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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fight and ensuing massacre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fight_and_ensuing_massacre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fight and ensuing massacre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fight_and_ensuing_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-December_29,_1890" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_29,_1890"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>December 29, 1890</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_29,_1890-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stranded_9th_Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stranded_9th_Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stranded 9th Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stranded_9th_Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drexel_Mission_Fight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drexel_Mission_Fight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Drexel Mission Fight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drexel_Mission_Fight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Winter guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medals_of_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals_of_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medals of Honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Remembrance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Remembrance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration_of_Native_American_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration_of_Native_American_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commemoration of Native American deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_of_Native_American_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Cavalry_Regiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Cavalry_Regiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Seventh Cavalry Regiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Cavalry_Regiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wounded_Knee_as_worst_mass_shooting_in_the_history_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wounded_Knee_as_worst_mass_shooting_in_the_history_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Wounded Knee as worst mass shooting in the history of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wounded_Knee_as_worst_mass_shooting_in_the_history_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massacre_or_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_or_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Massacre or battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_or_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bury_my_heart_at_Wounded_Knee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bury_my_heart_at_Wounded_Knee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bury my heart at Wounded Knee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bury_my_heart_at_Wounded_Knee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>In other music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagting_van_Wounded_Knee" title="Slagting van Wounded Knee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slagting van Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مذبحة ووندد ني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة ووندد ني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Masacre de Wounded Knee – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaral%C4%B1_diz_q%C9%99tliam%C4%B1" title="Yaralı diz qətliamı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaralı diz qətliamı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یارالی دیز قتل‌عامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یارالی دیز قتل‌عامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Клане при Ундид Ний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клане при Ундид Ний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadeg_Wounded_Knee" title="Lazhadeg Wounded Knee – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadeg Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Massacre de Wounded Knee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_u_Wounded_Knee" title="Masakr u Wounded Knee – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr u Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflafan_Wounded_Knee" title="Cyflafan Wounded Knee – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflafan Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_ved_Wounded_Knee" title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Wounded_Knee" title="Massaker von Wounded Knee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σφαγή του Πληγωμένου Γονάτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαγή του Πληγωμένου Γονάτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Masacre de Wounded Knee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Masakro de Wounded Knee – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakro de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Kneeko_sarraskia" title="Wounded Kneeko sarraskia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wounded Kneeko sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کشتار ووندد نی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار ووندد نی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Massacre de Wounded Knee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_fan_Wounded_Knee" title="Bloedbad fan Wounded Knee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bloedbad fan Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Masacre de Wounded Knee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%94%94%EB%93%9C%EB%8B%88_%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="운디드니 학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운디드니 학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_di_Wounded_Knee" title="Masakro di Wounded Knee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Masakro di Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Wounded_Knee" title="Pembantaian Wounded Knee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Wounded_Knee" title="Massacro di Wounded Knee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99" title="טבח וונדד ני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח וונדד ני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_Wounded_Knee" title="Pembunuhan Wounded Knee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Wounded_Knee" title="Bloedbad van Wounded Knee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA" title="ウンデット・ニーの虐殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウンデット・ニーの虐殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_ved_Wounded_Knee" title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_ved_Wounded_Knee" title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Massakren ved Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaple_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Chaple de Wounded Knee – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chaple de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_bi_Wounded_Knee" title="Massaker bi Wounded Knee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Massaker bi Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_nad_Wounded_Knee" title="Masakra nad Wounded Knee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra nad Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Wounded_Knee" title="Massacre de Wounded Knee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_Wounded_Knee" title="Masacrul de la Wounded Knee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul de la Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%9D%D0%B8" title="Бойня на ручье Вундед-Ни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бойня на ручье Вундед-Ни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_bie_Wounded_Knee" title="Massaker bie Wounded Knee – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Massaker bie Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wounded Knee Massacre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokol_pri_Ranjenem_kolenu" title="Pokol pri Ranjenem kolenu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pokol pri Ranjenem kolenu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokolj_kod_Vunded_Nija" title="Pokolj kod Vunded Nija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pokolj kod Vunded Nija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Kneen_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Wounded Kneen verilöyly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wounded Kneen verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakern_vid_Wounded_Knee" title="Massakern vid Wounded Knee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massakern vid Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வூண்டட் நீ படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வூண்டட் நீ படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Katliam%C4%B1" title="Wounded Knee Katliamı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wounded Knee Katliamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%9D%D1%96" title="Різанина на Вундед-Ні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різанина на Вундед-Ні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t_Wounded_Knee" title="Thảm sát Wounded Knee – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảm sát Wounded Knee" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E8%86%9D%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="伤膝河大屠杀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伤膝河大屠杀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&params=43_08_33_N_102_21_54_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°08′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°21′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.14250°N 102.36500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.14250; -102.36500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1890 South Dakota massacre of Lakota</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1973 incident near the same location, see <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Wounded Knee Massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee,_South_Dakota,_c._1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/301px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/452px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/602px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span><br />Mass grave for the Lakota dead after the massacre</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 29, 1890</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Creek" title="Wounded Knee Creek">Wounded Knee Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&params=43_08_33_N_102_21_54_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°08′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°21′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.14250°N 102.36500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.14250; -102.36500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <a href="#Fight_and_ensuing_massacre">Fight and ensuing massacre</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_W._Forsyth" title="James W. Forsyth">James Forsyth</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 490<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 120<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 31 killed <br /> 33 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 90 killed <br /> 4 wounded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200 civilians killed <br /> 46 civilians wounded<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Wounded Knee Massacre</b>, also known as the <b>Battle of Wounded Knee</b>, involved nearly three hundred <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a> killed by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a>, part of what the U.S. military called the <b>Pine Ridge Campaign</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred on December 29, 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-nps_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Creek" title="Wounded Knee Creek">Wounded Knee Creek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: <i>Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála</i>) on the Lakota <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment</a> commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whitside" title="Samuel Whitside">Samuel M. Whitside</a> approached <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a>'s band of <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> Lakota and 38 <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> Lakota near <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Butte" title="Porcupine Butte">Porcupine Butte</a> and escorted them five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_W._Forsyth" title="James W. Forsyth">James W. Forsyth</a>, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four <a href="/wiki/M1875_Mountain_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M1875 Mountain Gun">Hotchkiss mountain guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army was catering to the anxiety of settlers who called the conflict the <i>Messiah War</i> and were worried the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a> signified a potentially dangerous <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> resurgence. Historian Jeffrey Ostler wrote in 2004, "Wounded Knee was not made up of a series of discrete unconnected events. Instead, from the disarming to the burial of the dead, it consisted of a series of acts held together by an underlying logic of racist domination."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of December 29, the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events maintains that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Coyote's rifle went off at that point, and the soldiers began firing on the Lakota. The Lakota warriors fought back, but many had already been disarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 250 people of the Lakota were killed and 51 wounded (4 men and 47 women and children, some of whom died later). Some estimates placed the number of dead as high as 300.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-five U.S. soldiers also were killed and 39 were wounded (six of the wounded later died).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen soldiers were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> specifically for Wounded Knee, and overall 31 for the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sourcenm.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcenm.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> passed two resolutions condemning the military awards and called on the federal government to rescind them.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_National_Historic_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee National Historic Landmark">Wounded Knee National Historic Landmark</a>, the site of the massacre, was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, both <a href="/wiki/House_(legislature)" title="House (legislature)">houses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolution</a> on the historical centennial formally expressing "deep regret" for the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghost_dance.jpg/220px-Ghost_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghost_dance.jpg/330px-Ghost_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghost_dance.jpg/440px-Ghost_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the years leading up to the conflict, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> had continued to seize Lakota lands. The once-large <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> herds of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, a staple of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>, had been hunted to near-extinction. Treaty promises<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed. As a result, there was unrest on the reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, news spread among the reservations of a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Paiute</a> prophet named <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a> religion. He had a vision that the Christian <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, had returned to Earth in the form of a Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Wovoka, the white invaders would disappear from Native lands, the ancestors would lead them to good hunting grounds, the buffalo herds and all the other animals would return in abundance, and the ghosts of their ancestors would return to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would then live in peace. All this would be brought about by the performance of the slow and solemn Ghost Dance, performed as a shuffle in silence to a single drumbeat. <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> ambassadors to <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_Bull,_Arnold" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Bull, Arnold">Short Bull</a>, taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Dance shirt">Ghost Dance shirts</a>, as had been seen by <a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a> in a vision. Kicking Bear misunderstood the meaning of the shirts, and said that the shirts had the power to repel bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, believed that a great earthquake and flood would occur which would drown all the whites.