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id="toc-Years_of_Lead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Major incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_terrorism_in_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_terrorism_in_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political terrorism in the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_terrorism_in_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_terrorism_in_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_terrorism_in_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Palestinian terrorism in the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_terrorism_in_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separatist_terrorism_in_South_Tyrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separatist_terrorism_in_South_Tyrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Separatist terrorism in South Tyrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separatist_terrorism_in_South_Tyrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_terrorism_in_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_terrorism_in_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political terrorism in Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_terrorism_in_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_political_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_political_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Present political terrorism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_political_terrorism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present political terrorism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_political_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchist_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchist_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anarchist terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchist_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islamic terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fugitive_terrorists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fugitive_terrorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fugitive terrorists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fugitive_terrorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omissis_and_state_secrecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omissis_and_state_secrecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span><i>Omissis</i> and state 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<span>Terrorism of Mafia associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terrorism_of_Mafia_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terrorism of Mafia associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_of_Mafia_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosa_Nostra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosa_Nostra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cosa Nostra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosa_Nostra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Template:Campaignbox Years of Lead (Italy)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Years of Lead (Italy)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Years of Lead (Italy)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)"><span class="wrap">Years of Lead (Italy)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valle_Giulia" title="Battle of Valle Giulia">Battle of Valle Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_movement_in_Italy" title="1968 movement in Italy">1968 movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Annarumma" title="Antonio Annarumma">Murder of Antonio Annaruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing" title="Piazza Fontana bombing">Piazza Fontana bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pinelli" title="Giuseppe Pinelli">Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_revolt" title="Reggio revolt">Reggio revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Borghese" title="Golpe Borghese">Golpe Borghese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Calabresi" title="Luigi Calabresi">Murder of Luigi Calabresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteano_massacre" title="Peteano massacre">Peteano massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_bombings_in_Italy" title="1972 bombings in Italy">1972 bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_police_headquarters_bombing" title="Milan police headquarters bombing">Milan police headquarters bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing" title="Piazza della Loggia bombing">Piazza della Loggia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italicus_Express_bombing" title="Italicus Express bombing">Italicus Express bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ramelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio Ramelli">Murder of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikis_Mantakas#The_Murder" title="Mikis Mantakas">Murder of Mikis Mantakas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Vittorio_Occorsio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murder of Vittorio Occorsio (page does not exist)">Murder of Vittorio Occorsio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Occorsio" class="extiw" title="it:Vittorio Occorsio">it</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_Larentia_killings" title="Acca Larentia killings">Acca Larentia killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Fausto_and_Iaio" title="Killing of Fausto and Iaio">Killing of Fausto and Iaio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Antonio_Esposito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murder of Antonio Esposito (page does not exist)">Murder of Antonio Esposito</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_di_Antonio_Esposito" class="extiw" title="it:Omicidio di Antonio Esposito">it</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Amato" title="Mario Amato">Murder of Mario Amato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">Bologna massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Dozier#Kidnapping" title="James L. Dozier">Kidnapping of James L. Dozier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salerno_shooting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salerno shooting (page does not exist)">Salerno shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terrorism in Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Terrorism in Italy</b> is related to political and subversive <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> activities, carried out by various groups and organizations with different and sometimes conflicting methods, motivations and interests. This article is primarily about late 20th-century and early 21st-century terrorism. </p><p>Since the late 1960s, terrorism became a more serious issue in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. In the early part of this period, it was known as "opposed <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremisms</a>", later the media renamed this period as the "<a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>," inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/Die_bleierne_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Die bleierne Zeit">Die bleierne Zeit</a></i>, or <i>Anni di piombo</i>, a film by German director <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta" title="Margarethe von Trotta">Margarethe von Trotta</a> that won the Golden Lion at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> in 1981. The "Years of Lead" period ended at the close of the 1980s decade. </p><p>At the end of the 1990s, a fresh wave of political terrorism, consisting of severe yet sporadic episodes, broke out again in Italy. Episodes occurred until the early <a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2000s (decade)">2000s</a>. </p><p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> terrorism, which was widespread during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in order to contribute to the "<a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">strategy of tension</a>", <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a>-linked terrorism was active in Sicily. The main criminal organizations that operated in that period were the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Cosa Nostra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_Lead">Years of Lead</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Years of Lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg/220px-Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg/330px-Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Strage_di_bologna_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">bombing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> railway in August 1980 which killed 85 people, the deadliest event during the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several scholars have to analyze and understand the causes during the longlasting periods of terrorism. Italy has suffered more from such political terrorism than most other European countries, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in Spain. In the early 21st century, political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Galli_della_Loggia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto Galli della Loggia (page does not exist)">Ernesto Galli della Loggia</a> analyzed the issue of the Italian peculiarity, concluding that Italian society is characterized by a trace of violence. This interpretation was controversial, with opinions arising on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Fassanella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Fassanella (page does not exist)">Giovanni Fassanella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pellegrino" title="Giovanni Pellegrino">Giovanni Pellegrino</a> also addressed the issue of terrorism in their book titled <i>"La Guerra civile"</i> (The Civil War), which explores the fact that Italy has been threatened by outbreaks of civil war, or terrorist events, for more than fifty years. This instability has prevented the <i>normal development</i> of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been widespread suspicion among some analysts that part of the Italian 1970s history was influenced by the activity of members of <a href="/wiki/Secret_service" title="Secret service">Secret Services</a> and extra Parliamentary political groups, which had their own interests in destabilizing the Italian political system and influencing political choices.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terrorism did not succeed in overthrowing the state. The several <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> groups were ultimately defeated, and their energy faded. </p><p>At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> groups, the same who wanted to <i>change the political formula of the previous twenty five years</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same who terrorized the public opinion in order to underline the incapacity of the democratic system to guarantee the public order and in order to underline the need of an authoritarian regime, were defeated too. </p><p>The analysis and the debate of this complex historical period are still open. Part of the community associate those years with "left terrorism", others with "right terrorism", others with "<a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>." Another part of the community believe that "there is only a partial, confused and often contradictory legal truth".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_incidents">Major incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/220px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/330px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg/440px-Palazzo_della_Loggia_e_piazza_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11607" data-file-height="6362" /></a><figcaption>Piazza della Loggia, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_1969_Milan_bombing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 1969 Milan bombing (page does not exist)">April 1969 Milan bombing</a>: on April 25, 1969, a bomb exploded at the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat Automobiles">Fiat</a> pavilion of Milan fair - wounding six people - and a second bomb was found unexploded at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Station_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Station Milan (page does not exist)">Central Station</a> currency exchange office. This episode is considered by many to be the beginning of the so called "strategy of tension".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Fontana_bombing" title="Piazza Fontana bombing">Piazza Fontana bombing</a>: on December 12, 1969, a bomb exploded in Milan, killing seventeen people and injuring eighty-eight; a second (unexploded) bomb was found at <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Scala" title="Piazza della Scala">Piazza della Scala</a> the same day, while other three bombs exploded in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in different locations, causing some wounded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gioia Tauro massacre">Gioia Tauro massacre</a>: on July 22, 1970, a train derailed due to a previous bomb sabotage, killing six people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteano_massacre" title="Peteano massacre">Peteano massacre</a>: on May 31, 1972, the explosion of a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> prepared by <a href="/wiki/Ordine_Nuovo" title="Ordine Nuovo">Ordine Nuovo</a> militants killed three Carabinieri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_police_headquarters_bombing" title="Milan police headquarters bombing">Milan police headquarters bombing</a>: on May 17, 1973, a grenade attack by the anarchist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianfranco_Bertoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianfranco Bertoli (page does not exist)">Gianfranco Bertoli</a> killed four people and injured fifty-two others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Loggia_bombing" title="Piazza della Loggia bombing">Piazza della Loggia bombing</a>: on May 28, 1974, a bomb exploded in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, killing eight people.