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deficiency virus</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: human immune deficiency virus"> <meta name="keywords" content="human immune deficiency virus"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="human immune deficiency virus"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9633</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: human immune deficiency virus</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9633</span> Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Energy Malnutrition among Human Immune Deficiency Virus Infected Pregnant Women in Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getachew%20Adugna">Getachew Adugna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Chronic energy malnutrition and human immune deficiency virus among pregnant women are highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, and they are interrelated in a vicious cycle. However, the prevalence of chronic energy malnutrition and its determinant factors among human immune deficiency virus-positive pregnant women is not well studied in Ethiopia and Addis Ababa in particular. Objective: To determine the prevalence & associated factors of chronic energy malnutrition among human immune deficiency virus-positive pregnant women in health centres of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. A total of 253 study subjects were enrolled in the study—a structured and pre-tested questionnaire collected sociodemographic, maternal health-related, and nutritional-related variables. MUAC measurements were taken and medical charts were reviewed. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the effect of different factors on chronic energy malnutrition. Result: The overall prevalence of chronic energy malnutrition was 32.0%. It was significantly associated with dietary counselling (AOR: 0.062; 95%CI: 0.007, 0.549), CD4 level (AOR: 0.219; 95%CI: 0.025, 1.908), and clinical stage (AOR: 0.127; 95%CI: 0.053, 0.305). Conclusions: The prevalence of chronic energy malnutrition among Human Immune deficiency virus-infected pregnant women in Addis Ababa was high and Nutritional Intervention should be an integral part of the HIV care program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20energy%20malnutrition" title="chronic energy malnutrition">chronic energy malnutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MUAC" title=" MUAC"> MUAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Addis%20Ababa" title=" Addis Ababa"> Addis Ababa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182717/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-chronic-energy-malnutrition-among-human-immune-deficiency-virus-infected-pregnant-women-in-health-centers-of-addis-ababa-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9632</span> The Magnitude and Associated Factors of Immune Hemolytic Anemia among Human Immuno Deficiency Virus Infected Adults Attending University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital North West Ethiopia 2021 GC, Cross Sectional Study Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samul%20Sahile%20Kebede">Samul Sahile Kebede</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Back ground: -Immune hemolytic anemia commonly affects human immune deficiency, infected individuals. Among anemic HIV patients in Africa, the burden of IHA due to autoantibody was ranged from 2.34 to 3.06 due to the drug was 43.4%. IHA due to autoimmune is potentially a fatal complication of HIV, which accompanies the greatest percent from acquired hemolytic anemia. Objective: -The main aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated factors of immune hemolytic anemia among human immuno deficiency virus infected adults at the university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital north west Ethiopia from March to April 2021. Methods: - An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 358 human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults selected by systematic random sampling at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital from March to April 2021. Data for socio-demography, dietary and clinical data were collected by structured pretested questionnaire. Five ml of venous blood was drawn from each participant and analyzed by Unicel DHX 800 hematology analyzer, blood film examination, and antihuman globulin test were performed to the diagnosis of immune hemolytic anemia. Data was entered into Epidata version 4.6 and analyzed by STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics were computed and firth penalized logistic regression was used to identify predictors. P value less than 0.005 interpreted as significant. Result; - The overall prevalence of immune hemolytic anemia was 2.8 % (10 of 358 participants). Of these, 5 were males, and 7 were in the 31 to 50 year age group. Among individuals with immune hemolytic anemia, 40 % mild and 60 % moderate anemia. The factors that showed association were family history of anemia (AOR 8.30 at 95% CI 1.56, 44.12), not eating meat (AOR 7.39 at 95% CI 1.25, 45.0), and high viral load 6.94 at 95% CI (1.13, 42.6). Conclusion and recommendation; Immune hemolytic anemia is less frequent condition in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults, and moderate anemia was common in this population. The prevalence was increased with a high viral load, a family history of anemia, and not eating meat. In these patients, early detection and treatment of immune hemolytic anemia is necessary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anemia" title="anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemolytic" title=" hemolytic"> hemolytic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune" title=" immune"> immune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%20immune" title=" auto immune"> auto immune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV%2FAIDS" title=" HIV/AIDS"> HIV/AIDS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157231/the-magnitude-and-associated-factors-of-immune-hemolytic-anemia-among-human-immuno-deficiency-virus-infected-adults-attending-university-of-gondar-comprehensive-specialized-hospital-north-west-ethiopia-2021-gc-cross-sectional-study-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9631</span> Nutritional Status of People Living with Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Attending Anti-Retro Viral Treatment Clinic of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghimire%20K.">Ghimire K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehta%20R.%20S."> Mehta R. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parajuli%20P."> Parajuli P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chettri%20R."> Chettri R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Malnutrition is a common hallmark of Human Immuno Virus (HIV) disease. It plays a synergistic role in immunosuppression which is initiated by Human Immuno Virus itself, and malnutrition forms an independent risk factor for disease progression. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the nutritional status of the people living with Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome attending the Anti-Retro viral Treatment Clinic and find the association of nutritional status with different socio-demographic variables. Methods: A total of 101 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) were selected by convenient sampling technique. The study was conducted at the ART clinic of BPKIHS. A subjective global assessment tool was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The study demonstrated that the mean age of the respondents was 40.97+8.650 years. 65.3% were well-nourished, and 34.7% of the participants were mildly/moderately malnourished, whereas none of them were severely malnourished. BMI was statistically significant with education status, family income, and duration of illness of the participants, and nutritional status was statistically significant with gender, marital status, education status, and family history of HIV. Conclusion: On the basis of the result, it can be concluded that more than half of the respondents were well nourished. Gender, marital status, and education are associated with nutritional status. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20status" title="nutritional status">nutritional status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=people%20living%20with%20HIV%2FAIDS" title=" people living with HIV/AIDS"> people living with HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ART%20treatment" title=" ART treatment"> ART treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153770/nutritional-status-of-people-living-with-human-immuno-virusacquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-attending-anti-retro-viral-treatment-clinic-of-bp-koirala-institute-of-health-sciences-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9630</span> Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Human Immune Deficiency Virus-Positive Patients Under Anti-retroviral Attending in Rwanda, a Case Study of University Teaching Hospital of Butare</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venuste%20Kayinamura">Venuste Kayinamura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Iyamuremye"> V. Iyamuremye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ngirabakunzi"> A. Ngirabakunzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for HIV patient can cause a deficiency in glucose metabolism by promoting insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and diabetes, diabetes mellitus keep increasing among HIV-infected patients worldwide but there is limited data on levels of blood glucose and its relationship with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and HIV-infection worldwide, particularly in Rwanda. A convenient sampling strategy was used in this study and it involved 323 HIV patients (n=323). Patients who are HIV positive under ARVs were involved in this study. The patient’s blood glucose was analyzed using an automated machine or glucometer (COBAS C 311). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS V. 20.0 and presented in percentages. The highest diabetes mellitus prevalence was 93.33 % in people aged >40 years while the lowest diabetes mellitus prevalence was 6.67% in people aged between 21-and 40 years. The P-value was (0.021). Thus, there is a significant association between age and diabetes occurrence. The highest diabetes mellitus prevalence was 28.2% in patients under ART treatment for more than 10 years, 16.7% were <5years while 20% of patients were on ART treatment between 5-10 years. The P-value here is (0.03), thus the incidence of diabetes is associated with long-term ART use in HIV-infected patients. This study assessed the prevalence of diabetes among HIV-infected patients under ARVs attending the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB), it shows that the prevalence of diabetes is high in HIV-infected patients under ARTs. This study found no significant relationship between gender and diabetes mellitus growth. Therefore, regular assessment of diabetes mellitus especially among HIV-infected patients under ARVs is highly recommended to control other health issues caused by diabetes mellitus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-retroviral" title="anti-retroviral">anti-retroviral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes%20mellitus" title=" diabetes mellitus"> diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiretroviral%20therapy" title=" antiretroviral therapy"> antiretroviral therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immune%20deficiency%20virus" title=" human immune deficiency virus"> human immune deficiency virus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151413/prevalence-of-diabetes-mellitus-among-human-immune-deficiency-virus-positive-patients-under-anti-retroviral-attending-in-rwanda-a-case-study-of-university-teaching-hospital-of-butare" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9629</span> Facile Synthetic Process for Lamivudine and Emtricitabine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devender%20Mandala">Devender Mandala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Watts"> Paul Watts</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cis-Nucleosides mainly lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) are an important tool in the treatment of Human immune deficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human T-Lymotropoic virus (HTLV). Lamivudine and emtricitabine are potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTI). These two drugs are synthesized by a four-stage process from the starting materials: menthyl glyoxylate hydrate and 1,4-dithane-2,5-diol to produce the 5-hydroxy oxathiolane which upon acetylation with acetic anhydride to yield 5-acetoxy oxathiolane. Then glycosylation of this acetyl product with silyl protected nucleoside to produce the intermediate. The reduction of this intermediates can provide the final targets. Although there are several different methods reported for the synthesis of lamivudine and emtricitabine as a single enantiomer, we required an efficient route, which was suitable for large-scale synthesis to support the development of these compounds. In this process, we successfully prepared the intermediates of lamivudine and emtricitabine without using any solvents and catalyst, thus promoting the green synthesis. All the synthesized compound were confirmed by TLC, GC, Mass, NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emtricitabine" title="emtricitabine">emtricitabine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title=" green synthesis"> green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lamivudine" title=" lamivudine"> lamivudine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nucleoside" title=" nucleoside"> nucleoside</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60159/facile-synthetic-process-for-lamivudine-and-emtricitabine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9628</span> Prevalence and Factors Associated With Concurrent Use of Herbal Medicine and Anti-retroviral Therapy Among HIV/Aids Patients Attending Selected HIV Clinics in Wakiso District</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanteza%20Rachel">Nanteza Rachel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Worldwide, there were 36.7 million people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in 2015, up from 35 million at the end of 2013. Wakiso district is one of the hotspots for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) infection in Uganda, with the prevalence of 8.1 %. Herbal medicine has gained popularity among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients as adjuvant therapy to reduce the adverse effects of ART. Regardless of the subsidized and physical availability of the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART), majority of Africans living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) resort to adding to their ART traditional medicine. Result found out from a pilot observation made by the PI that indicate 13 out of 30 People Living with AIDS(PLWA) who are attending Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) clinics in Wakiso district reported to be using herbal preparations despite the fact that they were taking Anti Retro Viral (ARVs) this prompted this study to be done. Purpose of the study: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with concurrent use of herbal medicine and anti-retroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients attending selected HIV clinics in Wakiso district. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study with both quantitative data collection (use of a questionnaire) and qualitative data collection (key informants’ interviews). A mixed method of sampling was used, that is, purposive and random sampling. Purposive sampling was based on the location in the district and used to select 7 health facilities basing on the 7 health sub districts from Wakiso. Simple random sampling was used to select one HIV clinic from each of the 7 health sub districts. Furthermore, the study units were enrolled in to the study as they entered into the HIV clinics, and 105 respondents were interviewed. Both manual and computer packages (SPSS) were used to analyze the data Results: The prevalence of concurrent use of herbal medicine and ART was 38 (36.2%). Commonly HIV symptom treated with herbs was fever 27(71.1%), diarrhea 3(7.9%) and cough 2(5.3%). Commonly used herbs for fever (Omululuza (Vernonica amydalina), Ekigagi (Aloe sp), Nalongo (Justicia betonica Linn) while for diarrhea was Ntwatwa. The side effects also included; too much pain, itchy pain of HIV, aneamia,felt sick, loss/gain appetite, joint pain and bad dreams. Herbs used to sooth the side effects were; for aneamia was avocado leaves Parea Americana mill The significant factors associated with concurrent use of herbal medicine were being familiar with herbs and conventional medicine for management HIV symptoms being expensive. The other significant factor was exhibiting hostility to patients by health personnel providing HIV care. Conclusion: Herbal medicine is widely used by clients in HIV/AIDS care. Patients being familiar with herbs and conventional medicine being expensive were associated with concurrent use of herbal medicine and ART. The exhibition of hostility to the HIV/AIDS patients by the health care providers was also associated with concurrent use of herbal medicine and ART among HIV/AIDS patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV%20patients" title="HIV patients">HIV patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiretroviral%20therapy" title=" antiretroviral therapy"> antiretroviral therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors%20associated" title=" factors associated"> factors associated</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169804/prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-concurrent-use-of-herbal-medicine-and-anti-retroviral-therapy-among-hivaids-patients-attending-selected-hiv-clinics-in-wakiso-district" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9627</span> The Link of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus With the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sina%20Mahdavi">Sina Mahdavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS that affects the myelination process in the central nervous system (CNS). Complex interactions of various "environmental or infectious" factors may act as triggers in autoimmunity and disease progression. The association between viral infections, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and MS is one potential cause that is not well understood. This study aims to summarize the available data on human HIV infection in MS disease progression. In this study, the keywords "Multiple sclerosis", "Human immunodeficiency virus ", and "Central nervous system" in the databases PubMed, and Google Scholar between 2017 and 2022 were searched and 15 articles were chosen, studied, and analyzed. Revealed histologic signs of "MS-like illness" in the setting of HIV, which comprised widespread demyelination with reactive astrocytes, foamy macrophages, and perivascular infiltration with inflammatory cells, all of which are compatible with MS lesions. Human immunodeficiency virus causes dysfunction of the immune system, especially characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia and chronic activation of B cells. Activation of B cells leads to increased synthesis of immunoglobulin and finally to an excess of free light chains. Free light chains may be involved in autoimmune responses against neurons. There is a high expression of HIV during the course of MS, which indicates the relationship between HIV and MS, that this virus can play a role in the development of MS by creating an inflammatory state. Therefore, measures to modulate the expression of HIV may be effective in reducing inflammatory processes in demyelinated areas of MS patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sclerosis" title="multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immunodeficiency%20virus" title=" human immunodeficiency virus"> human immunodeficiency virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20nervous%20system" title=" central nervous system"> central nervous system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoimmunity" title=" autoimmunity"> autoimmunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159411/the-link-of-the-human-immunodeficiency-virus-with-the-progression-of-multiple-sclerosis-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9626</span> Innate Immune Dysfunction in Niemann Pick Disease Type C</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Newman">Stephanie Newman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Niemann-Pick Type C disease is a rare, usually fatal lysosomal storage disorder. Although clinically characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, there is also evidence of altered innate immune responses such as neuroinflammation that promote disease progression. We have initiated an investigation into whether phagocytosis, an important innate immune activity and the process by which particles are ingested is defective in NPC. Using an in vitro assay, we have shown that NPC macrophages have a deficiency in the phagocytosis of different particles. We plan to investigate the mechanistic basis for impaired phagocytosis, the contribution that this deficiency makes to disease