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghost Dance movement was a result of the slow but ever-present destruction of the Native Americans' way of life. Tribal land was being seized at alarming rates. The once numerous bison herds were nearly hunted to extinction. The entire livelihood of the plains tribes revolved around the bison, and without the resources the animal offered, their cultures rapidly lost stability and security. This forced them to rely on the United States government to provide rations and goods, or else face starvation. The way of life of these independent people was rapidly fading. The Ghost Dance brought hope: the white man would soon disappear; the buffalo herds would return; people would be reunited with loved ones who had since died; the old way of living before the white man would return. This was not just a religious movement but a response to the gradual cultural destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Great Basin and <a href="/wiki/Plains_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains tribes">Plains tribes</a> performing the Ghost Dance, worried that it might be a prelude to armed attack. Among them was the U.S. Indian agent at the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Agency">Standing Rock Agency</a> where Chief <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> lived. U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in order to quell what they called the "Messiah craze". The military first hoped to have <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>—a friend of Sitting Bull—aid in the plan, to reduce the chance of violence. <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock">Standing Rock</a> agent <a href="/wiki/James_McLaughlin_(Indian_agent)" title="James McLaughlin (Indian agent)">James McLaughlin</a> sent the Indian police to arrest Sitting Bull.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 15, 1890, 40 Native American policemen arrived at Sitting Bull's house to arrest him. When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force on him. The Lakota in the village were enraged. Catch-the-Bear, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Lt. Bullhead, who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull. Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and he dropped to the ground. He died between 12 and 1 p.m. After Sitting Bull's death, 200 members of his Hunkpapa band, fearful of reprisals, fled Standing Rock to join Chief <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a> (later known as "Big Foot") and his Miniconjou band at the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River Indian Reservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spotted Elk and his band, along with 38 Hunkpapa, left the Cheyenne River Reservation on December 23 to journey to the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> to seek shelter with <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Pine Ridge Indian agent <a href="/wiki/Valentine_McGillycuddy" title="Valentine McGillycuddy">Valentine T. McGillycuddy</a> was asked his opinion of the "hostilities" surrounding the Ghost Dance movement, by General <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wright_Colby" title="Leonard Wright Colby">Leonard Wright Colby</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_National_Guard" title="Nebraska National Guard">Nebraska National Guard</a> (portion of letter dated January 15, 1891):<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>As for the 'Ghost Dance' too much attention has been paid to it. It was only the symptom or surface indication of a deep-rooted, long-existing difficulty; as well treat the eruption of smallpox as the disease and ignore the constitutional disease. </p><p>As regards disarming the Sioux, however desirable it may appear, I consider it neither advisable, nor practicable. I fear it will result as the theoretical enforcement of prohibition in Kansas, Iowa and Dakota; you will succeed in disarming and keeping disarmed the friendly Indians because you can, and you will not succeed with the mob element because you cannot. </p><p>If I were again to be an Indian agent, and had my choice, I would take charge of 10,000 armed Sioux in preference to a like number of disarmed ones; and furthermore agree to handle that number, or the whole Sioux nation, without a white soldier. Respectfully, etc., V.T. McGillycuddy. </p><p>P.S. I neglected to state that up to date there has been neither a Sioux outbreak or war. No citizen in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed, molested or can show the scratch of a pin, and no property has been destroyed off the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin-left:1em; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#b0cce5;text-align:center;" colspan="54"><b>General Miles's telegram</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fbf4ce;" colspan="54"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/140px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/210px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg/280px-Nelson_A._Miles_by_Brands_Studios%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>General Miles sent this telegram from Rapid City to General <a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> in Washington, D.C., on December 19, 1890:<sup id="cite_ref-House1937_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House1937-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The difficult Indian problem cannot be solved permanently at this end of the line. It requires the fulfillment of Congress of the treaty obligations that the Indians were entreated and coerced into signing. They signed away a valuable portion of their reservation, and it is now occupied by white people, for which they have received nothing." </p><p>"They understood that ample provision would be made for their support; instead, their supplies have been reduced, and much of the time they have been living on half and two-thirds rations. Their crops, as well as the crops of the white people, for two years have been almost total failures." </p><p>"The dissatisfaction is wide spread, especially among the Sioux, while the Cheyennes have been on the verge of starvation, and were forced to commit depredations to sustain life. These facts are beyond question, and the evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses." </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fight_and_ensuing_massacre">Fight and ensuing massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fight and ensuing massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeadBigfoot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeadBigfoot.jpg/220px-DeadBigfoot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeadBigfoot.jpg/330px-DeadBigfoot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeadBigfoot.jpg/440px-DeadBigfoot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption> Miniconjou, Lakota Sioux Chief <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a> lies dead after the massacre of Wounded Knee, 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>After being called to the Pine Ridge Agency, Spotted Elk of the Miniconjou Lakota nation and 350 of his followers were making the slow trip to the agency on December 28, 1890, when they were met by a 7th Cavalry detachment under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whitside" title="Samuel Whitside">Major Samuel M. Whitside</a> southwest of Porcupine Butte. John Shangreau, a scout and interpreter who was half Lakota, advised the troopers not to disarm the Lakota immediately, as it would lead to violence. The troopers escorted the Native Americans about five miles (eight kilometers) westward to Wounded Knee Creek where they told them to make camp. Later that evening, Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_W._Forsyth" title="James W. Forsyth">James W. Forsyth</a> and the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">7th Cavalry</a> arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500.<sup id="cite_ref-SMW_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMW-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, there were 350 Lakota: 120 men and 230 women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk's encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed <a href="/wiki/M1875_Mountain_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M1875 Mountain Gun">M1875 mountain guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_29,_1890"><span id="December_29.2C_1890"></span>December 29, 1890</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: December 29, 1890"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At daybreak on December 29, 1890, Forsyth ordered the surrender of weapons and the immediate removal of the Lakota from the "zone of military operations" to awaiting trains. A search of the camp confiscated 38 rifles, and more rifles were taken as the soldiers searched the Lakota. None of the old men were found to be armed. A <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> named Yellow Bird allegedly harangued the young men who were becoming agitated by the search, and the tension spread to the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004211_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley2004211-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific details of what triggered the massacre are debated. According to some accounts, Yellow Bird began to perform the Ghost Dance, telling the Lakota that their "ghost shirts" were "bulletproof". As tensions mounted, Black Coyote refused to give up his rifle; he spoke no English and was deaf and had not understood the order. Another Lakota said: "Black Coyote is deaf," and when the soldier persisted, he said, "Stop. He cannot hear your orders." At that moment, two soldiers seized Black Coyote from behind, and (allegedly) in the struggle, his rifle discharged. At the same moment, Yellow Bird threw some dust into the air, and approximately five young Lakota men with concealed weapons threw aside their blankets and fired their rifles at Troop K of the 7th. After this initial exchange, the firing became indiscriminate.<sup id="cite_ref-Utley1963_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utley1963-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eyewitness accounts state that Black Coyote's gun went off when he was seized from behind by soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivor <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Beard" title="Dewey Beard">Wasumaza</a>, one of Big Foot's warriors who later changed his name to Dewey Beard, recalled Black Coyote was unable to hear. "If they had left him alone he was going to put his gun down where he should. They grabbed him and spinned him in the east direction. He was still unconcerned even then. He hadn't his gun pointed at anyone. His intention was to put that gun down. They came on and grabbed the gun that he was going to put down. Right after they spun him around there was the report of a gun, was quite loud. I couldn't say that anyone was shot, but following that was a crash".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodor Ragnar of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry</a> also stated that Black Coyote was deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, a Native American named Turning Hawk called Black Coyote "a crazy man, a young man of very bad influence, and in fact a nobody."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif/300px-Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif/450px-Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Hotchkiss_gun_wounded_knee.gif 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers pose with three of the four Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mountain guns used at Wounded Knee. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to commanding General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>, a "scuffle occurred between one deaf warrior who had [a] rifle in his hand and two soldiers. The rifle was discharged and a battle occurred, not only the warriors but the sick Chief Spotted Elk, and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and scattering over the prairie were hunted down and killed."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians, including <a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(writer)" title="Dee Brown (writer)">Dee Brown</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a></i>, have supported that Black Coyote was <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deaf</a>, and that he owned a new <a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BMHaWK-Brown_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMHaWK-Brown-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first all firing was at close range; half the Lakota men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Lakota grabbed rifles from the piles of confiscated weapons and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Lakota unarmed, this lasted a few minutes at most. While the Lakota warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against the <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> camp full of women and children. It is believed that many of the soldiers were victims of friendly fire from their own Hotchkiss guns. The Lakota women and children fled the camp, seeking shelter in a nearby ravine from the crossfire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bateman2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bateman2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officers had lost all control of their men. Some of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded. Others leaped onto their horses and pursued the Natives (men, women, and children), in some cases for miles across the prairies. In less than an hour, at least 150 Lakota had been killed and 50 wounded. Other estimates indicate nearly 300<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the original 350 having been killed or wounded, with a blizzard preventing immediate search following the massacre. Reports indicate that the soldiers loaded 51 survivors (4 men and 47 women and children) onto wagons and took them to the Pine Ridge Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009179–180_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009179–180-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Army casualties numbered 25 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Coyote died at Wounded Knee.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg/220px-Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg/330px-Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg/440px-Woundedkneescenedeadandhorses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>View of canyon at Wounded Knee, dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg/220px-Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg/330px-Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg/440px-Burial_Party_Wounded_Knee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Civilian burial party, loading victims on a cart for burial</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a three-day blizzard, the military hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a hill overlooking the encampment from which some of the fire from the Hotchkiss guns originated. It was reported that four infants were found alive, wrapped in their deceased mothers' shawls. In all, 84 men, 44 women, and 18 children reportedly died on the field, while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephy_1990_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephy_1990-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a> denounced Forsyth and relieved him of command. An exhaustive Army Court of Inquiry convened by Miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise exonerated him of responsibility. The Court of Inquiry, however, was not conducted as a formal court-martial. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> concurred with the decision and reinstated Forsyth to command of the 7th Cavalry. Testimony had indicated that for the most part, troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties. Miles continued to criticize Forsyth, whom he believed had deliberately disobeyed his commands in order to destroy the Lakota. Miles promoted the conclusion that Wounded Knee was a deliberate massacre rather than a tragedy caused by poor decisions, in an effort to destroy the career of Forsyth. This was later whitewashed, and Forsyth was promoted to brigadier, then later, major general.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>; others confused Ghost Dancers with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>, later the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>, wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aberdeen_Saturday_Pioneer" title="The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer">The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer</a></i> on January 3, 1891: </p> <blockquote> <p>The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-BaumGiago_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaumGiago-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Soon after the event, <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Beard" title="Dewey Beard">Dewey Beard</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horn_Cloud" title="Joseph Horn Cloud">Joseph Horn Cloud</a>, and others formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Survivors_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wounded Knee Survivors Association (page does not exist)">Wounded Knee Survivors Association</a>, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administer any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. In 1968 James Czywczynski purchased 40 acres of property adjacent to Wounded Knee, operating a trading post and museum.