</li> <li>Padova MSI headquarter attack: on June 17, 1974, the Brigate Rosse killed two Missini supporters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italicus_Express_bombing" title="Italicus Express bombing">Italicus Express bombing</a>: on August 4, 1974, a bomb exploded on the <i>Italicus</i> train, killing twelve people and injuring forty-eight others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Aldo_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of Aldo Moro">Via Fani massacre</a>: on March 16, 1978, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> was kidnapped by the <a href="/wiki/Brigate_rosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigate rosse">Brigate rosse</a>, who killed five bodyguards. On May 9, 1978, the Brigate Rosse killed Moro.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Rossa" title="Guido Rossa">Guido Rossa</a> assassination: on January 24, 1979, the Brigate Rosse killed the union official Guido Rossa in Genova.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">Bologna massacre</a>: on August 2, 1980, a bomb exploded at the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Centrale_railway_station" title="Bologna Centrale railway station">Bologna Centrale railway station</a>, killing eighty-five people and wounding more than two hundred others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_terrorism_in_the_1980s">Political terrorism in the 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political terrorism in the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Lee_Dozier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/James_Lee_Dozier.jpg/220px-James_Lee_Dozier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/James_Lee_Dozier.jpg/330px-James_Lee_Dozier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/James_Lee_Dozier.jpg/440px-James_Lee_Dozier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_L._Dozier" title="James L. Dozier">James Lee Dozier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The end of the "Years of Lead" is conventionally associated with the liberation of the United States General <a href="/wiki/James_L._Dozier" title="James L. Dozier">James Lee Dozier</a> through a bloodless NOCS operation that took place in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> on 28 January 1982. Actually, in 1988, the tenth anniversary of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, there was the assassination of the Christian Democrat senator Roberto Ruffini, who is considered by the Brigate Rosse the successor of Aldo Moro. </p><p>Over the decade, the number of violent episodes waned, partially due to the loss of support of the Brigate Rosse as a result of the assassination of the communist worker Guido Rossa in 1979. </p><p>The idea that the armed struggle could lead to the changing of the constitutional order progressively became weak, and, according to some scientists, at the same time, there was the growth of the capitalist wave which transformed productivity and economic competition into values, considering them as the only progress indexes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following political terrorism, in particular the "red" one, restricted its objectives, trying to condition social and political processes and to maintain a certain pressure on the democratic freedom of decision. This <i>third wave</i> of political terrorism, despite being extremely irregular and uneven, reaped victims until the beginning of the 21st century. </p><p>One of these episodes was the <a href="/wiki/1988_Naples_bombing" title="1988 Naples bombing">1988 Naples bombing</a>, when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American servicemen</a> were targeted by Japanese far-left terrorists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_terrorism_in_the_1980s">Palestinian terrorism in the 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Palestinian terrorism in the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Years of Lead, a Palestinian terrorist commando attacked <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport">Fiumicino airport</a> killing 30 people. The attackers were thought to be members of the group <a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a>. </p><p>In 1982, a commando of five Palestinian terrorists, part of the revolutionary council <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a>, caused the death of Stefano Gaj Tachè (2 years old) and the injury of 37 more people at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">synagogue of Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separatist_terrorism_in_South_Tyrol">Separatist terrorism in South Tyrol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Separatist terrorism in South Tyrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg/220px-Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg/330px-Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg/440px-Chiesetta_caduti_Cima_Vallona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The church of the fallen of the <a href="/wiki/Cima_Vallona_ambush" title="Cima Vallona ambush">Cima Vallona ambush</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The terrorism period in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> begins in the second half of the 1950s. Aim of the terrorists was the independence from Italy or the annexation to Austria. The first attacks can be ascribable to the Stieler group, but the most important illegal organization was the Committee for the Liberation of South Tyrol (<i>Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol</i>). Its first remarkable action was the so called "<a href="/wiki/Night_of_Fire" title="Night of Fire">Night of Fire</a>", in 1961, when terrorists blew up several trellis using 350 explosive devices, with the intention of drawing international attention on the South Tyrol question.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, there was the radicalization of this kind of terrorism and it started targeting Italian police forces. </p><p>The bloodiest attacks by the group were <a href="/wiki/Cima_Vallona_ambush" title="Cima Vallona ambush">Cima Vallona ambush</a> in 1967, which resulted in the death of four Italian officers and the wounding of another and the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Malga_Sasso_barracks_bombing" title="Malga Sasso barracks bombing">Malga Sasso barracks bombing</a> which killed three <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> guards and wounded four others. </p><p>Among the most wanted member of South Tyrol terrorism there are <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Kerschbaumer" title="Sepp Kerschbaumer">Sepp Kerschbaumer</a>, Georg Klotz, whose daughter <a href="/wiki/Eva_Klotz" title="Eva Klotz">Eva Klotz</a> is considered the current leader of the South Tyrol independence movement. </p><p>Although the 1970s were relatively a "soft" period, the 1980s were characterized by the reappearance of the South Tyrol terrorism as a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-nazi</a> criminal organization, <i>Ein Tirol</i>, which was responsible for several dynamite attacks. </p><p>As regard the analysis of the South Tyrol terrorism from the 20 September 1956 to the 30 October 1988, there were 361 attacks, 21 dead, 15 police officers, two civilians and four terrorists, killed by their own explosive devices, 57 wounded, 24 police officers and 33 civilians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_terrorism_in_Sardinia">Political terrorism in Sardinia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political terrorism in Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gratzianu_Mesina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Gratzianu_Mesina.