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id="toc-Origins_and_demise_of_traffic_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_demise_of_traffic_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and demise of traffic circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_demise_of_traffic_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_development_of_modern_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_development_of_modern_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1960s development of modern roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_development_of_modern_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_in_Europe_and_North_America_since_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_in_Europe_and_North_America_since_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spread in Europe and North America since 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_in_Europe_and_North_America_since_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_introduction_since_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_introduction_since_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>North American introduction since 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_introduction_since_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_roundabout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_roundabout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern roundabout</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_roundabout-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern roundabout subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_roundabout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rotary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rotary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Other terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation and design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation and design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Central</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Art installations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Pedestrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pedestrian crossing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bicycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity_and_delays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_and_delays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Capacity and delays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_and_delays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capacity_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Capacity modelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vision-impaired_pedestrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision-impaired_pedestrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vision-impaired pedestrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-impaired_pedestrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_circular_intersections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_circular_intersections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of circular intersections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_circular_intersections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of circular intersections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_circular_intersections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gyratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gyratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gyratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gyratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smaller,_small_and_mini-roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller,_small_and_mini-roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Smaller, small and mini-roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller,_small_and_mini-roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mini-roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mini-roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mini-roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mini-roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raindrop_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raindrop_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Raindrop roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raindrop_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balcony_roundabout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balcony_roundabout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Balcony roundabout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balcony_roundabout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbo_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbo_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Turbo roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbo_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-sea_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-sea_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sub-sea roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-sea_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Motorways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalised_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalised_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Signalised roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalised_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Magic"_roundabouts/ring_junctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Magic"_roundabouts/ring_junctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>"Magic" roundabouts/ring junctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Magic"_roundabouts/ring_junctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch-style_roundabouts_for_bicycles_and_pedestrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-style_roundabouts_for_bicycles_and_pedestrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Dutch-style roundabouts for bicycles and pedestrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-style_roundabouts_for_bicycles_and_pedestrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Trams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Through_roundabout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Through_roundabout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Through roundabout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Through_roundabout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Only_bicycle-pedestrian_roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Only_bicycle-pedestrian_roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14.1</span> <span>Only bicycle-pedestrian roundabouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Only_bicycle-pedestrian_roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roundabout</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeersirkel" title="Verkeersirkel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkeersirkel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="دوار مروري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوار مروري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кръгово движение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръгово движение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersecci%C3%B3_girat%C3%B2ria" title="Intersecció giratòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intersecció giratòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruhov%C3%BD_objezd" title="Kruhový objezd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kruhový objezd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylchfan" title="Cylchfan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylchfan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundk%C3%B8rsel" title="Rundkørsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rundkørsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisverkehr" title="Kreisverkehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreisverkehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotonda" title="Rotonda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rotonda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikocirklo" title="Trafikocirklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trafikocirklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biribilgune_(errepidea)" title="Biribilgune (errepidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biribilgune (errepidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87" title="فلکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour_giratoire" title="Carrefour giratoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carrefour giratoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotonda" title="Rotonda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rotonda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%90%EC%B0%A8%EB%A1%9C" title="회전교차로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회전교차로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shataletale" title="Shataletale – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shataletale" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="गोल चक्कर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोल चक्कर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestovni_rotor" title="Cestovni rotor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cestovni rotor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond-ireyo" title="Rond-ireyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rond-ireyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundaran_lalu_lintas" title="Bundaran lalu lintas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bundaran lalu lintas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hringtorg" title="Hringtorg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hringtorg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotatoria" title="Rotatoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rotatoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94" title="מעגל תנועה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעגל תנועה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEvronek" title="Zîvronek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîvronek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissaeptum_orbiculatum" title="Dissaeptum orbiculatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dissaeptum orbiculatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_%C3%A0_sens_giratoire_obligatoire" title="Intersection à sens giratoire obligatoire – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Intersection à sens giratoire obligatoire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiedin%C4%97_sankry%C5%BEa" title="Žiedinė sankryža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiedinė sankryža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rondò" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rforgalom" title="Körforgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Körforgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Раскружница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раскружница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Roundabout" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_bulatan" title="Jalan bulatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jalan bulatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotonde_(verkeer)" title="Rotonde (verkeer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rotonde (verkeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88" title="ラウンドアバウト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラウンドアバウト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundkj%C3%B8ring" title="Rundkjøring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rundkjøring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundk%C3%B8yring" title="Rundkøyring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rundkøyring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond_carrefour" title="Rond carrefour – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rond carrefour" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_(drogownictwo)" title="Rondo (drogownictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rondo (drogownictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotat%C3%B3ria" title="Rotatória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rotatória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens_giratoriu" title="Sens giratoriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sens giratoriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%91%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Круговой перекрёсток – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Круговой перекрёсток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roondaboot" title="Roondaboot – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roondaboot" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrethrrotullimi" title="Rrethrrotullimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrethrrotullimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roundabout" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruhov%C3%BD_objazd" title="Kruhový objazd – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kruhový objazd" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kro%C5%BEno_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Krožno križišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krožno križišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Кружни ток – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кружни ток" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiertoliittym%C3%A4" title="Kiertoliittymä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiertoliittymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkulationsplats" title="Cirkulationsplats – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkulationsplats" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotonda" title="Rotonda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rotonda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுற்றுச்சந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுற்றுச்சந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6nel_kav%C5%9Fak" title="Dönel kavşak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dönel kavşak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1kat_nvak" title="A̱kat nvak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱kat nvak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Кругове перехрестя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кругове перехрестя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotonde" title="Rotonde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rotonde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%97%8B%E8%99%95" title="迴旋處 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迴旋處" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traffic intersection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the road junction. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roundabout (disambiguation)">Roundabout (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rotary (disambiguation)">Rotary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Traffic circle" redirects here. For the glaciated area in Antarctica, see <a href="/wiki/Traffic_Circle_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic Circle (Antarctica)">Traffic Circle (Antarctica)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roundabout_14_61.webm"><img resource="/wiki/File:Roundabout_14_61.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Roundabout_14_61.jpg/300px-Roundabout_14_61.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Roundabout_14_61.jpg/450px-Roundabout_14_61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Roundabout_14_61.jpg/600px-Roundabout_14_61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Roundabout in <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout#/media/File:NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif"><img alt="Sparta Army National Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/200px-NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/300px-NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/NonUK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Movement within a roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">right-hand traffic</a>; note the <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">anticlockwise</a> circulation</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout#/media/File:UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif"><img alt="UK Roundabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/200px-UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif/300px-UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/UK_Roundabout_8_Cars.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Movement within a roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left-hand traffic</a>; note the <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a> circulation</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg/220px-Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg/330px-Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg/440px-Jakarta_Bundaran_HI_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bundaran_HI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundaran HI">The Hotel Indonesia Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta, Indonesia">Jakarta, Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>roundabout</b>, a <b>rotary</b> and a <b>traffic circle</b> are types of circular <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a> or junction in which road <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the USA, engineers use the term <b>modern roundabout</b> to refer to junctions installed after 1960 that incorporate various design rules to increase safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to stop signs, traffic signals, and earlier forms of roundabouts, modern roundabouts reduce the likelihood and severity of collisions greatly by reducing traffic speeds and minimizing <a href="/wiki/Side_collision#Broadside_or_T-bone_collision" title="Side collision">T-bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-on collisions">head-on collisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations on the basic concept include integration with tram or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others. </p><p>For pedestrians, traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, instead of three, simplifying the pedestrian's visual environment. Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and reduced queuing associated with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>. They allow <a href="/wiki/U-turns" class="mw-redirect" title="U-turns">U-turns</a> within the normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles that run on gasoline typically spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, using a roundabout potentially leads to less pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iihs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iihs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop; as a result, by keeping a part of their momentum, the engine will require less <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a> to regain the initial speed, resulting in lower emissions. Research has also shown that slow-moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern roundabouts were first standardised in the UK in 1966 and were found to be a significant improvement over previous traffic circles and rotaries. Since then, modern roundabouts have become commonplace throughout the world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> including Australia, the United Kingdom and France.<sup id="cite_ref-iihs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iihs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_demise_of_traffic_circles">Origins and demise of traffic circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and demise of traffic circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circular junctions existed before roundabouts, including: </p> <ul><li>1768 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Circus_(Bath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (Bath)">Circus</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a> was completed. This was constructed based on architectural considerations and not for traffic purposes.</li> <li>1780 (ca.) <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de l'Étoile">Place de l'Étoile</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> in Paris.</li> <li>1791 <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">Pierre Charles L'Enfant</a> (who came to America in 1776) designed a <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant#Plan_for_Federal_City" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">plan of Washington, D.C.</a>, which was then being planned. This design contained several large places/street crossings. Many of them had a rectangular outer outline, but within each was a place, around which the streets should be built, thus reducing the number of arms/legs of each crossing.</li> <li>1821 US: The Governor's Circle (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Indianapolis)#Monument_Circle" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)">Monument Circle</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> (which gave the city the nickname "The Circle City");</li> <li>1877 France: The French architect <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_H%C3%A9nard" title="Eugène Hénard">Eugène Hénard</a> was designing one-way circular intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: The Keizer Karelplein in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verhoeven_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verhoeven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1899 <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Brautwiesenplatz (Bride Meadow('s) Place) in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1904 US: <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York.