pathology, and whether therapies that have shown in vivo benefit are able to restore phagocytic activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niemann%20Pick%20Disease%20C" title="Niemann Pick Disease C">Niemann Pick Disease C</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phagocytosis" title=" phagocytosis"> phagocytosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innate%20immunity" title=" innate immunity"> innate immunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lysosomal%20storage%20disorder" title=" lysosomal storage disorder "> lysosomal storage disorder </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34154/innate-immune-dysfunction-in-niemann-pick-disease-type-c" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9625</span> Medical Nutritional Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Tuberculosis and Severe Malnutrition: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lista%20Andriyati">Lista Andriyati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurpudji%20A%20Taslim"> Nurpudji A Taslim </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have potential nutritional and metabolic problems. HIV is a virus that attacks cells T helper and impairs the function of immune cells. Infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient, results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections such as tuberculosis (TB). Malnutrition has destructive effects on the immune system and host defense mechanisms. Effective and proper nutritional therapies are important to improve medical outcomes and quality of life, which is associated with functional improvement. A case of 38-years old man admitted to hospital with loss of consciousness and was diagnosed HIV infection and relapse lung TB with severe malnutrition, fever, oral candidiasis, anemia (6.3 g/dL), severe hypoalbuminemia (1.9 g/dL), severe hypokalemia (2.2 mmol/L), immune depletion (1085 /µL) and elevated liver enzyme (ALT 1198/AST 375 U/L). Nutritional intervention by giving 2300 kcal of energy, protein 2 g/IBW/day, carbohydrate 350 g, fat 104 g through enteral and parenteral nutrition. Supplementations administered are zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, and snakehead fish extract high content of protein albumin (Pujimin®). After 46 days, there are clinical and metabolic improvement in Hb (6.3 to 11.2 g/dL), potassium (2.2 to 3.4 mmol/L), albumin (1.9 to 2.3 g/dL), ALT 1198 to 47/AST 375 to 68 U/L) and improved awareness. In conclusion, nutritional therapy in HIV infection with adequate macronutrients and micronutrients fulfillment and immunonutrition is very important to avoid cachexia and to improve nutritional status and immune disfunction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypoalbuminemia" title=" hypoalbuminemia"> hypoalbuminemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malnutrition" title=" malnutrition"> malnutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuberculosis" title=" tuberculosis"> tuberculosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124901/medical-nutritional-therapy-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-with-tuberculosis-and-severe-malnutrition-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9624</span> Functional Beverage to Boosting Immune System in Elderly</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adineh%20Tajmousavilangerudi">Adineh Tajmousavilangerudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Zein%20Alabiden%20Tlais"> Ali Zein Alabiden Tlais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raffaella%20Di%20Cagno"> Raffaella Di Cagno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has exposed our vulnerability to new illnesses and novel viruses that attack our immune systems, particularly in the elderly. The vaccine is being gradually introduced over the world, but new strains of the virus and COVID-19 will emerge and continue to cause illness. Aging is associated with significant changes in intestinal physiology, which increases the production of inflammatory products, alters the gut microbiota, and consequently establish inadequate immune response to minimize symptoms and disease development. In this context, older people who followed a Mediterranean-style diet, rich in polyphenols and dietary fiber, performed better physically and mentally (1,2). This demonstrates the importance of the human gut microbiome in transforming complex dietary macromolecules into the most biologically available and active nutrients, which in turn help to regulate metabolism and both intestinal and systemic immune function (3,4). The role of lactic acid fermentation is prominent also as a powerful tool for improving the nutritional quality of the human diet by releasing nutrients and boosting the complex bioactive compounds and vitamin content. the PhD project aims to design fermented and functional foods/beverages capable of modulating human immune function via the gut microbiome. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20bevarage" title="functional bevarage">functional bevarage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermented%20beverage" title=" fermented beverage"> fermented beverage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut%20microbiota%20functionality" title=" gut microbiota functionality"> gut microbiota functionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immun%20system" title=" immun system"> immun system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151178/functional-beverage-to-boosting-immune-system-in-elderly" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151178.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9623</span> Human Rabies Survivors in India: Epidemiological, Immunological and Virological Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhusudana%20S.%20N.">Madhusudana S. N.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reeta%20Mani"> Reeta Mani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwini%20S.%20Satishchandra%20P."> Ashwini S. Satishchandra P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Netravati"> Netravati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udhani%20V."> Udhani V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiaz%20A."> Fiaz A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karande%20S."> Karande S.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is an acute encephalitis which is considered 100% fatal despite occasional reports of survivors. However, in recent times more cases of human rabies survivors are being reported. In the last 5 years, there are six laboratories confirmed human rabies survivors in India alone. All cases were children below 15 years and all contracted the disease by dog bites. All of them also had received the full or partial course of rabies vaccination and 4 out of 6 had also received rabies immunoglobulin. All cases were treated in intensive care units in hospitals at Bangalore, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Goa. We report here the results of immunological and virological studies conducted at our laboratory on these patients. The clinical samples that were obtained from these patients were Serum, CSF, nuchal skin biopsy and saliva. Serum and CSF samples were subjected to standard RFFIT for estimation of rabies neutralizing antibodies. Skin biopsy, CSF and saliva were processed by TaqMan real-time PCR for detection of viral RNA. CSF, saliva and skin homogenates were also processed for virus isolation by inoculation of suckling mice. The PBMCs isolated from fresh blood was subjected to ELISPOT assay to determine the type of immune response (Th1/Th2). Both CSF and serum were also investigated for selected cytokines by Luminex assay. The level of antibodies to virus G protein and N protein were determined by ELISA. All survivors had very high titers of RVNA in serum and CSF 100 fold higher than non-survivors and vaccine controls. A five-fold rise in titer could be demonstrated in 4 out of 6 patients. All survivors had a significant increase in antibodies to G protein in both CSF and serum when compared to non-survivors. There was a profound and robust Th1 response in all survivors indicating that interferon gamma could play an important factor in virus clearance. We could isolate viral RNA in only one patient four years after he had developed symptoms. The partial N gene sequencing revealed 99% homology to species I strain prevalent in India. Levels of selected cytokines in CSF and serum did not reveal any difference between survivors and non-survivors. To conclude, survival from rabies is mediated by virus-specific immune responses of the host and clearance of rabies virus from CNS may involve the participation of both Th2 and Th1 immune responses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies%20treatment" title=" rabies treatment"> rabies treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies%20survivors" title=" rabies survivors"> rabies survivors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20reponse%20in%20rabies%20encephalitis" title=" immune reponse in rabies encephalitis"> immune reponse in rabies encephalitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25896/human-rabies-survivors-in-india-epidemiological-immunological-and-virological-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9622</span> CCR5 as an Ideal Candidate for Immune Gene Therapy and Modification for the Induced Resistance to HIV-1 Infection </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alieh%20Farshbaf">Alieh Farshbaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayyeb%20Bahrami"> Tayyeb Bahrami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Cc-chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) is known as a main co-receptor in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many studies showed 32bp deletion (Δ32) in CCR5 gene, provide natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in homozygous individuals. Inducing the resistance mechanism by CCR5 in HIV-1 infected patients eliminated many problems of highly-active-anti retroviral therapy (HAART) drugs like as low safety, side-effects and virus rebounding from latent reservoirs. New treatments solved some restrictions that are based on gene modification and cell therapy. Literature review: The stories of the “Berlin and Boston patients” showed autologous hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) could provide effective cure of HIV-1 infected patients. Furthermore, gene modification by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) demonstrated another successful result again. Despite the other studies for gene therapy by ∆32 genotype, there is another mutation -CCR5 ∆32/m303- that provides HIV-1 resistant. It is a heterozygote genotype for ∆32 and T→A point mutation at nucleotide 303. These results approved the key role of CCR5 gene. Conclusion: Recent studies showed immune gene therapy and cell therapy could provide effective cure for refractory disease like as HIV. Eradication of HIV-1 from immune system was not observed by HAART, because of reloading virus genome from latent reservoirs after stopping them. It is showed that CCR5 could induce natural resistant to HIV-1 infection by the new approaches based on stem cell transplantation and gene modifying. