CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Louis II, Prince of Monaco - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1695b02a-479a-4802-9340-5c4616902c0d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco","wgTitle":"Louis II, Prince of Monaco","wgCurRevisionId":1257762224,"wgRevisionId":1257762224,"wgArticleId":161352,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2019","Articles needing additional references from May 2017","All articles needing additional references","Pages using infobox military person with embed","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023", "1870 births","1949 deaths","20th-century princes of Monaco","People from Baden-Baden","House of Grimaldi","World War II political leaders","Monegasque philatelists","Monegasque princes","Officers of the French Foreign Legion","Order of the Francisque recipients","Grand Masters of the Order of Saint-Charles","Marquesses of Baux","Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate","Dukes of Valentinois","Dukes of Estouteville","19th-century French military personnel","French Army generals of World War I","Dukes of Mayenne","Collaborators with Nazi Germany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco","wgRelevantArticleId":161352,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q316543","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1707"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1138"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="911"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Louis II, Prince of Monaco - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Louis_II_Prince_of_Monaco rootpage-Louis_II_Prince_of_Monaco skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solution_to_succession_aspects_in_1911–18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solution_to_succession_aspects_in_1911–18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Solution to succession aspects in 1911–18</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solution_to_succession_aspects_in_1911–18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis II, Prince of Monaco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="لويس الثاني أمير موناكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس الثاني أمير موناكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88)" title="ایکینجی لوئی ، شاهزاده (موناکو) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی لوئی ، شاهزاده (موناکو)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Луі II (князь Манака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі II (князь Манака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_II._Monack%C3%BD" title="Ludvík II. Monacký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík II. Monacký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_2._af_Monaco" title="Louis 2. af Monaco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis 2. af Monaco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II._(Monaco)" title="Louis II. (Monaco) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis II. (Monaco)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_(Monaco)" title="Louis II (Monaco) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis II (Monaco)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Λουδοβίκος Β΄ του Μονακό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος Β΄ του Μονακό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_II_de_M%C3%B3naco" title="Luis II de Mónaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis II de Mónaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_II.a_Monakokoa" title="Luis II.a Monakokoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis II.a Monakokoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="لوئی دوم، شاهزاده موناکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی دوم، شاهزاده موناکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_(prince_de_Monaco)" title="Louis II (prince de Monaco) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis II (prince de Monaco)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_II_de_M%C3%B3naco" title="Lois II de Mónaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois II de Mónaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_2%EC%84%B8_(%EB%AA%A8%EB%82%98%EC%BD%94)" title="루이 2세 (모나코) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 2세 (모나코)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_II._od_Monaka" title="Luj II. od Monaka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luj II. od Monaka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_dari_Monako" title="Louis II dari Monako – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis II dari Monako" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_II_di_Monaco" title="Luigi II di Monaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi II di Monaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="לואי השני, נסיך מונקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי השני, נסיך מונקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_II_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98)" title="ლუი II (მონაკოს პრინცი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი II (მონაკოს პრინცი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui%CC%8D_Segundu_de_Mu%CC%8Dnegu" title="Lui̍ Segundu de Mu̍negu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lui̍ Segundu de Mu̍negu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Lajos_monac%C3%B3i_herceg" title="II. Lajos monacói herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Lajos monacói herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%89" title="لويس اى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس اى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_II_van_Monaco" title="Lodewijk II van Monaco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk II van Monaco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A42%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B3%E5%85%AC)" title="ルイ2世 (モナコ公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ2世 (モナコ公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_II_Grimaldi" title="Ludwik II Grimaldi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik II Grimaldi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_II_de_M%C3%B4naco" title="Luís II de Mônaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís II de Mônaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_al_II-lea,_Prin%C8%9B_de_Monaco" title="Louis al II-lea, Prinț de Monaco – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis al II-lea, Prinț de Monaco" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Луи II (князь Монако) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луи II (князь Монако)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_II_(Monaco)" title="Ludvig II (Monaco) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig II (Monaco)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_II_av_Monaco" title="Ludvig II av Monaco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig II av Monaco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Louis_(Monako_prensi)" title="II. Louis (Monako prensi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Louis (Monako