Looking for Search | Command Line Heroes

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href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason2"> <p>Season 2</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason2" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/press-start" title="Press Start">Press Start</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/hello-world" title="Hello, World">Hello, World</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/ready-to-commit" title="Ready to Commit">Ready to Commit</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/fail-better" title="Fail Better">Fail Better</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/the-one-about-devsecops" title="The One About DevSecOps">The One About DevSecOps</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/the-data-explosion" title="The Data Explosion">The Data Explosion</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/at-your-serverless" title="At Your Serverless">At Your Serverless</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/open-curiosity" title="Open Curiosity">Open Curiosity</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2/developer-advocacy-roundtable" title="Bonus_Developer Advocacy Roundtable">Bonus_Developer Advocacy Roundtable</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-2" title="Explore season 2">Explore Season 2</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/bg_clh-nav-s3.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason3"> <p>Season 3</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason3" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/pythons-tale" title="Python's Tale">Python's Tale</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/learning-the-basics" title="Learning the BASICs">Learning the BASICs</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/creating-javascript" title="Creating JavaScript">Creating JavaScript</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/diving-for-perl" title="Diving for Perl">Diving for Perl</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/the-infrastructure-effect" title="The Infrastructure Effect">The Infrastructure Effect</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/heroes-in-a-bash-shell" title="Heroes in a Bash Shell">Heroes in a Bash Shell</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/talking-to-machines" title="Talking to Machines">Talking to Machines</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3/the-c-change" title="The C Change">The C Change</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-3" title="Explore season 3">Explore Season 3</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/bg_clh-nav-s4.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason4"> <p>Season 4</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason4" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/minicomputers" title="Minicomputers">Minicomputers</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/mainframes" title="Mainframes">Mainframes</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/personal-computers" title="Personal Computers">Personal Computers</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/floppies" title="Floppies">Floppies</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/smarter-phones" title="Smarter Phones">Smarter Phones</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/open-source-hardware" title="Open Source Hardware">Open Source Hardware</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/consoles" title="Consoles">Consoles</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4/steve-wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-4" title="Explore season 4">Explore Season 4</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/bg_clh-nav-s5.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason5"> <p>Season 5</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason5" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-5/becoming-a-coder" title="Becoming a Coder">Becoming a Coder</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-5/where-coders-code" title="Where Coders Code">Where Coders Code</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-5/what-kind-of-coder-will-you-become" title="What Kind of Coder Will You Become?">What Kind of Coder Will You Become?</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-5" title="Explore season 5">Explore Season 5</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/bg_clh-nav-s6.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason6"> <p>Season 6</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason6" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/jerry-lawson" title="Jerry Lawson">Jerry Lawson</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/gladys-west" title="Dr. Gladys West">Dr. Gladys West</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/mark-dean" title="Dr. Mark Dean">Dr. Mark Dean</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/marc-hannah" title="Dr. Marc Hannah">Dr. Marc Hannah</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/clarence-ellis" title="Dr. Clarence Ellis">Dr. Clarence Ellis</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/roy-clay" title="Roy Clay">Roy Clay</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/gladys-perkins" title="Gladys Perkins">Gladys Perkins</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6/arlan-hamilton" title="Arlan Hamilton">Arlan Hamilton</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link text-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-6" title="Explore season 6">Explore Season 6</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/season-7_nav.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason7"> <p>Season 7</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason7" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/dot-com" title="Connecting The Dot-Com">Connecting The Dot-Com</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/nsfnet" title="From NSF to ISP">From NSF to ISP</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/html" title="A Language for the Web">A Language for the Web</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/ux" title="Web UX Begins">Web UX Begins</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/shopping" title="Shopping for the Web">Shopping for the Web</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/search" title="Looking for Search">Looking for Search</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/world" title="The World of the World Wide Web">The World of the World Wide Web</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7/bubble" title="After the Bubble">After the Bubble</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-7" title="Explore season 7">Explore Season 7</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/s8-nav.