</li> <li>1905 US: American architect <a href="/wiki/William_Phelps_Eno" title="William Phelps Eno">William Phelps Eno</a> favored small traffic circles.<br />He re-designed New York City's famous Columbus Circle, which was finished in 1905.</li> <li>1907 US: Architect John McLaren designed one of the first American traffic circles for both autos and streetcars (trams) in the <a href="/wiki/Shasta/Hanchett_Park,_San_Jose,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Shasta/Hanchett Park, San Jose, California">Hanchett Residence Park</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1909 United Kingdom: The first British circular junction was built in <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Although some may still be referred to as <i>roundabouts</i>, the operating and entry characteristics of these traffic circles differed considerably from modern roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-NAP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circular intersections were built in the United States, though many were large-diameter 'rotaries' that enabled high-speed merge and weave manoeuvres. Older-style traffic circles may control entering traffic by stop signs or traffic lights. Many allow entry at higher speeds without deflection, or require a stop and a 90-degree turn to enter. Because these circumstances caused a lot of vehicle collisions, construction of traffic circles and rotaries ceased in the 1950s, and some were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Beldon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beldon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 3:02">: 3:02 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="National Register of Historic Places plaque on the first traffic circle in the United States, at the intersection of River and Pleasant streets in Yarmouth, Massachusetts"><img alt="National Register of Historic Places plaque on the first traffic circle in the United States, at the intersection of River and Pleasant streets in Yarmouth, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG/200px-South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG/300px-South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG/400px-South-Yarmouth-MA-US_rotary_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> plaque on the first traffic circle in the United States, at the intersection of River and Pleasant streets in <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Yarmouth, Massachusetts">Yarmouth, Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., 1922"><img alt="Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg/200px-Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg/300px-Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg/400px-Thomas-Circle_Washington-DC_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., 1922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe,_July_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traffic ten abreast traverses the Place de l'Étoile. This traffic circle surrounds the Arc de Triomphe at the intersection of ten two-way and two one-way streets. It has no lane markings."><img alt="Traffic ten abreast traverses the Place de l'Étoile. This traffic circle surrounds the Arc de Triomphe at the intersection of ten two-way and two one-way streets. It has no lane markings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg/200px-Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg/300px-Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg/400px-Place_Charles-de-Gaulle_from_the_Arc_de_Triomphe%2C_July_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traffic ten abreast traverses the <i><a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de l'Étoile">Place de l'Étoile</a></i>. This traffic circle surrounds the <i><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></i> at the intersection of ten two-way and two one-way streets. It has no lane markings.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_development_of_modern_roundabouts">1960s development of modern roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s development of modern roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg/220px-Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg/330px-Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg/440px-Letchworth_Roundabout_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>The United Kingdom's first roundabout (1909) in <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UK's <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Transport Research Laboratory</a> engineers re-engineered and standardised circular intersections during the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Blackmore_(traffic_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Blackmore (traffic engineer)">Frank Blackmore</a> led the development of the "priority rule" and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ourston.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ourston.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to overcome capacity and safety limitations. The priority rule was found to improve traffic flow by up to 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the United Kingdom adopted a rule at all circular junctions that required entering traffic to give way to circulating traffic. A <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a> guide reports that the modern roundabout represents a significant improvement, in terms of both operations and safety, when compared with older rotaries and traffic circles.<sup id="cite_ref-NAP_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and other British-influenced countries were the first outside the UK to build modern roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_in_Europe_and_North_America_since_1970s">Spread in Europe and North America since 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread in Europe and North America since 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1951, Cyprus, British Crown colony back then, adopted the roundabout in the main cities.</li> <li>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> adopted the modern roundabout.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1973, the U.S. city of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> began installing small traffic circles within existing intersections to calm traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city has installed over 1,200 traffic circles, primarily in residential neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> had 19 roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1980, Norway had 15 roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the early 1980s, single-lane roundabouts (or mini-roundabouts) were also introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began in the relatively sparsely populated northern and eastern Netherlands because of fears that the roundabouts would not be able to cope with the traffic density of the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>; however, when it appeared the single-lane roundabouts had an even higher capacity than signalised intersections, they were constructed en masse in the western Netherlands as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1983, France adopted the yield-at-entry rule on national routes; since then the country's roundabouts have proliferated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1985, Norway put up yield signs at the entries to all its roundabouts. After this, safety and traffic flow rapidly improved,<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Norwegian roundabouts increased from 15 in 1980, to 350 in 1990, to 500 in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1987, Switzerland introduced the yield-at-entry rule; since then its roundabouts increased from 19 in 1980 to 220 in early 1992, while 500 more were being considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the late 1980s, the Netherlands saw significant growth with about 400 roundabouts constructed in just 6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction accelerated in the 1990s, and by 2001, there were an estimated 1,500 to 1,800 roundabouts in the Netherlands, more than half of which were located within built-up areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooman_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1990, the US constructed its first modern roundabout, although older roundabouts have been somewhat common in parts of the Northeast (called rotaries or traffic circles).</li> <li>In 1991, France was building 1,000 roundabouts every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As modern roundabouts rose in popularity in the 1980s, the old traffic circles fell out of favour and many were converted into modern roundabouts or other types of intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1999, Canada built its first modern roundabout.<sup id="cite_ref-Tollazzi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tollazzi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of the beginning of the 21st century, roundabouts were in widespread use in Europe. For instance: <ul><li>In 2010, France had more than 30,000 roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Keh_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There were around 25,000 in the United Kingdom in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundabout, Haarlem, Netherlands, 1990. Cyclists may also be users of a roundabout."><img alt="Roundabout, Haarlem, Netherlands, 1990. Cyclists may also be users of a roundabout." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG/200px-Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG/300px-Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG/400px-Aangekocht_in_1991_van_United_Photos_de_Boer_bv._-_Negatiefnummer_32989_k_6_a._-_Gepubliceerd_in_het_Haarlems_Dagblad_van_15.09.1990.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roundabout, <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, Netherlands, 1990. Cyclists may also be users of a roundabout.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacionfi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Small roundabout in Barzio, Italy"><img alt="Small roundabout in Barzio, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pacionfi.JPG/200px-Pacionfi.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pacionfi.JPG/300px-Pacionfi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pacionfi.JPG/400px-Pacionfi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Barzio" title="Barzio">Barzio</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundabout in Straßwalchen, Austria"><img alt="Roundabout in Straßwalchen, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg/200px-Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg/300px-Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg/400px-Stra%C3%9Fwalchen_kreisverkehr_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="2097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fwalchen" title="Straßwalchen">Straßwalchen</a>, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundabout in the centre of Colombo, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Roundabout in the centre of Colombo, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG/200px-Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG/300px-Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG/400px-Colombo_Galle_Face_Roundabout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roundabout in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, Sri Lanka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double-lane Raindrop Fountain Roundabout in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where roundabouts replaced all traffic lights since 2011."><img alt="Double-lane Raindrop Fountain Roundabout in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where roundabouts replaced all traffic lights since 2011." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg/200px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg/300px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg/400px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_20180730_175900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double-lane Raindrop Fountain Roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Zenica" title="Zenica">Zenica</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where roundabouts replaced all traffic lights since 2011.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rydsrondellen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundabout signs in Linköping, Sweden"><img alt="Roundabout signs in Linköping, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rydsrondellen.JPG/200px-Rydsrondellen.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rydsrondellen.JPG/300px-Rydsrondellen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Rydsrondellen.JPG/400px-Rydsrondellen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roundabout signs in <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Direction_Sign_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A roundabout sign example used in the UK"><img alt="A roundabout sign example used in the UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Direction_Sign_1.svg/200px-British_Direction_Sign_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Direction_Sign_1.svg/300px-British_Direction_Sign_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Direction_Sign_1.svg/400px-British_Direction_Sign_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A roundabout sign example used in the UK</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_introduction_since_1990s">North American introduction since 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North American introduction since 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:568px;max-width:568px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-05-23_11_54_16_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_231_(Prince_Frederick_Road)_from_the_overpass_for_Maryland_State_Route_5_(Leonardtown_Road)_in_Hughesville,_Charles_County,_Maryland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2020-05-23_11_54_16_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_231_%28Prince_Frederick_Road%29_from_the_overpass_for_Maryland_State_Route_5_%28Leonardtown_Road%29_in_Hughesville%2C_Charles_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2020-05-23_11_54_16_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_231_%28Prince_Frederick_Road%29_from_the_overpass_for_Maryland_State_Route_5_%28Leonardtown_Road%29_in_Hughesville%2C_Charles_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/2020-05-23_11_54_16_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_231_%28Prince_Frederick_Road%29_from_the_overpass_for_Maryland_State_Route_5_%28Leonardtown_Road%29_in_Hughesville%2C_Charles_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern roundabout in Hughesville, Maryland in 2020</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/211px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/317px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/422px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern roundabout intersection in Murrayville, Langley, British Columbia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png/145px-Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png/218px-Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png/290px-Ontario_Roundabout_Sign.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roundabout sign in Ontario, Canada</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s after years of planning and educational campaigning by Frank Blackmore and <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ourston" title="Leif Ourston">Leif Ourston</a>, who sought to bring the by then well-established increased safety and traffic flow in other countries to America.<sup id="cite_ref-Beldon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beldon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 5:03">: 5:03 </span></sup> The first was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Summerlin,_Nevada" title="Summerlin, Nevada">Summerlin, Nevada</a>, in 1990 and was followed by another the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roundaboutsusa.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roundaboutsusa.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a local news program said about it, "Even police agree, [roundabouts] can be confusing at times."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1990 and 1995, numerous modern roundabouts were built in California, Colorado, Florida, Maryland, Nevada, and Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmen_round_about.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holmen_round_about.jpg/220px-Holmen_round_about.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holmen_round_about.jpg/330px-Holmen_round_about.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Holmen_round_about.jpg/440px-Holmen_round_about.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Roundabout built in 2023 in <a href="/wiki/Holmen,_Wisconsin" title="Holmen, Wisconsin">Holmen, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often were met with some degree of public resistance, just as in the United Kingdom in the 1960s. </p> <ul><li>American confusion at how to enter and especially how to exit a roundabout was the subject of mockery such as featured in the film <i><a href="/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_European_Vacation" title="National Lampoon's European Vacation">European Vacation</a></i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-Keh_2010_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beldon_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beldon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 6:45">: 6:45 </span></sup></li> <li>A 1998 survey of municipalities found public opinion 68% opposed prior to construction, changing thereafter to 73% in favour.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2007 survey found public support ranging from 22% to 44% prior to construction, and several years after construction was 57% to 87%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By 2011, however, some 3,000 roundabouts had been established, with that number growing steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-Keh_2010_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beldon_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beldon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 6:45">: 6:45 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>In the mid-2010s, about 3% of the then circa 4,000 U.S. modern roundabouts were located in <a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana" title="Carmel, Indiana">Carmel, Indiana</a>, whose mayor <a href="/wiki/James_Brainard" title="James Brainard">James Brainard</a> had been actively promoting their construction; because of increased safety, injuries caused by car accidents in the city dropped by 80% after 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Beldon_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beldon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 0:02">: 0:02 </span></sup> As of December 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 4,800 modern roundabouts in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As an example, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> contained about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, all having been built since 1997, with more planned.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Canadian traffic circles were in Edmonton. There were 7 such by 1954. However, they didn't gain popularity in the rest of the country until the 1990s. They became increasingly popular amongst traffic planners and civil engineers in the 15 years thereafter due to their success in Europe. By 2014 there were about 400 roundabouts in Canada at the time (most in Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia and Ontario), or one per 90,000 inhabitants (compared to one per 84,000 inhabitants in the United States that year).<sup id="cite_ref-Tollazzi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tollazzi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_roundabout">Modern roundabout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern roundabout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Roundabout sign examples</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg/76px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg/114px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg/152px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_D3a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention</a> mandatory</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NO_road_sign_126.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NO_road_sign_126.svg/87px-NO_road_sign_126.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NO_road_sign_126.svg/131px-NO_road_sign_126.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/NO_road_sign_126.svg/174px-NO_road_sign_126.