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCR5" title="CCR5">CCR5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV-1" title=" HIV-1"> HIV-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stem%20cell" title=" stem cell"> stem cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20gene%20therapy" title=" immune gene therapy"> immune gene therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20modification" title=" gene modification"> gene modification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37333/ccr5-as-an-ideal-candidate-for-immune-gene-therapy-and-modification-for-the-induced-resistance-to-hiv-1-infection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9621</span> No-Fee Shot for Life: Immune Defense from Covid-19, Acute Debilitation and Untimely Death through Vaccinations for Ages 60 and Above, Protection of the Elderly and Seniors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maeah%20Stephanie%20A.%20Macapaz%20Abadejos">Maeah Stephanie A. Macapaz Abadejos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Covid-19 shook the whole world. Every person on all sides of the world was affected by the pandemic. All the nations and world leaders were searching for a variety of cures and solutions to stop the spread of the virus. In connection with this, this investigative case study aims to show a relationship between COVID-19 vaccinations to the immune system of the seniors and elderly. The seniors and elderly are one of the most vulnerable populations that show high morbidity and mortality in any illnesses and diseases. This study will show lived experiences of the senior’s immune system and health status, how it is being affected by the COVID-19 virus and its vaccines, Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death by Age Group. Participants of this study are from 3 Cebu City Barangays and 2 from Barangays of the Cities of the Cebu Province. To conclude, this study shall serve its purpose of providing clear and concise results in strengthening the evidence of the effects of the COVID-19 virus infection, especially the free vaccinations, on the health and overall well-being of the elderly and seniors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gerontology%20nursing" title="gerontology nursing">gerontology nursing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection%20and%20immunity" title=" protection and immunity"> protection and immunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seniors%20and%20the%20elderly" title=" seniors and the elderly"> seniors and the elderly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188345/no-fee-shot-for-life-immune-defense-from-covid-19-acute-debilitation-and-untimely-death-through-vaccinations-for-ages-60-and-above-protection-of-the-elderly-and-seniors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188345.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">31</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9620</span> Vaccine Development for Newcastle Disease Virus in Poultry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Asif%20Rasheed">Muhammad Asif Rasheed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian orthoavulavirus, is a causative agent of Newcastle disease named (NDV) and can cause even the epidemics when the disease is not treated. Previously several vaccines based on attenuated and inactivated viruses have been reported, which are rendered useless with the passage of time due to versatile changes in viral genome. Therefore, we aimed to develop an effective multi-epitope vaccine against the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein of 26 NDV strains from Pakistan through a modern immunoinformatic approaches. As a result, a vaccine chimaera was constructed by combining T-cell and B-cell epitopes with the appropriate linkers and adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly immunogenic, non-allergen, and antigenic; therefore, the potential 3D-structureof multi epitope vaccine was constructed, refined, and validated. A molecular docking study of a multiepitope vaccine candidate with the chicken Toll-like receptor-4 indicated successful binding. An In silico immunological simulation was used to evaluate the candidate vaccine's ability to elicit an effective immune response. According to the computational studies, the proposed multiepitope vaccine is physically stable and may induce immune responses, whichsuggested it a strong candidate against 26 Newcastle disease virus strains from Pakistan. A wet lab study is under process to confirm the results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitopes" title="epitopes">epitopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newcastle%20disease%20virus" title=" newcastle disease virus"> newcastle disease virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paramyxovirus%20virus" title=" paramyxovirus virus"> paramyxovirus virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine" title=" vaccine"> vaccine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150531/vaccine-development-for-newcastle-disease-virus-in-poultry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150531.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9619</span> The Multiple Sclerosis condition and the Role of Varicella-zoster virus in its Progression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sina%20Mahdavi">Sina Mahdavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Asghari%20Ozma"> Mahdi Asghari Ozma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS that affects the myelination process in the central nervous system (CNS). Complex interactions of various "environmental or infectious" factors may act as triggers in autoimmunity and disease progression. The association between viral infections, especially human Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and MS is one potential cause that is not well understood. This study aims to summarize the available data on VZV retrovirus infection in MS disease progression. For this study, the keywords "Multiple sclerosis", " Human Varicella-zoster virus ", and "central nervous system" in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Sid, and MagIran between 2016 and 2022 were searched and 14 articles were chosen, studied, and analyzed. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of HNRNPA1 with VZV proteins has shown a 62% amino acid sequence similarity between VZV gE and the PrLD/M9 epitope region (TNPO1 binding domain) of mutant HNRNPA1. A heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP), which is produced by HNRNPA1, is involved in the processing and transfer of mRNA and pre-mRNA. Mutant HNRNPA1 mimics gE of VZV as an antigen that leads to autoantibody production. Mutant HnRNPA1 translocates to the cytoplasm, after aggregation is presented by MHC class I, followed by CD8 + cells. Of these, antibodies and immune cells against the gE epitopes of VZV remain due to the memory immune response, causing neurodegeneration and the development of MS in genetically predisposed individuals. VZV expression during the course of MS is present in genetically predisposed individuals with HNRNPA1 mutation, suggesting a link between VZV and MS, and that this virus may play a role in the development of MS by inducing an inflammatory state. Therefore, measures to modulate VZV expression may be effective in reducing inflammatory processes in demyelinated areas of MS patients in genetically predisposed individuals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sclerosis" title="multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varicella-zoster%20virus" title=" varicella-zoster virus"> varicella-zoster virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20nervous%20system" title=" central nervous system"> central nervous system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoimmunity" title=" autoimmunity"> autoimmunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159414/the-multiple-sclerosis-condition-and-the-role-of-varicella-zoster-virus-in-its-progression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9618</span> Competition Between the Effects of Pesticides and Immune-activation on the Expression of Toll Pathway Genes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dani%20Sukkar">Dani Sukkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Kanso"> Ali Kanso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Laval-Gilly"> Philippe Laval-Gilly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jairo%20Falla-Angel"> Jairo Falla-Angel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The honeybees' immune system is challenged by different risk factors that induce various responses. However, complex scenarios where bees are exposed to different pesticides simultaneously with immune activation are not well evaluated. The Toll pathway is one of the main signaling pathways studied in invertebrate immune responses, and it is a good indicator of the effect of such complex interactions in addition to key signaling elements of other pathways like Relish of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway or Eater, the phagocytosis receptor or vitellogenin levels. Honeybee hemocytes extracted from 5th instar larvae were exposed to imidacloprid and/or amitraz with or without the presence of the zymosan a as an immune activator. The gene expression of multiple immune related genes were studied, including spaetzle, Toll, myD88, relish, eater and vitellogenin, by real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction. The results demonstrated that the Toll pathway is mainly affected by the pesticides; imidacloprid and amitraz, especially by their different combinations. Furthermore, immune activation by zymosan A, a fungal cell-wall component, acts to mitigate to some extent the effect of pesticides on the different levels of the Toll pathway. In addition, imidacloprid, amitraz, and zymosan A have complex and context-specific interactions depending on the levels of immune activation and the pathway evaluated affecting immune-gene expression differently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20pathway" title="toll pathway">toll pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20modulation" title=" immune modulation"> immune modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B2-glucan" title=" β-glucan"> β-glucan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imidacloprid" title=" imidacloprid"> imidacloprid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amitraz" title=" amitraz"> amitraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybees" title=" honeybees"> honeybees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20genes" title=" immune genes"> immune genes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172811/competition-between-the-effects-of-pesticides-and-immune-activation-on-the-expression-of-toll-pathway-genes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9617</span> Induction of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice Immunized With rB2L and rF1L Proteins of Orf Virus Adjuvanted With Alumina Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alhaji%20Modu%20Bukar">Alhaji Modu Bukar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faez%20Firdaus%20Abdullah%20Jesse"> Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Che%20Azurahanim%20Che%20Abdullah"> Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20M.