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graziano_Mesina" title="Graziano Mesina">Graziano Mesina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The season of political terrorism, initiated in Italy at the beginning of the post-war period, spread across the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in the second half of the 1960s and it came to an end in the 1980s, as it happened in Italy. </p><p>Contacts between local outlaws and militants belonging to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far left</a> organizations, such as Brigate Rosse and <a href="/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Proletari" title="Nuclei Armati Proletari">Nuclei Armati Proletari</a>, were partially facilitated by the detention of extreme Left supporters in the maximum security prisons of the island, as it happened with the southern Italian <i>mafiosi</i> who were kept in prison in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, conditioning the birth of "<a href="/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala del Brenta">Mala del Brenta</a>". </p><p>The most famous terrorist and paramilitary groups in Italy were <i>Barbagia Rossa</i>, <i>Movimento Armato Sardo</i> e <i>Comitato di Solidarietà con il Proletariato Prigioniero Sardo Deportato</i>, most of them were loyal to the communist and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">separatist</a> ideology; within a decade, they claimed several attacks, assassinations and kidnappings. </p><p>Among the main supporters of the subversive and secessionist cause, there was <a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a>, who tried several times to make contact with numerous organizations in order to make Sardinia independent from Italy, helped by some separatist militant groups, and in order to establish a communist government based on the model proposed by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. </p><p>The election of <a href="/wiki/Graziano_Mesina" title="Graziano Mesina">Graziano Mesina</a> as the leader of the rebels, the most famous outlaw of the Sardinian criminal organization, were supported by both the local groups, as shown by several contacts with them, and the deviate secret services. </p><p>An attempt was the dynamite attack in August 2004, in Porto Rotondo, Sardinia, against the Chairman of the Italian Council <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> during the visit of the English Prime Minister Tony Blair; the attack was claimed by the so called secessionist movements <i>Organizzazione Indipendentista Rivoluzionaria</i> (Oir) and <i>Nuclei Proletari per il Comunismo</i> (Npc). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_political_terrorism">Present political terrorism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present political terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toward the end of the 1990s, few years later the politically-motivated assassinations, there was the reappearance on the extra-parliamentary environment of the so called Left <i>insurgent terrorism</i>, which led to the reconstruction of subversive organisms dissolved at the end of the "Years of Lead", such as "Nuove BR". </p><p>According to this perspective, there was the assassinations of the consultants for the Ministry of Employment <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_D%27Antona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo D'Antona (page does not exist)">Massimo D'Antona</a>, on 20 March 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Biagi_(jurist)" title="Marco Biagi (jurist)">Marco Biagi</a>, on 19 March 2002, both claimed by the reborn Brigate Rosse, with the aim to put pressure on the socio-political scenario, like the "Years of Lead". The last victim, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuele_Petri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuele Petri (page does not exist)">Emanuele Petri</a>, agent of the Polfer, killed on 2 March 2003 during a fire fight on a train on which the new leaders of the subversive organization, Nadia Desdemona Lioce and Mario Galesi, was travelling. </p><p>In 2003, the group was officially dissolved as consequence of the arrest of Nadia Lioce, the death of Mario Galesi and the arrests of the other members of the group. In 2005, Nadia Lioce is sentenced to spend the rest of her life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deportation of foreign suspects have been the cornerstone of Italy's counter-terrorism strategy and from January 2015 to April 2018, 300 individuals were expulsed from Italian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-ispi2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ispi2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchist_terrorism">Anarchist terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anarchist terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toward the end of the 1990s and for all the 2000s, a permanent subversive activity related to insurgency <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist terrorism">anarchist terrorism</a> has been carried out. Those anarchist terrorist actions were characterized by the usage of explosives. The <a href="/wiki/Informal_Anarchist_Federation" title="Informal Anarchist Federation">Informal Anarchist Federation</a> (FAI), was the organization that claimed most part of those attacks. </p><p>An anarchic organization known as "Solidarietà Internazionale" led a series of attacks from 1998 to 2000 in Milan. In the summer of 1998 several <a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">letter bombs</a> were sent to different politicians, journalists, magistrates and police officers, following the death of the anarchists <a href="/wiki/Soledad_Rosas" title="Soledad Rosas">Maria Soledad Rosas</a> and Edoardo Massari. These activists, known as "Sun and Flash", died by suicide in a detention facility where they were falsely imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later discovered that the charge that accused them of being responsible of these actions, was a jurisdictional stunt. </p><p>In October 1998 an attack took place in the police station. In Summer 1999 two bombs were found, but for a fluke they did not burst. The foiled attack was claimed by "Solidarietà Internazionale". On 28 June 2000; incendiary bottles were thrown in Sant'Ambrogio basilica by the members of the same group, during the ceremony for the penitentiary police, but they did not explode. </p><p>In September 2001 the investigations of 14 different inter-regional prosecutors, led to a maxi raid at national level, that investigated about 60 people linked to the organization and charged with "criminal conspiracy with intent to commit a terrorist attacks and a subversion of democracy". The group had several contacts with subversive associations in Greek and England, and their aim was the fight for anarchic prisoners in Spain who were under strict regime prison.