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vienna Convention warning</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_W2-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MUTCD_W2-6.svg/76px-MUTCD_W2-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MUTCD_W2-6.svg/114px-MUTCD_W2-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MUTCD_W2-6.svg/152px-MUTCD_W2-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/MUTCD" class="mw-redirect" title="MUTCD">MUTCD</a> warning</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg/87px-SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg/131px-SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg/174px-SADC_road_sign_R2.2-RHT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Give Way<br />(Yield)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-hand traffic">Right-hand traffic</a> shown. Direction arrows are mirrored for left-hand traffic</div></div></div></div> <p>A "<i>modern</i> roundabout" is a type of looping <a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">junction</a> in which road traffic travels in one direction around a central island and priority is given to the circulating flow. Signs usually direct traffic entering the circle to slow and to <a href="/wiki/Traffic#Passage_Priority_(right_of_way)" title="Traffic">give way</a> to traffic already on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-Fairbank_Highway_Research_Center_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-Fairbank_Highway_Research_Center-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AXA_Insurance_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AXA_Insurance-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because low speeds are required for traffic entering roundabouts, they are physically designed to slow traffic entering the junction to improve safety, so that the roads typically approach the junction <i>radially</i>; whereas older-style traffic circles may be designed to try to increase speeds, and have roads that enter the circle <i>tangentially</i>. </p><p>Roundabouts are normally not used on <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled-access highways">controlled-access highways</a> because of the low speed requirement, but may be used on lower grades of highway such as <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access roads</a>. When such roads are redesigned to incorporate roundabouts, traffic speeds must be reduced via tricks such as curving the approaches. </p><p>Many traffic circles have been converted to modern roundabouts, including the former <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a> traffic circle in New York and several in New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have been converted to signalised intersections, such as the Drum Hill Rotary in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford, Massachusetts</a>, which is now six lanes wide and controlled by four separate intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan was first introduced to roundabouts in September 2014 to stop major accidents and traffic jams. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>roundabout</i> dates from early 20th-century use in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>roundabout</i> is also a traditional English name given to amusement rides known as a <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">carousel</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">merry-go-round</a> in other English-speaking countries. </p><p>In U.S. dictionaries the terms <i>roundabout</i>, <i>traffic circle</i>, <i>road circle</i> and <i>rotary</i> are synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionaries_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionaries-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several experts such as <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ourston" title="Leif Ourston">Leif Ourston</a> have stressed the need to distinguish between the characteristics of the modern roundabout and the nonconforming traffic circle:<sup id="cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <dl><dt>Modern roundabout</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Entering traffic yields to circulating traffic</li> <li>Entering traffic aims at the centre of the central island and is deflected slowly around it</li> <li>Upstream roadway often flares at entry, adding lanes</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <dl><dt>Nonconforming traffic circle</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Entering traffic cuts off circulating traffic</li> <li>Entering traffic aims to one side of the central island (right side for right-hand traffic) and proceeds straight ahead at speed</li> <li>Lanes are not added at entry</li></ul> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> adopted the term <i>modern roundabout</i> to distinguish those that require entering drivers to give way to others. Many old traffic circles remain in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern roundabouts are elongated to encompass additional streets, but traffic always flows in a loop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotary">Rotary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rotary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, traffic engineers typically use the term <i>rotary</i> for large-scale circular junctions between <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressways</a> or <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a>. Rotaries of this type typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States' <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region, however, a "<a href="/wiki/Rotaries_in_Massachusetts" title="Rotaries in Massachusetts">rotary</a>" is typically used as the general term for all roundabouts, including those with modern designs. State laws in these states mandate that traffic already driving in the rotary always has the right of way. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, "Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> entering vehicles "Yield to vehicles in the roundabout."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the dialect used in the Scottish city of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <i>circle</i> is used to refer to roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the English <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <i>island</i> is in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> a third type of roundabout, known as "Filter in Turn", exists. Here approaching drivers neither give way to traffic on the roundabout, as normal, nor have priority over it, but take it in turns to enter from each. Almost all of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>'s roundabouts are of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the term <i>rotunda</i> or <i>rotonda</i> is used in referring to roundabouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_and_design">Operation and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operation and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Elovainio_shopping_center_roundabout_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>A roundabout next to the Elovainio shopping centre in <a href="/wiki/Yl%C3%B6j%C3%A4rvi" title="Ylöjärvi">Ylöjärvi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia,_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg/220px-Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg/330px-Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg/440px-Rotatoria_incorcio_di_Corso_Italia%2C_Via_Roma_e_Via_P.Micca_nel_centro_di_Legnano._2015-02-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An oval roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Legnano" title="Legnano">Legnano</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental principle of modern roundabouts is that entering drivers give way to traffic within the roundabout without the need for traffic signals. Conversely, older traffic circles typically require circling drivers to give way to entering traffic. Roundabouts may also have an interior lane.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, exiting directly from an inner lane of a multi-lane roundabout is permitted, given that the intersecting road has as many lanes as the roundabout. By contrast, exiting from an inner lane of an older traffic circle is usually not permitted and traffic must first move into the outside lane. </p><p>Vehicles circulate around the central island in one direction at speeds of 25–40 km/h (15–25 mph). In <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-hand traffic">left-hand traffic</a> countries they circulate <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a> (looking from above); in right-hand traffic, anticlockwise. </p><p>Multi-lane roundabouts are typically less than 75 metres (250 ft) in diameter;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> older traffic circles and <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">roundabout interchanges</a> may be considerably larger. Roundabouts are roughly the same size as signalled intersections of the same capacity. </p><p>Design criteria include: </p> <ul><li>Right-of-way: Whether entering or circling vehicles have the right of way. The <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> Driver's Manual recommends that, in the absence of flow control signs, traffic yields based on "the circle's historically established traffic flow pattern",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are no set rules. In <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entering traffic yields, as is the norm in virtually all countries outside of the U.S.</li> <li>Angle of entry: Angles range from glancing (<a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">tangential</a>) that allow full-speed entry to 90 degree angles (<a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ModernRoundabouts_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernRoundabouts-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deflection is required to avoid vehicles entering at excessive speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Traffic speed: High entry speeds (over 30 mph or 48 km/h) require circulating vehicles to yield, often stopping, which lowers capacity and increases crash rates compared to modern roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lane changes: Allowed or not</li> <li>Diameter: The greater the traffic, the larger the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernRoundabouts_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernRoundabouts-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Island function: Parking, parks, fountains, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernRoundabouts_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernRoundabouts-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LUMC-rotonde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LUMC-rotonde.JPG/220px-LUMC-rotonde.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LUMC-rotonde.JPG/330px-LUMC-rotonde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LUMC-rotonde.JPG/440px-LUMC-rotonde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Roundabout at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Medical_Center" title="Leiden University Medical Center">Leiden University Medical Center</a> in the Netherlands, with modern art animals on the central island, and an apron that can be used by large trucks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern roundabouts feature a central island and sometimes pedestrian islands at each entry or exit often for decoration. </p><p>Denmark has begun widespread adoption of particular high islands, or if not possible, obstacles such as hedges or a ring of trees in larger examples. This is done to further increase the safety benefits of roundabouts, as the obstacles have been found to discomfort drivers more so than the roundabout itself compared to conventional intersections, thus initiating further observation and care taking of the driver. In Denmark, it was found to decrease accidents in roundabouts by 27% to 84% depending on height and type. In studies, heights of 0-0.9, 1-1.9 and 2+ metres were evaluated. It was found that for all heights, especially accidents leading to human injuries were reduced the most, by -47% to -84% for the aforementioned heights.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of irritation to drivers is not to be understated, as it is the crucial point of the design: to force drivers to pay attention to the sides of the driving direction. This leads to drivers complaining about these designs, as Denmark in most regards embraces designing road infrastructure, such that the wanted driving behaviour leads to comfort i.e., lane width corresponding to speed limit and obstacles encouraging slowdown near points of safety concern such as schools. Such is the controversy for drivers that seasoned driving teachers complain about this discomfort a decade after its safety is proven and adoption widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central">Central</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces,_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg/220px-La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg/330px-La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg/440px-La_fontaine_des_trois_Gr%C3%A2ces%2C_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>A fountain dominates this roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>, France.</figcaption></figure> <p>The central island may be surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Truck_apron" title="Truck apron">truck apron</a> that is high enough to discourage drivers from crossing over it, but low enough to allow wide or long vehicles to navigate the roundabout. The island may provide a visual barrier, to alert approaching drivers to the presence of the roundabout, and to encourage drivers to focus on the traffic in the path of the circle. A visual barrier significantly reduces the accident rate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, vehicles anywhere in or near the circle can cause those entering to stop and wait for them to pass, even if they are opposite, which unnecessarily reduces traffic flow. The barrier may be a landscaped mound, a raised wall, a tree or tall shrubs. Road signage or flagpoles may be erected at the top of a landscaped mound. </p><p>Some communities use the island for monuments, the display of large public art or for a fountain. Pedestrians may be prohibited from crossing the circling lane(s). Access to the central island requires an underpass or overpass for safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Art_installations">Art installations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_Mexico_(2021)_-_050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg/220px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg/330px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg/440px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Minerva,_Guadalajara" title="Statue of Minerva, Guadalajara">Minerva Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Roundabouts have attracted art installations around the world: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bend,_Oregon" title="Bend, Oregon">Bend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (United States); Bend's Roundabout sculptures were honoured by <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_the_Arts" title="Americans for the Arts">Americans for the Arts</a> as among the 37 most innovative approaches to Public Art in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain); Local government displayed sculptures at several roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many countries in Europe (France first,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-North_Europe_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Europe-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria,<sup id="cite_ref-North_Europe_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Europe-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-North_Europe_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Europe-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) show the widespread use of roundabouts as art installations.<sup id="cite_ref-Panoramio_Roundabouts_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panoramio_Roundabouts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An inventory of roundabouts in France, made by Marc Lescuyer, listed 3,328 roundabouts with artistic decor early in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Panoramio_Roundabouts_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panoramio_Roundabouts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Minerva,_Guadalajara" title="Statue of Minerva, Guadalajara">Minerva Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico, is one of the city's most famous monuments. It features the goddess <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> standing on a pedestal, surrounded by a large fountain, with an inscription saying "Justice, wisdom and strength guard this loyal city".</li> <li>Several famous monuments in Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Puerta de Alcalá">Gate of Alcalá</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain or the <a href="/wiki/Arc_du_Triomphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc du Triomphe">Arc du Triomphe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, have been isolated from street traffic by means of a roundabout.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Garces_Memorial_Circle" title="Garces Memorial Circle">Garces Memorial Circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a> contains a statue to Father <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garces" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Garces">Francisco Garces</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Ipil,_Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay">Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay</a> has an Obelisk containing art and the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> script.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedestrian">Pedestrian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pedestrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View2FromPearlTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/View2FromPearlTower.jpg/220px-View2FromPearlTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/View2FromPearlTower.jpg/330px-View2FromPearlTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/View2FromPearlTower.jpg/440px-View2FromPearlTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>This roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, has a pedestrian bridge in the form of another, raised roundabout.</figcaption></figure> <p>For larger roundabouts, pedestrian islands at each entry/exit encourage drivers to slow and prepare to enter the circle. They also provide a refuge where pedestrians may pause mid-crossing. Vehicles or bicycles entering or exiting the roundabout must yield to all traffic including pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedestrian_crossing">Pedestrian crossing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pedestrian crossing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossings</a> at each entry/exit may be located at least one full car length outside the circle. The extra space allows pedestrians to cross behind vehicles waiting to enter the circle, and to allow exiting vehicles to stop for pedestrians without obstruction. Each pedestrian crossing may traverse a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian island">pedestrian island</a> for protection that also forces drivers to slow and begin to change direction, encouraging slower, safer speeds. On the island, the pedestrian crossing may become diagonal, to direct the gaze of those crossing into exiting traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycles">Bicycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physically separated bikeways best protect cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-swov-roundabouts_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swov-roundabouts-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-modern_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less optimally, terminating cycle lanes well before roundabout entrances requires cyclists to merge into the stream of motor traffic, but keeps cyclists in full view of drivers, at some cost in motor vehicle speed. Cyclists may also be permitted to use pedestrian crossings. </p><p>Traditional cycle lanes increase vehicle–bicycle collisions. When exiting, a motorist must look ahead to avoid colliding with another vehicle or with pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing. As the intersection curves away from the exit, the path of an exiting vehicle is relatively straight, and so the motorist may often not slow substantially. To give way to a cyclist on the outside requires the exiting motorist to look toward the rear, to the perimeter. Other vehicles can obstruct the driver's view in this direction, complicating the motorist's task. The more frequent requirements for motorists to slow or stop reduce traffic flow. A 1992 study<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that the risk to cyclists is high in all such intersections, but much higher when the junction has a marked bicycle lane or sidepath around its perimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cycle lanes were installed at Museum Road, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, but were replaced by a narrowed <a href="/wiki/Carriageway" title="Carriageway">carriageway</a> to encourage lane sharing. </p><p>The roundabout at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202#Exit_list" title="Arizona State Route 202">Brown Road and Loop 202</a> interchange in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>, adopts a U.S.-recommended design.