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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Old Japanese</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Eastern Old Japanese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg/200px-Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg/300px-Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg/400px-Nara_and_Azuma_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Eastern provinces (hatched) in the 8th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Eastern Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4th–9th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Eastern Old Japanese</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Eastern Old Japanese</b> (abbreviated as EOJ; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">上代東国方言, 上代東国語</span>) is a group of heterogenous <a href="/wiki/Language_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Language variety">varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>, historically spoken in the east of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, in the area traditionally called <i>Togoku</i> or <i>Azuma</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Old Japanese constitutes a branch of the Japanese subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a> (Insular Japonic), with the other varieties of Old Japanese, which all descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japanese">proto-Japanese</a> (separate from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Ryukyuan_language" title="Proto-Ryukyuan language">Proto-Ryukyuan</a>, following the classification used by Kupchik (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20117_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Old Japanese is mainly attested through <a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">poems</a> collected in several <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologies</a> written during the 8th century:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard20083_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard20083-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021ix_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021ix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i> (万葉集), in the fourteenth and twentieth volumes, as well as some poems from volume sixteen ;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokin_wakash%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokin wakashū">Kokin wakashū</a></i> (古今和歌集), of which a poem is written in this dialect (written during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>) ;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">Fudoki</a></i> (風土記) ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azuma_asobi_uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azuma asobi uta (page does not exist)"><i>Azuma (asobi) uta</i></a> (東遊び歌) ;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakimori_uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakimori uta (page does not exist)">Sakimori uta</a></i>, however, this one is written with the spelling of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Old_Japanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Old Japanese (page does not exist)">Western Old Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20134_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20134-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All this would give a total of 242 short poems and one long poem according to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20148_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin20148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This variety is geographically opposed to Western Old Japanese and Kyūshū Old Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorkmazDoğan2017277_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorkmazDoğan2017277-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20148_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin20148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was spoken to the east of <a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a>, the capital of Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara Period">Nara Period</a>, approximately in the current <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region" title="Chūbu region">Chūbu region</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region" title="Tōhoku region">Tōhoku region</a> (then collectively referred to as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azuma_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azuma region (page does not exist)">Azuma region</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20132_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard2008134_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard2008134-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Old Japanese was not a unified variety but a collection of different dialects. Their demarcation differs depending on the author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Bjarke Frellesvig (2010) distinguishes three dialect areas:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Northern</dt> <dd>the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kazusa_Province" title="Kazusa Province">Kazusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Province" title="Mutsu Province">Mutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimotsuke_Province" title="Shimotsuke Province">Shimotsuke</a>;</dd> <dt>Central</dt> <dd>the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Province" title="Hitachi Province">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzuke_Province" title="Kōzuke Province">Kōzuke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musashi_Province" title="Musashi Province">Musashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagami_Province" title="Sagami Province">Sagami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shim%C5%8Dsa_Province" title="Shimōsa Province">Shimōsa</a>; and</dd> <dt>Southern</dt> <dd>the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Shinano_Province" title="Shinano Province">Shinano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suruga_Province" title="Suruga Province">Suruga</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dmi_Province" title="Tōtōmi Province">Tōtōmi</a>.</dd></dl> <p>He states that these dialects form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a> with the varieties of Nara Old Japanese, with North Eastern Old Japanese constituting the most divergent variety. However, the majority of songs and poems do not have information on their provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Kupchik (2023) calls all of these varieties Azuma Old Japanese, consisting of two dialects: Töpo-Suruga Old Japanese in the three provinces of Frellesvig's southern area and Eastern Old Japanese in the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20231_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20231-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former dialect lacks attested Ainu loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852,_854_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852,_854-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remarks on the differences in the spelling of the two varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik201316_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik201316-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier work, he had separated the dialects of Shinano province as Central Old Japanese due to the absence of innovations shared with his Töpo-Suruga and Eastern Old Japanese groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Old Japanese is a <a href="/wiki/SOV_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV language">SOV language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Japonic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japonic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a structure including a modifier at the start of the sentence, although there are exceptions. There are many <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, but unlike most SOV languages, there are also <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphologically</a> it is principally an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Japonic_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japonic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend words</a> also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactic</a> structure of Eastern Old Japanese is strictly (<a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">C</a>)<a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">V</a>, without <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">consonant gemination</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>. Typically, vowel sequences contract rather than merge. The <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">accent system</a> is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There exists a correspondence between the Western Old Japanese *i and *u and the Eastern Old Japanese *(j)e and *o respectively, which is confirmed by the comparison of the three Japanese dialects, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>. Thus, the Eastern Old Japanese vowel system would have been closer to that of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a> than that of Western Old Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard2008152_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard2008152-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Eastern Old Japanese lexicon is mainly inherited from Japonic languages. However, it is also contains <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> and Ainu loanwords, and only a few of <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik201120–21_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik201120–21-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Eastern Old Japanese vocabulary </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Eastern Old Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <td>girl </td> <td>kwo </td></tr> <tr> <td>mountain </td> <td>yama </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower </td> <td>pana </td></tr> <tr> <td>word </td> <td>kötö </td></tr> <tr> <td>father </td> <td>titi </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother </td> <td>papa </td></tr> <tr> <td>person </td> <td>pyitö </td></tr> <tr> <td>river </td> <td>kapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>journey </td> <td>ta[n]pyi </td></tr> <tr> <td>deity </td> <td>kamyi </td></tr> <tr> <td>peak </td> <td>ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>rope </td> <td>pyimo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other words are close to Japonic forms that appeared in later