%B3nyuge&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102080003_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225619/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102060000_2005.html">"Religión"</a> [Religion] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102060000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religi%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102060000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asistencia-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asistencia_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225829/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102050002_2009.html">"Asistencia escolar"</a> [School Attendance] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102050002_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asistencia+escolar&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102050002_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alfabeto-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alfabeto_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225838/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102050001_2009.html">"Condiciones educativas; Alfabetización"</a> [Education conditions:Literacy] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0102050001_2009.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condiciones+educativas%3B+Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0102050001_2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iems.df.gob.mx/iztapalapa_303-8.html">Planteles Iztapalapa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052736/http://www.iems.df.gob.mx/iztapalapa_303-8.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal. Retrieved on May 28, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uami-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uami_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izt.uam.mx/?id=Acerca%20de%20la%20UAMI">"Highlights"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522163715/http://www.izt.uam.mx/?id=Acerca%20de%20la%20UAMI">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlights&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+Metropolitana-Iztapalapa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izt.uam.mx%2F%3Fid%3DAcerca%2520de%2520la%2520UAMI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elviacrucis-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elviacrucis_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Yebra2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Yebra, Elia (April 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.univision.com/mexico/actualidad/article/2007-04-04/el-viacrucis-de-iztapalapa">"El Viacrucis de Iztapalapa"</a> [The passion play of Iztapalapa]. <i>Univision</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717164326/http://noticias.univision.com/mexico/actualidad/article/2007-04-04/el-viacrucis-de-iztapalapa">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Univision&rft.atitle=El+Viacrucis+de+Iztapalapa&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Yebra&rft.aufirst=Elia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.univision.com%2Fmexico%2Factualidad%2Farticle%2F2007-04-04%2Fel-viacrucis-de-iztapalapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vivenen-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vivenen_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivenen_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivenen_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivenen_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/noticia/261088.viven-en-iztapalapa-su-mayor-tradicion.html">"Viven en Iztapalapa su mayor tradición"</a> [Iztapalapa experiences its greatest tradition]. <i>El Siglo de Durango</i> (in Spanish). Durango, Mexico. El Universal. April 3, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101213728/http://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/noticia/261088.viven-en-iztapalapa-su-mayor-tradicion.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Siglo+de+Durango&rft.atitle=Viven+en+Iztapalapa+su+mayor+tradici%C3%B3n&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsiglodedurango.com.mx%2Fnoticia%2F261088.viven-en-iztapalapa-su-mayor-tradicion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patrimonio-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrimonio_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrimonio_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/04/02/la-semana-santa-de-iztapalapa-espera-ser-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-unesco">"La Semana Santa de Iztapalapa espera ser patrimonio cultural de la UNESCO"</a> [Holy Week of Iztapalapa hopes to be an intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO]. <i>CNN México</i> (in Spanish). Mexico. April 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430103953/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/04/02/la-semana-santa-de-iztapalapa-espera-ser-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-unesco">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=La+Semana+Santa+de+Iztapalapa+espera+ser+patrimonio+cultural+de+la+UNESCO&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmexico.cnn.com%2Fnacional%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fla-semana-santa-de-iztapalapa-espera-ser-patrimonio-cultural-de-la-unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-festfuego-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-festfuego_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-festfuego_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125032048/http://gritamx.com/festival-del-fuego-nuevo-iztapalapa-2010/">"Festival del Fuego Nuevo Iztapalapa 2010"</a> [New Fire Festival Iztapapala 2010]. <i>Grita Radio</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. November 22, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gritamx.com/festival-del-fuego-nuevo-iztapalapa-2010/">the original</a> on 2010-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grita+Radio&rft.atitle=Festival+del+Fuego+Nuevo+Iztapalapa+2010&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgritamx.com%2Ffestival-del-fuego-nuevo-iztapalapa-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuegonuevo-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fuegonuevo_58-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225641/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101040000_2005.html">"Fundación Fuego Nuevo"</a> [New Fire Foundation] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101040000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Fuego+Nuevo&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101040000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carngob-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carngob_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194048/http://www.iztapalapa.df.gob.mx/htm/guia/carnaval.html">"Carnaval"</a> [Carnival] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Government of Iztapalapa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.df.gob.mx/htm/guia/carnaval.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnaval&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Government+of+Iztapalapa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.df.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2Fguia%2Fcarnaval.