%20Noordin"> Mustapha M. Noordin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd-Lila%20Mohd%20Azmia"> Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Orf virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of a proliferative skin lesion known as contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats. Currently used live attenuated vaccines against ORFV infection have been reported to cause severe outbreaks in vaccinated animals. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of the B2L and F1L proteins of the virus, which are thought to elicit a protective immune response The 6-week-old 50 female mice were divided into 8 groups: seven experimental groups and one control group. Each animal in the experimental group received an initial immunisation with the nanoparticles or proteins coated with the nanoparticles, followed by two booster immunizations with the same products 14 days apart. Ten days after the last booster inoculation, the mice were either humanely killed or lethally challenged with UPM /HSN-2-ORFV at a dose of 106 TCID50/mL in a volume of 50 μl. The spleen was examined for histopathological changes and quantification of T cells by flow cytometry. On the other hand, the degree of protection of mice from the lethal virus was evaluated by lesion size, weight loss, and histopathological examination of skin and liver. The results showed that mice immunised with rB2L alone, rB2L-Al₂O₃-NPs, rB2L/rF1L, and rB2L/rF1L-Al₂O₃-NPs elicited statistically higher levels of anti-rB2L and/or rF1L-specific IgA/IgG and CD4/CD8 cell immune responses than mice in the control groups (p < 0.01). The vaccine candidate did not exhibit severe skin damage after monitoring histopathology, morbidity, and mortality. Overall, the results suggest that recombinant rB2L and rF1L antigens may be useful universal vaccine candidates against ORFV infections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orf%20virus" title="orf virus">orf virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antigen%20nanoparticles" title=" antigen nanoparticles"> antigen nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virus" title=" virus"> virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184424/induction-of-cellular-and-humoral-immune-responses-in-balbc-mice-immunized-with-rb2l-and-rf1l-proteins-of-orf-virus-adjuvanted-with-alumina-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9616</span> Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Depression in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalpana%20Poudel-Tandukar">Kalpana Poudel-Tandukar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has been frequently associated with vitamin D deficiency and depression. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of depression in people without HIV. We assessed the cross-sectional and prospective associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and depression in a HIV-positive people. Methods: A survey was conducted among 316 HIV-positive people aged 20-60 years residing in Kathmandu, Nepal for a cross-sectional association at baseline, and among 184 participants without depressive symptoms at baseline who responded to both baseline (2010) and follow-up (2011) surveys for prospective association. The competitive protein-binding assay was used to measure 25(OH)D levels and the Beck Depression Inventory-Ia method was used to measure depression, with cut off score 20 or higher. Relationships were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustment of potential confounders. Results: The proportion of participants with 25(OH)D level of <20ng/mL, 20-30ng/mL, and >30ng/mL were 83.2%, 15.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Only four participants with 25(OH)D level of >30ng/mL were excluded in the further analysis. The mean 25(OH)D level in men and women were 15.0ng/mL and 14.4ng/mL, respectively. Twenty six percent of participants (men:23%; women:29%) were depressed. Participants with 25(OH)D level of < 20 ng/mL had a 1.4 fold higher odds of depression in a cross-sectional and 1.3 fold higher odds of depression after 18 months of baseline compared to those with 25(OH)D level of 20-30ng/mL (p=0.40 and p=0.78, respectively). Conclusion: Vitamin D may not have significant impact against depression among HIV-positive people with 25(OH)D level below normal ( > 30ng/mL). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title="depression">depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title=" HIV"> HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20D" title=" vitamin D"> vitamin D</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38676/serum-25-hydroxyvitamin-d-levels-and-depression-in-persons-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-a-cross-sectional-and-prospective-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9615</span> Biophysical Characterization of the Inhibition of cGAS-DNA Sensing by KicGAS, Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Inhibitor of cGAS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Bhowmik">D. Bhowmik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Tian"> Y. Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q.%20Yin"> Q. Yin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Zhu"> F. Zhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), recognises cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), indicative of bacterial and viral infections, as well as the leakage of self DNA by cellular dysfunction and stresses, to elicit the host's immune responses. Viruses also have developed numerous strategies to antagonize the cGAS-STING pathway. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human DNA tumor virus that is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and several other malignancies. To persist in the host, consequently causing diseases, KSHV must overcome the host innate immune responses, including the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway. We already found that ORF52 or KicGAS (KSHV inhibitor of cGAS), an abundant and basic gamma herpesvirus-conserved tegument protein, directly inhibits cGAS enzymatic activity. To better understand the mechanism, we have performed the biochemical and structural characterization of full-length KicGAS and various mutants in regarding binding to DNA. We observed that KicGAS is capable of self-association and identified the critical residues involved in the oligomerization process. We also characterized the DNA-binding of KicGAS and found that KicGAS cooperatively oligomerizes along the length of the double stranded DNA, the highly conserved basic residues at the c-terminal disordered region are crucial for DNA recognition. Deficiency in oligomerization also affects DNA binding. Thus DNA binding by KicGAS sequesters DNA and prevents it from being detected by cGAS, consequently inhibiting cGAS activation. KicGAS homologues also inhibit cGAS efficiently, suggesting inhibition of cGAS is evolutionarily conserved mechanism among gamma herpesvirus. These results highlight the important viral strategy to evade this innate immune sensor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaposi%27s%20sarcoma-associated%20herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KSHV" title=" KSHV"> KSHV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cGAS" title=" cGAS"> cGAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20binding" title=" DNA binding"> DNA binding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition" title=" inhibition"> inhibition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116871/biophysical-characterization-of-the-inhibition-of-cgas-dna-sensing-by-kicgas-kaposis-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-inhibitor-of-cgas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9614</span> Human Rights, Ethics, Medical Care and HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: A Philosophical Investigation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asm%20Habibullah%20Choudhury">Asm Habibullah Choudhury</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: This study is an investigation into medical care, ethics, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the context of Bangladesh. The low prevalence of HIV and high prevalence of STDs in Bangladesh, in common with the global experience of HIV epidemics, has been characterized by tremendous stigmatization of those affected. Stigmatization has resulted in an extraordinary degree of unjust discrimination and in numerous human rights violations of PLWHA. Methodology: This will be a cross-sectional descriptive study and will be conducted at different points of Bangladesh. Result: PLWHA will be identified as many as possible and will be interviewed. Medical care providers will be interviewed to assess their attitude and will be observed for stigma while providing medical services. Some of the religious leaders, local influential people will be interviewed to assess their attitude towards PLWHA. Conclusion: If effective responses to HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are to be promoted in the region, work has to occur simultaneously on several fronts: Legal challenge, where necessary, to bring to account governments, employers, institutions and individuals. To create enabling environment in which PLWHA and their families, women, boys, and girls are able to access prevention and care services. Access to quality and comprehensive care. The fundamental objective, however, is to strive for action based on this understanding—action that will promote egalitarian and gender-progressive role models, and that will help guide the manner in which we interact with one another. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AIDS" title=" AIDS"> AIDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title=" Bangladesh"> Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48283/human-rights-ethics-medical-care-and-hivaids-in-bangladesh-a-philosophical-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9613</span> DNA Vaccine Study against Vaccinia Virus Using In vivo Electroporation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jai%20Myung%20Yang">Jai Myung Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Na%20Young%20Kim"> Na Young Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Shin"> Sung Ho Shin </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The adverse reactions of current live smallpox vaccines and potential use of smallpox as a bioterror weapon have heightened the development of new effective vaccine for this infectious disease. In the present study, DNA vaccine vector was produced which was optimized for expression of the vaccinia virus L1 antigen in the mouse model. A plasmid IgM-tL1R, which contains codon-optimized L1R gene, was constructed and fused with an IgM signal sequence under the regulation of a SV40 enhancer. The expression and secretion of recombinant L1 protein was confirmed in vitro 293 T cell. Mice were administered the DNA vaccine by electroporation and challenged with vaccinia virus. We observed that immunization with IgM-tL1R induced potent neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete protection against lethal vaccinia virus challenge. Isotyping studies reveal that immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibody predominated after the immunization, indicative of a T helper type 1 response. Our results suggest that an optimized DNA vaccine, IgM-tL1R, can be effective in stimulating anti-vaccinia virus immune response and provide protection against lethal orthopoxvirus challenge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroporation" title=" electroporation"> electroporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L1R" title=" L1R"> L1R</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccinia%20virus" title=" vaccinia virus"> vaccinia virus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46318/dna-vaccine-study-against-vaccinia-virus-using-in-vivo-electroporation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9612</span> Human Endogenous Retrovirus Link With Multiple Sclerosis Disease Progression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sina%20Mahdavi">Sina Mahdavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS that affects the myelination process in the central nervous system (CNS). Complex interactions of various "environmental or infectious" factors may act as triggers in autoimmunity and disease progression. The association between viral infections, especially human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) and MS is one potential cause that is not well understood. This study aims to summarize the available data on HERV infection in MS disease progression. Materials and Methods: For this study, the keywords "Multiple sclerosis", "Human endogenous retrovirus", and "central nervous system" in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Sid, and MagIran between 2016 and 2022 were searched and 14 articles chosen, studied, and analyzed. Results: In the leptomeningeal cells of MS patients, a retrovirus-like element associated with reverse transcriptase (RT) activity called multiple sclerosis-associated retroviruses (MSRV) has been identified. HERVs are expressed in the human CNS despite mechanisms to suppress their expression. External factors, especially viral infections such as influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1, can activate HERV gene expression. The MSRV coat protein is activated by activating TLR4 at the brain surface, particularly in oligodendroglial progenitor cells and macrophages, leading to immune cascades followed by the downregulation of myelin protein expression. The HERV-K18 envelope gene (env) acts as a superantigen and induces inflammatory responses in patients with MS. Conclusion: There is a high expression of endogenous retroviruses during the course of MS, which indicates the relationship between HERV and MS, that this virus can play a role in the development of MS by creating an inflammatory state. Therefore, measures to modulate the expression of endogenous retroviruses may be effective in reducing inflammatory processes in demyelinated areas of MS patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sclerosis" title="multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20endogenous%20retrovirus" title=" human endogenous retrovirus"> human endogenous retrovirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20nervous%20system" title=" central nervous system"> central nervous system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSRV" title=" MSRV"> MSRV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159422/human-endogenous-retrovirus-link-with-multiple-sclerosis-disease-progression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159422.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9611</span> Biosensor for Determination of Immunoglobulin A, E, G and M</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umut%20Kokbas">Umut Kokbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Nisari"> Mustafa Nisari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by activated B cells that transform into plasma cells and result in them. Antibodies are critical molecules of the immune response to fight, which help the immune system specifically recognize and destroy antigens such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Immunoglobulin classes differ in their biological properties, structures, targets, functions, and distributions. Five major classes of antibodies have been identified in mammals: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Evaluation of the immunoglobulin isotype can provide a useful insight into the complex humoral immune response. Evaluation and knowledge of immunoglobulin structure and classes are also important for the selection and preparation of antibodies for immunoassays and other detection applications. The immunoglobulin test measures the level of certain immunoglobulins in the blood. IgA, IgG, and IgM are usually measured together. In this way, they can provide doctors with important information, especially regarding immune deficiency diseases. Hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) is one of the main groups of primary immunodeficiency disorders. HGG is caused by various defects in B cell lineage or function that result in low levels of immunoglobulins in the bloodstream. This affects the body's immune response, causing a wide range of clinical features, from asymptomatic diseases to severe and recurrent infections, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity Transient infant hypogammaglobulinemia (THGI), IgM deficiency (IgMD), Bruton agammaglobulinemia, IgA deficiency (SIgAD) HGG samples are a few. Most patients can continue their normal lives by taking prophylactic antibiotics. However, patients with severe infections require intravenous immune serum globulin (IVIG) therapy. The IgE level may rise to fight off parasitic infections, as well as a sign that the body is overreacting to allergens. Also, since the immune response can vary with different antigens, measuring specific antibody levels also aids in the interpretation of the immune response after immunization or vaccination. Immune deficiencies usually occur in childhood. In Immunology and Allergy clinics, apart from the classical methods, it will be more useful in terms of diagnosis and follow-up of diseases, if it is fast, reliable and especially in childhood hypogammaglobulinemia, sampling from children with a method that is more convenient and uncomplicated. The antibodies were attached to the electrode surface via the poly hydroxyethyl methacrylamide cysteine nanopolymer. It was used to evaluate the anodic peak results obtained in the electrochemical study. According to the data obtained, immunoglobulin determination can be made with a biosensor. However, in further studies, it will be useful to develop a medical diagnostic kit with biomedical engineering and to increase its sensitivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunosensor" title=" immunosensor"> immunosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunoglobulin" title=" immunoglobulin"> immunoglobulin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166380/biosensor-for-determination-of-immunoglobulin-a-e-g-and-m" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9610</span> Programmed Cell Death in Datura and Defensive Plant Response toward Tomato Mosaic Virus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asma%20Alhuqail">Asma Alhuqail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagwa%20Aref"> Nagwa Aref</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Programmed cell death resembles a real nature active defense in Datura metel against TMV after three days of virus infection. Physiological plant response was assessed for asymptomatic healthy and symptomatic infected detached leaves. The results indicated H2O2 and Chlorophyll-a as the most potential parameters. Chlorophyll-a was considered the only significant predictor variant for the H2O2 dependent variant with a P value of 0.001 and R-square of 0.900. The plant immune response was measured within three days of virus infection using the cutoff value of H2O2 (61.095 lmol/100 mg) and (63.201 units) for the tail moment in the Comet Assay. Their percentage changes were 255.12% and 522.40% respectively which reflects the stress of virus infection in the plant. Moreover, H2O2 showed 100% specificity and sensitivity in the symptomatic infected group using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). All tested parameters in the symptomatic infected group had significant correlations with twenty-five positive and thirty-one negative correlations where the P value was <0.05 and 0.01. Chlorophyll-a parameter had a crucial role of highly significant correlation between total protein and salicylic acid. Contrarily, this correlation with tail moment unit was (r = _0.930, P <0.01) where the P value was < 0.01. The strongest significant negative correlation was between Chlorophyll-a and H2O2 at P < 0.01, while moderate negative significant correlation was seen for Chlorophyll-b where the P value < 0.05. The present study discloses the secret of the three days of rapid transient production of activated oxygen species (AOS) that was enough for having potential quantitative physiological parameters for defensive plant response toward the virus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=programmed%20cell%20death" title="programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%E2%80%93adaptive%20immune%20response" title=" plant–adaptive