<sup id="cite_ref-indiancountrytoday_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiancountrytoday-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 80 years after the massacre, beginning on February 27, 1973, Wounded Knee was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a>, a 71-day standoff between militants of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>—who had chosen the site for its symbolic value—and federal law enforcement officials.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the buildings destroyed were the Czywczynski post and Museum; the Czywczynskis moved away asking a purchase price of $3.9 million [land appraised at $14,000]. On September 7, 2022, the Oglala Sioux tribal council and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe voted to buy for $500,000 the 40-acre site from the Czywczynskis. (The Oglala Sioux tribal already owned one acre of Land from Wounded Knee which was donated by the Red Cloud Indian school on the site of the Sacred Heart church had stood.)<sup id="cite_ref-indiancountrytoday_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiancountrytoday-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stranded_9th_Cavalry">Stranded 9th Cavalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stranded 9th Cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battalion of 9th Cavalry was scouting near the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Missouri_River_tributary)" title="White River (Missouri River tributary)">White River (Missouri River tributary)</a> about 15 miles (24 kilometers) north of Indian agency at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine Ridge Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> when the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred and rode south all night to reach the reservation. In the early morning of December 30, 1890, F, I, and K Troops reached the Pine Ridge agency, however, their supply wagon guarded by D Troop located behind them was attacked by 50 Lakota warriors near Cheyenne Creek (about 2 mi or 3 km from the Indian agency). One soldier was immediately killed. The wagon train protected itself by circling the wagons. Corporal <a href="/wiki/William_Othello_Wilson" title="William Othello Wilson">William Wilson</a> volunteered to take a message to the agency at Pine Ridge to get help after the Indian scouts refused to go. Wilson took off through the wagon circle with Lakota in pursuit and his troops covering him. Wilson reached the agency and spread the alarm. The 9th Cavalry within the agency came to rescue the stranded troopers and the Lakota dispersed. For his actions, Corporal Wilson received the Medal of Honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Schubert_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schubert-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drexel_Mission_Fight">Drexel Mission Fight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drexel Mission Fight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg/220px-Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg/330px-Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg/440px-Site_of_Drexel_Mission_Fight_Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation-1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The 'Bloody Pocket', location of the <a href="/wiki/Drexel_Mission_Fight" title="Drexel Mission Fight">Drexel Mission Fight</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the collective multi-century series of conflicts between colonial and U.S. forces and American Indians, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>. It was not however the last armed conflict between Native Americans and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drexel_Mission_Fight" title="Drexel Mission Fight">Drexel Mission Fight</a> was an armed confrontation between Lakota warriors and the United States Army that took place on the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> on December 30, 1890, the day following Wounded Knee. The fight occurred on White Clay Creek approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) north of <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge,_South_Dakota" title="Pine Ridge, South Dakota">Pine Ridge</a>, where Lakota fleeing from the continued hostile situation surrounding the massacre at Wounded Knee had set up camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Utley1963_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utley1963-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Company K of the 7th Cavalry—the unit involved at Wounded Knee—was sent to force the Lakotas to return to the areas they were assigned on their respective reservations. Some of the "hostiles" were <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> Lakota from the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud Indian Reservation</a>. Company K was pinned down in a valley by the combined Lakota forces and had to be rescued by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">9th Cavalry</a>, an African American regiment nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldiers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Lakota warriors was a young Brulé from Rosebud named <a href="/wiki/Plenty_Horses" title="Plenty Horses">Plenty Horses</a>, who had recently returned from five years at the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Indian School">Carlisle Indian School</a> in Pennsylvania. A week after this fight, Plenty Horses shot and killed army lieutenant Edward W. Casey,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> Scouts (Troop L, 8th Cavalry). The testimony introduced at the trial of Plenty Horses and his subsequent acquittal also helped abrogate the legal culpability of the U.S. Army for the deaths at Wounded Knee.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_guards">Winter guards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Winter guards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 9th Cavalry were stationed on the Pine Ridge reservation through the rest of the winter of 1890–1891 until March 1891. By then, the 9th Cavalry was the only regiment on the reservation after being the first to arrive in November 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Schubert_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schubert-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medals_of_Honor">Medals of Honor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medals of Honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For this 1890 campaign, the US Army awarded 31 <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a>, 19 specifically for service at Wounded Knee.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sourcenm.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcenm.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska State Historical Society">Nebraska State Historical Society</a>'s summer 1994 quarterly journal, Jerry Green construes that pre-1916 Medals of Honor were awarded more liberally; however, "the number of medals does seem disproportionate when compared to those awarded for other battles." Quantifying, he compares the three awarded for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw#The_siege" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Battle of Bear Paw Mountain's five-day siege</a>, to the twenty awarded for this short and one-sided action.<sup id="cite_ref-JerryGreen_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JerryGreen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Will G. Robinson notes that, in contrast, only three Medals of Honor were awarded among the 64,000 South Dakotans who fought for four years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian Dwight Mears points out that awards prior to 1918 were "Medal[s] of Honor in name only," making such comparisons with modern medals inappropriate, since "the medal that existed in 1890 is a materially different award."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mears notes that Army regulations in 1890 stated that “Medals of honor will be awarded, by the President, to officers or enlisted men who have distinguished themselves in action,” meaning that they could be awarded for actions that were merely distinguished, not gallant or heroic.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". According to Lakota tribesman William Thunder Hawk, "The Medal of Honor is meant to reward soldiers who act heroically. But at Wounded Knee, they didn't show heroism; they showed cruelty." In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> passed two resolutions condemning the Medals of Honor awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of the citations on the medals awarded to the troopers at Wounded Knee state that they went in pursuit of Lakota who were trying to escape or hide.<sup id="cite_ref-indianwars_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianwars-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another citation was for "conspicuous bravery in rounding up and bringing to the skirmish line a stampeded pack mule."<sup id="cite_ref-JerryGreen_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JerryGreen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another medal was awarded in part for extending an enlistment.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Senate" title="South Dakota Senate">South Dakota Senate</a> unanimously called upon the United States Congress to investigate the 20 medals of honor awarded to members of the 7th Cavalry for their participation in the massacre. Lawmakers argued that the medals given to the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment tarnished Medals of Honor given to soldiers for genuine acts of courage. Previous efforts to rescind the medals have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2021, Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a> (D-OR) and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Kaiali%27i_Kahele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiali'i Kahele">Kaiali'i Kahele</a> (D-HI) answered the South Dakota Senate's call and reintroduced a bill to revoke the Medals of Honor awarded to the soldiers who perpetrated the Wounded Knee massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provision was incorporated into the FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act, but was removed in conference with the explanation that "these Medals of Honor were awarded at the prerogative of the President of the United States, not the Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effectively expressed that since adjudication authority was granted to the executive, that it was not the role of Congress to revoke medals. As a result, the bill failed due to a separation of powers conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Mears_2024_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mears_2024-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An identical version of Remove the Stain was added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (2022), however, it was again removed from the final version of the defense bill by the Senate Armed Services Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Remove the Stain Act also failed to identify an effective process of revocation, stipulating in error that the recipients would be removed from the Medal of Honor Roll. However, none of the Wounded Knee medal recipients were on the Medal of Honor Roll, which was a pension list.<sup id="cite_ref-Mears_2024_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mears_2024-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, even if the recipients had been on the Roll, the Remove the Stain Act protected this type of benefit, as a subsection of the bill stipulated “this Act shall not be construed to deny any individual any benefit from the Federal Government.”<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, the Secretary of Defense announced a joint DoD/DoI review to consider revoking the Wounded Knee Medals of Honor.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the DoD review cited the joint explanatory statement for the FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act (which removed the Remove the Stain Act from the bill) as the impetus for the medal review.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DoD review concluded in October 2024, reportedly recommending that no medals be revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe chairman Ryman LeBeau wrote an op-ed on the outcome, saying "the Pentagon board has recommended that America keep the Medals of Honor for the Wounded Knee Massacre" with all three DoD panelists voting against revocation and both DoI panelists voting in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to LeBeau, "our People have no confidence in such a Pentagon board."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliver “O.J.” Semans, a lead advocate for revoking the medals, also criticized the review process, noting that “military historians weren’t used, and it was done over such a short period of time that evidence really couldn’t be put together.”<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin-left:1em; float:center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#b0cce5;text-align:center;" colspan="54"><b>Medal of Honor citations, Wounded Knee</b><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fbf4ce;" colspan="54"> <ul><li>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/William_G._Austin" title="William G. Austin">William Austin</a>, cavalry, directed fire at Indians in ravine at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Mosheim_Feaster" title="Mosheim Feaster">Mosheim Feaster</a>, cavalry, for extraordinary gallantry, advancing to an exposed position and holding it;</li> <li>Private <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathew_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathew Hamilton (page does not exist)">Mathew Hamilton</a>, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, on the 29th, and for coolness and bravery in action near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota, on the 30th.;</li> <li>Private <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Hartzog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Hartzog (page does not exist)">Joshua Hartzog</a>, artillery, rescuing commanding officer who was wounded and carried him out of range of hostile guns at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>Private <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Hillock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marvin Hillock (page does not exist)">Marvin Hillock</a>, cavalry, distinguished bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota (often misidentified as Wounded Knee due to a later error in War Department lists), continuing on duty though painfully wounded;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Jetter" title="Bernhard Jetter">Bernhard Jetter</a>, cavalry, distinguished bravery at Wounded Knee for "killing an Indian who was in the act of killing a wounded man of B Troop."</li> <li>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/George_Loyd" title="George Loyd">George Loyd</a>, cavalry, bravery, especially after having been severely wounded through the lung at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>Sergeant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_McMillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert McMillan (page does not exist)">Albert McMillan</a>, cavalry, while engaged with Indians concealed in a ravine, he assisted the men on the skirmish line, directed their fire, encouraged them by example, and used every effort to dislodge the enemy at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sullivan_(Medal_of_Honor,_1890)" title="Thomas Sullivan (Medal of Honor, 1890)">Thomas Sullivan</a>, cavalry, conspicuous bravery in action against Indians concealed in a ravine at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>First Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Trautman" title="Jacob Trautman">Jacob Trautman</a>, cavalry, killed a hostile Indian at close quarters, and, although entitled to retirement from service, remained to close of the campaign at Wounded Knee;</li> <li>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(Medal_of_Honor,_1890)" title="James Ward (Medal of Honor, 1890)">James Ward</a>, cavalry, for distinguished bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, where, though severely wounded, he continued fighting;</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Herman_Ziegner" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Ziegner">Herman Ziegner</a>, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery in an attack on hostile Sioux Indians, concealed in a ravine at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, on the 29th, and again near the Catholic Mission, on White Clay Creek, South Dakota, on the 30th, in defense of the crest of a hill against a force of hostile Sioux Indians;</li> <li>Musician <a href="/wiki/John_Clancy_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="John Clancy (Medal of Honor)">John Clancy</a>, artillery, twice voluntarily rescued wounded comrades under fire of the enemy;</li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Garlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Garlington">Ernest Garlington</a>, cavalry, distinguished gallantry;</li> <li>First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning_Gresham" title="John Chowning Gresham">John Chowning Gresham</a>, cavalry, voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians concealed therein. He was wounded during this action.