prensi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%86%D0%86_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Луї ІІ (князь Монако) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї ІІ (князь Монако)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5%EF%BC%89" title="路易二世（摩纳哥） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易二世（摩纳哥）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5)" title="路易二世 (摩纳哥) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易二世 (摩纳哥)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316543#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&oldid=1257762224" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Louis_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco&id=1257762224&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Louis_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316543" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prince of Monaco from 1922 to 1949</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Special:EditPage/Louis II, Prince of Monaco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22">"Louis II, Prince of Monaco"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg/220px-Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg/330px-Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="562" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, 1923</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Monaco">Prince of Monaco</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1922 – 9 May 1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1870-07-12</span>)</span>12 July 1870<br /><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1949<span style="display:none">(1949-05-09)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Palace_of_Monaco" title="Prince's Palace of Monaco">Prince's Palace</a>, Monaco</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_Immaculate" title="Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate">Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ghislaine_Dommanget" title="Ghislaine Dommanget">Ghislaine Dommanget</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Valentinois" title="Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois">Charlotte, Hereditary Princess of Monaco</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Illegitimate_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate child">illegitimate</a>)</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">Grimaldi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I, Prince of Monaco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Victoria_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Victoria Hamilton">Mary Victoria Hamilton</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_French_Army_(Armee_de_Terre).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg/20px-Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg/30px-Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg/40px-Logo_of_the_French_Army_%28Armee_de_Terre%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="680" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1895-1899 <br />1914-1918<br />(end of active service)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-FRA-OF-06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Army-FRA-OF-06.svg/35px-Army-FRA-OF-06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Army-FRA-OF-06.svg/53px-Army-FRA-OF-06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Army-FRA-OF-06.svg/70px-Army-FRA-OF-06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">Brigadier general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (France)">5th Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis II</b> (Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi; 12 July 1870 – 9 May 1949) was <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Monaco">Prince of Monaco</a> from 26 June 1922 to 9 May 1949. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Louis II was the only child of <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I, Prince of Monaco</a> (1848–1922), and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Victoria_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton">Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton</a> (1850–1922). His mother was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton,_11th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton">William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Amelie_of_Baden" title="Princess Marie Amelie of Baden">Princess Marie Amelie of Baden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was born within a year of his parents' marriage, but his mother, a strong-willed 19-year-old, disliked Monaco and was unhappy with her husband. She left the country permanently shortly after the birth, and the couple's marriage was annulled in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis was raised in Germany by his mother and stepfather, Count (later Prince) <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_Festetics_von_Tolna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassilo Festetics von Tolna">Tassilo Festetics von Tolna</a>, along with his eldest half-sister Maria-Mathilde (later grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ira_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Ira von Fürstenberg">Princess Ira von Fürstenberg</a>); he did not see his father until age 11 when he was obliged to return to Monaco to be trained for his future princely duties. </p><p>Louis's father, <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Prince Albert I</a>, was a dominating personality who had made Monaco a centre of cultural activity and whose intellectual achievements were recognized around the world. Unhappy to be living with his cold and distant father, Louis went to France as soon as he was old enough to enroll in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr</a>, the French national military college.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, after graduating, he was attached to the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> and then served with a regiment of <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a> (African Light Horse) in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before being stationed in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Marie_Juliette_Louvet" title="Marie Juliette Louvet">Marie Juliette Louvet</a> (1867–1930), a <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> singer, on a short official visit to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-caroline_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroline-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juliette was already the mother of two children, Georges and Marguerite, by her former husband, French "girlie" photographer Achille Delmaet (1860–1914). Reportedly, Prince Louis fell deeply in love but, because of her ignominious station in life, his father would not permit the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been asserted that Louis ignored his father and married Juliette in 1897: there is, however, no evidence for this allegation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had an out-of-wedlock daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Valentinois" title="Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois">Charlotte Louise Juliette</a>, born on 30 September 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine, Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no mention of Louvet in the authorized biography of her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Prince Rainier III</a>, who is Monegasque by nationality but whose ancestors include people of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> nationality. </p><p>Louis served in the French Army for four years from 1895 to 1899, reaching the rank of lieutenant. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_coloniale" class="mw-redirect" title="Médaille coloniale">médaille coloniale</a> (Colonial Medal) and the Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>. At the conclusion of his military service, he returned to Monaco, leaving behind his mistress and daughter. At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he re-enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> as a volunteer, serving as a staff officer under General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Franchet d’Espèrey</a>. Louis was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor and eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solution_to_succession_aspects_in_1911–18"><span id="Solution_to_succession_aspects_in_1911.E2.80.9318"></span>Solution to succession aspects in 1911–18</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solution to succession aspects in 1911–18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A political crisis loomed for the Prince because without any other heir, the throne of Monaco would pass to his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Wilhelm</a>, the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Urach" title="Duke of Urach">Duke of Urach</a>, a German nobleman who was a son of Prince Albert's aunt, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Florestine_of_Monaco" title="Princess Florestine of Monaco">Princess Florestine of Monaco</a>. To ensure this did not happen, in 1911 a law was passed recognizing his out-of-wedlock daughter, Charlotte, as Louis's acknowledged heir, and making her part of the princely family. This law was later held to be invalid, and thus another law was passed in 1918 modifying the statutes to allow the adoption of an heir with succession rights. Charlotte was formally adopted by Louis in 1919 and became Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi, Princess of Monaco and Duchess of <a href="/wiki/Valentinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinois">Valentinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilhelm, 2nd Duke of Urach, thus placed further back in the line of succession to the throne of Monaco, was chosen as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lithuania">King of Lithuania</a> for a few months in 1918, being known as Mindaugas II.<sup id="cite_ref-Holborn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a moot point whether he could be the sovereign of two European countries simultaneously, had he in fact succeeded to the throne of Monaco, but he had several sons. He renounced his claim to the principality in 1924, passing it to other French cousins that were also descended from the Grimaldi family, the counts of Chabrillan. </p><p>On 17 July 1918, largely because of the von Urach potential claim, France and Monaco signed a brief but far-reaching treaty requiring prior French approval of all future Monégasque princes. Article 2 specified: "Measures concerning the international relations of the Principality shall always be the subject of prior consultations between the Government of the Principality and the French Government. The same shall apply to measures concerning directly or indirectly the exercise of a regency or succession to the throne, which shall, whether by marriage or adoption or otherwise, pass only to a person who is of French or Monégasque nationality and is approved by the French Government." Under Article 3, Prince Albert agreed "...for himself and his successors the commitment assumed towards the French Government not to alienate the Principality, in whole or in part, in favour of any Power other than France."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_prince_Louis_II_(1870-1949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg/220px-Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg/330px-Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg/440px-Le_prince_Louis_II_%281870-1949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 June 1922, Prince Albert I died in Paris. Louis Grimaldi ascended to the throne as Louis II, Prince of Monaco. While his reign never achieved the grandeur of his father, Louis II left an indelible imprint on the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a>. In 1924 the <a href="/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC" title="AS Monaco FC">Monaco Football Club</a> was formed and in 1929, the first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prix of Monaco">Grand Prix of Monaco</a> automobile race was held, won by <a href="/wiki/William_Grover-Williams" title="William Grover-Williams">William Grover-Williams</a>, driving a <a href="/wiki/Bugatti" title="Bugatti">Bugatti</a> painted in what would become the famous <a href="/wiki/British_racing_green" title="British racing green">British racing green</a> color. He collected artefacts belonging to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> which are now assembled and displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Museum_(Monaco)" title="Napoleon Museum (Monaco)">Napoleon Museum</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Palace_of_Monaco" title="Prince's Palace of Monaco">Prince's Palace</a> in Monte Carlo. </p><p>Particularly in the earlier years of Louis's reign, he acquired the reputation for administrative probity: he obtained the departure of <a href="/wiki/Camille_Blanc" title="Camille Blanc">Camille Blanc</a> who had long managed <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Casino">Monte Carlo Casino</a> yet who faced increasing questions regarding his administration of the casino's affairs. </p><p>In 1931 revolutionaries planned to depose Louis II and replace him with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Pierre,_Duke_of_Valentinois" title="Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois">Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois</a>, his son-in-law. This was provoked by agitation from the administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Casino">Monte Carlo Casino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Léon (page does not exist)">René Léon</a>, and planned to also dismantle the influence of the casino over the principality. The date was set for 15 April of that year<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never materialised for unknown reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1931, the prestige of Monaco's cultural life received a boost when <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="René Blum (ballet)">René Blum</a> was hired to form the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte-Carlo.