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milanes-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milanes_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrasco2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carrasco, Sandra (December 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/iztapalapa/nota16259.html">"Festejará Iztapalapa diciembre con Pablo Milanés"</a> [Iztapalapa will celebrate December with Pablo Milanés]. <i>El Universal</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216072900/http://www.eluniversaldf.mx/iztapalapa/nota16259.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Festejar%C3%A1+Iztapalapa+diciembre+con+Pablo+Milan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversaldf.mx%2Fiztapalapa%2Fnota16259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-significado-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-significado_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225626/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101020000_2005.html">"Significado de Iztapalapa"</a> [Meaning of Iztapalapa] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101020000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significado+de+Iztapalapa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101020000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pobladores-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pobladores_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pobladores_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pobladores_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pobladores_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pobladores_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225632/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101030000_2005.html">"Primeros Pobladores"</a> [First Inhabitants] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101030000_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primeros+Pobladores&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101030000_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epoca-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epoca_63-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariam_Salazar_Hernández2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariam Salazar Hernández (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225716/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090100_2005.html">"Época Prehispánica - Breve Historia del señorío de Iztapalapa"</a> [Pre Hispanic era-Brief history of the dominion of Iztapalapa] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090100_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89poca+Prehisp%C3%A1nica+-+Breve+Historia+del+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+Iztapalapa&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Mariam+Salazar+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101090100_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laconquista-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laconquista_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laconquista_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariam_Salazar_Hernández2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mariam Salazar Hernández (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225807/http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090300_2005.html">"La Conquista"</a> [The Conquest] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Borough of Iztapapala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iztapalapa.gob.mx/htm/0101090300_2005.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Conquista&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Borough+of+Iztapapala&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Mariam+Salazar+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iztapalapa.gob.mx%2Fhtm%2F0101090300_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2017" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (2017). <i>Genocide: A World History</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063771-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063771-2"><bdi>978-0-19-063771-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960210099">960210099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960210099&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063771-2&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaz-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_del_Castillo1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Díaz del Castillo, Bernal</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofnewspa00diaz"><i>The conquest of New Spain</i></a>. Translated by Cohen, J. M. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044123-9"><bdi>0-14-044123-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028576907">1028576907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conquest+of+New+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028576907&rft.isbn=0-14-044123-9&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+del+Castillo&rft.aufirst=Bernal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestofnewspa00diaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quiengob-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quiengob_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eleconomista.com.mx/distrito-federal/2010/02/09/quien-gobierna-iztapalapa-pregunta-corte">"Quién gobierna Iztapalapa, pregunta la Corte"</a> [Who governs Iztapalapa, asks Court]. <i>El Economista</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. February 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223301/http://eleconomista.com.mx/distrito-federal/2010/02/09/quien-gobierna-iztapalapa-pregunta-corte">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Economista&rft.atitle=Qui%C3%A9n+gobierna+Iztapalapa%2C+pregunta+la+Corte&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feleconomista.com.mx%2Fdistrito-federal%2F2010%2F02%2F09%2Fquien-gobierna-iztapalapa-pregunta-corte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingwood2009" class="citation web cs1">Ellingwood, Ken (2009-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-02-fg-mexico-juanito2-story.html">"Don't cry for him, Iztapalapa"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+cry+for+him%2C+Iztapalapa&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Ellingwood&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-oct-02-fg-mexico-juanito2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcruz-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcruz_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCedillo_Cano2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cedillo Cano, Alejandro (July 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_nota=444114&id_tema=1291">"Juanito: de Iztapalapa para el mundo"</a> [Juanito: From Iztapalpa to the world]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cr%C3%B3nica_de_Hoy" title="La Crónica de Hoy">La Crónica de Hoy</a></i> (in Spanish). Mexico City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121183228/http://cronica.com.mx/especial.php?id_tema=1291&id_nota=444114">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Cr%C3%B3nica+de+Hoy&rft.atitle=Juanito%3A+de+Iztapalapa+para+el+mundo&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft.aulast=Cedillo+Cano&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cronica.com.mx%2Fespecial.php%3Fid_nota%3D444114%26id_tema%3D1291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexicobusiness.news/talent/news/water-shortages-leave-iztapalapa-powerless-against-covid-19">"Water Shortages Leave Iztapalapa Powerless Against COVID-19"</a>. <i>Mexico Business</i>. 