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason8"> <p>Season 8</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason8" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-servant" title="Robot as Servant">Robot as Servant</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-software" title="Robot as Software">Robot as Software</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-maker" title="Robot as Maker">Robot as Maker</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-humanoid" title="Robot as Humanoid">Robot as Humanoid</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-body" title="Robot as Body">Robot as Body</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/humans-as-robot-caretakers" title="Humans as Robot Caretakers">Humans as Robot Caretakers</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-threat" title="Robot as Threat">Robot as Threat</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8/robot-as-vehicle" title="Robot as Vehicle">Robot as Vehicle</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link text-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-8" title="Explore season 8">Explore Season 8</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-group-wrapper pl-2 pl-sm-3 pr-sm-8" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/season-9_menu.jpg"> <button href="#" class="accordion-toggle collapsed py-2" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#clhSeason9"> <p>Season 9</p> </button> <div id="clhSeason9" class="accordion-panel collapse" data-parent="#CLHNav"> <ol class="mb-0 pl-2"> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/relentless-replicators" title="Relentless Replicants">Relentless Replicants</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/terrifying-trojans" title="Terrifying Trojans">Terrifying Trojans</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/logic-bombs" title="Lurking Logic Bombs">Lurking Logic Bombs</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/botnets" title="Dawn of the Botnets">Dawn of the Botnets</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/menace-in-the-middle" title="Menace in the Middle">Menace in the Middle</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/ransomware" title="Ruthless Ransomers">Ruthless Ransomers</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/invisible-intruders" title="Invisible Intruders">Invisible Intruders</a> </li> <li class="mb-2"> <a href="/en/command-line-heroes/season-9/all-together-now" title="All Together Now">All Together Now</a> </li> </ol> <p class="pb-2"><a class="btn btn-link font-family-monospace text-white" href="/en/command-line-heroes" title="Explore season 9">Explore Season 9</a></p> 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href="#" data-toggle="nav-shelf" data-toggle-panel="#clhSubscribe" title="Listen to this episode later" data-menu="subscribe">Listen to this episode later </a> </p> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 offset-lg-1 pt-4 text-center reveal"> <img class="img-fluid" src="/rhdc/managed-files/CLH-S7-ep6_drawer.png" alt="Drawer"> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="dms-band clh-notes py-0"> <div class="container text-white"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-7 col-xl-6 mx-auto pt-6 reveal"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs mb-3 d-flex justify-content-center text-monospace"> <li class="nav-item text-center"> <a class="tab-show-notes nav-link mx-0 mr-md-6 p-0 font-size-22 text-white active" href="#show-notes" data-toggle="tab" title="Show notes">Show notes</a> </li> <li class="nav-item text-center"> <a class="tab-transcript nav-link mt-2 mt-md-0 mx-0 p-0 font-size-22 text-white" href="#transcript" data-toggle="tab" title="Transcript">Transcript</a> </li> </ul> <div class="tab-content"> <div id="show-notes" class="tab-pane fade active show"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>The web was growing quickly in the ‘90s. But all that growth wasn’t going to lead to much if people couldn’t actually find any web sites. In 1995, an innovative new tool started crawling the web. And the search engine it fed opened the doors to the World Wide Web.</p> <p class="mb-lg-0">Elizabeth Van Couvering describes trying to find websites before search engines, and how difficult it was becoming in the early ’90s to keep track of them all. Louis Monier talks about having to convince others how important search engines would become—and he showed them what a web crawler could do. Paul Cormier recounts taking the search engine from a research project to a commercial one. And Richard Seltzer wrote the book on search engines, helping the rest of the world see what a profoundly vital tool they would become.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="transcript" class="tab-pane fade"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>00:00</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>It's the winter of 1995. You're an early adopter cruising the internet for all the latest details on, I don't know, Pixar's new movie <em>Toy Story,</em> or maybe NASA's Galileo Space Probe. The world wide web is your oyster because a brand new tech has arrived that lets you search for anything online. It's unlike anything that came before. There's a flood of information at your fingertips, and now you can navigate it with total ease. This website for searching other websites is going to change the world. It's got a weird name, but who cares? You type it in and smile: altavista.com.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>00:50</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>All season we've been looking into the tech breakthroughs that made 1995 one of the most extraordinary years on record. It was the year the dot-com bubble began and 16 million internet users suddenly showed up. With their arrival came a flood of new content, and with that flood came a pressing new need, the need for navigation.