<sup id="cite_ref-Homans_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homans-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, a modern large <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> stadium was built where the <a href="/wiki/1939_International_University_Games" title="1939 International University Games">Universiade</a> were staged at the newly named "<a href="/wiki/Stade_Louis_II_(1939)" title="Stade Louis II (1939)">Stade Prince Louis II</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Louis's sympathies were strongly pro-French, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> government of his old army colleague, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Marshal Pétain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-englund_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his principality was beset with domestic conflict partly as a result of Louis's indecisiveness,<sup id="cite_ref-englund_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly due to his questionable financial links with the Nazi regime, and also because the majority of the population was of Italian descent and supported the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> regime of Italy's <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the war, Louis's vacillation caused an enormous rift with his grandson <a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier</a> (the heir-presumptive to the throne after 1944),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-englund_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, the Italian Army invaded and occupied Monaco. Shortly thereafter, following Mussolini's overthrow in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> occupied Monaco.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of August 27, 1942, Monaco authorities rounded up 90 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Jewish residents</a> and handed them over to the Nazis; all but nine were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was René Blum, founder of the Opera, who was murdered in the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homans_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homans-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a number of months in 1944, communists participated in the liberation administration of Monaco.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the liberation of Monaco by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a>, the 75-year-old Prince Louis did little for his principality and it began to fall into severe neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-englund_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1946, he was spending most of his time in Paris. On 24–27 July of that year,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he married in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> for the first time. His wife was <a href="/wiki/Ghislaine_Marie_Fran%C3%A7oise_Dommanget" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghislaine Marie Françoise Dommanget">Ghislaine Dommanget</a> (13 October 1900 – 30 April 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a French film actress and former wife of actor <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brul%C3%A9" title="André Brulé">André Brulé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brulé_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brulé-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absent from Monaco during most of the final years of his reign, he and his wife lived at <a href="/wiki/Marchais,_Aisne" title="Marchais, Aisne">Marchais</a>, their family estate in northern France.<sup id="cite_ref-englund_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englund-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince Louis II died in 1949 in the <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Palace_of_Monaco" title="Prince's Palace of Monaco">Prince's Palace</a> and is buried at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco">Saint Nicholas Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>, Monaco. His daughter, Charlotte, had ceded her succession rights to her son, Rainier, in 1944, at which time he became hereditary prince.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, when Louis II died five years later, he was succeeded by his grandson, Rainier III.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco,_Variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg/150px-Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg/225px-Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg/300px-Royal_Monogram_of_Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco%2C_Variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Princely monogram of Prince Louis II of Monaco</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Francisque" title="Order of the Francisque">Order of the Francisque</a></li> <li>Badge of the <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a></li> <li>Badge of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Karl-Friedrich_Merit_Order" title="Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order">Military Merit Order of Karl-Friedrich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, <i>23 March 1929</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italy: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: <ul><li>Knight with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Pius IX">Order of Pius IX</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: 298th Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_San_Marino" title="Order of San Marino">Order of San Marino</a>, <i>30 March 1935</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Commander Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a>, <i>1906</i></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a>, <i>9 April 1923</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Order of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1889</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1949/05/10/archives/louis-ii-of-monaco-i-dead-at-age-of-78-ruler-since-22-of-tiny-state.html">"LOUIS II OF MONACO I DEAD AT AGE OF 78"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 May 1949<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=LOUIS+II+OF+MONACO+I+DEAD+AT+AGE+OF+78&rft.date=1949-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1949%2F05%2F10%2Farchives%2Flouis-ii-of-monaco-i-dead-at-age-of-78-ruler-since-22-of-tiny-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1925/01/25/archives/monacos-ruler-to-leave-here-soon-prince-louis-ii-arriving-as-comte.html">"MONACO'S RULER TO LEAVE HERE SOON; Prince Louis II., Arriving as Comte de Thorigny, Has Spent a Month at Palm Beach. HIS ROMANTIC CAREER He Served In the French Army With Distinction 30 Years -- Marriage Angered His Father"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 January 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MONACO%27S+RULER+TO+LEAVE+HERE+SOON%3B+Prince+Louis+II.%2C+Arriving+as+Comte+de+Thorigny%2C+Has+Spent+a+Month+at+Palm+Beach.+HIS+ROMANTIC+CAREER+He+Served+In+the+French+Army+With+Distinction+30+Years+--+Marriage+Angered+His+Father.