immune response"> plant–adaptive immune response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20peroxide%20%28H2O2%29" title=" hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)"> hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiological%20parameters" title=" physiological parameters"> physiological parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54333/programmed-cell-death-in-datura-and-defensive-plant-response-toward-tomato-mosaic-virus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9609</span> Inhibition of Mixed Infection Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Herpes Virus by Fullerene Compound</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitry%20Nosik">Dmitry Nosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nickolay%20Nosik"> Nickolay Nosik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elli%20Kaplina"> Elli Kaplina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Lobach"> Olga Lobach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Chataeva"> Marina Chataeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lev%20Rasnetsov"> Lev Rasnetsov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and aims: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is very often associated with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection but HIV patients are treated with a cocktail of antiretroviral drugs which are toxic. The use of an antiviral drug which will be active against both viruses like ferrovir found in our previous studies is rather actual. Earlier we had shown that Fullerene poly-amino capronic acid (FPACA) was active in case of monoinfection of HIV-1 or HSV-1. The aim of the study was to analyze the efficiency of FPACA against mixed infection of HIV and HSV. Methods: The peripheral blood lymphocytes, CEM, MT-4 cells were simultaneously infected with HIV-1 and HSV-1. FPACA was added 1 hour before infection. Cells viability was detected by MTT assay, virus antigens detected by ELISA, syncytium formation detected by microscopy. The different multiplicity of HIV-1/HSV-1 ratio was used. Results: The double viral HIV-1/HSV-1 infection was more cytopathic comparing with monoinfections. In mixed infection by the HIV-1/HSV-1 concentration of HIV-1 antigens and syncytium formations increased by 1,7 to 2,3 times in different cells in comparison with the culture infected with HIV-1 alone. The concentration of HSV-1 increased by 1,5-1,7 times, respectively. Administration of FPACA (1 microg/ml) protected cells: HIV-1/HSV-1 (1:1) – 80,1%; HIV-1/HSV-1 (1:4) – 57,2%; HIV-1/HSV-1 (1:8) – 46,3 %; HIV-1/HSV-1 (1:16) – 17,0%. Virus’s antigen levels were also reduced. Syncytium formation was totally inhibited in all cases of mixed infection. Conclusion: FPACA showed antiviral activity in case of mixed viral infection induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus. The effect of viral inhibition increased with the multiplicity of HIV-1 in the inoculum. The mechanism of FPACA action is connected with the blocking of the virus particles adsorption to the cells and it could be suggested that it can have an antiviral activity against some other viruses too. Now FPACA could be considered as a potential drug for treatment of HIV disease complicated with opportunistic herpes viral infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiviral%20drug" title="antiviral drug">antiviral drug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20%28hiv%29" title=" human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)"> human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herpes%20simplex%20virus%20%28hsv%29" title=" herpes simplex virus (hsv)"> herpes simplex virus (hsv)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20viral%20infection" title=" mixed viral infection"> mixed viral infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29635/inhibition-of-mixed-infection-caused-by-human-immunodeficiency-virus-and-herpes-virus-by-fullerene-compound" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9608</span> Developing a Deep Understanding of the Immune Response in Hepatitis B Virus Infected Patients Using a Knowledge Driven Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Begali">Hanan Begali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahi%20Dost"> Shahi Dost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annett%20Ziegler"> Annett Ziegler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markus%20Cornberg"> Markus Cornberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria-Esther%20Vidal"> Maria-Esther Vidal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anke%20R.%20M.%20Kraft"> Anke R. M. Kraft</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be treated with nucleot(s)ide analog (NA), for example, which inhibits HBV replication. However, they have hardly any influence on the functional cure of HBV, which is defined by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss. NA needs to be taken life-long, which is not available for all patients worldwide. Additionally, NA-treated patients are still at risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although each patient has the same components of the immune system, immune responses vary between patients. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the immune response against HBV in different patients is necessary to understand the parameters leading to HBV cure and to use this knowledge to optimize HBV therapies. This requires seamless integration of an enormous amount of diverse and fine-grained data from viral markers, e.g., hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The data integration system relies on the assumption that profiling human immune systems requires the analysis of various variables (e.g., demographic data, treatments, pre-existing conditions, immune cell response, or HLA-typing) rather than only one. However, the values of these variables are collected independently. They are presented in a myriad of formats, e.g., excel files, textual descriptions, lab book notes, and images of flow cytometry dot plots. Additionally, patients can be identified differently in these analyses. This heterogeneity complicates the integration of variables, as data management techniques are needed to create a unified view in which individual formats and identifiers are transparent when profiling the human immune systems. The proposed study (HBsRE) aims at integrating heterogeneous data sets of 87 chronically HBV-infected patients, e.g., clinical data, immune cell response, and HLA-typing, with knowledge encoded in biomedical ontologies and open-source databases into a knowledge-driven framework. This new technique enables us to harmonize and standardize heterogeneous datasets in the defined modeling of the data integration system, which will be evaluated in the knowledge graph (KG). KGs are data structures that represent the knowledge and data as factual statements using a graph data model. Finally, the analytic data model will be applied on top of KG in order to develop a deeper understanding of the immune profiles among various patients and to evaluate factors playing a role in a holistic profile of patients with HBsAg level loss. Additionally, our objective is to utilize this unified approach to stratify patients for new effective treatments. This study is developed in the context of the project “Transforming big data into knowledge: for deep immune profiling in vaccination, infectious diseases, and transplantation (ImProVIT)”, which is a multidisciplinary team composed of computer scientists, infection biologists, and immunologists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20hepatitis%20B%20infection" title="chronic hepatitis B infection">chronic hepatitis B infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20response" title=" immune response"> immune response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20graphs" title=" knowledge graphs"> knowledge graphs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology" title=" ontology"> ontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153888/developing-a-deep-understanding-of-the-immune-response-in-hepatitis-b-virus-infected-patients-using-a-knowledge-driven-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9607</span> The Regulation of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL6) by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Xiaohan">Liu Xiaohan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus and is closely related to many malignancies of lymphocyte and epithelial origins, such as gastric cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is a malignant epithelial tumor which is 100% associated with EBV latent infection. Most of the NPC cases are densely populated in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Hong Kong. To our knowledge, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines may result in a loss of balance of the immune system and cause damage to human bodies. Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which plays an important role in tumor progression. In addition, gene expression is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways, while post-transcriptional regulation is an important mechanism to modulate the mature mRNA level in mammalian cells. AU-rich element binding factor 1 (AUF1)/heterogeneous nuclear RNP D (hnRNP D) is known for its function in destabilizing mRNAs, including cytokines and cell cycle regulators. Previous studies have found that overexpression of hnRNP D would lead to tumorigenesis. In this project, our aim is to determine the role played by hnRNP D in EBV-infected cells and how our anti-EBV agents can affect the function of hnRNP D. The results of this study will provide a new insight into how the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression can be regulated by EBV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interleukin%206%20%28IL6%29" title="interleukin 6 (IL6)">interleukin 6 (IL6)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epstein-barr%20virus%20%28EBV%29" title=" epstein-barr virus (EBV)"> epstein-barr virus (EBV)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasopharyngeal%20carcinoma%20%28NPC" title=" nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC"> nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epstein-barr%20nuclear%20antigen-1%20%28EBNA1%29" title=" epstein-barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1)"> epstein-barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173829/the-regulation-of-the-pro-inflammatory-cytokine-interleukin-6-il6-by-epstein-barr-virus-ebv" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9606</span> Haplotypes of the Human Leukocyte Antigen-G Different HIV-1 Groups from the Netherlands</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Alyami">A. Alyami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Christmas"> S. Christmas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Neeltje"> K. Neeltje</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Pollakis"> G. Pollakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Paxton"> B. Paxton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Al-Bayati"> Z. Al-Bayati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) molecule plays an important role in immunomodulation. To date, 16 untranslated regions (UTR) HLA-G haplotypes have been previously defined by sequenced SNPs in the coding region. From these, UTR-1, UTR-2, UTR-3, UTR-4, UTR-5, UTR-6 and UTR-7 are the most frequent 3’UTR haplotypes at the global level. UTR-1 is associated with higher levels of soluble HLA-G and HLA-G expression, whereas UTR-5 and UTR-7 are linked with low levels of soluble HLA-G and HLA-G expression. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results in the progressive loss of immune function in infected individuals. The virus escape mechanism typically includes T lymphocytes and NK cell recognition and lyses by classical HLA-A and B down-regulation, which has been associated with non-classical HLA-G molecule up-regulation, respectively. We evaluated the haplotypes of the HLA-G 3′ untranslated region frequencies observed in three HIV-1 groups from the Netherlands and their susceptibility to develop infection. The three groups are made up of mainly men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDU) and a high-risk-seronegative (HRSN) group. DNA samples were amplified with published primers prior sequencing. According to our results, the low expresser frequencies show higher in HRSN compared to other groups. This is indicating that 3’UTR polymorphisms may be identified as potential prognostic biomarkers to determine susceptibility to HIV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Human%20leukocyte%20antigen-G%20%28HLA-G%29" title="Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) ">Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=men%20who%20have%20sex%20with%20men%20%28MSM%29" title=" men who have sex with men (MSM)"> men who have sex with men (MSM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20drug%20users%20%28IDU%29" title=" injection drug users (IDU)"> injection drug users (IDU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-risk-seronegative%20%28HRSN%29%20group" title=" high-risk-seronegative (HRSN) group"> high-risk-seronegative (HRSN) group</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-untranslated%20region%20%28UTR%29" title=" high-untranslated region (UTR) "> high-untranslated region (UTR) </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76538/haplotypes-of-the-human-leukocyte-antigen-g-different-hiv-1-groups-from-the-netherlands" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9605</span> Evaluation of Immune Responses of Gamma-Irradiated, Electron Beam Irradiated FMD Virus Type O/IRN/2007 Vaccines and DNA Vaccine- Based on the VP1 Gene by a Prime-Boost Strategy in a Mouse Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farahnaz%20Motamedi%20Sedeh">Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Homayoon%20Mahravani"> Homayoon Mahravani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parvin%20Shawrang"> Parvin Shawrang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Behgar"> Mehdi Behgar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most countries use inactivated binary ethylenimine (BEI) vaccines to control and prevent Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). However, this vaccine induces a short-term humoral immune response in animals. This study investigated the cellular and humoral immune responses in homologous and prime-boost (PB) groups in the BALB/c mouse model. FMDV strain O/IRN/1/2007 was propagated in the BHK-21 cell line and inactivated by three methods, including a chemical with BEI to produce a conventional vaccine (CV), a gamma irradiation vaccine (GIV), and an electron irradiated vaccine (EIV). Three vaccines were formulated with the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide gel. In addition, a DNA vaccine was prepared by amplifying the virus VP1 gene pcDNA3.1 plasmid. In addition, the plasmid encoding the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene (GM-CSF) was used as a molecular adjuvant. Eleven groups of five mice each were selected, and the vaccines were administered as homologous and heterologous strategy prime-boost (PB) in three doses two weeks apart. After the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and MTT assays were compared in the different groups. The pcDNA3.1+VP1 cassette was prepared and confirmed as a DNA vaccine. The virus was inactivated by gamma rays and electron beams at 50 and 55 kGy as GIV and EIV, respectively. Splenic lymphocyte proliferation in the inactivated vaccinated homologous groups was significantly lower (P≤0.05) compared with the heterologous prime-boosts (PB1, PB2, PB3) and DNA + GM-CSF groups (P≤0.05). The highest SNT titer was observed in the inactivated vaccine groups. IFN-γ and IL-2 were higher in the vaccinated groups. It was found that although there was a protective humoral immune response in the groups with inactivated vaccine, there was adequate cellular immunity in the group with the DNA vaccine. However, the strongest cellular and humoral immunity was observed in the PB groups. The primary injection was accompanied by DNA vaccine + GM-CSF and boosted injection with GIV or CV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot%20and%20mouth%20disease" title="foot and mouth disease">foot and mouth disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiated%20vaccine" title=" irradiated vaccine"> irradiated vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20responses" title=" immune responses"> immune responses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccine" title=" DNA vaccine"> DNA vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prime%20boost%20strategy" title=" prime boost strategy"> prime boost strategy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193142/evaluation-of-immune-responses-of-gamma-irradiated-electron-beam-irradiated-fmd-virus-type-oirn2007-vaccines-and-dna-vaccine-based-on-the-vp1-gene-by-a-prime-boost-strategy-in-a-mouse-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">16</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9604</span> In vitro Evaluation of Immunogenic Properties of Oral Application of Rabies Virus Surface Glycoprotein Antigen Conjugated to Beta-Glucan Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narges%20Bahmanyar">Narges Bahmanyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Ghorbani"> Masoud Ghorbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is caused by several species of the genus Lyssavirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. The disease is deadly encephalitis transmitted from warm-blooded animals to humans, and domestic and wild carnivores play the most crucial role in its transmission. The prevalence of rabies in poor areas of developing salinities is constantly posed as a global threat to public health. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60,000 people die yearly from rabies. Of these, 60% of deaths are related to the Middle East. Although rabies encephalitis is incurable to date, awareness of the disease and the use of vaccines is the best way to combat the disease. Although effective vaccines are available, there is a high cost involved in vaccine production and management to combat rabies. Increasing the prevalence and discovery of new strains of rabies virus requires the need for safe, effective, and as inexpensive vaccines as possible. One of the approaches considered to achieve the quality and quantity expressed through the manufacture of recombinant types of rabies vaccine. Currently, livestock rabies vaccines are used only in inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the process of inactivation of which pays attention to considerations. The rabies virus contains a negatively polarized single-stranded RNA genome that encodes the five major structural genes (N, P, M, G, L) from '3 to '5 . Rabies virus glycoprotein G, the major antigen, can produce the virus-neutralizing antibody. N-antigen is another candidate for developing recombinant vaccines. However, because it is within the RNP complex of the virus, the possibility of genetic diversity based on different geographical locations is very high. Glycoprotein G is structurally and antigenically more protected than other genes. Protection at the level of its nucleotide sequence is about 90% and at the amino acid level is 96%. Recombinant vaccines, consisting of a pathogenic subunit, contain fragments of the protein or polysaccharide of the pathogen that have been carefully studied to determine which of these molecules elicits a stronger and more effective immune response. These vaccines minimize the risk of side effects by limiting the immune system's access to the pathogen. Such vaccines are relatively inexpensive, easy to produce, and more stable than vaccines containing viruses or whole bacteria. The problem with these vaccines is that the pathogenic subunits may elicit a weak immune response in the body or may be destroyed before they reach the immune cells, which requires nanoparticles to overcome. Suitable for use as an adjuvant. Among these, biodegradable nanoparticles with functional levels are good candidates as adjuvants for the vaccine. In this study, we intend to use beta-glucan nanoparticles as adjuvants. The surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus (G) is responsible for identifying and binding the virus to the target cell. This glycoprotein is the major protein in the structure of the virus and induces an antibody response in the host. In this study, we intend to use rabies virus surface glycoprotein conjugated with beta-glucan nanoparticles to produce vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20glucan" title=" beta glucan"> beta glucan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoprticles" title=" nanoprticles"> nanoprticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjuvant" title=" adjuvant"> adjuvant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recombinant%20protein" title=" recombinant protein"> recombinant protein</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156/in-vitro-evaluation-of-immunogenic-properties-of-oral-application-of-rabies-virus-surface-glycoprotein-antigen-conjugated-to-beta-glucan-nanoparticles-in-a-mouse-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immune%20deficiency%20virus&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20immune%20deficiency%20virus&page=3">3</a></li> <li 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