<sup id="cite_ref-adot_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adot-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On-street pavement markings direct cyclists to enter the sidewalk at the end of the bike lane. Cyclists who choose to travel on the wide sidewalk, cross roundabout arms perpendicularly, well outside the circle. A pedestrian island allows pedestrians and cyclists to cross one lane at a time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_roundabout" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch roundabout">Protected roundabouts</a> (or Dutch roundabout) were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, with cyclists separated from vehicles using dedicated lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cyclists will conflict with motorists at the exit arms of the motorised roundabout, priority must be established. In the Netherlands, cyclists will normally be given priority to <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">promote cycling</a> over driving.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as their use in the Netherlands and Denmark, these designs have been subsequently built in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hovenring bicycle roundabout in the Netherlands is an innovative design, completely separating bicycles from vehicular traffic."><img alt="The Hovenring bicycle roundabout in the Netherlands is an innovative design, completely separating bicycles from vehicular traffic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg/200px-Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg/300px-Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg/400px-Fietsotonde_Hovenring_Eindhoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hovenring" title="Hovenring">Hovenring</a> bicycle roundabout in the Netherlands is an innovative design, completely separating bicycles from vehicular traffic.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavement markings invite cyclists to enter sidewalk on approach to roundabout in Mesa, Arizona. Cyclists are still permitted to use the roundabout like any other vehicle."><img alt="Pavement markings indicate sidewalk riding is legal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg/200px-Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg/300px-Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg/400px-Okay_to_enter_sidewalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavement markings invite cyclists to enter sidewalk on approach to roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>. Cyclists are still permitted to use the roundabout like any other vehicle.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclists can choose to ride on the sidewalk on far right, or in the main lanes of this roundabout in Mesa, Arizona."><img alt="Cyclist rides through the main lane of roundabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg/200px-Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg/300px-Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg/400px-Bicyclist_in_roundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cyclists can choose to ride on the sidewalk on far right, or in the main lanes of this roundabout in Mesa, Arizona.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protected_roundabout_3D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="3D view of a protected roundabout, as commonly used in the Netherlands"><img alt="3D view of a protected roundabout, as commonly used in the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protected_roundabout_3D.png/200px-Protected_roundabout_3D.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protected_roundabout_3D.png/300px-Protected_roundabout_3D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protected_roundabout_3D.png/400px-Protected_roundabout_3D.png 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D view of a <a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">protected roundabout</a>, as commonly used in the Netherlands</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity_and_delays">Capacity and delays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Capacity and delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/220px-ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/330px-ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/440px-ChivertonCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Traffic approaching Chiverton Cross roundabout in Cornwall, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>The capacity of a roundabout varies based on entry angle, lane width, and the number of entry and circulating lanes. As with other types of junctions, operational performance depends heavily on the flow volumes from various approaches. A single-lane roundabout can handle approximately 20,000–26,000 vehicles per day, while a two-lane design supports 40,000 to 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-modern_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modern-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under many traffic conditions, a roundabout operates with less delay than signalised or <a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">all-way stop</a> approaches. Roundabouts do not stop all entering vehicles, reducing both individual and queuing delays. Throughput further improves because drivers proceed when traffic is clear without waiting for a signal to change. </p><p>Roundabouts can increase delays in locations where traffic would otherwise often not be required to stop. For example, at the junction of a high-volume and a low-volume road, traffic on the busier road would stop only when cross traffic was present, otherwise not having to slow for the roundabout. When the volumes on the roadways are relatively equal, a roundabout can reduce delays, because half of the time a full stop would be required. Dedicated left turn signals (in countries where traffic drives on the right) further reduce throughput. </p><p>Roundabouts can reduce delays for pedestrians compared to traffic signals, because pedestrians are able to cross during any safe gap rather than waiting for a signal. During peak flows when large gaps are infrequent, the slower speed of traffic entering and exiting can still allow crossing, despite the smaller gaps. </p><p>Studies of roundabouts that replaced stop signs and/or traffic signals found that vehicle delays were reduced 13–89 percent and the proportion of vehicles that stopped was reduced 14–56 percent. Delays on major approaches increased as vehicles slowed to enter the roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-iihs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iihs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roundabouts have been found to reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> emissions by 15–45 percent, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions by 21–44 percent, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions by 23–37 percent and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> emissions by 0–42 percent. Fuel consumption was reduced by an estimated 23–34 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-iihs_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iihs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capacity_modelling">Capacity modelling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Capacity modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries have researched roundabout capacity. The software can help calculate capacity, delay and queues. Packages include <a href="/wiki/ARCADY" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCADY">ARCADY</a>, Rodel, Highway Capacity Software and <a href="/wiki/Sidra_Intersection" title="Sidra Intersection">Sidra Intersection</a>. ARCADY and Rodel are based on the Transport Research Laboratory mathematical model. The TRL approach is derived from empirical models based on geometric parameters and observed driver behaviour with regard to lane choice. Sidra Intersection software includes roundabout capacity models developed in Australia and the US. </p><p>Research on Australian roundabouts was conducted in the 1980s at the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its analytical capacity and performance models differ from the TRL model significantly, following a lane-based gap-acceptance theory including geometric parameters. </p><p>Research on U.S. roundabouts sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a> (TRB) and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> (FHWA) culminated in a capacity model that was included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Highway_Capacity_Manual" title="Highway Capacity Manual">Highway Capacity Manual</a></i> (HCM) Edition 6<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>TRB-FHWA Roundabout Informational Guide</i> (<a href="/wiki/NCHRP" class="mw-redirect" title="NCHRP">NCHRP</a> Report 672).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HCM Edition 6 model is based on lane-based gap-acceptance theory. A recent NCHRP survey of US state transport agencies found that <a href="/wiki/Sidra_Intersection" title="Sidra Intersection">Sidra Intersection</a> is the most widely used software tool in the US for roundabout analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg/220px-Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg/330px-Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg/440px-Roundabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of possible collision points on a roundabout versus a traditional intersection</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG/220px-2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG/330px-2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG/440px-2008_03_12_-_UMD_-_Roundabout_viewed_from_Art_Soc_Bldg_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Small modern roundabout in the United States, where vehicles are driven on the right</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiamondRoundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DiamondRoundabout.jpg/220px-DiamondRoundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DiamondRoundabout.jpg/330px-DiamondRoundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/DiamondRoundabout.jpg/440px-DiamondRoundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Roundabout in the United States with separated side lanes. Vehicles entering the roundabout give way to vehicles in the roundabout.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/220px-CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/330px-CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg/440px-CarlandCrossRoundaboutA30Cornwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road#United_Kingdom" title="Trunk road">trunk road</a> roundabout in the UK at <a href="/wiki/Carland_Cross" title="Carland Cross">Carland Cross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, United Kingdom. There is a free-flow lane for the A30 towards <a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a> (nearest the camera).</figcaption></figure> <p>Statistically, modern roundabouts are safer for drivers and pedestrians than both older-style traffic circles and traditional intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with these other forms of intersections, modern roundabouts experience 39% fewer vehicle collisions, 76% fewer injuries and 90% fewer serious injuries and fatalities (according to a study of a sampling of roundabouts in the United States, when compared with the junctions they replaced).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At junctions with stop signs or traffic lights, the most serious accidents are right-angle, left-turn or head-on collisions where vehicles move fast and collide at high impact angles, e.g. head-on. Roundabouts virtually eliminate those types of crashes. Instead, most crashes are glancing blows at low angles of impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Richtmeyer_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richtmeyer-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, a study based on satellite imagery of all intersections in Australia observed consistently low speeds on roundabouts compared to other intersection types, contributing to reduced injury severity in case of a crash.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some larger roundabouts take foot and bicycle traffic through <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpasses</a> or alternate routes. However, an analysis<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the New Zealand national crash database<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the period 1996–2000 shows that 26% of cyclists reported injury crashes happened at roundabouts, compared to 6% at traffic signals and 13% at priority controlled junctions. The New Zealand researchers propose that low vehicle speeds, circulatory lane markings and mountable centre aprons for trucks can reduce the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common roundabout crash type for cyclists, according to the New Zealand study, involves a motor vehicle entering the roundabout and colliding with a cyclist who already is travelling around the roundabout (more than half of cyclist/roundabout crashes in New Zealand fall into this category). The next most common crash type involves motorists leaving the roundabout colliding with cyclists who are continuing farther around the perimeter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision-impaired_pedestrians">Vision-impaired pedestrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vision-impaired pedestrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poorly designed walkways increase risks for the vision-impaired, because it is more difficult than at a signalised intersection to audibly detect whether there is a sufficient gap in traffic to cross safely. At a signalised intersection, traffic comes to a stop, and an audible sound can be generated to indicate that it is time to cross.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This issue has led to a conflict in the United States between the vision-impaired and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> communities. One solution is to provide manually-operated pedestrian crossing signals at each entry. This increases construction and operation costs, and requires some way to disrupt traffic long enough for the pedestrian to cross (such as a <a href="/wiki/HAWK_beacon" title="HAWK beacon">HAWK beacon</a>) that defeats the purpose of the roundabout. Signalisation also increases delays for most pedestrians during periods of light traffic, since pedestrians need to wait for a signal to change before (legally) crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signalised pedestrian crossings are normally used on large-diameter roundabout interchanges rather than small-diameter modern roundabouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_circular_intersections">Types of circular intersections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Types of circular intersections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg/170px-Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg/255px-Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg/340px-Putrajaya_roundabout_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The world's largest roundabout, the <a href="/wiki/Persiaran_Sultan_Salahuddin_Abdul_Aziz_Shah,_Putrajaya" title="Persiaran Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Putrajaya">Persiaran Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>, Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs editing to <b>comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit">improve the content</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Large roundabouts, such as those used at motorway junctions, typically have two to six lanes and may include traffic lights to regulate flow. </p><p>Some roundabouts have a divider or subsidiary deflection island, by means of which is provided a "free flow" segregated left- (or right-) turn lane (for the UK see <a href="/wiki/Design_Manual_for_Roads_and_Bridges" title="Design Manual for Roads and Bridges">Design Manual for Roads and Bridges</a> TD 51/03) between traffic moving between two adjacent roads, and traffic within the roundabout, enabling drivers to bypass the roundabout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyratory_system">Gyratory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gyratory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "gyratory" (for example, <a href="/wiki/Hanger_Lane_gyratory" title="Hanger Lane gyratory">Hanger Lane gyratory</a>) is sometimes used in the United Kingdom for a large circular intersection with non-standard lane markings or priority arrangements, or where there are significant lengths of carriageway between the entry arms, or when buildings occupy the central island.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century several gyratory systems in London have been removed, including Tottenham Hale<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle" title="Elephant and Castle">Elephant and Castle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smaller,_small_and_mini-roundabouts"><span id="Smaller.2C_small_and_mini-roundabouts"></span>Smaller, small and mini-roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Smaller, small and mini-roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="mountable_apron"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo,_Ontario,_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg/220px-Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg/330px-Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg/440px-Waterloo%2C_Ontario%2C_mini-roundabout_at_Union_Street_East_and_Margaret_Avenue_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>A small roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo, Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>As the overall or external size of a roundabout (in the UK referred to as the Inscribed Circle Diameter – ICD) is reduced, so the maximum practicable (and prescribed) diameter for the central island is also reduced, whilst the width of the circulatory carriageway increases (due to the greater width of vehicle swept path at smaller turning radii). In most cases, this results in it being too easy – certainly when traffic is light relative to capacity – for drivers to traverse the roundabout at relatively high speed, with scant regard for road markings or the potential dangers to self or conflicts with other road users. To mitigate this risk, a proportion of the circulatory carriageway – an annulus around the central island – is segregated from general use by demarcation lines and differentiated from the outer annulus of the carriageway by a combination of a slightly raised surface, adverse crossfall, contrasting colours and textures and demarcating lines. The effect of this is to discourage drivers from taking a more direct path through the roundabout, their line of least resistance is more tightly curved (and therefore slower) but more bearable. The inner annulus provides for the trailing axles of longer or articulated vehicles to sweep across the inner annulus, which is therefore known as an over-run area (in UK usage), truck apron, or mountable apron. </p><p>The smaller the roundabout, the more such mitigation measures are likely to be abused – the less effective they will be. In the UK the minimum size for roundabouts with raised islands is 28 metre diameter ICD with a 4-metre diameter island. This threshold being driven primarily by vehicle geometry – which is globally relatively consistent – rather than driver behaviour, it is adopted in other jurisdictions too. Below this minimum size, the mini-roundabout prevails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mini-roundabouts">Mini-roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mini-roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After developing the offside priority rule, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Blackmore_(traffic_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Blackmore (traffic engineer)">Frank Blackmore</a>, of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Transport Research Laboratory</a>, turned his attention to the possibility of a roundabout that could be built at sites lacking room for a conventional roundabout.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit-Fank_Blackmore_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-Fank_Blackmore-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small roundabout in Kargilik, Xinjiang, China"><img alt="Small roundabout in Kargilik, Xinjiang, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg/193px-Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg/290px-Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg/385px-Small_roundabout._Kargilik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Small roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Kargilik_Town" title="Kargilik Town">Kargilik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany,_Sachsen-Anhalt,_S%C3%BCdharz,_Uftrungen_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mini-roundabout in Uftrungen, Germany"><img alt="Mini-roundabout in Uftrungen, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG/173px-Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG/260px-Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG/345px-Germany%2C_Sachsen-Anhalt%2C_S%C3%BCdharz%2C_Uftrungen_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Mini-roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Uftrungen" title="Uftrungen">Uftrungen</a>, Germany</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mini-roundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mini-roundabout in the UK, where a painted white circle is used as centre. The arrows show the direction of traffic."><img alt="A mini-roundabout in the UK, where a painted white circle is used as centre. The arrows show the direction of traffic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mini-roundabout.jpg/200px-Mini-roundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mini-roundabout.jpg/300px-Mini-roundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mini-roundabout.jpg/400px-Mini-roundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>A mini-roundabout in the UK, where a painted white circle is used as centre. The arrows show the direction of traffic.