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>01:15</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>How do you follow every thread in a world wide web? How do you find that crucial piece of information you've been hunting for? At each point in history, we've had to invent new ways to organize our data. The more data we got, the more creative we had to get. In ancient times, we invented alphabetical order, indexes, and tables of contents so we could find what we needed in books. More modern inventions, like the Dewey Decimal System organized huge libraries of knowledge. But digging through something as giant as the world wide web required an invention more powerful than anything that had come before. And 1995 was the year that invention arrived. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>02:04</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>I'm Saron Yitbarek and this is Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. As of the year 2020, there were close to 5 billion internet users on the planet. 5 billion people, posting content, tagging themselves, streaming videos, writing posts, and researching term papers. To get it all done they searched through more than 4 billion web pages. That's a lot of content. For perspective the New York Public Library system has just 55 million items. Our ability to sort through all that content isn't just convenient, it's fundamental. Without a way to search the web, the web as we know it would not work. In fact, before 1995, there really wasn't a good way to search. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>02:55</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>And I actually even have a book that I used to write down websites in so that I could help people at the cyber cafe find things that they wanted. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>03:06</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Elizabeth Van Couvering is an Assistant Professor in Media and Communications at the University of Karlstad. She's been studying the history of search engines for about as long as they've been around. And she describes the early web as a flat and static place with a bunch of directories to help you find your way. The first directory was made in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee himself. He called it the Virtual Library. Sounds impressive, but it was honestly just a list of sites. New websites were sent to Berners-Lee and he posts links on his library page, organizing them into categories like Anthropology and Bio Sciences. He was getting, at most, a hundred visits a day. But early web directories like that? They were updated manually. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>03:54</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>In Yahoo's early state, there were editors who kept a list.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>04:01</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>There was also InfoSeek where webmasters manually submitted their pages for inclusion. But web search, as we know it, hasn't yet evolved.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>04:10</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>It soon became apparent that the work was not very possible actually. It simply wasn't possible to do it on a human scale because you just needed too many people and there still was no funding.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>04:27</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Van Couvering's point about funding is an important one. In the early days, most people didn't understand what search was going to become, so there wasn't much money behind the idea. The internet was a niche, not quite a global phenomenon. And the idea you could get enough traffic at a search site to make money through ads, which maybe seems obvious today, was not so obvious back then. That early site InfoSeek, for example, tried a subscription model selling access to their list of websites for 10 bucks a month, and you were limited to 100 searches each month.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:05</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>These companies we're searching all the time for what was going to be the business model.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:13</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>That problem, finding the right business model for search, was going to take a long time to solve. We'll get back to it later. But in the meantime, there was another problem. How do you get a technology that's useful enough? That's good enough to actually sell?</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:29</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Too much demand and not enough supply.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:31</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>That's Louis Monier. A true web pioneer. He told us how back in the early 90s, only a tiny fraction of the internet was indexed by anybody. On top of that, nobody had a handle on how fast this thing was growing. Partly, it was a hardware problem. Machines were underperforming and people were getting timeout responses when they tried to search.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:54</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>As a user of the early internet, I was frustrated with what was available.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>05:58</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>At the time, Monier worked in a research lab at Digital Equipment Corporation, better known as DEC, along with computer scientists, Paul Flaherty and Michael Burrows. The team had seen the Mosaic browser, which arrived in 1994. They'd seen the easiness of Mosaic, its usability, and it inspired them to start thinking about other tools that could make the web more usable. A search tool was front of mind. It was not, though, front of mind for all their bosses at DEC. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>06:30</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>The management was sort of confused for a while, because this didn't look like anything they knew. So there were a few people who were sufficiently interested in change that they understood what it was, and they took the bet that this was actually going to turn big, but most people were just really confused. What is it? How are you going to sell it? Who's going to use it? Why do people care?</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>07:00</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>One of the DEC folks who did believe that search was worth pursuing with a DEC product engineer named Paul Cormier. His job was to help promote the new creations that came out of their research labs.