&rft.date=1925-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1925%2F01%2F25%2Farchives%2Fmonacos-ruler-to-leave-here-soon-prince-louis-ii-arriving-as-comte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlse2020" class="citation web cs1">Ilse, Jess (12 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/monaco/the-complex-prince-who-helped-make-modern-monaco-the-life-of-louis-ii-145457/">"The complex prince who helped make modern Monaco: the life of Louis II"</a>. <i>Royal Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Central&rft.atitle=The+complex+prince+who+helped+make+modern+Monaco%3A+the+life+of+Louis+II&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft.aulast=Ilse&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalcentral.co.uk%2Feurope%2Fmonaco%2Fthe-complex-prince-who-helped-make-modern-monaco-the-life-of-louis-ii-145457%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/25/archives/monacos-ruler-76-weds-prince-louis-ii-marries-a-commoner-chislaine.html">"MONACO'S RULER, 76, WEDS; Prince Louis II Marries a Commoner, Chislaine Dommanges"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 July 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MONACO%27S+RULER%2C+76%2C+WEDS%3B+Prince+Louis+II+Marries+a+Commoner%2C+Chislaine+Dommanges&rft.date=1946-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F07%2F25%2Farchives%2Fmonacos-ruler-76-weds-prince-louis-ii-marries-a-commoner-chislaine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroline-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caroline_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovira2021" class="citation book cs1">Rovira, Ashley (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Her-Way-Remarkable-Princess-Caroline-ebook/dp/B09J59CCYF/"><i>Her Way: The Remarkable Life of Monaco's Princess Caroline</i></a>. USA: Heavy Crown Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Way%3A+The+Remarkable+Life+of+Monaco%27s+Princess+Caroline&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Heavy+Crown+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Rovira&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHer-Way-Remarkable-Princess-Caroline-ebook%2Fdp%2FB09J59CCYF%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/louis-ii-of-monaco-and-his-contribution/">"The House of Grimaldi: Louis II"</a>. <i>Hello Monaco</i>. 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hello+Monaco&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Grimaldi%3A+Louis+II&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellomonaco.com%2Fsightseeing%2Fgrimaldi-family%2Flouis-ii-of-monaco-and-his-contribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holborn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1982" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/429"><i>A history of Modern Germany</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/429">429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00797-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00797-7"><bdi>0-691-00797-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Modern+Germany&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-00797-7&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034207/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/27/26/00053293.pdf">1918 Franco-Monegasque Treaty text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/04/archives/revolution-planned-in-monaco-april-15-to-depose-louis-ii.html">"Revolution Planned in Monaco April 15 to Depose Louis II"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 4 March 1931<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Revolution+Planned+in+Monaco+April+15+to+Depose+Louis+II&rft.date=1931-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1931%2F03%2F04%2Farchives%2Frevolution-planned-in-monaco-april-15-to-depose-louis-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homans-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homans_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homans_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homans, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/books/review/book-review-rene-blum-and-the-ballets-russes-by-judith-chazin-bennahum.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"René Blum: Life of a Dance Master,"</a> <i>New York Times</i> (8 July 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10849904/Helene-Pastor-obituary.html">"Hélène Pastor- obituary"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 22 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Pastor-+obituary&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F10849904%2FHelene-Pastor-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-englund-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-englund_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-englund_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-englund_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-englund_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-englund_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund1984" class="citation book cs1">Englund, Steven (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2159165.Grace_of_Monaco"><i>Grace of Monaco: An Interpretive Biography</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385188128" title="Special:BookSources/9780385188128"><bdi>9780385188128</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+of+Monaco%3A+An+Interpretive+Biography&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780385188128&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F2159165.Grace_of_Monaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/28/prince-albert-apologises-for-monacos-role-in-deporting-jews-to-nazi-camps">"Prince Albert apologises for Monaco's role in deporting Jews to Nazi camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 28 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Prince+Albert+apologises+for+Monaco%27s+role+in+deporting+Jews+to+Nazi+camps&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F28%2Fprince-albert-apologises-for-monacos-role-in-deporting-jews-to-nazi-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Carol J. (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-monaco-jews-deportation-apology-20150827-story.html">"More than seven decades later, Monaco apologizes for deporting Jews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=More+than+seven+decades+later%2C+Monaco+apologizes+for+deporting+Jews&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fla-fg-monaco-jews-deportation-apology-20150827-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert02_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYs5OSnsrHwC&q=Blum"><i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28145-4"><bdi>978-0-415-28145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28145-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYs5OSnsrHwC%26q%3DBlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brulé-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brulé_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFcAAAAMAAJ&q=ghislaine+dommanget+monaco+brule">"L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux"</a> (in French). digitized book accessible - University of Michigan - (March 21, 2008). June 1981. p. 569<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>. <q><i>En 1934, elle mit au monde à Nice un enfant, venu d'une liaison avec l'acteur André Brulé : Jean-Gabriel Brulé. Elle rencontra le prince Louis II de Monaco en 1942, à l'occasion d'une représentation de l'Aiglon donnée dans la principauté par la troupe à laquelle elle appartenait alors...