</small></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar,_Simaisma_(9),_roundabout_with_shops.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG/220px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG/330px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG/440px-Qatar%2C_Simaisma_%289%29%2C_roundabout_with_shops.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Roundabout in rural <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mini-roundabouts can incorporate a painted circle or a low dome but must be fully traversable by vehicles. Motorists can drive over them when there is no other traffic, but it is dangerous to do so otherwise. Once the practice is established it may be difficult to discourage. Mini-roundabouts use the same right-of-way rules as standard roundabouts but produce different driver behaviour. Mini-roundabouts are sometimes grouped in pairs (a double mini-roundabout) or in "chains", simplifying navigation of otherwise awkward junctions. In some countries <a href="/wiki/Road_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Road sign">road signs</a> distinguish mini-roundabouts from larger ones. </p><p>Mini-roundabouts are common in the UK, Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (particularly on Hong Kong Island), as well as <a href="/wiki/Irapuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Irapuato, Guanajuato">Irapuato</a> in Mexico. </p><p>In the UK and also in other jurisdictions that have adopted mini-roundabouts, to drive across the central disc or dome when it is practicable to avoid it is an offence. Vehicles are required to treat the painted circle as if it were a solid island and drive around it.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local authorities paint double white lines around the circle to indicate this, but these require permission from the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State for Transport</a>. The central dome also must be able to be overrun by larger vehicles. </p><p>In the UK – and also in other highway jurisdictions – the maximum size for a mini roundabout is 28 metre (30 yard) ICD (inscribed circle diameter). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raindrop_roundabouts">Raindrop roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Raindrop roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These roundabouts do not form a complete circle and have a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raindrop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:raindrop">raindrop</a>" or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teardrop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:teardrop">teardrop</a>" shape. They have also been used at <a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">bowtie</a> intersections, replacing traffic signals that are inefficient without a turning lane. In addition to their use at intersections, raindrop roundabouts are also used in <a href="/wiki/Dogbone_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogbone interchange">dogbone interchanges</a> (described <a href="#Motorways">below</a>). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balcony_roundabout">Balcony roundabout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Balcony roundabout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A balcony roundabout is just an elevated roundabout. They are constructed in such a way that vulnerable road users can cross underneath the roundabout. Footpaths and cycle paths along the different roads connect to the square under the roundabout. Vulnerable road users do not interfere with motorised traffic on the roundabout, reducing the risk of collision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbo_roundabouts">Turbo roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Turbo roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turborotonde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Turborotonde.svg/220px-Turborotonde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Turborotonde.svg/330px-Turborotonde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Turborotonde.svg/440px-Turborotonde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>A much applied turbo roundabout design in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, a relatively new type of two-lane roundabout designs is emerging, called "turbo roundabouts". These designs require motorists to choose their direction before entering the roundabout, thereby eliminating many conflicting paths and choices on the roundabout itself so that traffic safety is increased, as well as speed and capacity. These designs, seen from above, typically result in a spiralling flow of traffic. One minor drawback is that turbo roundabouts are often marked out such that a U-turn by means of the roundabout is not possible for drivers approaching on certain arms. </p><p>Several variations of turbo roundabouts exist. They are frequently designed for the intersection of a major road crossing a road with less traffic. </p><p>An early application of the principle was a six-arm and therefore relatively large (and fast) non-circular roundabout at <a href="/wiki/Stairfoot" title="Stairfoot">Stairfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, South Yorkshire, which was given spiral marking about 1984. At that time the method was considered experimental and needed special consent from central authorities. The turbo roundabout was formally developed in 1996 in the Netherlands by Lambertus Fortuijn, a researcher from the <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar roundabouts, with spiralling lane markings, have been used for many years in the UK e.g. the A176/A127 (eastbound) at <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roundabout&params=51.561399_n_0.452934_e_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°33′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°27′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.561399°N 0.452934°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.561399; 0.452934</span></span></span></a></span></span>). However, it was not until 1997 that the UK's national highway authorities published guidance (DMRB TA-78/97) that in effect endorsed the use of spiral markings in certain circumstances. </p><p>Turbo roundabouts can be built with raised lane separators (common in the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or with lane markings only. The use of raised lane separators prevents road users from weaving (thereby reducing conflicts) but can make manoeuvring more difficult for large vehicles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg/220px-Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg/330px-Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg/440px-Two-lane_roundabout_and_turborondabout_intersection_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>A comparison between a two-lane roundabout and a turboroundabout showing possible collision points.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to simulations, a two-lane roundabout with three exits should offer 12–20% greater traffic flow than a conventional, three-lane roundabout of the same size. The reason is reduced weaving that makes entering and exiting more predictable. Because there are only ten points of conflict (compared with 8 for a conventional single lane roundabout, or between 32 and 64 with traffic signal control), this design is often safer as well. Research and experiments show that traffic accidents are reduced by 72% on turbo roundabouts compared to multi-lane roundabouts, which have 12 points of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research at <a href="/wiki/Windesheim_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Windesheim University of Applied Sciences">Windesheim University</a> also shows that turbo roundabouts reduce accidents including casualties by some 75% when compared to regular intersections, and by 61% compared to single-lane roundabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Windesheim_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windesheim-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same research made it very clear that it is safer for cyclists not to have priority over motor vehicles on the roundabout, than to have it.<sup id="cite_ref-Windesheim_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windesheim-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 70 have been built in the Netherlands, while many turbos (or similar, lane splitting designs) can be found in southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-lane roundabouts in the United States of America are typically required to be striped with spiral markings,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as most states follow the federal <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-sea_roundabouts">Sub-sea roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sub-sea roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new development is the roundabout below the seabed, in locations where multiple undersea traffic tunnels join. The first such roundabout is in the Eysturoy Tunnel (<a href="/wiki/Eysturoyartunnilin" title="Eysturoyartunnilin">Eysturoyartunnilin</a>), opened in December 2020 in the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>. It connects the main island <a href="/wiki/Streymoy" title="Streymoy">Streymoy</a> with two locations on the island <a href="/wiki/Eysturoy" title="Eysturoy">Eysturoy</a> that are separated by a long fjord, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lafj%C3%B8r%C3%B0ur" title="Skálafjørður">Skálafjørður</a>. So, three roads meet at this roundabout. Total length of the system is 11.24 km (6.98 mi). It was the largest ever infrastructure project in the Faroe Islands, estimated to have cost around a billion Danish kroner.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Motorways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout interchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg/220px-Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg/330px-Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg/440px-Opatovice_nad_Labem_kruhov%C3%BD_objezd_from_air_K2_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>Motorway junction with roundabout near <a href="/wiki/Opatovice_nad_Labem" title="Opatovice nad Labem">Opatovice nad Labem</a>, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>Roundabouts are generally not appropriate for placement on motorway or freeway mainlines because the purpose of such facilities is to provide for uninterrupted traffic flow. However, roundabouts are often used for the junction between the slip roads (called <i>ramps</i> in North America) and the intersecting road. A single roundabout, <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated</a> from the mainlines, may be used to create a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">roundabout interchange</a>. This type of junction is common in the UK and Ireland. </p><p>Alternatively, separate roundabouts also may be used at the slip road intersections of a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">diamond interchange</a> to create what often is referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Dumbbell_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumbbell interchange">dumbbell interchange</a>", which is increasingly common in both Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> due to its reduced need for wide or multiple bridges. A variation of the dumbbell interchange, often called a "<a href="/wiki/Dogbone_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogbone interchange">dogbone interchange</a>", occurs when the roundabouts do not form a complete circle but are instead raindrop roundabouts (described <a href="#Raindrop_roundabouts">above</a>). This configuration reduces conflicts between vehicles entering the raindrop roundabouts from the ramps, reducing queueing and delays, compared with the dumbbell interchange. </p><p>Additional use of roundabouts for high-speed junctions is the <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange#Three-level_stacked_roundabout" title="Roundabout interchange">3-level stacked roundabout</a>—this is a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">roundabout interchange</a> where <i>both</i> of the roadway mainlines are grade separated. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a>/<a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a>, <a href="/wiki/M8_motorway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="M8 motorway (Great Britain)">M8</a>/<a href="/wiki/M73_motorway" title="M73 motorway">M73</a> and <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1(M)</a>/<a href="/wiki/M18_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M18 motorway (Great Britain)">M18</a> interchanges are examples of this type. These junctions, however, have less capacity than a full <a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">free-flow interchange</a>. A similar design to this is the <a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">three-level diamond interchange</a>. </p><p>Most junctions on <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s M50 motorway C-road were built using a standard roundabout interchange. The traffic volume of several of these junctions increased to a level higher than the capacity such roundabouts can accommodate, and in turn, have been converted into partially or fully free-flowing interchanges. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cow_interchange" title="Red Cow interchange">Red Cow interchange</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the junction between the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M12_motorway" title="M12 motorway">M12</a> (Craigavon connector motorway) is via a standard roundabout with a raised centre, three onslips and three offslips, and two lanes. </p><p>In the city of <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, Sweden, a roundabout connects two motorways, E22 from <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inre_Ringv%C3%A4gen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inre Ringvägen (page does not exist)">Inner ring road</a>. </p><p>In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/A6_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A6 motorway (Netherlands)">A6 motorway</a> and <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7 motorway</a> used to cross near <a href="/wiki/Joure" title="Joure">Joure</a> using a roundabout until October 2017, when the junction was turned into a full <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange_(Y-interchange)" title="Interchange (road)">Y-interchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The junction between the <a href="/wiki/A200_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A200 motorway (Netherlands)">A200</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A9_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A9 motorway (Netherlands)">A9</a> uses a 3-level stacked roundabout. Near <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> (the Leenderheide junction), the junction for the <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A2 motorway (Netherlands)">A2</a> uses a roundabout. An overpass was built for the <a href="/wiki/A67_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A67 motorway (Netherlands)">A67</a> from Antwerp to Germany. </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium, the Cheratte interchange between the <a href="/wiki/A3_motorway_(Belgium)" title="A3 motorway (Belgium)">A3/E40</a> and <a href="/wiki/A25_road_(Belgium)" title="A25 road (Belgium)">A25/E25</a> functions partially as a roundabout, with through traffic allowed to continue without entering the junction and traffic changing between motorways required to use the roundabout. </p><p>Rotary interchanges operate with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic circle">traffic circles</a> rather than roundabouts. Rotary interchanges are common in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, particularly in the state of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, but a European example of a rotary interchange may be found in <a href="/wiki/Hinwil" title="Hinwil">Hinwil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signalised_roundabouts">Signalised roundabouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Signalised roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Market_Roundabout,_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg/220px-Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg/330px-Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg/440px-Old_Market_Roundabout%2C_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>A major signal-controlled roundabout interchange in central <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England. Vehicles drive on the left, and vehicles in the roundabout are stopped by traffic lights to allow other vehicles to enter, while an <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpass</a> permits straight-through traffic to bypass the roundabout entirely.</figcaption></figure> <p>A signalised roundabout is one where one or more entry is controlled by traffic signals, rather than by assumed priority. For each signalised entry there will also be a signalised stopline immediately upstream on the circulatory section. The signals prevent blocking on the roundabout, and balance and improve traffic capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples include the M50 in Dublin; the Cherry Street roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>, Hong Kong; Sheriffhall Roundabout in Edinburgh, Scotland; Newton Circus in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>; and many of the roundabouts along the <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. </p><p>An evolution of the signalised roundabout has been proposed recently.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based in avoiding stops by eliminating conflict points in roundabouts. This proposed new paradigm (SYROPS) forms platoons of vehicles (e.g. 2 x 3 cars) that arrive at the roundabout with speed identical to the average circulation speed in the roundabout and within the time interval (visualised as a rotating priority sector) assigned to his entrance, avoiding all the conflicts of passage and with it the stops and accelerations required in standard and in signalled roundabouts. Signalling signage is with lights for human drivers and optionally wireless for connected and autonomous vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2022)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Roundabout#undue" title="Talk:Roundabout">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Magic"_roundabouts/ring_junctions"><span id=".22Magic.22_roundabouts.2Fring_junctions"></span>"Magic" roundabouts/ring junctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: "Magic" roundabouts/ring junctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor"></span><span class="anchor" id="Magic_roundabout"></span><span class="anchor" id="ring_junction"></span> "Magic roundabouts" direct traffic in both directions around the central island. They are officially known as "ring junctions". The <a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(Swindon)" title="Magic Roundabout (Swindon)">first magic roundabout</a> was constructed in 1972 in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Blackmore" title="Frank Blackmore">Frank Blackmore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline1_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesonline1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inventor of the mini-roundabout. The roundabout joins five roads and consists of a two-way road around the central island, with five mini-roundabouts meeting the incoming roads.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name derives from the popular children's television series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Roundabout" title="The Magic Roundabout">The Magic Roundabout</a></i>, and is considered "magic" because traffic flows in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions. This is achieved by surrounding the main island with one smaller roundabout per entry/exit street. This pattern directs traffic in the usual clockwise (in <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">LHT</a> installations) or counter-clockwise (in <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">RHT</a> installations) manner around each mini-roundabout. Exiting the mini-roundabouts, traffic may proceed around the central island either in the usual direction (via the outer loop), or in the inverse direction (the inner loop). The arrangement offers multiple paths between feeder roads. Drivers typically choose the shorter, most fluid route. Although the safety record is good,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> many drivers find this system intimidating, and some drivers go to great lengths to avoid them.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar systems are found in the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(Hemel_Hempstead)" title="Magic Roundabout (Hemel Hempstead)">Moor End roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> (Hertfordshire), which has six intersections; in <a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(High_Wycombe)" title="Magic Roundabout (High Wycombe)">High Wycombe</a> (Buckinghamshire),<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Denham_Roundabout" title="Denham Roundabout">Denham Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire" title="Denham, Buckinghamshire">Denham</a> (Buckinghamshire), the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(Colchester)" title="Magic Roundabout (Colchester)">Greenstead Roundabout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> (Essex), "<a href="/wiki/The_Egg_(roundabout)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Egg (roundabout)">The Egg</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire#The_Egg_Roundabout" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a> (Staffordshire) and the <a href="/wiki/Hatton_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatton Cross">Hatton Cross</a> Roundabout in London.