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>07:14</strong> - <em>Paul Cormier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Digital was looking for ways to commercialize some of their more interesting research technologies, and so way back then, they started an organization to look at trying to productize some of these interesting research projects—so actually embedding product engineers into the research groups, to try to look at promising ones that we would bring to market, and I was the first one that started that group.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>07:42</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>At the time, DEC was the second-largest computer company in the world, after IBM. And like IBM, they prided themselves on funding their own research. They had 4 major labs, like the one where Monier worked.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>07:57</strong> - <em>Paul Cormier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Digital had a huge research organization. The researchers could really do anything that they thought was interesting with what their background was, and so the researchers in Palo Alto started “search” because it was just interesting at the time.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>08:17</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Search was interesting because it hadn't yet been done in a big enough way. And the team at DEC came to realize they had a chance to deliver something new, a first real search engine for everyday users. They called it AltaVista.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>08:31</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>I remember being, like, in the spring of 95, just laying on a mattress by the pool and taking notes about how we design something to do that. And then by the 4th of July 1995, I was starting to crawl the internet. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>08:57</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Did you catch that term Monier used? Crawl the internet? A web crawler—or a spider they’re sometimes called—is a program that crawls over the web and indexes everything it finds. You start on, say, the Yahoo homepage. Your program analyzes what's there, finds all the links, and then follows those links. On the new web page, you repeat. From link to link, you crawl the whole world wide web, or that's the idea. Trouble is, all the crawlers back in 1995 couldn't keep up with how fast the web was expanding.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>09:34</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Most web crawlers were what's called single fed, meaning they were doing things one after the other. So fetch a web page, analyze the links, note those links somewhere, pick the next link, fetch that page, keep going. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>09:51</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>But if you're crawling to one link at a time, you can only do maybe 20,000 sites in a day. So when Monier built his crawler, it wasn't going to be single-threaded.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>10:02</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>I wrote a web crawler that didn't do one thing at a time, it did literally 1000 things at a time. It had a thousand threads. So think of them as little programs that work next to each other independently, and each would fetch a page and then go to sleep, and let someone else use the computer while waiting for the answer, and that worked really well. So it was basically working a thousand times faster than other web crawlers.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>10:31</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>That crawler, which they called Scooter, was one of several advances built into AltaVista. It was the first search engine to index the entire text of each web page—the first to allow searches of images, audio and video.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>10:48</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Two years after launch, it even had a translation feature called Babel Fish, which massively increased the number of pages you could make sense of. All these features were being utilized to hunt through hundreds of millions of pages. And thanks to DEC's line of alpha 64-bit microprocessors, AltaVista could work at speeds that made searching feel as easy as thinking.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>11:15</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>So it would spawn in a fraction of a second, which people had just never experienced.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>11:19</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>By the fall of 1995, Monier had released an internal version of the search engine to the staff at DEC. And they seemed to like it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>11:28</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>I had no idea how much people were starting to rely on it until one night I turn off the machine in order to, I don't know, reload a new version or something like this, and my inbox just explodes with messages of people saying "Turn it back on. I can’t do without this."</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>11:44</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Louis Monier's team had taken the idea of search, and turned it into something indispensable. Next, AltaVista became available to the public in December of 1995. And within a couple of years, there were 80 million users.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>12:01</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>AltaVista probably accelerated development of modern search engines by a few years. It was sort of worldwide. Everybody was using AltaVista. So I guess that's the thing I'm the most proud of, by pushing the envelope a lot, not a little bit.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>12:19</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Richard Seltzer is a novelist these days, but he worked at DEC for 19 years. When AltaVista was first released, it was Seltzer they called on to write a book, explaining the value of search. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>12:31</strong> - <em>Richard Seltzer</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Part of the fun I had in writing the book and in making speeches about everything was pointing out to people that the capabilities they had in their hands and they had no idea that it was there.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>12:42</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>His book was called the AltaVista Search Revolution and it was a revolution they were talking about. While researching his book, Seltzer began to see something profound in what Monier had done. The switch from old databases to jet-fueled indexes was a game changer.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>13:02</strong> - <em>Richard Seltzer</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Before AltaVista came along, if you wanted to find something, you had to categorize it and put it neatly into a database before you'd ever be able to get anything out. The problem with databases was databases being based on categories, and categories being based on what you know of the world today and how you think of the world today. But the problem is the world doesn't stay still.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>13:31</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>The older database approach only worked if you knew how things were organized in the first place, but the index approach allowed the automated retrieval of whatever you wanted, and that meant everything was yours to discover.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>13:47</strong> - <em>Richard Seltzer</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>It was being able to find the needle in the haystack without touching the haystack.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>13:51</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Seltzer's book opened a door for people revealing, not just the power of search, but the flip side of that coin, the power of search engine optimization. Of course they didn't have that term yet. He called it- </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:06</strong> - <em>Richard Seltzer</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Fly paper.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:08</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>See what he did there? Because flies get caught in webs, but sticky fly paper catches even more flies. Okay maybe SEO is better, but Seltzer deserves credit for seeing that search was going to be about more than just ordinary users. It would be about businesses, too.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:25</strong> - <em>Richard Seltzer</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Sometimes the best way to find that unique person or set of people out there isn't to search for them but rather just set up web pages that lead to them finding you through their searches.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:40</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Not everybody at DEC saw that search had a business angle. In fact, they didn't know what they had. They didn't quite get it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:48</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>At heart, it was a hardware company with an image of technology that was rooted in the past.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>14:57</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>And that meant, amazing as AltaVista was, it never had a long horizon. Being a leader in the field doesn't mean much if you don't know what you're selling.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>15:07</strong> - <em>Louis Monier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>So there was no more interest in this, and we sort of ran out of steam, and that literally is when Google started. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>15:21</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Elizabeth Van Couvering told us a series of business failures caused AltaVista to sink after a few years at the top of the search pack. First and foremost, they failed to monetize while others were not so shy. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>15:36</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>In about 1996, Yahoo began to take advertising and everything became different. People really, really, really needed a funding model. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>15:51</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>By this point, Yahoo had outgrown their old directory days. They were indexing the web, just like AltaVista, and they found a way to make money at it, too.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>16:02</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Then in 1997, a series of mergers took place. Big players came to realize that search was the future. Some of the biggest companies in media were swallowing up the search startups. Disney, for example, bought InfoSeek. And who bought AltaVista? Well, their parent company DEC was bought by the computer company Compaq.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>16:48</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Sadly Compaq didn't understand what they'd bought.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>16:52</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>The thing that business people at that time understood about searches that it got people to one place. And then they did not understand that search is a transit point. So they wanted to keep everybody in the search engine so they could show them ads in the search engine. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>17:12</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>What Van Couvering is describing is the web portal model that Yahoo and AltaVista both tried out. The vision, a failed vision as it turned out, was to build a walled garden, a complex homepage, a place that attracted people and held on to them so advertisers could display their wares.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>17:31</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>That's not a business model that works for search engines. Search engines need people to come and go, right? A search engine to be good has to cover the whole web, not just the part of the web where you can show advertisements.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>17:47</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>And so Compaq had signed AltaVista's death warrant.