</li> <li>Second Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hawthorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Hawthorne">Harry Hawthorne</a>, artillery, distinguished conduct in battle with hostile Indians;</li> <li>Private <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hobday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Hobday (page does not exist)">George Hobday</a>, cavalry, conspicuous and gallant conduct in battle;</li> <li>First Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Toy" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Toy">Frederick Toy</a>, cavalry, for conspicuous bravery and coolness in action against hostile Sioux Indians;</li> <li>Corporal <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weinert" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Weinert">Paul Weinert</a>, artillery, taking the place of his commanding officer who had fallen severely wounded, he gallantly served his piece, after each fire advancing it to a better position;</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Adam_Neder" title="Adam Neder">Adam Neder</a>, cavalry, for bravery in action against hostile Sioux Indians, at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, where he was wounded;</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remembrance">Remembrance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Remembrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration_of_Native_American_deaths">Commemoration of Native American deaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commemoration of Native American deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wounded_Knee_96.jpg/220px-Wounded_Knee_96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wounded_Knee_96.jpg/330px-Wounded_Knee_96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wounded_Knee_96.jpg/440px-Wounded_Knee_96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Wounded Knee hill, location of Hotchkiss guns during battle and subsequent mass grave of Native American dead</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891 <a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Shirt" title="The Ghost Shirt">The Ghost Shirt</a>, thought to have been worn by one who died in the massacre, was brought to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow, Scotland">Glasgow, Scotland</a>, by George C Crager, a Lakota Sioux interpreter with <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West Show</a>. He sold it to the <a href="/wiki/Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery_and_Museum" title="Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum">Kelvingrove Museum</a>, which displayed the shirt until it was returned to Wounded Knee Survivors Association in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. John's Episcopal Mission Church was built on the hill behind the mass grave in which the victims had been buried, some survivors having been nursed in the then-new Holy Cross Mission Church.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, descendants of those who died in the battle erected a monument at the gravesite. The memorial lists many of those who died at Wounded Knee along with an inscription that reads: </p> <blockquote> <p>This monument is erected by surviving relatives and other Ogalala and Cheyenne River Sioux Indians in memory of the Chief Big Foot massacre December 29, 1890. Col. Forsyth in command of US troops. Big Foot was a great chief of the Sioux Indians. He often said, 'I will stand in peace till my last day comes.' He did many good and brave deeds for the white man and the red man. Many innocent women and children who knew no wrong died here.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley20045_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley20045-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_National_Historic_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee National Historic Landmark">Wounded Knee</a> was declared a U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1965 and was listed on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1966. </p><p>Beginning in 1986, the group named "Big Foot Memorial Riders" was formed where they will go to continue to honor the dead. The ceremony has attracted more participants each year and riders and their horses live with the cold weather, as well as the lack of food and water, as they retrace the path that their family members took to Wounded Knee. They carry with them a white flag to symbolize their hope for world peace, and to honor and remember the victims so that they will not be forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephy_1990_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephy_1990-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Cavalry_Regiment">Seventh Cavalry Regiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seventh Cavalry Regiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the 7th Cavalry Regiment returned to duty at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a> from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, the soldiers of the regiment raised money for a monument for members of the regiment killed at Wounded Knee. About $1,950<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was collected, and on July 25, 1893, the monument was dedicated with 5,500 people in attendance. The stone edifice stands near Waters Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wounded_Knee_as_worst_mass_shooting_in_the_history_of_the_United_States">Wounded Knee as worst mass shooting in the history of the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wounded Knee as worst mass shooting in the history of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many popular media sources write about the event as "The worst mass shooting" in United States history, though the term "mass shooting" lacks any <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">clear definition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the distinction as "worst mass shooting" is compared to other mass shootings in the United States after a mass casualty event involving a single shooter and numerous dead, whereas the Wounded Knee Massacre involved numerous shooters from the United States government of unarmed Lakota men, women, and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often after a mass shooting in the United States after it becomes known how many people have died due to the firearm related fatality, a comparison to other mass shootings might be reported on in the media,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at this point, some critics point out that the Wounded Knee massacre is sometimes forgotten in place of more recent mass shootings, either as a result of: </p> <ol><li>Wounded Knee having occurred more in the distant past,</li> <li>The United States government having perpetrated the Wounded Knee shooting instead of a <a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">lone wolf</a> or private civilian shooters, or;</li> <li>Media attention tending to "...gloss over Native American massacres..."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Largely the phenomena using the "mass shooting" language, and subsequent comparison to other shootings, is most widely reported on in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_W._Forsyth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_W._Forsyth.jpg/100px-James_W._Forsyth.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_W._Forsyth.jpg/150px-James_W._Forsyth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/James_W._Forsyth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Colonel James W. Forsyth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smw-1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smw-1901.jpg/100px-Smw-1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smw-1901.jpg/150px-Smw-1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Smw-1901.jpg/200px-Smw-1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Major Samuel Whitside</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg/100px-Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg/150px-Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg/200px-Winfield_Scott_Edgerly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Captain Winfield Scott Edgerly</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg/100px-Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg/150px-Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg/200px-Allyn_K_Capron_Sr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Captain Allyn Capron, Sr.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/7th_U.S._Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="7th U.S. Cavalry">7th U.S. Cavalry</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Col <a href="/wiki/James_W._Forsyth" title="James W. Forsyth">James W. Forsyth</a> </p> <ul><li>Adjutant: 1st Lt. Lloyd S. McCormick</li> <li>Quartermaster: 1st Lt. Ezra B. Fuller</li> <li>Assistant Surgeon & Medical Director: Cpt. John Van Rennselaer Hoff</li> <li>Assistant Surgeon: 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/James_Denver_Glennan" title="James Denver Glennan">James Denver Glennan</a></li></ul> <p><i>First Squadron</i><br /> Maj <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whitside" title="Samuel Whitside">Samuel Whitside</a> </p> <dl><dd>Adjutant: 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_Nicholson" title="William Jones Nicholson">William Jones Nicholson</a> <dl><dd>Troop A: Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Myles_Moylan" title="Myles Moylan">Myles Moylan</a>, 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Albert_Garlington" title="Ernest Albert Garlington">Ernest A. Garlington</a></dd> <dd>Troop B: Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Varnum" title="Charles Varnum">Charles A. Varnum</a>, 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning_Gresham" title="John Chowning Gresham">John C. Gresham</a></dd> <dd>Troop I: Cpt. Henry J. Nowlan, 2nd Lt. John C. Waterman</dd> <dd>Troop K: Cpt. George D. Wallace (k), 1st Lt. James D. Mann</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i>Second Squadron</i><br /> Cpt. Charles S. Isley </p> <dl><dd>Adjutant: 1st Lt. W.W. Robinson II <dl><dd>Troop C: Cpt. Henry Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quinton_Donaldson_Jr." title="Thomas Quinton Donaldson Jr.">2nd Lt. T.Q. Donaldson</a></dd> <dd>Troop D: Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Settle_Godfrey" title="Edward Settle Godfrey">Edward S. Godfrey</a>, 2nd Lt. S.R.J. Tompkins</dd> <dd>Troop E: Cpt. Charles S. Isley, 1st Lt. Horatio G. Sickel, 2nd Lt. Sedgwick Rice</dd> <dd>Troop G: Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Edgerly" title="Winfield Scott Edgerly">Winfield S. Edgerly</a>, 1st Lt. Edwin P. Brewer</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i>Battery E, 1st U.S. Artillery</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Allyn_Capron" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Allyn Capron">Captain Allyn Capron</a> </p> <dl><dd>2nd Lt. <a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Hawthorne" title="Harry L. Hawthorne">Harry L. Hawthorne</a> (2nd U.S. Artillery) <dl><dd>4 Hotchkiss Breech-Loading Mountain Rifles</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i>Troop A, Indian Scouts</i> </p> <dl><dd>1st Lt. George W. Taylor (9th U.S. Cavalry)</dd> <dd>2nd Lt. Guy H. Preston (9th U.S. Cavalry)</dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <i>120 men, 230 women and children</i><sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery 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img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Ghost Dance and massacre aftermath</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890"><img alt="Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg/338px-Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg/506px-Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg/675px-Miniconjou_Indian_Grass_Dance_on_Reservation_by_Grabill_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="3424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Cross Episcopal Mission, used as hospital for wounded Lakota"><img alt="Holy Cross Episcopal Mission, used as hospital for wounded Lakota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg/387px-Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg/580px-Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Holy_Cross_Episcopal_mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Cross Episcopal Mission, used as hospital for wounded Lakota</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_photographer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photographer taking pictures of campsite"><img alt="Photographer taking pictures of campsite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Wounded_Knee_photographer.jpg/483px-Wounded_Knee_photographer.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Wounded_Knee_photographer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photographer taking pictures of campsite</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 293.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 291.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen corpse on field"><img alt="Frozen corpse on field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Wounded_Knee_1.jpg/437px-Wounded_Knee_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Wounded_Knee_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frozen corpse on field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph sold as being that of the Medicine Man "Yellow Bird"; the presence of the rifle however suggests that it is actually the body of "Black Coyote""><img alt="Photograph sold as being that of the Medicine Man "Yellow Bird"; the presence of the rifle however suggests that it is actually the body of "Black Coyote"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg/391px-Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg/587px-Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Medicine_Man_Wounded_Knee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph sold as being that of the Medicine Man "Yellow Bird"; the presence of the rifle however suggests that it is actually the body of "Black Coyote"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 263.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The scene three weeks afterwards, with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground."><img alt="The scene three weeks afterwards, with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg/392px-Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg/588px-Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg/784px-Wounded_Knee_aftermath5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4906" data-file-height="3381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The scene three weeks afterwards, with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woundedkneeofficers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buffalo Bill, Capt. Baldwin, Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Capt. Moss, and others, on horseback, on battlefield of Wounded Knee."><img alt="Buffalo Bill, Capt. Baldwin, Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Capt. Moss, and others, on horseback, on battlefield of Wounded Knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Woundedkneeofficers.jpg/428px-Woundedkneeofficers.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Woundedkneeofficers.jpg/642px-Woundedkneeofficers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Woundedkneeofficers.jpg/856px-Woundedkneeofficers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capt._Baldwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capt. Baldwin (page does not exist)">Capt. Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen._Nelson_A._Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen. Nelson A. Miles">Gen. Nelson A. Miles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capt._Moss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capt. Moss (page does not exist)">Capt. Moss</a>, and others, on horseback, on battlefield of Wounded Knee.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_General_L._W._Colby_of_Nebraska_State_Troops_Holding_Baby_Girl,_Zintkala_Nuni_(Little_Lost_Bird),_Found_On_Wounded_Knee_Battlefield,_South_Dakota,_1890_n.d.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. L. W. Colby holding Zintkála Nuni (Little Lost Bird), found alive on the snow-covered Wounded Knee field four days after the massacre, still tied to her dead mother's back"><img alt="Gen. L. W. Colby holding Zintkála Nuni (Little Lost Bird), found alive on the snow-covered Wounded Knee field four days after the massacre, still tied to her dead mother's back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Portrait_of_General_L._W._Colby_of_Nebraska_State_Troops_Holding_Baby_Girl%2C_Zintkala_Nuni_%28Little_Lost_Bird%29%2C_Found_On_Wounded_Knee_Battlefield%2C_South_Dakota%2C_1890_n.d.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Portrait_of_General_L._W._Colby_of_Nebraska_State_Troops_Holding_Baby_Girl%2C_Zintkala_Nuni_%28Little_Lost_Bird%29%2C_Found_On_Wounded_Knee_Battlefield%2C_South_Dakota%2C_1890_n.d.jpg/337px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Portrait_of_General_L._W._Colby_of_Nebraska_State_Troops_Holding_Baby_Girl%2C_Zintkala_Nuni_%28Little_Lost_Bird%29%2C_Found_On_Wounded_Knee_Battlefield%2C_South_Dakota%2C_1890_n.d.