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Churchbridge_Junction" title="Churchbridge Junction">Churchbridge Junction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> is a magic gyratory. This type of junction is similar to a magic roundabout, except that the constituent roundabouts are connected by longer lengths of roadway.<sup id="cite_ref-sabre_magic_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabre_magic-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Swindon Magic Roundabout"><img alt="The Swindon Magic Roundabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg/200px-Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg/300px-Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg/400px-Magic_Roundabout_Schild_db.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(Swindon)" title="Magic Roundabout (Swindon)">Swindon Magic Roundabout</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map with traffic direction and two routes from Fleming Way to Queen's Drive"><img alt="Map with traffic direction and two routes from Fleming Way to Queen's Drive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg/188px-Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg/281px-Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg/375px-Swindon_magic_roundabout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map with traffic direction and two routes from Fleming Way to Queen's Drive</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch-style_roundabouts_for_bicycles_and_pedestrians">Dutch-style roundabouts for bicycles and pedestrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dutch-style roundabouts for bicycles and pedestrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection#Protected_roundabouts" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection § Protected roundabouts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png/220px-Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png/330px-Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png/440px-Alternative_dutch_roundabout.png 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Dutch-style roundabout</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg/220px-Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg/330px-Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg/440px-Trams_at_Nationaltheatret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Near <a href="/wiki/Nationaltheatret" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationaltheatret">Nationaltheatret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramways</a> cross the roundabout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG/220px-Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG/330px-Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG/440px-Haymarket_roundabout_018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5536" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_roundabout" title="Haymarket roundabout">Haymarket roundabout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Trams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> roundabouts, which are found in many countries, combine roundabouts for individual vehicles with tram lines. Large areas are needed for tram roundabouts that include a junction between tram lines. Tramways usually cross the centre of the roundabout. At busy junctions, this requires traffic lights or special signalling granting the trams priority. However, there are also roundabouts where trams and vehicles share the carriageway. Some roundabouts have a tram stop on the island. </p> <ul><li>In France, tram roundabouts commonly have radii between 14 and 22 metres, although some have radii outside this range.<sup id="cite_ref-utp.fr_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utp.fr-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In some cities, the tramway bisects the roundabout. The French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerema (page does not exist)">Cerema</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerema" class="extiw" title="fr:Cerema">fr</a>]</span> considers that the mix of priorities makes these confusing and difficult to understand: a traditional modern roundabout gives the priority to the central ring, while tram roundabouts give priority to the central ring but higher priority still to the tramway. This generates many collisions of cars and trams, between 7 and 10 for each tram roundabout in France between 2006 and 2015 (between 0.37 and 1.01 per year).<sup id="cite_ref-utp.fr_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utp.fr-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="the per-year figures don't multiply up to the figures over 11 years (September 2020)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In inner <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, particularly in the inner suburban area of <a href="/wiki/South_Melbourne" title="South Melbourne">South Melbourne</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">tram network</a> is extensive, tram tracks always pass through the central island, with drivers required to give way to vehicles approaching from their right and to trams approaching from right angles. The <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_roundabout" title="Haymarket roundabout">Haymarket roundabout</a> between <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parade,_Melbourne" title="Royal Parade, Melbourne">Royal Parade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Melbourne" title="Elizabeth Street, Melbourne">Elizabeth Street</a> contains a tram-stop, pedestrian crossings, three entering tram lines, traffic signals to stop vehicular traffic at each crossing point when a tram is due, service roads and a pedestrian crossing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> tram roundabouts employ multiple configurations. At the Barrière de <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">St-Gilles</a> (Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Bareel St-Gillis</i></span>), tram tracks form a circle in the carriageway, while Churchill, Verboekhoven and Altitude Cent (<i>Hoogte Honderd</i>) have reserved tram tracks inside the roundabout. At Vanderkindere and Place Stéphanie (<i>Stefaniaplein</i>), they go straight through the centre, in the latter case with a slip track up the Chaussée de Charleroi (<i>Charleroisesteenweg</i>), while at Montgomery they tunnel underneath.</li> <li>In Dublin, Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cow_interchange" title="Red Cow interchange">Red Cow interchange</a> at the <a href="/wiki/N7_road_(Ireland)" title="N7 road (Ireland)">N7</a>/M50 junction is grade-separated and is signal-controlled with secondary lanes (separate from the main roundabout) for those making left turns. The junction, the busiest in Ireland, had tram lines added to it with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a> system in 2004. The tracks pass across one carriageway of the N7, and across the southern M50 sliproads. Trams pass every five minutes at rush hour. The roundabout was replaced with a grade-separated free flowing junction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg, Sweden">Gothenburg, Sweden</a> has a tram roundabout at Mariaplan in the inner suburb of Majorna. The trams make a right turn, giving the roundabout an odd design.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, trams typically cross straight through roundabouts and have junctions in the centre of them. In <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, trams pass through the Powstańców Śląskich Roundabout, stopping in the roundabout (north-headed track).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Interurbans" title="Silesian Interurbans">Silesian tram network</a> in Poland has two tram roundabouts. In the city centre of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, the tram line passes through the centre of the Ziętka Roundabout in a north–south alignment, with a tram stop in the centre of the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a>, unusually, the tram junction itself forms a circular roundabout, with trams going around the circle; there are tram stops immediately outside the roundabout on each branch.</li> <li>In Vítězné náměstí (Victory Square) in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic, a tramway crosses the carriage way of the roundabout at three places. Entering as well as leaving trams give way to vehicles. In the years 1932–42 trams circulated much like vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine an interchange of two "<a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kyiv" title="Trams in Kyiv">fast tram</a>" lines is below a roundabout.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway also has many roundabouts with <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Tramway">tram</a> tracks passing through; for example at Bislett, Frogner plass, <a href="/wiki/Sinsen" title="Sinsen">Sinsen</a>, Solli plass, Carl Berners plass and Storo.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton, England">Wolverhampton, England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a> tram passes through the centre of a roundabout on the approach to its terminus at <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_St_George%27s_tram_stop" title="Wolverhampton St George's tram stop">St Georges</a>. This also happens in <a href="/wiki/New_Addington" title="New Addington">New Addington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> north of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry%27s_Drive_tram_stop" title="King Henry's Drive tram stop">King Henry's Drive tram stop</a> on Old Lodge Lane at the junction to King Henry's Drive.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sheffield,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield, England">Sheffield, England</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a> systems crosses two major roundabouts. At the Brook Hill roundabout near <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield University</a>, the tramway passes underneath the roundabout in a subway, while at Park Square in the city centre it travels above the roundabout on bridges and viaducts with a junction in the central island.</li> <li>A roundabout in southern <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia features tram tracks passing through, curving at a 90° angle, as well as a full tram mini-roundabout inside the middle road island. In Croatia, where tram tracks enter the road without traffic lights, trams have the highest priority and other non-emergency vehicles are required to yield.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a> a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> line on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> crosses a roundabout where Guardsman Way meets South Campus Drive. Like virtually all rail crossings in the United States, both crossings in the circle are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Boom_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom barrier">boom barriers</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany, Lines 4 and 8 pass through the centre of the roundabout at Platz der Deutschen Einheit. The tram stops are in the centre of the roundabout. Roundabout traffic is controlled by traffic lights. Pedestrian access is via subway and street-level crossings at the lights.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany, tram lines 8 and 6 pass through the centre of the roundabout "Am Stern" east of the main railway station. They enter from the west and exit in a northeastern direction, thus making a slight bend within the roundabout. Both stations are situated on the north-eastern edge of the roundabout. Traffic is controlled by two-colour traffic lights inside the roundabout.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_(LCM20210404).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg/220px-Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg/330px-Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg/440px-Blenheim_Main_Street_Roundabout_looking_north_%28LCM20210404%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Main_North_Line,_New_Zealand" title="Main North Line, New Zealand">Main North Line</a> railway bisects the <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 1 (New Zealand)">State Highway 1</a>/Main Street roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a>, New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Beach,_Florida" title="Jensen Beach, Florida">Jensen Beach, Florida</a>, the main line of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a> running north–south bisects the two-lane roundabout at the junction of Jensen Beach Boulevard running east–west. It hosts three other roads and the service entrance to a large shopping plaza. Boom barriers line the railway crossings. The landscaped central island bisected by the tracks was originally <a href="/wiki/Curb_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb (road)">curbed/kerbed</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">18-wheelers</a> had trouble negotiating the roundabout, so the curbs were replaced with painted concrete strips. The roundabout was built in the early 2000s and improved traffic flow, although long freight trains often cause delays.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two roundabouts in the Melbourne metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Highett,_Victoria" title="Highett, Victoria">Highett, Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Victoria" title="Hampton, Victoria">Hampton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have <a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology#Heavy_rail" title="Passenger rail terminology">heavy rail</a> crossing the roundabout and through the inner circle. Boom barriers protect the railway from oncoming traffic at the appropriate points in the roundabout. </p><p>At the Driescher Kreisel<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a>, Germany, a railway serving a nearby paper factory crosses a roundabout located next to a shopping centre and pedestrian zone. The flow of traffic and pedestrians is governed by 14 barriers, 22 traffic lights and 8 loudspeakers. The barriers close three times daily for 7 minutes to allow trains to pass. </p><p>In New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, two roundabouts join major roads where a railway cuts through. One is at the intersection between <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 1 (New Zealand)">State Highway 1</a> (as Sinclair Street and Main Street from the east) and Main Street (from the west), Park Terrace and Redwood Street in the city of <a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a>. Here the <a href="/wiki/Main_North_Line,_New_Zealand" title="Main North Line, New Zealand">Main North Line</a> bisects the roundabout and separates Park Terrace and Main Street eastbound from the rest of the roundabout.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other roundabout is located at <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumara Junction">Kumara Junction</a> on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Hokitika_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokitika Branch">Hokitika Branch</a> separates <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_6_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 6 (New Zealand)">State Highway 6</a> southbound from SH 6 northbound and <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_73_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 73 (New Zealand)">State Highway 73</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both roundabouts are controlled by flashing red lights, with additional boom barriers at the Blenheim roundabout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Through_roundabout">Through roundabout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Through roundabout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Hamburger_roundabout"></span> Also known as a hamburger roundabout, these junctions are <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">signalised</a> and have a straight-through section of carriageway for one of the major routes. The <i>hamburger</i> name derives from the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Plan_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan view">plan view</a> resembles the cross-section through a <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a>. The United Kingdom has examples on the <a href="/wiki/A580_road" title="A580 road">A580 East Lancashire Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Haydock" title="Haydock">Haydock Island</a> in Merseyside<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which also features the M6 passing overhead), and on the Astley/Boothstown border.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More examples are the <a href="/wiki/A6003_road" title="A6003 road">A6003</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</a>, the <a href="/wiki/A538_road" title="A538 road">A538</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>, the "Showcase" junction on A329 at Winnersh, Berkshire<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the A63/A1079 Mytongate junction in Hull. Examples also exist in <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bramcote in Nottinghamshire and <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, as well as on the <a href="/wiki/N2_road_(Ireland)" title="N2 road (Ireland)">N2</a>/<a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M50 motorway (Ireland)">M50</a> intersection in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland. In <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, one is found at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Drive" title="Alexander Drive">Alexander Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morley_Drive" title="Morley Drive">Morley Drive</a> and The Strand.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughabouts are very common in Spain, where they are called <i>raquetas</i> (Spanish for <a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)" title="Racket (sports equipment)"><span class="nowrap">"[tennis]</span> racket"</a>) or <i>glorieta/rotonda partida</i> ("split roundabout").<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Throughabout.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throughabout"><img alt="Throughabout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Throughabout.svg/200px-Throughabout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Throughabout.svg/300px-Throughabout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Throughabout.svg/400px-Throughabout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throughabout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throughabout road sign in the Netherlands 51°51′02″N 5°49′54″E / 51.850517°N 5.831576°E / 51.850517; 5.831576"><img alt="Throughabout road sign in the Netherlands 51°51′02″N 5°49′54″E / 51.850517°N 5.831576°E / 51.850517; 5.831576" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg/200px-Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg/300px-Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg/400px-Throughabout_Rotonde_Verkeersbord_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throughabout road sign in the Netherlands <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roundabout&params=51.850517_N_5.831576_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°51′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°49′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.850517°N 5.831576°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.850517; 5.831576</span></span></span></a></span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throughabout road sign in Australia 31°53′25″S 115°52′12″E / 31.8902952°S 115.8698988°E / -31.8902952; 115.8698988"><img alt="Throughabout road sign in Australia 31°53′25″S 115°52′12″E / 31.8902952°S 115.8698988°E / -31.8902952; 115.8698988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg/200px-E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg/300px-E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg/400px-E37_AlexanderDr-MorleyDr_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throughabout road sign in Australia <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roundabout&params=31.8902952_S_115.8698988_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°53′25″S</span> <span class="longitude">115°52′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.8902952°S 115.8698988°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-31.8902952; 115.8698988</span></span></span></a></span></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Only_bicycle-pedestrian_roundabouts">Only bicycle-pedestrian roundabouts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Only bicycle-pedestrian roundabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The same features that make roundabouts attractive for roadway junctions led to their use at junctions of multi-use trails. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (May 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_Rail_Trail" title="Cape Cod Rail Trail">Cape Cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Rail_Trail" title="Old Colony Rail Trail">Old Colony</a> rail trails have bicycle-pedestrian roundabouts. A roundabout along the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clear_Creek_Trail_(Indiana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clear Creek Trail (Indiana) (page does not exist)">Clear Creek Trail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>, connects the main <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trail</a> to its <a href="/wiki/Trail#Linear" title="Trail">spur</a>. </p><p>Roundabouts are used on off-road bicycle trails in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An elevated roundabout is located in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, serving pedestrian and bicycle traffic only, above the main conventional roadway intersection. It is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hovenring" title="Hovenring">Hovenring</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the at-grade intersection design analogous to dumbbell and dogbone interchanges, see <a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie (road)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_of_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction of traffic">Direction of traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_road_transport" title="History of road transport">History of road transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">History of street lighting in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_roads_in_Ireland" title="History of roads in Ireland">History of roads in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_service_(transportation)" title="Level of service (transportation)">Level of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ourston" title="Leif Ourston">Leif Ourston</a>, an early proponent of roundabouts in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_Appreciation_Society" title="Roundabout Appreciation Society">Roundabout Appreciation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_dog" title="Roundabout dog">Roundabout dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is also a branch line immediately north of the roundabout going west, and an additional tram stop on that branch.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary,</i> Volume 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1993), page 2632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013para_1.5_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013">U.S. Department of Transportation 2013</a>, para 1.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ourston1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ourston1995_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOurstonBared1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ourston, Leif; Bared, Joe G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zl5RAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA41">"Roundabouts: A Direct Way to Safer Highways"</a>. <i>Public Roads</i>. <b>59</b> (2). Federal Highway Administration: 41–49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Roads&rft.atitle=Roundabouts%3A+A+Direct+Way+to+Safer+Highways&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-49&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ourston&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft.au=Bared%2C+Joe+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZl5RAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/safety/roundabouts/benefits.htm">"Roundabout Benefits"</a>. <i>Washington State Department of Transportation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roundabout+Magic&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft.au=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3972979.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetchworth_Garden_City_Heritage_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016113507/http://www.letchworthgc.com/cgi-bin/news_fullstory.cgi?newsid=72">"Sign of the Times"</a>. 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The American word is <i>traffic circle</i> or <i>rotary</i>.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=68778&dict=CALD&topic=road-junctionsCambridge">[1]</a> ("roundabout: UK (US <i>traffic circle</i>)), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117081639/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rotary">Concise Oxford</a> (rotary: N. Amer. a traffic roundabout.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903014341/http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/roundabouts/presentations/safety_aspects/short.cfm">"Safety Aspects of Roundabouts – FHWA Safety Program"</a>. 3 September 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=Scottish+words+of+the+week%3A+The+Dundee+dialect&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Farts-and-culture%2Fscottish-words-week-dundee-dialect-1559097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/revealed-what-most-dangerous-roundabout-11793448">"Revealed: What is the most dangerous roundabout in Birmingham?"</a>. <i>www.birminghammail.co.uk</i>. 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.birminghammail.co.uk&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+What+is+the+most+dangerous+roundabout+in+Birmingham%3F&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmidlands-news%2Frevealed-what-most-dangerous-roundabout-11793448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJersey" class="citation web cs1">Jersey, States of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.je:80/Travel/Motoring/LearnerNewDrivers/Cars/Pages/TheoryTests.aspx">"Government of Jersey"</a>. <i>gov.je</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.je&rft.atitle=Government+of+Jersey&rft.aulast=Jersey&rft.aufirst=States+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%3A80%2FTravel%2FMotoring%2FLearnerNewDrivers%2FCars%2FPages%2FTheoryTests.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417120518/http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/roundabouts/fhwasa10006/"><i>Intersection Safety Roundabouts – Safety – Federal Highway Administration</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+French+roundabouts&rft.pub=Marc+Lescuyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marclescuyer.fr%2Ftextesrp%2Fpagetype.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/handbook/california-driver-handbook/laws-and-rules-of-the-road/">"Section 7: Laws and Rules of the Road"</a>. <i>California DMV</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+DMV&rft.atitle=Section+7%3A+Laws+and+Rules+of+the+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmv.ca.gov%2Fportal%2Fhandbook%2Fcalifornia-driver-handbook%2Flaws-and-rules-of-the-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swov-roundabouts-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swov-roundabouts_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swov.nl/en/facts-figures">"Facts & figures"</a>. <i>swov.nl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swov.nl&rft.atitle=Facts+%26+figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswov.nl%2Fen%2Ffacts-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-modern-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modern_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/00068/">"Modern Roundabouts, an Informational Guide"</a>. <i>Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Highway+Administration+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Modern+Roundabouts%2C+an+Informational+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fsafety%2F00068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HTM/2003/part3/part3b2.htm">"FHWA - MUTCD - 2003 Edition Chapter 3B2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Highway+Administration+%28FHWA%29&rft.atitle=FHWA+-+MUTCD+-+2003+Edition+Chapter+3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmutcd.fhwa.dot.gov%2FHTM%2F2003%2Fpart3%2Fpart3b2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Schnüll, J. Lange, I. Fabian, M. Kölle, F. Schütte, D. Alrutz, H.W. Fechtel, J. Stellmacher-Hein, T. Brückner, H. Meyhöfer: <i>Sicherung von Radfahrern an städtischen Knotenpunkten</i> [<i>Safeguarding bicyclists in Urban Intersections</i>], Bericht der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen zum Forschungsprojekt 8952, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernd.sluka.de/Radfahren/Vortragsfolien.html">Vortragsfolien Radverkehr</a> Scroll to the section labelled "<i>Kreisverkehr</i>". A translation of the text reads: Graphic from <i>Sicherung von Radfahrern an städtischen Knotenpunkten</i> [<i>Safeguarding cyclists in Urban Intersections</i>], (BASt, 1992). Accident numbers in large circular junctions with different bicycle facilities show: 1. Why there should be no pathways or bike lanes at these junctions; 2. Even when cyclists use the roadway, their risk is relatively high at these junctions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maycock, G., and Hall, R. D. (1984). "Accidents at 4-Arm Roundabouts." TRRL1120, Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL), Crowthorne, England.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adot-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adot_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azdot.gov/about/transportation-safety/roundabouts">"Roundabouts | ADOT"</a>. <i>azdot.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azdot.gov&rft.atitle=Roundabouts+%26%23124%3B+ADOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazdot.gov%2Fabout%2Ftransportation-safety%2Froundabouts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972096448"><i>Design manual for bicycle traffic</i></a>. Rik de Groot, vervoer en infrastructuur CROW kenniscentrum voor verkeer. Ede, The Netherlands. 2016. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6628-659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6628-659-7"><bdi>978-90-6628-659-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972096448">972096448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+manual+for+bicycle+traffic&rft.place=Ede%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=147-148&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972096448&rft.isbn=978-90-6628-659-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F972096448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highwaysindustry.com/uks-first-dutch-style-roundabout-welcomed-by-road-safety-campaigners/">"UK's first Dutch-style roundabout welcomed by road safety campaigners - Highways Industry"</a>. <i>Highways Industry</i>. 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Highways+Industry&rft.atitle=UK%27s+first+Dutch-style+roundabout+welcomed+by+road+safety+campaigners+-+Highways+Industry&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highwaysindustry.com%2Fuks-first-dutch-style-roundabout-welcomed-by-road-safety-campaigners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishcycle.com/2023/05/29/irelands-first-dutch-style-roundabout-opened-in-dublin-15/">"Ireland's first Dutch-style roundabout opened in Dublin 15 -"</a>. <i>IrishCycle.com</i>. 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCycle.com&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+first+Dutch-style+roundabout+opened+in+Dublin+15+-&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishcycle.com%2F2023%2F05%2F29%2Firelands-first-dutch-style-roundabout-opened-in-dublin-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_M.P.,_Barton,_E.V.,_Bliss,_J._and_O'Brien,_A.P._(1993)" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, M.P., Barton, E.V., Bliss, J. and O'Brien, A.P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227020155/https://arrb.com.au/Information-services/Publications.aspx"><i>Effectiveness Audit of ARRB Intersection Capacity Research</i></a>. Research Report ARR 242. ARRB Transport Research Ltd, Vermont South, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrb.com.au/Information-services/Publications.aspx">the original</a> on 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effectiveness+Audit+of+ARRB+Intersection+Capacity+Research&rft.place=Research+Report+ARR+242.+ARRB+Transport+Research+Ltd%2C+Vermont+South%2C+Australia&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.P.%2C+Barton%2C+E.V.%2C+Bliss%2C+J.+and+O%27Brien%2C+A.P.+%281993%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrb.com.au%2FInformation-services%2FPublications.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTRB_(2016)" class="citation book cs1">TRB (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trb.org/publications/hcm6e.aspx"><i>Highway Capacity Manual, Sixth Edition: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis</i></a>. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highway+Capacity+Manual%2C+Sixth+Edition%3A+A+Guide+for+Multimodal+Mobility+Analysis&rft.place=Transportation+Research+Board%2C+National+Research+Council%2C+Washington%2C+DC%2C+US&rft.au=TRB+%282016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trb.org%2Fpublications%2Fhcm6e.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTRB2010" class="citation book cs1">TRB (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/164470.aspx"><i>Roundabouts: An Informational Guide</i></a>. NCHRP Report 672. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., US, in cooperation with US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F22914">10.17226/22914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15511-3"><bdi>978-0-309-15511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roundabouts%3A+An+Informational+Guide&rft.place=NCHRP+Report+672.+Transportation+Research+Board%2C+National+Research+Council%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+US%2C+in+cooperation+with+US+Department+of+Transportation%2C+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F22914&rft.isbn=978-0-309-15511-3&rft.au=TRB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trb.org%2FMain%2FBlurbs%2F164470.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPochowskiPaulRodegerdts2016" class="citation book cs1">Pochowski, Alek; Paul, Andy; Rodegerdts, Lee A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23477/roundabout-practices"><i><span></span></i>Roundabout Practice, A Synthesis of Highway Practice<i><span></span></i></a>. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, NCHRP SYNTHESIS 488. Washington DC, US.: Transportation Research Board. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F23477">10.17226/23477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-27208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-27208-7"><bdi>978-0-309-27208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roundabout+Practice%2C+A+Synthesis+of+Highway+Practice&rft.place=National+Cooperative+Highway+Research+Program%2C+NCHRP+SYNTHESIS+488.+Washington+DC%2C+US.&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F23477&rft.isbn=978-0-309-27208-7&rft.aulast=Pochowski&rft.aufirst=Alek&rft.au=Paul%2C+Andy&rft.au=Rodegerdts%2C+Lee+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F23477%2Froundabout-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNambisanParimi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nambisan, Shashi S.; Parimi, Venu (March 2007). "A Comparative Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Roundabouts and Traditional Intersection Controls". <i>Institute of Transportation Engineers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Transportation+Engineers&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Evaluation+of+the+Safety+Performance+of+Roundabouts+and+Traditional+Intersection+Controls&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Nambisan&rft.aufirst=Shashi+S.&rft.au=Parimi%2C+Venu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714142530/https://www.k-state.edu/roundabouts/news/sr3505.pdf">"Status Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.k-state.edu/roundabouts/news/sr3505.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.k-state.edu%2Froundabouts%2Fnews%2Fsr3505.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richtmeyer-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richtmeyer_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichtmeyer2008" class="citation news cs1">Richtmeyer, Richard (6 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215020745/http://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2008/01/06/safer_roundabouts_sprouting_up_all_over_new_york_nation/">"Safer Roundabouts Sprouting Up All Over New York, Nation"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2008/01/06/safer_roundabouts_sprouting_up_all_over_new_york_nation/">the original</a> on 15 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Safer+Roundabouts+Sprouting+Up+All+Over+New+York%2C+Nation&rft.date=2008-01-06&rft.aulast=Richtmeyer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fconnecticut%2Farticles%2F2008%2F01%2F06%2Fsafer_roundabouts_sprouting_up_all_over_new_york_nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/roundabouts/topicoverview">"Roundabouts - Topic overview"</a>. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roundabouts+-+Topic+overview&rft.pub=Insurance+Institute+for+Highway+Safety&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihs.org%2Fiihs%2Ftopics%2Ft%2Froundabouts%2Ftopicoverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijnandsZhaoNiceThompson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wijnands, J.S.; Zhao, H.; Nice, K.A.; Thompson, J.; Scully, K.; Guo, J.; Stevenson, M. (2020). "Identifying safe intersection design through unsupervised feature extraction from satellite imagery". <i>Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 346–361. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15343">2010.15343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmice.12623">10.1111/mice.12623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225103031">225103031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer-Aided+Civil+and+Infrastructure+Engineering&rft.atitle=Identifying+safe+intersection+design+through+unsupervised+feature+extraction+from+satellite+imagery&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-361&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.15343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225103031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmice.12623&rft.aulast=Wijnands&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+H.&rft.au=Nice%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.&rft.au=Scully%2C+K.&rft.au=Guo%2C+J.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mice.12623">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilke, A. and Koorey, G. (2001). <i>How Safe are Roundabouts for Cyclists?</i> In TranSafe Issue 5, April 2001. Wellington, NZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viastrada.co.nz/sites/viastrada/files/Transafe_05.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015101010/http://viastrada.co.nz/sites/viastrada/files/Transafe_05.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/research/cas/">"Crash analysis system"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crash+analysis+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtransport.govt.nz%2Fresearch%2Fcas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, D., Jurisich, I., Dunn, R. 2006. <i>Improved multi-lane roundabout designs for cyclists.</i> Land Transport New Zealand Research Report 287. 140 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/research/reports/287.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedestrian Access to Modern Roundabouts: Design and Operational Issues for Pedestrians who are Blind <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.access-board.gov/research/roundabouts/bulletin.htm,">retrieved 6/26/2010 access-board.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331234233/http://www.access-board.gov/research/roundabouts/bulletin.htm">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Baranowski, P.E., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachamerica.com/roundabouts/RA057A_ppr_Baranowski.pdf">Pedestrian Crosswalk Signals at Roundabouts: Where are they Applicable?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/100371-largest-roundabout">"| Guinness World Records"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%23124%3B+Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F100371-largest-roundabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127234652/http://www.alaskaroundabouts.com/history.html">"History of Roundabouts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskaroundabouts.com/history.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Roundabouts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskaroundabouts.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transport for London <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2014/november/tottenham-hale-improvement-works-complete">https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2014/november/tottenham-hale-improvement-works-complete</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-Fank_Blackmore-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obit-Fank_Blackmore_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2008" class="citation news cs1">Rhodes, Belinda (21 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/jun/21/6">"Frank Blackmore Determined, maverick traffic engineer who invented the mini-roundabout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Frank+Blackmore+Determined%2C+maverick+traffic+engineer+who+invented+the+mini-roundabout&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2008%2Fjun%2F21%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_070338">"The Highway Code – Roundabouts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Highway+Code+%E2%80%93+Roundabouts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FTravelAndTransport%2FHighwaycode%2FDG_070338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span> Section 188, referring to Road Traffic Act 1988, Section 36, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20023113.htm">Traffic Signs Regulations & General Directions 2002</a>, Regulations 10(1) & 16(1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid:e01364ce-78de-465b-a8c8-39e28a4585dd/">"Turborotonde en turboplein: ontwerp, capaciteit en veiligheid"</a> [Turbo Roundabout and Turbo Circle; Design, Capacity and Safety] (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>. 