2020-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexico+Business&rft.atitle=Water+Shortages+Leave+Iztapalapa+Powerless+Against+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexicobusiness.news%2Ftalent%2Fnews%2Fwater-shortages-leave-iztapalapa-powerless-against-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnellSánchez2021" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, Patrick J.; Sánchez, Cecilia (2021-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-02-07/in-mexico-as-covid-19-cases-mount-vaccine-rollout-stalls-desperation-grows">"In Mexico, as COVID-19 cases mount, vaccine rollout stalls and despair grows"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=In+Mexico%2C+as+COVID-19+cases+mount%2C+vaccine+rollout+stalls+and+despair+grows&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2021-02-07%2Fin-mexico-as-covid-19-cases-mount-vaccine-rollout-stalls-desperation-grows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedBerehulak2020" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Azam; Berehulak, Daniel (2020-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/world/americas/mexico-coronavirus-covid-iztapalapa.html">"In the Epicenter of Mexico's Epicenter, Feeling Like a 'Trapped Animal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Epicenter+of+Mexico%E2%80%99s+Epicenter%2C+Feeling+Like+a+%E2%80%98Trapped+Animal%E2%80%99&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Azam&rft.au=Berehulak%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F23%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fmexico-coronavirus-covid-iztapalapa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIztapalapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztapalapa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Iztapalapa" title="Template:Iztapalapa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iztapalapa" title="Template talk:Iztapalapa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iztapalapa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iztapalapa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iztapalapa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iztapalapa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnivals_of_Iztapalapa" title="Carnivals of Iztapalapa">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_National_Park" title="Cerro de la Estrella National Park">Cerro de la Estrella National Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_(archaeological_site)" title="Cerro de la Estrella (archaeological site)">Cerro de la Estrella archaeological site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_de_Abasto" title="Central de Abasto">Central de Abasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_de_Artes_y_Oficios_Oriente" title="Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente">Fábrica de Artes y Oficios Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iztapasauria" title="Iztapasauria">Iztapasauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Cabeza_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Museo Cabeza de Juárez">Museo Cabeza de Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Play_of_Iztapalapa" title="Passion Play of Iztapalapa">Passion Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Culhuac%C3%A1n" title="Pueblo Culhuacán">Pueblo Culhuacán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City Metro</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acatitla_metro_station" title="Acatitla metro station">Acatitla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aculco_metro_station" title="Aculco metro station">Aculco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatlaco_metro_station" title="Apatlaco metro station">Apatlaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlalilco_metro_station" title="Atlalilco metro station">Atlalilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calle_11_metro_station" title="Calle 11 metro station">Calle 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_la_Estrella_metro_station" title="Cerro de la Estrella metro station">Cerro de la Estrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1917_metro_station" title="Constitución de 1917 metro station">Constitución de 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhuac%C3%A1n_metro_station" title="Culhuacán metro station">Culhuacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_201_metro_station" title="Escuadrón 201 metro station">Escuadrón 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelatao_metro_station" title="Guelatao metro station">Guelatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iztapalapa_metro_station" title="Iztapalapa metro station">Iztapalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomas_Estrella_metro_station" title="Lomas Estrella metro station">Lomas Estrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaltzingo_metro_station" title="Mexicaltzingo metro station">Mexicaltzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Viejo_metro_station" title="Peñón Viejo metro station">Peñón Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tomatl%C3%A1n_metro_station" title="San Andrés Tomatlán metro station">San Andrés Tomatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta_metro_station" title="Santa Marta metro station">Santa Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepalcates_metro_station" title="Tepalcates metro station">Tepalcates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAM-I_metro_station" title="UAM-I metro station">UAM-I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boroughs_of_Mexico_City" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boroughs_of_Mexico_City" title="Template:Boroughs of Mexico City"><abbr title="View this 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Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuajimalpa" title="Cuajimalpa">Cuajimalpa de Morelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Mexico_City" title="Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City">Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero,_Mexico_City" title="Gustavo A. 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Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iztacalco" title="Iztacalco">Iztacalco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iztapalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Contreras" title="Magdalena Contreras">Magdalena Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo,_Mexico_City" title="Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City">Miguel Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milpa_Alta" title="Milpa Alta">Milpa Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%A1huac" title="Tláhuac">Tláhuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlalpan" title="Tlalpan">Tlalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza,_Mexico_City" title="Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741771#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15036413c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15036413c">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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