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gen. <a href="/wiki/L._W._Colby" class="mw-redirect" title="L. W. Colby">L. W. Colby</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Zintk%C3%A1la_Nuni" title="Zintkála Nuni">Zintkála Nuni</a> (Little Lost Bird), found alive on the snow-covered Wounded Knee field four days after the massacre, still tied to her dead mother's back</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Maps of Wounded Knee and environs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Wounded Knee battlefield scene produced by James W. Forsyth (1834– 1906)"><img alt="Map of Wounded Knee battlefield scene produced by James W. Forsyth (1834– 1906)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg/306px-Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg/458px-Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg/611px-Wounded_Knee_mapa_positive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Wounded Knee battlefield scene produced by <a href="/wiki/James_W._Forsyth" title="James W. Forsyth">James W. Forsyth</a> (1834– 1906)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1858 War Department map of the Great Plains; Fort Laramie is marked with a red flag, Wounded Knee Creek is visible between the S and the K in Nebraska"><img alt="1858 War Department map of the Great Plains; Fort Laramie is marked with a red flag, Wounded Knee Creek is visible between the S and the K in Nebraska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg/270px-1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg/405px-1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg/540px-1858_War_Department_map_of_the_Great_Plains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="4134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1858 War Department map of the Great Plains; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a> is marked with a red flag, Wounded Knee Creek is visible between the S and the K in Nebraska</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excerpt of Burlington Route map produced 1892, showing site of Wounded Knee and Deadwood Central Railroad into the Black Hills"><img alt="Excerpt of Burlington Route map produced 1892, showing site of Wounded Knee and Deadwood Central Railroad into the Black Hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg/189px-Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg/283px-Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg/378px-Excerpt_of_Burlington_Route_map_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excerpt of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Route">Burlington Route</a> map produced 1892, showing site of Wounded Knee and <a href="/wiki/Deadwood_Central_Railroad" title="Deadwood Central Railroad">Deadwood Central Railroad</a> into the Black Hills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Map of the country embraced in the campaign against the Sioux Indians Messiah War" (1905)"><img alt=""Map of the country embraced in the campaign against the Sioux Indians Messiah War" (1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png/178px-Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png/267px-Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png/356px-Map_of_the_country_embraced_in_the_campaign_against_the_Sioux_Indians_Messiah_War.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Map of the country embraced in the campaign against the Sioux Indians Messiah War" (1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Dakota and South Dakota map 1 (of 3) from Indian Land Cessions in the United States (1898)"><img alt="North Dakota and South Dakota map 1 (of 3) from Indian Land Cessions in the United States (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg/236px-Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg/354px-Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg/472px-Dakotas_1_Indian_Land_Cessions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North Dakota and South Dakota map 1 (of 3) from <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Land_Cessions_in_the_United_States" title="Indian Land Cessions in the United States">Indian Land Cessions in the United States</a></i> (1898)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siouxreservationmap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Great Sioux Reservation"><img alt="Map of the Great Sioux Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/270px-Siouxreservationmap.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png/405px-Siouxreservationmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Siouxreservationmap.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Later photographs of Wounded Knee</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woundedkneeencampment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913)."><img alt="Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Woundedkneeencampment.jpg/347px-Woundedkneeencampment.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Woundedkneeencampment.jpg/520px-Woundedkneeencampment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Woundedkneeencampment.jpg/693px-Woundedkneeencampment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_Knee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wounded Knee, 1940"><img alt="Wounded Knee, 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wounded_Knee.jpg/360px-Wounded_Knee.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wounded_Knee.jpg/540px-Wounded_Knee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wounded_Knee.jpg/720px-Wounded_Knee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wounded Knee, 1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WoundedKneePhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wounded Knee grave, 2003"><img alt="Wounded Knee grave, 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/WoundedKneePhilKonstantin.jpg/427px-WoundedKneePhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/WoundedKneePhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wounded Knee grave, 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US Attorney General Eric Holder laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial"><img alt="US Attorney General Eric Holder laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/202px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/304px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/405px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_or_battle">Massacre or battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Massacre or battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_opening_of_the_fight_at_Wounded_Knee_by_Frederic_Remington_1891_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>"The opening of the fight at Wounded Knee", engraved illustration by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>. Appeared as an illustration in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>The incident was initially referred to as the "Battle of Wounded Knee".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Native American groups have objected to this description and refer to it as the "Wounded Knee Massacre". The location of the conflict is officially known as the "Wounded Knee Battlefield". The U.S. Army currently refers to it as "Wounded Knee".<sup id="cite_ref-indianwars_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianwars-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bury_my_heart_at_Wounded_Knee">Bury my heart at Wounded Knee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bury my heart at Wounded Knee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1931 poem "American Names", <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t" title="Stephen Vincent Benét">Stephen Vincent Benét</a> <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coined the phrase</a> "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee". The poem is about his love of American place names, not making reference to the "battle".<sup id="cite_ref-IzzoKonkle2002_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IzzoKonkle2002-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the line was used as the title of <a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">historian Dee Brown's 1970 best-selling book</a>, awareness was raised and Benet's phrase became popularly associated with the incident. </p><p>Since the publication of the book, the phrase "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee" has been used many times in reference to the battle, especially in music. </p><p>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Basho" title="Robbie Basho">Robbie Basho</a> released the song "Wounded Knee Soliloquy" on the album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Eagle" title="The Voice of the Eagle">The Voice of the Eagle</a></i>. </p><p>In 1973, Stuttgart, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Gila_(band)" title="Gila (band)">Gila</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_folk" title="Psychedelic folk">psychedelic folk</a> album by the same name. </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Buffy_Sainte-Marie" title="Buffy Sainte-Marie">Beverly (Buffy) Sainte-Marie</a> released her song titled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (song) (page does not exist)">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a>" on <i><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_and_Likely_Stories" title="Coincidence and Likely Stories">Coincidence and Likely Stories</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_music">In other music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In other music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists who have written or recorded songs referring to the battle at Wounded Knee include: <a href="/wiki/Walela" title="Walela">Walela</a> "Wounded Knee" from the 1997 self-titled album. <a href="/wiki/Nightwish" title="Nightwish">Nightwish</a> ("Creek Mary's Blood" from their 2004 album "Once" featuring John Two-Hawks); <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a> ("Spirit Horse Of The Cherokee" from the 1992 album <i>The Triumph Of Steel</i> ); <a href="/wiki/Grant_Lee_Buffalo" title="Grant Lee Buffalo">Grant Lee Buffalo</a> ("Were You There?" from the album <i>Storm Hymnal</i> 2001); <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> (1972's "Big Foot", which is strongly sympathetic); <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot" title="Gordon Lightfoot">Gordon Lightfoot</a> ("Protocol" from his 1976 album <i><a href="/wiki/Summertime_Dream" title="Summertime Dream">Summertime Dream</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/Indigo_Girls" title="Indigo Girls">Indigo Girls</a> (a 1995 cover of Sainte-Marie's song); <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parr" title="Charlie Parr">Charlie Parr</a> ("1890" on his 2010 album <i>When the Devil Goes Blind</i>); <a href="/wiki/Nik_Kershaw" title="Nik Kershaw">Nik Kershaw</a> ("Wounded Knee" on his 1989 album <i>The Works</i>); 1982 Single by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Death_Cult" title="Southern Death Cult">Southern Death Cult</a> ("Moya"); <a href="/wiki/The_Waterboys" title="The Waterboys">The Waterboys</a> ("Bury My Heart"); <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Heep_(band)" title="Uriah Heep (band)">Uriah Heep</a>; <a href="/wiki/Primus_(band)" title="Primus (band)">Primus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nahko_and_Medicine_for_the_People" title="Nahko and Medicine for the People">Nahko and Medicine for the People</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Robertson" title="Robbie Robertson">Robbie Robertson</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Five_Iron_Frenzy" title="Five Iron Frenzy">Five Iron Frenzy</a> wrote the 2001 song "The Day We Killed" with mentions of Black Kettle, and quotes Black Elk's account from <i>Black Elk Speaks</i> on the album <a href="/wiki/Five_Iron_Frenzy_2:_Electric_Boogaloo" title="Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo">Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Toad_the_Wet_Sprocket" title="Toad the Wet Sprocket">Toad the Wet Sprocket</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marty_Stuart" title="Marty Stuart">Marty Stuart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(band)" title="Bright Eyes (band)">Bright Eyes</a>; and "Pocahontas" by Neil Young. On <a href="/wiki/Chemical_City" title="Chemical City">Sam Roberts' 2006 <i>Chemical City</i> album</a>, the song "The Bootleg Saint" contains line critical of Knee Massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Welsh song titled "Gwaed Ar Yr Eira Gwyn" by <a href="/wiki/Tecwyn_Ifan" title="Tecwyn Ifan">Tecwyn Ifan</a> on this incident. The song "American Ghost Dance" by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a> makes extensive reference to the massacre as well. </p><p>In 1973, the American rock band <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(band)" title="Redbone (band)">Redbone</a>, formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez, released the song "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee". The song ends with the subtly altered sentence "We were all wounded by Wounded Knee."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song reached the number-one chart position across Europe. In the U.S., the song was initially withheld from release and then banned by several radio stations. Richard Stepp's <a href="/wiki/2008_Native_American_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Native American Music Awards">2008 Native American Music Awards</a> <i>Native Heart</i> nominated album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Journey" title="The Sacred Journey">The Sacred Journey</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has "Wounded Knee" as its final track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The massacre has been referred to in films, including <i><a href="/wiki/Thunderheart" title="Thunderheart">Thunderheart</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(film)" title="Hidalgo (film)">Hidalgo</a></i> (2004), and <i><a href="/wiki/Hostiles_(film)" title="Hostiles (film)">Hostiles</a></i> (2017). The 2005 TNT mini-series<i> <a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Into the West (TV miniseries)">Into the West</a></i> included scenes of the massacre. In 2007, HBO Films released a film adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee Brown (novelist)">Dee Brown</a> bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee_(film)" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (film)">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a></i>. The 2016 film <i><a href="/wiki/Neither_Wolf_Nor_Dog" title="Neither Wolf Nor Dog">Neither Wolf Nor Dog</a></i> has its climax at the massacre site and was filmed on location there.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1992 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles:_Turtles_in_Time" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time</a></i>, one level is called "Bury My Shell at Wounded Knee." It takes place in 1885 AD on a train in the Old American West. </p><p>In the 1996 DC comic book <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_of_Killers" title="Saint of Killers">Saint of Killers</a></i>, written by Garth Ennis, the main character becomes a surrogate Angel of Death, reaping souls whenever men kill other men violently. The story is set in the 1880s, and near the end of chapter 4, it is said that "four years later" he was called upon at Wounded Knee. </p><p>In the 2013 video game <i><a href="/wiki/BioShock_Infinite" title="BioShock Infinite">BioShock Infinite</a></i>, several main characters are veterans of Wounded Knee.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protagonist, Booker DeWitt, is haunted by his deeds during the battle and at one point confronts one of his (fictional) superiors from the event.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wounded Knee Massacre, and the events leading to it, constitute the final chapter of <i>Złoto Gór Czarnych</i> (<i>Gold of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a></i>), a trilogy of novels told from the perspective of the Santee <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> tribe by Polish author <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Szklarski" title="Alfred Szklarski">Alfred Szklarski</a> and his wife Krystyna Szklarska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee Incident (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian massacres">Indian massacres</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">History of South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native American genocide in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#Great_Plains" title="American Indian Wars">Plains Indians Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee of Alaska">Wounded Knee of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quinton_Donaldson_Jr." title="Thomas Quinton Donaldson Jr.">Thomas Quinton Donaldson Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To this day, the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them. A 1980 Supreme Court decision (<i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i>) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation, increased by interest to $757 million, but not the return of the land which the Sioux sought. The Lakota have refused to take the money, demanding instead the return of the land.