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Interm%C3%A9diaire+des+chercheurs+et+curieux&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=digitized+book+accessible+-+University+of+Michigan+-+%28March+21%2C+2008%29&rft.date=1981-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTFcAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dghislaine%2Bdommanget%2Bmonaco%2Bbrule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022195857/http://www.villacharlotte.fr/a-propos">"Une histoire passionnante"</a>. <i>villacharlotte.fr</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villacharlotte.fr/a-propos">the original</a> on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=villacharlotte.fr&rft.atitle=Une+histoire+passionnante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villacharlotte.fr%2Fa-propos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen,_Jørgen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pedersen, Jørgen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consolatosanmarino.uk/en/the-equestrian-order-of-san-marino/">"The Equestrian Order of San Marino"</a>. <i>Consulate of the Republic of San Marino to the UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consulate+of+the+Republic+of+San+Marino+to+the+UK&rft.atitle=The+Equestrian+Order+of+San+Marino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consolatosanmarino.uk%2Fen%2Fthe-equestrian-order-of-san-marino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/statskal/1940bih/0007.html">"Sveriges statskalender (1940), II, pp. 7, 75"</a> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span> – via runeberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sveriges+statskalender+%281940%29%2C+II%2C+pp.+7%2C+75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fstatskal%2F1940bih%2F0007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+II%2C+Prince+of+Monaco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg</a></i> (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis II, Prince of Monaco </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">House of Grimaldi</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 12 July 1870</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 9 May 1949</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Monaco" title="List of rulers of Monaco">Prince of Monaco</a> </b><br />1922–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">Monegasque royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Hereditary Prince of Monaco">Hereditary Prince of Monaco</a> </b><br />1889–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Valentinois" title="Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois">Charlotte</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Baux" title="Marquis of Baux">Marquis of Baux</a> </b><br />1889–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I of Monaco</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Estouteville" title="Duke of Estouteville">Duke of Estouteville</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Valentinois" title="Duke of Valentinois">Duke of Valentinois</a> </b><br />1922–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monegasque_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monegasque_princes" title="Template:Monegasque princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monegasque_princes" title="Template talk:Monegasque princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monegasque_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monegasque princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monegasque_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">Monegasque princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré II, Prince of Monaco">Honoré II, Prince of Monaco</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ercole,_Marquis_of_Baux" title="Ercole, Marquis of Baux">Prince Ercole, Marquis of Baux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Louis I, Prince of Monaco">Louis I, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Antonio I, Prince of Monaco">Antonio I, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Jacques I, Prince of Monaco">Jacques Goyon de Matignon</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré III, Prince of Monaco">Honoré III, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_IV,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco">Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_of_Monaco" title="Prince Joseph of Monaco">Prince Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_V,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré V, Prince of Monaco">Honoré V, Prince of Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florestan,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Florestan, Prince of Monaco">Florestan, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Charles III, Prince of Monaco">Charles III, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis II, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pierre,_Duke_of_Valentinois" title="Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois">Pierre de Polignac</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II, Prince of Monaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco">Hereditary Prince Jacques, Marquis of Baux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>* <i>prince by marriage</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Monaco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Monaco" title="Template:Princes of Monaco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Monaco" title="Template talk:Princes of Monaco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Monaco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Monaco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Monaco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Monaco" title="List of rulers of Monaco">Rulers of Monaco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grimaldi" title="François Grimaldi">François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_I_of_Monaco,_Lord_of_Cagnes" title="Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes">Rainier I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles I, Lord of Monaco">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Anthony I, Lord of Monaco">Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Rainier II, Lord of Monaco">Rainier II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Gabriel, Lord of Monaco">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Louis, Lord of Monaco">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Jean I, Lord of Monaco">Jean I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Ambroise, Lord of Monaco">Ambroise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Anthony II, Lord of Monaco">Antonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Catalan, Lord of Monaco">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudine,_Lady_of_Monaco" title="Claudine, Lady