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>17:51</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>They didn't have any idea how to make this into a real venture, and they didn't want to invest in it. And the clever engineers, the research people of DEC couldn't help them understand, because they also didn't know the business model. But, there wasn't any more research funding coming because Compaq, unlike DEC, was not a research-focused company.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>18:16</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>At this point in the late 90s, nobody knew for sure how search was going to be monetized. Marketing teams, for example, we're looking to tweak results for their clients.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>18:27</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>They were poking at AltaVista, and they were poking at Lycos and they were poking at InfoSeek. We now had pressures to potentially make some people look good on results, or how can we give people what they want, or should we sell links? And there was a pressure to include paid for links in the index, and it became a very conflicted space.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>18:50</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Van Couvering's research suggests that the tech of AltaVista was perfectly positioned to succeed, but the executives in charge were not.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>18:59</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>AltaVista had a technically superior search engine, but they did not manage it correctly for the time.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>19:11</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>In other words, while there was more and more interest in search, the field was anybody's for the taking. AltaVista could have made a comeback, but that opening was about to snap shut.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>19:25</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>When Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in 1998, they weren't thinking about what the marketing department wanted or how they could support a hardware team. They were thinking about the way academics organize their information. Citation analysis. A way to see which material is more cited, more relevant. And they built that approach into their page rank algorithm.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>19:49</strong> - <em>Elizabeth Van Couvering</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>What Brin and Page did was to take that kind of logic and say, "Okay, we are going to look at not just the content of the page." AltaVista and the other search engines up to that time had looked at what was on the page. What was the title of the page? What were the words on the page? But Google looked at the link structure behind the page and identified certain websites as hubs of knowledge.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>20:24</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>The indexing was still organic and free in one sense, but it also tracked the value of different pages. It ranked them. This brought an elegance to search, and a usefulness that it never had before.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>20:39</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>And Google brought something else, too. Dollar signs. Page rank aside, Cormier reminded us that Google cracked the funding problem AltaVista and the rest never quite figured out.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>20:52</strong> - <em>Paul Cormier</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Finding the business model, the advertising-based business model, was the thing that made it explode. And as people used it more for free, you needed more everything, more R & D, more systems, more software, more datacenters, everything. And so I think once the advertising model that Google brilliantly put in place, that's really what it took for it to really become what it is today, because it's a huge capital investment and somehow you have to pay for it. It's really easy to say now what a dumb mistake to not come up with an advertising model, but when it's never been done before, it's different, right?</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>21:35</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>There was a moment that you'll remember, if you're old enough. That moment in the early 2000s, when somebody said, "Hey, you're using the wrong search engine," and then they pointed you toward Google. Converts raced to the new king of search and soon enough it became literally synonymous with search. You didn't just search anymore, you Googled. Nobody was AltaVistaing. Those early years of competition faded into memory. Here's Van Couvering one more time.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>22:39</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Search was always going to be so much more than a side project. So much more than a curiosity in a computer company's research lab. And after Google, we all understood that. In a massively connected world flooded with content, search is what everybody's looking for.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>23:04</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>In 2010, Google instant arrived and the search engine started predicting what you were searching for before you finished typing. Advances in AI continue to make the experience more and more intuitive. And it's really become impossible to imagine online life without these tools. But the fundamentals of today's search technology were there in AltaVista. They were imagined into being back in 1995 by pioneers like Louie Monier. He understood that no simple catalog could ever keep up with our sprawling curiosity.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>23:46</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>We probably used search engines a few hundred times just while putting this episode together. Just today, I wanted to check up on our guests and in a second, I see Louis Monier just did an interview where they call him the “father of search.” And Larry Page's net worth is, I'm not even going to tell you. And Paul Cormier is, all right, he's the CEO of Red Hat, the company that brings you this podcast.