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The photographer <a href="/wiki/John_C._H._Grabill" title="John C. H. Grabill">John C. H. Grabill</a>'s caption on the original photograph in the Library of Congress reads: "No.3627. Famous Battery "E" of the 1st Artillery. These brave men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Foot's Indians thought were toys, Together with the fighting 7th what's left of Gen. Custer's boys, Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys. This checked the Indian noise, and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois. Photo and copyright by Grabilll ,'91. Deadwood, S.D."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from Nelson Miles' report of some 300 snow-covered forms during his inspection of the field three days later, Miles in a letter states: "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley2004201_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtley2004">Utley (2004)</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown (2009)</a>, p. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." <a href="#CITEREFUtley2004">Utley (2004)</a>, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056">"Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210233625/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2014</span>. <q>resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Indians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plains+Humanities%3A+Wounded+Knee+Massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplainshumanities.unl.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdoc%2Fegp.war.056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2007" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jerome A. (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQMEaHtv5wwC"><i>Indian War Veterans: Memories of Army Life and Campaigns in the West, 1864–1898</i></a>. Savas Beatie. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-022-4"><bdi>978-1-61121-022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+War+Veterans%3A+Memories+of+Army+Life+and+Campaigns+in+the+West%2C+1864%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61121-022-4&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jerome+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQMEaHtv5wwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nps_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nps_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030110035433/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=540&ResourceType=Site">"National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=540&ResourceType=Site">the original</a> on January 10, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmarks+Program%3A+Wounded+Knee&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D540%26ResourceType%3DSite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiggett1998" class="citation web cs1">Liggett, Lorie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001030115132/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html">"Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction"</a>. Bowling Green State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wounded+Knee+Massacre+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Liggett&rft.aufirst=Lorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgsu.edu%2Fdepartments%2Facs%2F1890s%2Fwoundedknee%2FWKIntro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPRUCHA2005" class="citation journal cs1">PRUCHA, FRANCIS PAUL (2005). Ostler, Jeffrey (ed.). "Wounded Knee through the Lens of Colonialism". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">725–</span>728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00512.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00512.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24915067">24915067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Wounded+Knee+through+the+Lens+of+Colonialism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E725-%3C%2Fspan%3E728&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24915067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00512.x&rft.aulast=PRUCHA&rft.aufirst=FRANCIS+PAUL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm">"The Wounded Knee Massacre – December 1890"</a>. Lastoftheindependents.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106003804/http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wounded+Knee+Massacre+%E2%80%93+December+1890&rft.pub=Lastoftheindependents.com&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastoftheindependents.com%2Fwounded.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/eight/likegrass.htm">"PBS – The West – Like Grass Before the Sickle"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=PBS+%E2%80%93+The+West+%E2%80%93+Like+Grass+Before+the+Sickle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fthewest%2Fprogram%2Fepisodes%2Feight%2Flikegrass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Utter1991" class="citation book cs1">Jack Utter (1991). <i>Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy</i> (1st ed.). National Woodlands Publishing Company. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9628075-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9628075-1-6"><bdi>0-9628075-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wounded+Knee+%26+the+Ghost+Dance+Tragedy&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=National+Woodlands+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-9628075-1-6&rft.au=Jack+Utter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene2014_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene2014_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2014" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jerome A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancarnagew0000gree"><i>American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890</i></a>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">417–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4448-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-4448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Carnage%3A+Wounded+Knee%2C+1890&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4448-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jerome+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancarnagew0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sourcenm.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sourcenm.com_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sourcenm.com_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcenm.com/2024/01/03/an-alternative-proposal-for-the-wounded-knee-medal-problem/">"An alternative proposal for the Wounded Knee medal problem"</a>. January 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+alternative+proposal+for+the+Wounded+Knee+medal+problem&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcenm.com%2F2024%2F01%2F03%2Fan-alternative-proposal-for-the-wounded-knee-medal-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/page/1299_lakotawounded_knee_a_campaign_to/">"Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information"</a>. <i>Footnote.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002027/http://www.fold3.com/page/1299_lakotawounded_knee_a_campaign_to/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300103166" title="Special:BookSources/0300103166"><bdi>0300103166</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053616/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300103168/last-days-sioux-nation">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtley2004" class="citation book cs1">Utley, Robert Marshall (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KG1_U93aUIgC&q=james+d+mann+drexel+mission+fight&pg=PA309"><i>The Last Days of the Sioux Nation</i></a> (2nd ed.). 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024903-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024903-8"><bdi>978-0-19-024903-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921821850">921821850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Wounded+Knee+%3A+the+Lakotas+and+the+politics+of+memory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F921821850&rft.isbn=978-0-19-024903-8&rft.aulast=Grua&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton1975" class="citation news cs1">Charlton, Linda (December 30, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/30/archives/army-denies-a-wounded-knee-massacre.html">"Army Denies a Wounded Knee Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212433/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/30/archives/army-denies-a-wounded-knee-massacre.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Army+Denies+a+Wounded+Knee+Massacre&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1975-12-30&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F12%2F30%2Farchives%2Farmy-denies-a-wounded-knee-massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Charles. December 29, 1890. <i>American History</i>. December 2005 40(5) pp. 16–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMHaWK-Brown-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMHaWK-Brown_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Dee (2009). <i>Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West</i> (Illustrated ed.). New York and Toronto: Sterling Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">521–</span>522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6066-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6066-2"><bdi>978-1-4027-6066-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+My+Heart+at+Wounded+Knee%3A+An+Indian+History+of+the+American+West&rft.place=New+York+and+Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E522&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6066-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bateman2008-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bateman2008_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bateman, Robert (June 2008). "Wounded Knee". <i>Military History</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=Wounded+Knee&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009179–180-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009179–180_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown (2009)</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-army-massacres-indians-at-wounded-knee">"U.S. Army Massacres Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=U.S.+Army+Massacres+Sioux+Indians+at+Wounded+Knee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fu-s-army-massacres-indians-at-wounded-knee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60234250/an-old-dilemma-what-about-the-indians/">"An Old Dilemma: What about the Indians? Militants vs. Tribal Leaders"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. March 11, 1973. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053510/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60234250/an-old-dilemma-what-about-the-indians/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=An+Old+Dilemma%3A+What+about+the+Indians%3F+Militants+vs.+Tribal+Leaders&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1973-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F60234250%2Fan-old-dilemma-what-about-the-indians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephy_1990-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephy_1990_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephy_1990_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, Jr., Alvin M., Trudy Thomas, and Jeanne Eder. Wounded Knee: Lest We Forget. Billings, Montana: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostler, Jeffrey. (2004) <i>The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee</i>. (p. 354).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumGiago-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaumGiago_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/the-man-who-called-for-th_b_5013398.html">Giago, Tim (<i>Nanwica Kciji</i>). "The Man Who Called for the Extermination of the Lakota"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053432/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-man-who-called-for-th_b_5013398">Archived</a> February 13, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Notes from Indian Country</i> © 2014 Native Sun News, at HuffPost. Retrieved July 15, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/library/upload/woundedkneesa.pdf">"Wounded Knee Survivors Association, Papers (1890–1973)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083356/http://www.usd.edu/library/upload/woundedkneesa.pdf">Archived</a> March 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Archives and Special Collections, University of South Dakota, accessed June 7, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiancountrytoday-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiancountrytoday_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiancountrytoday_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Annette_Palmer2022" class="citation web cs1">Mary Annette Palmer (September 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/wounded-knee-land-comes-home-at-last">"Wounded Knee land comes home at last"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=Wounded+Knee+land+comes+home+at+last&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft.au=Mary+Annette+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwounded-knee-land-comes-home-at-last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Parsons1973" class="citation news cs1">James Parsons (March 25, 1973). "AIM Indians with 'story to tell' made Wounded Knee the medium". <i>Minneapolis Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Tribune&rft.atitle=AIM+Indians+with+%27story+to+tell%27+made+Wounded+Knee+the+medium&rft.date=1973-03-25&rft.au=James+Parsons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span><br />Via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Welter2007" class="citation web cs1">Ben Welter (October 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622014051/http://ww3.startribune.com/blogs/oldnews/archives/186">"Sunday, March 25, 1973: Inside Wounded Knee"</a>. <i>startribune.com/blogs</i>. Star Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww3.startribune.com/blogs/oldnews/archives/186">the original</a> on June 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=startribune.com%2Fblogs&rft.atitle=Sunday%2C+March+25%2C+1973%3A+Inside+Wounded+Knee&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Ben+Welter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww3.startribune.com%2Fblogs%2Foldnews%2Farchives%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schubert-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schubert_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_N._Schubert" title="Frank N. Schubert">Schubert, Frank N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/121"><i>Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898</i></a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/121">121–132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842025867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842025867"><bdi>978-0842025867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Valor%3A+Buffalo+Soldiers+and+the+Medal+of+Honor%2C+1870%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=121-132&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0842025867&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackvalorbuffal00schu%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedinEstes2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Hedin, Benjamin; Estes, Nick (May 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-siege-of-wounded-knee-was-not-an-end-but-a-beginning">"The Siege of Wounded Knee Was Not an End but a Beginning"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Siege+of+Wounded+Knee+Was+Not+an+End+but+a+Beginning&rft.date=2023-05-06&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Hedin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Estes%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdispatch%2Fthe-siege-of-wounded-knee-was-not-an-end-but-a-beginning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Ostler: The Plains Sioux and U.S. colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee, pp. 357–358, Cambridge University Press (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60590-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-60590-3">0-521-60590-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBHAQAAIAAJ&q=plenty+horses&pg=PA132"><i>Congressional edition By United States. Congress, p. 132</i></a>. April 26, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053453/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBHAQAAIAAJ&q=plenty+horses&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+edition+By+United+States.+Congress%2C+p.+132&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEBHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dplenty%2Bhorses%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger L. Di Silvestro: <i>In the Shadow of Wounded Knee: The Untold Final Story of the Indian Wars</i>, p. 198, Walker & Company (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1514-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1514-1">0-8027-1514-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight S. Mears, "Removing the Stain Without Undermining Military Awards: Revoking Medals Earned at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890," American Indian Law Review 48 (No. 1): 179-216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/7/">https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol48/iss1/7/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JerryGreen-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JerryGreen_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JerryGreen_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1994" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Green, Jerry (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629102546/http://nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1994MedalsWKnee.pdf">"The Medals of Wounded Knee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nebraska History</i>. Vol. 75. Nebraska State Historical Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>208. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+History&rft.atitle=The+Medals+of+Wounded+Knee&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnebraskahistory.org%2Fpublish%2Fpublicat%2Fhistory%2Ffull-text%2FNH1994MedalsWKnee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickshovel.com/WagnerB.html">"Doctor Sally Wagner Testifies At Wounded Knee Hearings Part Two"</a>. <i>First Nations/First Peoples Issues</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708070244/http://www.dickshovel.com/WagnerB.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Nations%2FFirst+Peoples+Issues&rft.atitle=Doctor+Sally+Wagner+Testifies+At+Wounded+Knee+Hearings+Part+Two&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickshovel.com%2FWagnerB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2021</span>. <q>That wasn't a battle, that was a slaughter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Kos&rft.atitle=S.+Dakota+Senate+unanimously+seeks+inquiry+into+Wounded+Knee+Medals+of+Honor&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstories%2F2021%2F2%2F23%2F2017715%2F-S-Dakota-Senate-unanimously-seeks-inquiry-into-Wounded-Knee-Medals-of-Honor%3Fpm_source%3Dstory_sidebar%26pm_medium%3Dweb%26pm_campaign%3Drecommended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/warren-merkley-and-kahele-reintroduce-the-remove-the-stain-act#:~:text=Legislation%20would%20revoke%20Medal%20of,at%20the%20Wounded%20Knee%20massacre&text=Washington%2C%20D.C.%20%2D%20United%20States%20Senators,the%20Remove%20the%20Stain%20Act.">"Warren, Merkley, and Kahele Reintroduce the Remove the Stain Act"</a> (Press release). 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June 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=The+Worst+Mass+Shooting+in+U.S.+History+Was+Not+in+Orlando&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fpolitics-current-affairs%2Fthe-worst-mass-shooting-in-us-history-was-not-in-orlando%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Anderson2016" class="citation web cs1">Mike Anderson (June 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/wounded-knee-and-the-bloody-history-of-mass-shootings-in-the-us/article_a75ef28b-4ca0-5909-a287-eb99e8e8611d.html">"Wounded Knee, and the bloody history of mass shootings in the US"</a>. <i>Rapid City Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rapid+City+Journal&rft.atitle=Wounded+Knee%2C+and+the+bloody+history+of+mass+shootings+in+the+US&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft.au=Mike+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frapidcityjournal.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fwounded-knee-and-the-bloody-history-of-mass-shootings-in-the-us%2Farticle_a75ef28b-4ca0-5909-a287-eb99e8e8611d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetters2017" class="citation news cs1">Letters (October 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/05/deadliest-mass-shooting-in-modern-us-history-wounded-knee-not-las-vegas">"Deadliest mass shooting in modern US history – Wounded Knee, not Las Vegas"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deadliest+mass+shooting+in+modern+US+history+%E2%80%93+Wounded+Knee%2C+not+Las+Vegas&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.au=Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Foct%2F05%2Fdeadliest-mass-shooting-in-modern-us-history-wounded-knee-not-las-vegas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKale_Williams2016" class="citation web cs1">Kale Williams (June 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregonlive.com/today/2016/06/orlando_shooting_headlines_glo.html">"Orlando headlines gloss over Native American massacres"</a>. <i>Oregonian/OregonLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregonian%2FOregonLive&rft.atitle=Orlando+headlines+gloss+over+Native+American+massacres&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.au=Kale+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Ftoday%2F2016%2F06%2Forlando_shooting_headlines_glo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/CS.aspx?VP3=DamView&VBID=2A3BXZ89061WS&SMLS=1&RW=1872&RH=932">"American soldiers gathering up dead Sioux Indians after the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota, 1892"</a>. <i>USC Digital Library</i> (Photograph Annotation). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530020508/http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll65/id/19104">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=American+soldiers+gathering+up+dead+Sioux+Indians+after+the+Wounded+Knee+Massacre+in+South+Dakota%2C+1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.usc.edu%2FCS.aspx%3FVP3%3DDamView%26VBID%3D2A3BXZ89061WS%26SMLS%3D1%26RW%3D1872%26RH%3D932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IzzoKonkle2002-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IzzoKonkle2002_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzoKonkle2002" class="citation book cs1">Izzo, David Garrett; Konkle, Lincoln (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYT8uphYdz4C&pg=PA120"><i>Stephen Vincent Benet: Essays on His Life and Work</i></a>. McFarland. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786413645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786413645"><bdi>978-0786413645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053443/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYT8uphYdz4C&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+Vincent+Benet%3A+Essays+on+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0786413645&rft.aulast=Izzo&rft.aufirst=David+Garrett&rft.au=Konkle%2C+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYT8uphYdz4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patti Smith Group, "Ghost Dance". On <i><a href="/wiki/Easter_(Patti_Smith_Group_album)" title="Easter (Patti Smith Group album)">Easter</a></i>, Arista AB 4171, released 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbie Robertson, "Ghost Dance", on <i><a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Music for the Native Americans">Music for the Native Americans</a></i>, Cema/Capitol 28295, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Roberts" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(singer-songwriter)" title="Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)">Sam Roberts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053508/https://www.metrolyrics.com/the-bootleg-saint-lyrics-sam-roberts.html">"Sam Roberts – The Bootleg Saint Lyrics MetroLyrics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MetroLyrics" title="MetroLyrics">MetroLyrics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metrolyrics.com/the-bootleg-saint-lyrics-sam-roberts.html">the original</a> on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sam+Roberts+%E2%80%93+The+Bootleg+Saint+Lyrics+MetroLyrics&rft.pub=MetroLyrics&rft.au=Sam+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrolyrics.com%2Fthe-bootleg-saint-lyrics-sam-roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000146/http://www.redbone.be/wounded.html">"Discography: We are[sic] all wounded at Wounded Knee"</a>. <i>Redbone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbone.be/wounded.html">the original</a> on December 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Redbone&rft.atitle=Discography%3A+We+are%5Bsic%5D+all+wounded+at+Wounded+Knee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbone.be%2Fwounded.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span> Unofficial discography site, with lyrics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com/nama-10">"NAMA 10"</a>. <i>NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Music_Awards" title="Native American Music Awards">Native American Music Awards</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053550/https://www.nativeamericanmusicawards.com/nama-10">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com&rft.atitle=NAMA+10&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com%2Fnama-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hocakworak.com/article.aspx?headline=%E2%80%98Neither+Wolf+Nor+Dog%E2%80%99+film+portrays+Native+American+real+life+struggles+">"Hocak Worak"</a>. <i>www.hocakworak.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213053632/http://www.hocakworak.com/article.aspx?headline=%E2%80%98Neither+Wolf+Nor+Dog%E2%80%99+film+portrays+Native+American+real+life+struggles+">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hocakworak.com&rft.atitle=Hocak+Worak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hocakworak.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fheadline%3D%25E2%2580%2598Neither%2BWolf%2BNor%2BDog%25E2%2580%2599%2Bfilm%2Bportrays%2BNative%2BAmerican%2Breal%2Blife%2Bstruggles%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfarb2012" class="citation web cs1">Goldfarb, Andrew (December 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/12/21/the-evolution-of-bioshock-infinite">"The Evolution of BioShock Infinite"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318224546/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/12/21/the-evolution-of-bioshock-infinite">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+BioShock+Infinite&rft.pub=IGN&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F12%2F21%2Fthe-evolution-of-bioshock-infinite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Matt (April 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/04/09/free-will-and-hope-in-bioshock-infinite.aspx">"Free Will And Hope In BioShock Infinite"</a>. Game Informer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101180348/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2013/04/09/free-will-and-hope-in-bioshock-infinite.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Will+And+Hope+In+BioShock+Infinite&rft.pub=Game+Informer&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fb%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2013%2F04%2F09%2Ffree-will-and-hope-in-bioshock-infinite.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andersson, Rani-Henrik. <i>The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803210738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803210738">978-0803210738</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Dee. <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a>: An Indian History of the American West</i>, Owl Books (1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805066691" title="Special:BookSources/0805066691">0805066691</a>.</li> <li>Craft, Francis M. <i>At Standing Rock and Wounded Knee: The Journals and Papers of Father Francis M. Craft</i>, 1888–1890, edited and annotated by Thomas W. Foley, Norman, Oklahoma: The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Clark_Company" title="Arthur H. Clark Company">Arthur H. Clark Company</a> (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870623721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870623721">978-0870623721</a>.</li> <li>Champlin, Tim. <i>A Trail To Wounded Knee : A Western Story.</i> Five Star (2001).</li> <li>Coleman, William S.E. <i>Voices of Wounded Knee</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803215061" title="Special:BookSources/0803215061">0803215061</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cozzens" title="Peter Cozzens">Cozzens, Peter.</a> <i>The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story on the Indian wars for the American West</i>, Atlantic Books (2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786491510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786491510">978-1786491510</a>.</li> <li>Foley, Thomas W. <i>Father Francis M. Craft, Missionary to the Sioux</i>, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803220154" title="Special:BookSources/0803220154">0803220154</a>.</li> <li>Gage, Justin. <i>We Do Not Want the Gates Closed between Us: Native Networks and the Spread of the Ghost Dance</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806167251" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806167251">978-0806167251</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2014" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jerome A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancarnagew0000gree"><i>American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890</i></a>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4448-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-4448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Carnage%3A+Wounded+Knee%2C+1890&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4448-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jerome+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancarnagew0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWounded+Knee+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen" title="Pekka Hämäläinen">Hämäläinen, Pekka.</a> <i>Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power</i>, New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300215953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300215953">978-0300215953</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Rex Alan. <i>Moon of Popping Trees.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (1981). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803291205" title="Special:BookSources/0803291205">0803291205</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Treuer" title="David Treuer">Treuer, David.</a> <i>The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee : Native America from 1890 to the Present.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a> (2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594633157" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594633157">978-1594633157</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Utley, Robert M.</a> <i>Last Days of the Sioux Nation. 2nd Edition</i> New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300103168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300103168">978-0300103168</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Utley, Robert M.</a> <i>The Indian Frontier 1846–1890.</i> Albuquerque, NM: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a> (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826329985" title="Special:BookSources/0826329985">0826329985</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Utley, Robert M.</a> <i>Frontier Regulars The United States Army and the Indian 1866–1891.</i> New York: Macmillan Publishing (1973). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803295510" title="Special:BookSources/0803295510">0803295510</a>.