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December 2000 a worker noticed a bag hidden between the fourth and the third steeple of Milan's dome. The bomb was defused but it was programmed to explode at 3 a.m. of the following night, loaded with more than one kg of explosive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the night of 16 December 2009, an improvised explosive device partially exploded inside the <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a> of Milan. The bomb was placed in order to demand for the closure of the Identification and Expulsion Centers, and it was claimed by the FAI in a flier signed by "Nucleo Maurizio Morales" delivered to the newspaper office of <a href="/wiki/Libero_(newspaper)" title="Libero (newspaper)">Libero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About that, the FAI declared that it wasn't its responsibility and reported a defamatory usage of the acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_terrorism">Islamic terrorism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islamic terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a></div> <p>By the early 1990s, various jihadist networks in Italy with their roots in North Africa had been investigated by Italian authorities. Among these were the Islamic Cultural Institute (ICI) in Milan which operated in the global jihadist movement during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. ICI operations diminished after a number of counter-terrorist measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the attacks of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> came back into the public debate. The reports written by Italian and foreign security agencies, showed that several Islamic cells were placed in Italy; they were related to each other and waiting for calls and tasks. In 2001 the American embassy in Rome closed during New Year's Eve, for fear of possible attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-2000s, Italy did not experience an increase in jihadist attacks like several other major European countries. Italian authorities found that the number of "homegrown" jihadists who had been born in Italy was low and this was due to demographics: mass immigration of Muslims didn't start until the late 1980s and therefore second-generation Muslims had barely entered adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2008, Rachid Ilhami and Albdelkader Ghafir, two Moroccan citizens, were arrested in Giussano, on the charge of planning attacks in their home town. The two men had planned three attacks in areas nearby Giussano: in the Esselunga Supermarket in Seregno, in the big parking close to the supermarket and at the local police station.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 12, 2009, the first suicide attack, with the high potential of causing a massacre, was carried out by a Libyan man in Milan, against a police station. The level of explosive used by the perpetrator was not high enough to cause extensive damages, and the bomber himself did not die, but he was injured together with a soldier who tried to stop him. A report to the Parliament about this event, formulated the hypothesis that the perpetrator was not connected to proper extremist organizations, but he was just a "lone wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Italy having several factors which could have made it a hub of jihadist activity such as proximity to the Middle East and North Africa, relatively porous borders and a large influx migrants from Muslim majority countries, Italy has not experienced the same surge in radicalization as other European countries. While 125 individuals with "ties" to Italy, a minority of whom are Italian citizens, left Italy to join the civil war in Iraq and Syria, this is a small number considering that Belgium had 470 and Sweden had 300 such individuals despite both having much smaller populations. Since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, there have been a small number of plots either thwarted or failed. Two individuals born in Italy have been involved in 2010s terrorist attacks, Youssef Zaghba one of the trio of attackers in the June <a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">2017 London Bridge attack</a> while ISIS sympathizer Ismail Tommaso Hosni attacked soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Milano_Centrale_railway_station" title="Milano Centrale railway station">Milan's Central station</a> in May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-ispi20182_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ispi20182-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010s, Italy, like other European countries, experienced an increase in jihadist activities but on a lesser scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, a 31-year-old Tunisian was deported from Naples due to ties to extremists. He was the 300th deportee due to extremism and the 63rd since the start of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fugitive_terrorists">Fugitive terrorists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fugitive terrorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 2007, during a Parliamentary question, the Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Clemente_Mastella" title="Clemente Mastella">Clemente Mastella</a> and the Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a> made public a list of fugitive terrorists "<i>wanted for terrorist organization, armed gang or subversive organization</i>", in which are stated "<i>113 suspects, 59 belong to Left terrorist groups, 11 to Right terrorist group, 43 to international terrorist groups</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last few years, European arrest warrant has made <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> and processes for terrorists living abroad easier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omissis_and_state_secrecy"><i>Omissis</i> and state secrecy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Omissis and state secrecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 7, 1977, <i>Law</i> 801 came into force and it imposed secrecy on "acts, documents, news, activities and anything else whose circulation might result in damages to the integrity of the democratic State<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>". In April 2008, a government decree stated that <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> documents cannot be kept secret for more than 30 years, giving accessibility to documents that had been made secret more than 30 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the State secrecy "does not automatically lead to the revocation or disclosure of classified documents" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_state_secrecy">Use