of Monaco">Claudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Lamberto, Lord of Monaco">Lamberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Jean II, Lord of Monaco">Jean II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Lucien, Lord of Monaco">Lucien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Honoré I, Lord of Monaco">Honoré I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles II, Lord of Monaco">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Ercole, Lord of Monaco">Ercole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré II, Prince of Monaco">Honoré II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign Princes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré II, Prince of Monaco">Honoré II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Louis I, Prince of Monaco">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Antonio I, Prince of Monaco">Antonio I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Hippolyte,_Princess_of_Monaco" title="Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco">Louise Hippolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Jacques I, Prince of Monaco">Jacques I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré III, Prince of Monaco">Honoré III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_IV,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco">Honoré IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_V,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré V, Prince of Monaco">Honoré V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florestan,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Florestan, Prince of Monaco">Florestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Charles III, Prince of Monaco">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert I, Prince of Monaco">Albert I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316543#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316543#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316543#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000416352844">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/304920901">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7QMYdttyFjpwM7Tdfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050483995">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149757554">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149757554">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/201258">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1050483995">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&oldid=1257762224">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&oldid=1257762224</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_births" title="Category:1870 births">1870 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_deaths" title="Category:1949 deaths">1949 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_princes_of_Monaco" title="Category:20th-century princes of Monaco">20th-century princes of Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Baden-Baden" title="Category:People from Baden-Baden">People from Baden-Baden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Grimaldi" title="Category:House of Grimaldi">House of Grimaldi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_political_leaders" title="Category:World War II political leaders">World War II political leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monegasque_philatelists" title="Category:Monegasque philatelists">Monegasque philatelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monegasque_princes" title="Category:Monegasque princes">Monegasque princes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_French_Foreign_Legion" title="Category:Officers of the French Foreign Legion">Officers of the French Foreign Legion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Order_of_the_Francisque_recipients" title="Category:Order of the Francisque recipients">Order of the Francisque recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Saint-Charles" title="Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Masters of the Order of Saint-Charles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marquesses_of_Baux" title="Category:Marquesses of Baux">Marquesses of Baux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_Immaculate" title="Category:Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate">Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Valentinois" title="Category:Dukes of Valentinois">Dukes of Valentinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Estouteville" title="Category:Dukes of Estouteville">Dukes of Estouteville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_military_personnel" title="Category:19th-century French military personnel">19th-century French military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Army_generals_of_World_War_I" title="Category:French Army generals of World War I">French Army generals of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Mayenne" title="Category:Dukes of Mayenne">Dukes of Mayenne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collaborators_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Collaborators with Nazi Germany">Collaborators with Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017">Articles needing additional references from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_military_person_with_embed" title="Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed">Pages using infobox military person with embed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 14:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-jf9pb","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.850","walltime":"1.170","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7031,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":119523,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18815,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":97160,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 960.515 1 -total"," 26.32% 252.840 3 Template:Infobox"," 22.64% 217.445 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.55% 216.644 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 12.10% 116.189 7 Template:Cite_news"," 9.93% 95.362 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.90% 95.127 1 Template:Monegasque_princes"," 7.26% 69.763 23 Template:Main_other"," 6.97% 66.952 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.76% 64.909 1 Template:Marriage"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.458","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9429184,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mjpz6","timestamp":"20241123124015","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Louis II, Prince of Monaco","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_II,_Prince_of_Monaco","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316543","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q316543","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-24T16:08:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T14:25:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/Prince_Louis_II_of_Monaco_05670r.jpg","headline":"prince of Monaco (1870-1949)"}</script> </body> </html>