</li> <li>Yenne, Bill. <i>Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West</i>, Westholme (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594160163" title="Special:BookSources/1594160163">1594160163</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wounded_Knee_Massacre&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wounded_Knee_Massacre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre<br />(Pine Ridge Campaign)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woundedkneemuseum.org">The Wounded Knee Museum in Wall, South Dakota</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/search/collection/Camp/">"Walter Mason Camp Collection," includes photographs from the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek</a>, Brigham Young University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dakotapathways.org/20/story.htm">"A Dark Day" – Education Resource</a>, Dakota Pathways</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E2DF1E3BE533A25751C2A9679D94619ED7CF">"The Ghost Dance; How the Indians Work Themselves up to Fighting Pitch"</a>, eyewitness account by reporter, <i>New York Times</i>, November 22, 1890</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armyatwoundedknee.wordpress.com/">Army at Wounded Knee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/12/wounded-knee-massacre-lakota-us-army">Remember the Massacre at Wounded Knee</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. December 29, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lakota_people181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lakota_people" title="Template:Lakota people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lakota_people" title="Template talk:Lakota people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lakota_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lakota people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lakota_people181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_Arc" title="Sans Arc">Sans Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicangu" title="Sicangu">Sicangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihasapa" title="Sihasapa">Sihasapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Kettles" title="Two Kettles">Two Kettles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Cheyenne River Indian Reservation">Cheyenne River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brule_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Brule Indian Reservation">Lower Brule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Mountain_Lakota_First_Nation" title="Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation">Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historical10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> (1868–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud_Agency" title="Red Cloud Agency">Red Cloud Agency</a> (1871–1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Language</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta_Lakota_Museum_and_Cultural_Center" title="Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center">Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religion37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">Vision quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">White Buffalo Calf Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_School" title="Flandreau Indian School">Flandreau Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Tech_High_School" title="Lakota Tech High School">Lakota Tech High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Indian_Learning_Center" title="Pierre Indian Learning Center">Pierre Indian Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Indian_School" title="St. Elizabeth's Indian School">St. Elizabeth's Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Indian_School" title="St. Francis Indian School">St. Francis Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Indian_School" title="St. Joseph's Indian School">St. Joseph's Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_College" title="Oglala Lakota College">Oglala Lakota College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Gleska_University" title="Sinte Gleska University">Sinte Gleska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_College" title="Sitting Bull College">Sitting Bull College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intertribal conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_Massacre_(1820)" title="Tongue River Massacre (1820)">Tongue River Massacre (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Blue_Coat%27s_Village" title="Battle at Blue Coat's Village">Battle at Blue Coat's Village</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a> (1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a> (1854)</li> <li>Treaties of Fort Laramie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">1868</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killdeer_Mountain" title="Battle of Killdeer Mountain">Battle of Killdeer Mountain</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War</a> (1890) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%E2%80%93Sloan_Missouri_Basin_Program" title="Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program">Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1944" title="Flood Control Act of 1944">Flood Control Act of 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Tower">Devil's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Cave" title="Ludlow Cave">Ludlow Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Mound_Historic_Prairie" title="Spirit Mound Historic Prairie">Spirit Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Butte" title="Thunder Butte">Thunder Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Commerce_Bank_v._Long_Family_Land_%26_Cattle_Co." title="Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.">Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i> (1980)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Quiver" title="United States v. Quiver">United States v. Quiver</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_people" title="List of Lakota people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakota_people" title="Category:Lakota people">Category:Lakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(artist)" title="Black Hawk (artist)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Hollow_Wood" title="Minnie Hollow Wood">Minnie Hollow Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills" title="Billy Mills">Billy Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Template:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Template talk:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Counties8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_County,_South_Dakota" title="Bennett County, South Dakota">Bennett County, South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_South_Dakota" title="Jackson County, South Dakota">Jackson County, South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_County,_South_Dakota" title="Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota">Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Nebraska" title="Sheridan County, Nebraska">Sheridan County, Nebraska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Communities11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen,_South_Dakota" title="Allen, South Dakota">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batesland,_South_Dakota" title="Batesland, South Dakota">Batesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle,_South_Dakota" title="Kyle, South Dakota">Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manderson-White_Horse_Creek,_South_Dakota" title="Manderson-White Horse Creek, South Dakota">Manderson-White Horse Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala,_South_Dakota" title="Oglala, South Dakota">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge,_South_Dakota" title="Pine Ridge, South Dakota">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine,_South_Dakota" title="Porcupine, South Dakota">Porcupine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanblee,_South_Dakota" title="Wanblee, South Dakota">Wanblee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee,_South_Dakota" title="Wounded Knee, South Dakota">Wounded Knee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> (1890) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_Mission_Fight" title="Drexel Mission Fight">Drexel Mission Fight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badlands_Bombing_Range" title="Badlands Bombing Range">Badlands Bombing Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_County_School_District" title="Oglala Lakota County School District">Oglala Lakota County School District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Tech_High_School" title="Lakota Tech High School">Lakota Tech High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_County_School_District" title="Bennett County School District">Bennett County School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_School" title="Crazy Horse School">Crazy Horse School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Wound_School" title="Little Wound School">Little Wound School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_School" title="Pine Ridge School">Pine Ridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud_Indian_School" title="Red Cloud Indian School">Red Cloud Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota_College" title="Oglala Lakota College">Oglala Lakota College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Airport" title="Pine Ridge Airport">Pine Ridge Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_407" title="South Dakota Highway 407">South Dakota Highway 407</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Dakota674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Dakota" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Dakota674" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_USA_SD.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_SD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_USA_SD.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_SD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Map_of_USA_SD.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_SD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by<br />county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aurora_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Aurora County, South Dakota">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Beadle_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Beadle County, South Dakota">Beadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bennett_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennett County, South Dakota">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bon_Homme_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bon Homme County, South Dakota">Bon Homme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brookings_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookings County, South Dakota">Brookings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brown_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brown County, South Dakota">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brule_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brule County, South Dakota">Brule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buffalo_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo County, South Dakota">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Butte_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Butte County, South Dakota">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Campbell_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Campbell County, South Dakota">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charles_Mix_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles Mix County, South Dakota">Charles Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clark_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, South Dakota">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clay_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, South Dakota">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Codington_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Codington County, South Dakota">Codington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Corson_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Corson County, South Dakota">Corson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Custer_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Custer County, South Dakota">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Davison_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Davison County, South Dakota">Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Day_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Day County, South Dakota">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Deuel_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Deuel County, South Dakota">Deuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dewey_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dewey County, South Dakota">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Douglas_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, South Dakota">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Edmunds_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Edmunds County, South Dakota">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fall_River_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River County, South Dakota">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Faulk_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Faulk County, South Dakota">Faulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grant_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, South Dakota">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gregory_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gregory County, South Dakota">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Haakon_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Haakon County, South Dakota">Haakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamlin_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamlin County, South Dakota">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hand_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hand County, South Dakota">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hanson_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hanson County, South Dakota">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Harding_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Harding County, South Dakota">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hughes_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hughes County, South Dakota">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hutchinson_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hutchinson County, South Dakota">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hyde_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hyde County, South Dakota">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, South Dakota">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jerauld_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jerauld County, South Dakota">Jerauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jones_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jones County, South Dakota">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kingsbury_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kingsbury County, South Dakota">Kingsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, South Dakota">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lawrence_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence County, South Dakota">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lincoln_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, South Dakota">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lyman_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lyman County, South Dakota">Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marshall_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Marshall County, South Dakota">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_McCook_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in McCook County, South Dakota">McCook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_McPherson_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in McPherson County, South Dakota">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Meade_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Meade County, South Dakota">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mellette_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mellette County, South Dakota">Mellette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Miner_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Miner County, South Dakota">Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnehaha County, South Dakota">Minnehaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Moody_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Moody County, South Dakota">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oglala_Lakota_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota">Oglala Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennington_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennington County, South Dakota">Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Perkins_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Perkins County, South Dakota">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Potter_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Potter County, South Dakota">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Roberts_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Roberts County, South Dakota">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sanborn_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sanborn County, South Dakota">Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Spink_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Spink County, South Dakota">Spink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Stanley_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Stanley County, South Dakota">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sully_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sully County, South Dakota">Sully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Todd_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Todd County, South Dakota">Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tripp_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tripp County, South Dakota">Tripp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Turner_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Turner County, South Dakota">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, South Dakota">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Walworth_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Walworth County, South Dakota">Walworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yankton_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yankton County, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ziebach_County,_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ziebach County, South Dakota">Ziebach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wounded Knee Massacre (South Dakota : 1890)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1404484/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wounded Knee <SD> / Massaker <1890>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4339911-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wounded Knee Massacre, S.D., 1890"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85148587">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wounded Knee, Massacre de (1890)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12256257s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wounded Knee, Massacre de (1890)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12256257s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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