of state secrecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use of state secrecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>During the investigation on White coup d'ètat, the State secrecy was imposed by the Government, but, according to Edoardo Sogno, the secrecy was not on the coup d'ètat, it was instead on a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian revolution</a> memorandum and other documents concerning <a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Mario Scelba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1985, the Chairman of the Italian Council <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> imposed secrecy on documents about Augusto Cauchi, black terrorist exiled by the SID in 1974, during the <a href="/wiki/Italicus_Express_bombing" title="Italicus Express bombing">Italicus Express bombing</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1988, State secrecy was imposed to the judge Carlo Mastelloni who was investigating on the fall of a Sismi military airplane, <a href="/wiki/Argo_16" title="Argo 16">Argo 16</a>, exploded in 1973, killing the whole plane crew.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorism_of_Mafia_associations">Terrorism of Mafia associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terrorism of Mafia associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosa_Nostra">Cosa Nostra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cosa Nostra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_d%27amelio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Via_d%27amelio.jpg/220px-Via_d%27amelio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Via_d%27amelio.jpg/330px-Via_d%27amelio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Via_d%27amelio.jpg/440px-Via_d%27amelio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The buildings where <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a>'s mother lived. The <a href="/wiki/Via_D%27Amelio_bombing" title="Via D'Amelio bombing">bomb exploded</a> while he was walking to the entrance gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian mafia's association Cosa Nostra tried to influence the political and judiciary events also by resorting to violence, through the usage of explosives in order to spread terror. On December 23, 1984, mafia boss <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Cal%C3%B2" title="Giuseppe Calò">Giuseppe Calò</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Train_904_bombing" title="Train 904 bombing">Train 904 bombing</a>, together with some members of Camorra and with members of <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascist</a> groups. This massacre caused the death of 17 people and injured 267, for the purpose of catching the eye of authorities and distracting them from the investigations of anti-mafia pools and from the declarations of the cooperating witnesses <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta" title="Tommaso Buscetta">Tommaso Buscetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Contorno" title="Salvatore Contorno">Salvatore Contorno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992–93 Cosa Nostra returned to terrorist activities, as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "<a href="/wiki/Maxi_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxi trial">Maxi trial</a>", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992 two major dynamite attacks killed the judges <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> (23 May in the <a href="/wiki/Capaci_bombing" title="Capaci bombing">Capaci bombing</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a> (19 July in the <a href="/wiki/Via_D%27Amelio_bombing" title="Via D'Amelio bombing">Via D'Amelio bombing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One year later (May–July 1993), after the arrest of mob boss <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Riina" title="Salvatore Riina">Salvatore Riina</a>, the Mafia furthered their campaign of terrorism on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots were attacked, such as the <a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Georgofili_bombing" title="Via dei Georgofili bombing">Via dei Georgofili</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Palestro_massacre" title="Via Palestro massacre">Via Palestro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and the Piazza <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a> and Via San Teodoro in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie2007p416_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie2007p416-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_dicembre_04/spatuzza_deposizione_bunker_mafia_da1907d4-e09c-11de-b6f9-00144f02aabc.shtml">"Processo Dell'Utri, Spatuzza in aula: Graviano mi parlò di Berlusconi"</a> (in Italian). corriere.it. 4 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014083344/https://www.corriere.it/cronache/09_dicembre_04/spatuzza_deposizione_bunker_mafia_da1907d4-e09c-11de-b6f9-00144f02aabc.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Processo+Dell%27Utri%2C+Spatuzza+in+aula%3A+Graviano+mi+parl%C3%B2+di+Berlusconi&rft.pub=corriere.it&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F09_dicembre_04%2Fspatuzza_deposizione_bunker_mafia_da1907d4-e09c-11de-b6f9-00144f02aabc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Corriere della Sera, April 27th 2009</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corriere+della+Sera%2C+April+27th+2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFasanella_Giovanni2005" class="citation book cs1">Fasanella Giovanni, Pellegrino Giovanni (2005). <i>La guerra Civile (L'Italia dal 1943 al 2005)</i>. Bur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerra+Civile+%28L%27Italia+dal+1943+al+2005%29&rft.pub=Bur&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fasanella+Giovanni&rft.aufirst=Pellegrino+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Strategia della tensione</i>. Dizionario di storia Treccani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategia+della+tensione&rft.pub=Dizionario+di+storia+Treccani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Golpe Borghese declaration</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golpe+Borghese+declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvisionato" class="citation book cs1">Provisionato, Sandro. <i>Anni di piombo: parte male il dibattito sul superamento Archiviato il 27 aprile 2014, in Internet Archive. in Misteri d'Italia 97</i>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anni+di+piombo%3A+parte+male+il+dibattito+sul+superamento+Archiviato+il+27+aprile+2014%2C+in+Internet+Archive.