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>24:18</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Want to learn more about the history of search engines? There's a stack of bonus material waiting for you over at redhat.com/commandlineheroes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="card mb-2"> <div class="card-body p-1 bg-white text-purple-dark"> <p class="mb-0"><strong>24:29</strong> - <em>Saron Yitbarek</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>Next time, we are going global traveling to France, Argentina, and China, to discover how different countries build their own on-ramps to the internet. Until then, I'm Saron Yitbarek and this is Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. Keep on coding.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="dms-band clh-about"> <div class="container"> <div class="row reveal"> <div class="outer-90s-border bg-white px-0"> <div class="bg-yellow-green py-2"></div> <div class="container"> <div class="row pt-2 px-2 px-md-6"> <div class="search-box-border col-7 col-md-9 bg-white"> <p class="text-monospace text-gray-400 my-1">More from the episode...</p> </div> <div class="search-button-border offset-1 col-4 col-md-2 bg-blue"> <p class="bg-blue text-center mt-2 my-md-1"><a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#search-modal-e6" class="text-white font-size-20 d-none d-md-block" title="Search"><u>Search</u></a> <span class="d-md-none text-white font-size-20 mt-2"><u>Search</u></span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row pt-2 px-2 px-md-6 py-4"> <div class="col-lg-5 border border-black pl-md-2"> <h4 class="text-black pt-2 text-monospace">About the art</h4> <p class="text-black">Navigating the early internet was a real challenge. Without an index, directory, table of contents, or treasure map, users could only find the websites to which they already had the URL. Browsing and exploration were limited, to say the least. Web crawlers and search engines became the library card catalogs of the world wide web, opening it up for users to find more content. These tools charted the vast wilderness of the internet for all to explore. </p> <p class="section-label font-size-12">Kendall 'Boo Boo' Howse <br> Senior Designer, Red Hat</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 offset-lg-1"> <h4 class="text-black pt-2 text-monospace">Further Reading</h4> <p class="text-black">Each episode is based on a lot of research. Here are just a few of the resources we used to learn about search engines:</p> <p class="pr-xl-2"><a class="btn btn-link" href="//searchengineland.com/altavista-eulogy-165366" target="_blank" title="A Eulogy For AltaVista, The Google Of Its Time">A Eulogy For AltaVista, The Google Of Its Time by Danny Sullivan</a></p> <p class="pr-xl-2"><a class="btn btn-link" href="//digital.com/altavista/" target="_blank" title="AltaVista Search Engine History Lesson For Internet Nerds">AltaVista Search Engine History Lesson For Internet Nerds by Claire Broadley</a> </p> <p class="pr-xl-2"><a class="btn btn-link" href="//bdmpublications.com/remembering-altavista/" target="_blank" title="Remembering – AltaVista">Remembering – AltaVista by David Hayward</a> </p> <p class="pr-xl-2"><a class="btn btn-link" href="//www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/Short_History_of_Early_Search_Engines.aspx" target="_blank" title="Short History of Early Search Engines">Short History of Early Search Engines<br> by Mark Knowles</a></p> <p class="pr-xl-2"><a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/technology/03iht-ptend04.1654790.html" target="_blank" title="The End User: The power of Babel - Technology - International Herald Tribune">The End User: The power of Babel - Technology - International Herald Tribune by Victoria Shannon</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="search-modal-e6" class="modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-md mt-md-10"> <div class="modal-content bg-size-cover" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/CLH-s7_modal-bg.jpg"> <div class="modal-header border-0 bg-teal"> <a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close" title="close"> <img class="img-fluid" src="/rhdc/managed-files/close-btn.jpg" alt="close button"> </a> </div> <div class="modal-body px-2 px-md-5"> <div class="row modal-carousel carousel"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="bg-white pl-1 mb-1">AltaVista’s crawler, Scooter,</p> <p class="bg-white pl-1 mb-1">indexed about 10 million pages</p><p class="bg-white pl-1 mb-1">in its first web crawl in August 1995.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <section class="dms-band clh-guests bg-pos-cc bg-repeat" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/CLH-S7-90patterns-linedot-noise.jpg"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-8 col-lg-5 col-xl-4 pr-sm-0"> <h3 class="text-monospace text-purple-darker reveal bg-white p-1">Featured in this episode</h3> </div> </div> <div class="row guest-carousel pb-2"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 reveal"> <div class="card mb-0 h-100 bg-white rounded-0"> <a class="d-flex d-md-block w-100 h-100 text-purple-darker" href="//www.kau.se/en/researchers/elizabeth-van-couvering" target="_blank" title="Elizabeth Van Couvering"> <div class="card-header p-0 bg-no-repeat bg-pos-cc bg-size-cover rounded-0" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/Van-Couvering.jpg"></div> <div class="card-body p-2 bg-white"> <h4 class="text-monospace">Elizabeth Van Couvering</h4> <p class="mb-0">Assistant Professor of Media and Communication Studies at Karlstad University</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 reveal"> <div class="card mb-0 h-100 bg-white rounded-0"> <a class="d-flex d-md-block w-100 h-100 text-purple-darker" href="//www.linkedin.com/in/seltzerbooks/" target="_blank" title="Richard Seltzer"> <div class="card-header p-0 bg-no-repeat bg-pos-cc bg-size-cover rounded-0" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/richard.jpg"></div> <div class="card-body p-2 bg-white"> <h4 class="text-monospace">Richard Seltzer</h4> <p class="mb-0">Author</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 reveal"> <div class="card mb-0 h-100 bg-white rounded-0"> <a class="d-flex d-md-block w-100 h-100 text-purple-darker" href="//www.linkedin.com/in/louismonier/" target="_blank" title="Louis Monier"> <div class="card-header p-0 bg-no-repeat bg-pos-cc bg-size-cover rounded-0" data-bg-image="/rhdc/managed-files/Louis-Monier.jpg"></div> <div class="card-body p-2 bg-white"> <h4 class="text-monospace">Louis Monier</h4> <p class="mb-0">Entrepreneur, Researcher, Educator. 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