8 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turborotonde+en+turboplein%3A+ontwerp%2C+capaciteit+en+veiligheid&rft.pub=Delft+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fview%2Fir%2Fuuid%3Ae01364ce-78de-465b-a8c8-39e28a4585dd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926142941/http://www.crow.nl/publicaties/turborotondes">"Turborotondes - CROW"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crow.nl/publicaties/turborotondes">the original</a> on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turborotondes+-+CROW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crow.nl%2Fpublicaties%2Fturborotondes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turboroundabout.com/benefits.html">"Benefits of Turboroundabouts"</a>. Transoft Solutions Inc. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benefits+of+Turboroundabouts&rft.pub=Transoft+Solutions+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turboroundabout.com%2Fbenefits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windesheim-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windesheim_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windesheim_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vos, Christiaan (31 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128152605/http://www.dirkdebaan.nl/blog/effecten-realisatie-turborotonde-onderzocht">"Effecten realisatie turborotonde onderzocht"</a> [Effects research of turbo roundabouts]. <i>Verkeer – Verkeersveiligheid – Vorm (Traffic, Safety, Form)</i> (in Dutch). Dirk de Baan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirkdebaan.nl/blog/effecten-realisatie-turborotonde-onderzocht">the original</a> on 28 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkeer+%E2%80%93+Verkeersveiligheid+%E2%80%93+Vorm+%28Traffic%2C+Safety%2C+Form%29&rft.atitle=Effecten+realisatie+turborotonde+onderzocht&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Christiaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirkdebaan.nl%2Fblog%2Feffecten-realisatie-turborotonde-onderzocht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak_YpermanBen_Immers2003" class="citation web cs1">Isaak Yperman; Ben Immers (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227193135/http://www.kuleuven.be/traffic/stats/download.php?id=21">"Capacity of a turbo-roundabout determined by micro-simulation"</a>. <i>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Civil Engineering – Transportation Planning and Highway Engineering</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuleuven.be/traffic/stats/download.php?id=21">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Katholieke+Universiteit+Leuven%2C+Department+of+Civil+Engineering+%E2%80%93+Transportation+Planning+and+Highway+Engineering&rft.atitle=Capacity+of+a+turbo-roundabout+determined+by+micro-simulation&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Isaak+Yperman&rft.au=Ben+Immers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuleuven.be%2Ftraffic%2Fstats%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/traffic/dwn/P2003D.pdf">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2003r1r2/ch3.pdf">"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways – Part 3: Markings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration</i>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation+%E2%80%93+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.atitle=Manual+on+Uniform+Traffic+Control+Devices+for+Streets+and+Highways+%E2%80%93+Part+3%3A+Markings&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmutcd.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpdfs%2F2003r1r2%2Fch3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For sources and references see the <a href="/wiki/Eysturoyartunnilin" title="Eysturoyartunnilin">separate article</a> on this tunnel and its roundabout.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lc.nl/friesland/Video-Eerste-rit-over-het-nieuwe-knooppunt-Joure-22575041.html">"Video: Eerste rit over het nieuwe knooppunt Joure"</a>. <i>Leeuwarder Courant</i>. 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leeuwarder+Courant&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Eerste+rit+over+het+nieuwe+knooppunt+Joure&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lc.nl%2Ffriesland%2FVideo-Eerste-rit-over-het-nieuwe-knooppunt-Joure-22575041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Department for Transport, Signal Controlled Roundabouts LTN 1/09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbanez2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ibanez, Guillermo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Felectronics9101726">"Synchronous Roundabouts with Rotating Priority Sectors (SYROPS): High Capacity and Safety for Conventional and Autonomous Vehicles"</a>. <i>Electronics</i>. <b>9</b> (10): 1726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Felectronics9101726">10.3390/electronics9101726</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10017%2F44928">10017/44928</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Synchronous+Roundabouts+with+Rotating+Priority+Sectors+%28SYROPS%29%3A+High+Capacity+and+Safety+for+Conventional+and+Autonomous+Vehicles&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1726&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10017%2F44928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Felectronics9101726&rft.aulast=Ibanez&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Felectronics9101726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesonline1-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesonline1_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524152615/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4131930.ece">"Frank Blackmore: traffic engineer and inventor of the mini-roundabout"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. 14 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4131930.ece">the original</a> on 24 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Blackmore%3A+traffic+engineer+and+inventor+of+the+mini-roundabout&rft.date=2008-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle4131930.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kafx_GGHqVg"><i>Swindon's Magic Roundabout from the air</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swindon%27s+Magic+Roundabout+from+the+air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKafx_GGHqVg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easier.com/view/News/Motoring/article-33515.html">Brits vote on the best and worst roundabouts</a>, Easier.com. 20 December 2005, retrieved 18 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-news/29798/world-s-worst-junctions">"World's worst junctions revealed"</a>. <i>Auto Express</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auto+Express&rft.atitle=World%27s+worst+junctions+revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoexpress.co.uk%2Fcar-news%2F29798%2Fworld-s-worst-junctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7140892.stm">10 Scariest Junctions in the UK</a>, BBC, 27 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.6268496,-0.7505916,18.67z">"High Wycombe"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=High+Wycombe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%2F%4051.6268496%2C-0.7505916%2C18.67z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?ll=51.467877,-0.423285&spn=0.003068,0.00392">"Hatton Cross"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Hatton+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%3Fll%3D51.467877%2C-0.423285%26spn%3D0.003068%2C0.00392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabre_magic-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sabre_magic_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Magic_Gyratory">"SABRE: Magic Gyratory"</a>. 8 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SABRE%3A+Magic+Gyratory&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabre-roads.org.uk%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMagic_Gyratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utp.fr-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utp.fr_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utp.fr_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019114458/https://www.utp.fr/sites/default/files/Dpt_AET/201706_Cerema-STRMTG_Giratoires_et_tramways.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utp.fr/sites/default/files/Dpt_AET/201706_Cerema-STRMTG_Giratoires_et_tramways.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utp.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDpt_AET%2F201706_Cerema-STRMTG_Giratoires_et_tramways.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prazsketramvaje.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2006041435">Vítězné náměstí</a>, Prague trams fun web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&q=27.24395,+-80.22742&safe=active&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x88dee7066d9fab49:0xd4730553b50a5cbf,%2B27%C2%B0+14'+38.63%22,+-80%C2%B0+13'+38.60%22&gl=uk&ei=aIUNTszzGMqphAe-5NXfDQ&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ8gEwAA">"Roundabout"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Roundabout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3D27.24395%2C%2B-80.22742%26safe%3Dactive%26um%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26hq%3D%26hnear%3D0x88dee7066d9fab49%3A0xd4730553b50a5cbf%2C%252B27%25C2%25B0%2B14%27%2B38.63%2522%2C%2B-80%25C2%25B0%2B13%27%2B38.60%2522%26gl%3Duk%26ei%3DaIUNTszzGMqphAe-5NXfDQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dgeocode_result%26ct%3Dimage%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CBkQ8gEwAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121070652/http://www.tcrpc.org/departments/studio/jensen_beach_downtown_charrette/roundabouts/roundabouts_home.htm">"Jensen Beach Roundabouts Charrette"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcrpc.org/departments/studio/jensen_beach_downtown_charrette/roundabouts/roundabouts_home.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jensen+Beach+Roundabouts+Charrette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcrpc.org%2Fdepartments%2Fstudio%2Fjensen_beach_downtown_charrette%2Froundabouts%2Froundabouts_home.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.street-directory.com.au/aust_new/index.cgi?CountryName=vic&x=145.039044269836&y=-37.9447586507931&level=6">"145.039044269836,-37.9447586507931"</a>. <i>Australia Mapsearch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Mapsearch&rft.atitle=145.039044269836%2C-37.9447586507931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.street-directory.com.au%2Faust_new%2Findex.cgi%3FCountryName%3Dvic%26x%3D145.039044269836%26y%3D-37.9447586507931%26level%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.street-directory.com.au/aust_new/index.cgi?CountryName=vic&x=144.9930580000&y=-37.9200150000&level=6">"144.9930580000&,-37.9200150000"</a>. <i>Australia Mapsearch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Mapsearch&rft.atitle=144.9930580000%26%2C-37.9200150000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.street-directory.com.au%2Faust_new%2Findex.cgi%3FCountryName%3Dvic%26x%3D144.9930580000%26y%3D-37.9200150000%26level%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927063931/http://www.bergischgladbach.de/driescher-kreisel-1.aspx">"Der Driescher Kreisel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergischgladbach.de/driescher-kreisel-1.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Driescher+Kreisel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bergischgladbach.de%2Fdriescher-kreisel-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=-41.51345+173.95987&hl=en&sll=-41.513261,173.960298&sspn=0.004362,0.010568&vpsrc=0&t=h&z=16">"Blenheim Roundabout"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Blenheim+Roundabout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com.au%2Fmaps%3Fq%3D-41.51345%2B173.95987%26hl%3Den%26sll%3D-41.513261%2C173.960298%26sspn%3D0.004362%2C0.010568%26vpsrc%3D0%26t%3Dh%26z%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=-42.58515%09171.12974&hl=en&ll=-42.585247,171.129779&spn=0.002145,0.005284&sll=-42.585184,171.129549&sspn=0.004289,0.010568&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=18">"Kumara Junction Roundabout"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Kumara+Junction+Roundabout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com.au%2Fmaps%3Fq%3D-42.58515%2509171.12974%26hl%3Den%26ll%3D-42.585247%2C171.129779%26spn%3D0.002145%2C0.005284%26sll%3D-42.585184%2C171.129549%26sspn%3D0.004289%2C0.010568%26vpsrc%3D6%26t%3Dh%26z%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://local.google.co.uk/?ie=UTF8&ll=53.470883,-2.63556&spn=0.005965,0.020127&om=1">"Haydock Island in Merseyside"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Haydock+Island+in+Merseyside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocal.google.co.uk%2F%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ll%3D53.470883%2C-2.63556%26spn%3D0.005965%2C0.020127%26om%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://local.google.co.uk/?ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=53.505086,-2.431648&spn=0.00596,0.020127">Astley/Boothstown border "Roundabout"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Roundabout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocal.google.co.uk%2F%3Fie%3DUTF8%26om%3D1%26ll%3D53.505086%2C-2.431648%26spn%3D0.00596%2C0.020127+Astley%2FBoothstown+border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.4362134,-0.8977845,267m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en">"Winnersh, Berkshire"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Winnersh%2C+Berkshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%2F%4051.4362134%2C-0.8977845%2C267m%2Fdata%3D%213m1%211e3%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=hull&ie=UTF8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ll=53.740472,-0.343572&spn=0.001618,0.004828&t=h&z=18">"Mytongate on the A63 in Hull"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Mytongate+on+the+A63+in+Hull&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%3Fq%3Dhull%26ie%3DUTF8%26oe%3Dutf-8%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26ll%3D53.740472%2C-0.343572%26spn%3D0.001618%2C0.004828%26t%3Dh%26z%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=Morley+Drive+and+Alexander+Drive&hl=en&ll=-31.889692,115.87218&spn=0.006532,0.013078&sll=-31.884409,115.872562&sspn=0.10451,0.209255&t=h&hnear=Alexander+Dr+Before+Morley+Dr&z=">"Morley and Alexander Drive"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Morley+and+Alexander+Drive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com.au%2Fmaps%3Fq%3DMorley%2BDrive%2Band%2BAlexander%2BDrive%26hl%3Den%26ll%3D-31.889692%2C115.87218%26spn%3D0.006532%2C0.013078%26sll%3D-31.884409%2C115.872562%26sspn%3D0.10451%2C0.209255%26t%3Dh%26hnear%3DAlexander%2BDr%2BBefore%2BMorley%2BDr%26z%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017113216/http://autoescuelamiguel.com/blog/2010/cmo-circular-en-una-glorieta-partida-raqueta/">"Cómo circular en una Glorieta Partida (raqueta)"</a>. <i>Autoescuela Miguel Blog</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autoescuelamiguel.com/blog/2010/cmo-circular-en-una-glorieta-partida-raqueta/">the original</a> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Explanation in the website of a driving school</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autoescuela+Miguel+Blog&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3mo+circular+en+una+Glorieta+Partida+%28raqueta%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautoescuelamiguel.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2Fcmo-circular-en-una-glorieta-partida-raqueta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=university+of+california+davis,+CA+roundabout&sll=33.709367,-117.770775&sspn=0.012513,0.018604&g=davis,+CA+roundabout&ie=UTF8&ll=38.54252,-121.753364&spn=0.001471,0.003345&t=k&z=19">"Davis, Ca"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Davis%2C+Ca.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%3Ff%3Dq%26source%3Ds_q%26hl%3Den%26geocode%3D%26q%3Duniversity%2Bof%2Bcalifornia%2Bdavis%2C%2BCA%2Broundabout%26sll%3D33.709367%2C-117.770775%26sspn%3D0.012513%2C0.018604%26g%3Ddavis%2C%2BCA%2Broundabout%26ie%3DUTF8%26ll%3D38.54252%2C-121.753364%26spn%3D0.001471%2C0.003345%26t%3Dk%26z%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span><span class="error"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Jeffrey and Moler, Steve, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/09janfeb/01.htm">Bicyclist- and Pedestrian-Only Roundabouts, Public Roads magazine, January/February 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510100804/http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/09janfeb/01.htm">Archived</a> 10 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055232/http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/00068.htm">"Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology-- – Federal Highway Administration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/00068.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Highway+Administration+Research+and+Technology--+%E2%80%93+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfhrc.gov%2Fsafety%2F00068.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/photos-bicycle-roundabout-sits-at-intersection-of-bike-paths/collection_0ae6d40a-3916-11e4-8e0d-0019bb2963f4.html">"Bicycle roundabout sits at intersection of 3 bike paths"</a>. <i>The Capital Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Capital+Times&rft.atitle=Bicycle+roundabout+sits+at+intersection+of+3+bike+paths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fct%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fphotos-bicycle-roundabout-sits-at-intersection-of-bike-paths%2Fcollection_0ae6d40a-3916-11e4-8e0d-0019bb2963f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Transportation2013" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of Transportation (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/00067/000671.pdf">"Roundabouts: an Informational Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roundabouts%3A+an+Informational+Guide&rft.date=2013&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fsafety%2F00067%2F000671.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenquist2020" class="citation news cs1">Stenquist, Paul (20 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/20/business/roundabouts-traffic-circles.html?action=click&algo=bandit-story&block=more_in_recirc&fellback=false&imp_id=136806424&impression_id=89b41000-e5b2-11ea-87a3-530a1d44e7aa&index=0&pgtype=Article&region=footer&req_id=772645184&surface=more-in-business">"All About Roundabouts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+About+Roundabouts&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Stenquist&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Froundabouts-traffic-circles.html%3Faction%3Dclick%26algo%3Dbandit-story%26block%3Dmore_in_recirc%26fellback%3Dfalse%26imp_id%3D136806424%26impression_id%3D89b41000-e5b2-11ea-87a3-530a1d44e7aa%26index%3D0%26pgtype%3DArticle%26region%3Dfooter%26req_id%3D772645184%26surface%3Dmore-in-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundabout" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundabout&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roundabouts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roundabouts">Roundabouts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmel.in.gov/government/departments-services/engineering/roundabouts">City of Carmel, Indiana, USA, Roundabouts page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carfreeamerica.net/roundabout-guide/">Car Free America Roundabout Safety and Design Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyZXtURfufo">Video of Highway Roundabout in Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trl.co.uk/">TRL, The UK's Transport research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roundabouts.kittelson.com/">Modern Roundabouts</a> – Geocoded National Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mini-roundabout.com/details.html">Mini-roundabouts – Getting them Right</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233810/http://www.brennerplan.de/downloads_manuell/turbokreisel.wmv">Turbo Roundabout Simulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Safety/roundabouts/benefits.htm">Roundabout Benefits</a> from the Washington State Department of Transportation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/engineering/roundabout/index.shtml">Highway Roundabouts</a> from the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328102033/http://roundaboutsnow.com/roundabouts">Roundabouts Now</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turboroundabout.com/benefits.html">Benefits of a Turboroundabout</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_264.pdf">Modern Roundabout Practice in the United States</a> from Transportation Research Board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachamerica.com/">Proceedings from the Transportation Research Board Standing Committee on Roundabouts (ANB75)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4331587-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Traffic circles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136761">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carrefours giratoires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120111663">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carrefours giratoires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120111663">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="okružní křižovatky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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