+in+Misteri+d%27Italia+97&rft.pub=2005&rft.aulast=Provisionato&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerardi2004" class="citation book cs1">Berardi, Franco "Bifo" (2004). <i>Il sapiente, il mercante, il guerriero</i>. Derive Approdi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+sapiente%2C+il+mercante%2C+il+guerriero&rft.pub=Derive+Approdi&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Berardi&rft.aufirst=Franco+%22Bifo%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Stasera su Raistoria le bombe in Alto Adige e l'utopia di Langer su Alto Adige</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stasera+su+Raistoria+le+bombe+in+Alto+Adige+e+l%27utopia+di+Langer+su+Alto+Adige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2005/07_Luglio/08/br.html">"Br, ergastolo a Lioce, Morandi e Mezzasalma"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Br%2C+ergastolo+a+Lioce%2C+Morandi+e+Mezzasalma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2FPrimo_Piano%2FCronache%2F2005%2F07_Luglio%2F08%2Fbr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ispi2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ispi2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidino2018" class="citation book cs1">Vidino; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf"><i>DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - Comparing Challenges and Approaches</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Milano: ISPI. pp. 13–15, 24, 26, 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788867058198" title="Special:BookSources/9788867058198"><bdi>9788867058198</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DE-RADICALIZATION+IN+THE+MEDITERRANEAN+-+Comparing+Challenges+and+Approaches&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=13-15%2C+24%2C+26%2C+35-36&rft.pub=ISPI&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788867058198&rft.au=Vidino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpubblicazioni%2Fmediterraneo_def_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fabio Balocco, Tav: in ricordo di Sole e Baleno, articolo dell'edizione online de Il Fatto Quotidiano, del 28 novembre 2011</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabio+Balocco%2C+Tav%3A+in+ricordo+di+Sole+e+Baleno%2C+articolo+dell%27edizione+online+de+Il+Fatto+Quotidiano%2C+del+28+novembre+2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>la Repubblica/cronaca: Maxi-retata in tutta Italia per gli attentati di Milano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=la+Repubblica%2Fcronaca%3A+Maxi-retata+in+tutta+Italia+per+gli+attentati+di+Milano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>la Repubblica/cronaca: Milano, la bomba in Duomo e ora è allarme terrorismo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=la+Repubblica%2Fcronaca%3A+Milano%2C+la+bomba+in+Duomo+e+ora+%C3%A8+allarme+terrorismo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>la Repubblica/cronaca: Bomba al Duomo 'Seguiamo una pista spagnola'<span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=la+Repubblica%2Fcronaca%3A+Bomba+al+Duomo+%27Seguiamo+una+pista+spagnola%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pacco bomba, paura alla Bocconi Rivendicazione anarchica - Milano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacco+bomba%2C+paura+alla+Bocconi+Rivendicazione+anarchica+-+Milano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709142126/http://federazioneanarchica.org/archivio/20091216cdc.html">"Federazione Anarchica Italiana - Comunicati"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federazioneanarchica.org/archivio/20091216cdc.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federazione+Anarchica+Italiana+-+Comunicati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federazioneanarchica.org%2Farchivio%2F20091216cdc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marone, Francesco (2015). "The rise of insurrectionary anarchist terrorism in Italy". <i>Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 194–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17467586.2015.1038288">10.1080/17467586.2015.1038288</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145354106">145354106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dynamics+of+Asymmetric+Conflict&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+insurrectionary+anarchist+terrorism+in+Italy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=194-214&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17467586.2015.1038288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145354106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marone&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISPI2017" class="citation web cs1">ISPI (2017-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/jihadist-threat-italy-primer-18541">"The Jihadist Threat in Italy: A Primer"</a>. <i>ISPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISPI&rft.atitle=The+Jihadist+Threat+in+Italy%3A+A+Primer&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft.au=ISPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fen%2Fpubblicazione%2Fjihadist-threat-italy-primer-18541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/allarmeroma/allarmeroma/allarmeroma.html">"la Repubblica/cronaca: 'Preparavano un attentato' quattro fermati a Roma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221107/http://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/allarmeroma/allarmeroma/allarmeroma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=la+Repubblica%2Fcronaca%3A+%27Preparavano+un+attentato%27+quattro+fermati+a+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fonline%2Fcronaca%2Fallarmeroma%2Fallarmeroma%2Fallarmeroma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712142917/http://ilgiorno.ilsole24ore.com/monza/2009/01/16/136765-bombe_piazzare_passi_casa.shtml">"Il Giorno - Monza - Le bombe da piazzare a 2 passi da casa Scoperti estremisti pronti a colpire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilgiorno.ilsole24ore.com/monza/2009/01/16/136765-bombe_piazzare_passi_casa.shtml">the original</a> on 2012-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Giorno+-+Monza+-+Le+bombe+da+piazzare+a+2+passi+da+casa+Scoperti+estremisti+pronti+a+colpire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filgiorno.ilsole24ore.com%2Fmonza%2F2009%2F01%2F16%2F136765-bombe_piazzare_passi_casa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110223427/http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/cronache/200910articoli/48159girata.asp">"Bomba contro una caserma a Milano Gravemente ferito l'attentatore libico - LASTAMPA.it"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/redazione/cmsSezioni/cronache/200910articoli/48159girata.asp#">the original</a> on 2010-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomba+contro+una+caserma+a+Milano+Gravemente+ferito+l%27attentatore+libico+-+LASTAMPA.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fredazione%2FcmsSezioni%2Fcronache%2F200910articoli%2F48159girata.asp%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ispi20182-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ispi20182_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidino2018" class="citation book cs1">Vidino; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf"><i>DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - Comparing Challenges and Approaches</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Milano: ISPI. pp. 13–15, 24, 26, 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788867058198" title="Special:BookSources/9788867058198"><bdi>9788867058198</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DE-RADICALIZATION+IN+THE+MEDITERRANEAN+-+Comparing+Challenges+and+Approaches&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=13-15%2C+24%2C+26%2C+35-36&rft.pub=ISPI&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788867058198&rft.au=Vidino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpubblicazioni%2Fmediterraneo_def_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/terrorismo_contatti_con_estremisti_tunisino_rintracciato_a_napoli_e_rimpatriato-201543275/">"Terrorismo, contatti con estremisti: tunisino rintracciato a Napoli e rimpatriato"</a>. <i>Repubblica.it</i> (in Italian). 2018-07-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718084420/http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/07/12/news/terrorismo_contatti_con_estremisti_tunisino_rintracciato_a_napoli_e_rimpatriato-201543275/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Repubblica.it&rft.atitle=Terrorismo%2C+contatti+con+estremisti%3A+tunisino+rintracciato+a+Napoli+e+rimpatriato&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoli.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2018%2F07%2F12%2Fnews%2Fterrorismo_contatti_con_estremisti_tunisino_rintracciato_a_napoli_e_rimpatriato-201543275%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ISPI_Terrorism/status/1017698195361665025">"ISPI Terrorism on Twitter"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=ISPI+Terrorism+on+Twitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FISPI_Terrorism%2Fstatus%2F1017698195361665025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resoconto stenografico dell'Assemblea Seduta n.136 del 28/3/2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/_bicamerali/sis/norme/l801-77b.htm">"legge 24 ottobre 1977, n. 801 denominata "Istituzione e ordinamento dei servizi per le informazioni e la sicurezza e disciplina del segreto di Stato"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130203738/http://www.camera.it/_bicamerali/sis/norme/l801-77b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=legge+24+ottobre+1977%2C+n.+801+denominata+%22Istituzione+e+ordinamento+dei+servizi+per+le+informazioni+e+la+sicurezza+e+disciplina+del+segreto+di+Stato%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2F_bicamerali%2Fsis%2Fnorme%2Fl801-77b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/08_aprile_13/apertura_archivi_segreto_di_stato_279dbc7e-0936-11dd-84be-00144f486ba6.shtml">"Articolo del Corriere della Sera del 13 aprile 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041657/http://www.corriere.it/cronache/08_aprile_13/apertura_archivi_segreto_di_stato_279dbc7e-0936-11dd-84be-00144f486ba6.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articolo+del+Corriere+della+Sera+del+13+aprile+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F08_aprile_13%2Fapertura_archivi_segreto_di_stato_279dbc7e-0936-11dd-84be-00144f486ba6.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html">"Articolo del Corriere della Sera del 5 agosto 2005"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023906/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2013/novembre/16/rottura_tra_Berlusconi_Alfano_vicepremier_co_0_20131116_655ef574-4e8a-11e3-9c1a-7bb9640fad0f.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articolo+del+Corriere+della+Sera+del+5+agosto+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivio.corriere.it%2FArchivio%2Finterface%2Flanding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html">"Ibidem"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023906/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2013/novembre/16/rottura_tra_Berlusconi_Alfano_vicepremier_co_0_20131116_655ef574-4e8a-11e3-9c1a-7bb9640fad0f.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibidem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivio.corriere.it%2FArchivio%2Finterface%2Flanding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025215442/http://www.toni-depalo.it/scritti/rassegna%20stampa/1885.PDF">"Articolo della Repubblica del 3 agosto 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toni-depalo.it/scritti/rassegna%20stampa/1885.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articolo+della+Repubblica+del+3+agosto+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toni-depalo.it%2Fscritti%2Frassegna%2520stampa%2F1885.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastampa.it/2013/05/10/italia/cronache/strage-rapido-chiesto-il-rinvio-a-giudizio-di-toto-riina-xXS97tY1a9r0gJHlI5RvsM/pagina.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I boss dietro la strage Rapido 904" Chiesto il rinvio a giudizio per Riina La Stampa.it"</a>. 10 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051003/http://www.lastampa.it/2013/05/10/italia/cronache/strage-rapido-chiesto-il-rinvio-a-giudizio-di-toto-riina-xXS97tY1a9r0gJHlI5RvsM/pagina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22I+boss+dietro+la+strage+Rapido+904%22+Chiesto+il+rinvio+a+giudizio+per+Riina+La+Stampa.it&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2013%2F05%2F10%2Fitalia%2Fcronache%2Fstrage-rapido-chiesto-il-rinvio-a-giudizio-di-toto-riina-xXS97tY1a9r0gJHlI5RvsM%2Fpagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml">"New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack"</a>. corriere.it. 8 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013204755/http://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Arrests+for+Via+D%27Amelio+Bomb+Attack&rft.pub=corriere.it&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2FInternational%2Fenglish%2Farticoli%2F2012%2F03%2F08%2Fborsellino.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickie2007p416-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickie2007p416_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie2007" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, John (2007). <i>Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia</i>. Hodder. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2"><bdi>978-0-340-93526-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosa+Nostra%3A+A+History+of+the+Sicilian+Mafia&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-340-93526-2&rft.aulast=Dickie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf">"Sentenza del processo di 1º grado a Francesco Tagliavia per le stragi del 1993"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221518/http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sentenza+del+processo+di+1%C2%BA+grado+a+Francesco+Tagliavia+per+le+stragi+del+1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipezzimancanti.it%2Fdownload%2FTagliavia%2520sentenza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf">"Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia - XVI LEGISLATURA (PDF)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331070025/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audizione+del+procuratore+Sergio+Lari+dinanzi+alla+Commissione+Parlamentare+Antimafia+-+XVI+LEGISLATURA+%28PDF%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fapplication%2Fxmanager%2Fprojects%2Fparlamento%2FReso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerrorism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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