periods: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of Eastern Old Japanese and Japonic </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Eastern Old Japanese </th> <th>Western Old Japanese </th> <th>Middle Japanese </th> <th>Modern Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <td>rainbow </td> <td>nwonsi </td> <td> </td> <td>niji </td> <td>niji </td></tr> <tr> <td>maple </td> <td>kapyerute </td> <td> </td> <td>kaferude </td> <td>kaede </td></tr> <tr> <td>barley </td> <td>munkyi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>mugi </td></tr> <tr> <td>rudder </td> <td>kati </td> <td>kadi </td> <td> </td> <td>kaji </td></tr> <tr> <td>willow </td> <td>yanakyi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>yanagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>horse </td> <td>muma </td> <td>uma </td> <td>muma </td> <td>uma </td></tr> <tr> <td>snow </td> <td>yökyi </td> <td>yukyi </td> <td> </td> <td>yuki </td></tr> <tr> <td>eyebrow </td> <td>maywo </td> <td>mayu </td> <td> </td> <td>mayu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinction_and_descendants">Extinction and descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extinction and descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialects of Eastern Old Japanese were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto dialect">Kyoto dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Middle Japanese</a>), the descendant of Western Old Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (between the 8th and the 12th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are still modern traces of this variety: </p> <ul><li>The relic language <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a>, spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a> but on the verge of extinction. Eastern Old Japanese and Hachijō have common characteristics not found in other branches of the Japonic family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Modern Eastern Japanese dialects contain traces of a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a>, such as the verb <i>sugos-</i> 'to exceed' (comparable to Western Old Japanese <i>sugus-</i>, of the same meaning), the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> suffix <i>-ro</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicative</a> suffix <i>-ke</i> on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">adjective verbs</a> or <i>-o</i> on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_conjugation" title="Japanese conjugation">verbs</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20119_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_the_Ryukyuan_languages">Relation with the Ryukyuan languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relation with the Ryukyuan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Maner Lawton Thorpe (1983), the phonological correspondences of Eastern Old Japanese shared with the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a> could be explained by the descend from a common language. Thus, he proposes the following phylogenetic tree: </p> <ul><li>Japanese-Ryukyuan languages <ul><li>[Proto-]Kyūshū <ul><li>Ryukyuan languages</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB_Old_Japanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyūshū Old Japanese (page does not exist)">Kyūshū Old Japanese</a> (not attested)</li> <li>Eastern Old Japanese</li></ul></li> <li>Western Old Japanese (from the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai Region">Kansai Region</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Following his model, Western Old Japanese would have separated first, during the 4th-5th centuries, then the <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>-branch would have separated three or four centuries later. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō Region">Kantō</a> would have been populated by Japonic speakers directly from Kyūshū, without passing through central Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakiyama20153_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiyama20153-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1983224–258_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1983224–258-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Alexander Koji Makiyama (2015) finds the results of <a href="/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony" title="Diachrony and synchrony">diachronic changes</a> in Eastern Old Japanese such as in <a href="/wiki/Denasalization" title="Denasalization">denasalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">vowel raising</a> unconvincing in comparison with the Ryukyuan languages. In fact, he finds: </p> <ul><li>12 attestations in Eastern Old Japanese of denasalization which could be attributed to Proto-Ryukyuan, but 10 of them actually correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Case_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marker">case marker</a> <i>-ga</i> ;</li> <li>fortition is only attested in two forms in Eastern Old Japanese, compared to only one in Proto-Ryukyuan, <i>*bakare</i>, in addition to the fact that it may be a loan;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>regarding vowel raising, the change from Proto-Japonic *ə to *o in Proto-Ryukyuan makes certain reconstruction impossible. Only four forms in Eastern Old Japanese could correspond to the Proto-Ryukyuan form.</li></ul> <p>The hypothesis of a linguistic contact or a resemblance is therefore, in the state of current knowledge, only speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakiyama201580_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiyama201580-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Pellard (2015) also considers that this hypothesis is unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard201516_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard201516-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Japonic-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japonic_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japonic_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Like the other <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following an analysis of modern Ryukyuan dialects.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20117-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20117_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard20083-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard20083_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPellard2008">Pellard 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021ix-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021ix_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021">Vovin & Ishisaki-Vovin 2021</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20134-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20134_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2013">Kupchik 2013</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021x_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021">Vovin & Ishisaki-Vovin 2021</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin20148-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20148_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20148_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2014">Vovin 2014</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorkmazDoğan2017277-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorkmazDoğan2017277_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorkmazDoğan2017">Korkmaz & Doğan 2017</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20132-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20132_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2013">Kupchik 2013</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard2008134-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard2008134_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPellard2008">Pellard 2008</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20113_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig2010151_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrellesvig2010">Frellesvig 2010</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20231-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20231_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2023">Kupchik 2023</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852,_854-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852,_854_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, pp. 852, 854.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik201316-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik201316_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2013">Kupchik 2013</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik2011852_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, p. 852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard2008152-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard2008152_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPellard2008">Pellard 2008</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik201120–21-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik201120–21_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2022684_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2022">Janhunen 2022</a>, p. 684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKupchik20119-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKupchik20119_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupchik2011">Kupchik 2011</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiyama20153-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakiyama20153_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakiyama2015">Makiyama 2015</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1983224–258-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1983224–258_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpe1983">Thorpe 1983</a>, pp. 224–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiyama201580-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakiyama201580_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakiyama2015">Makiyama 2015</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellard201516-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellard201516_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPellard2015">Pellard 2015</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMakiyama2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Makiyama, Alexander Koji (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/150834/content/Makiyama_asu_0010N_15124.pdf"><i>Coincidence or Contact: A Study of Sound Changes in Eastern Old Japanese Dialects and Ryukyuan Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MA thesis). Arizona State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Coincidence+or+Contact%3A+A+Study+of+Sound+Changes+in+Eastern+Old+Japanese+Dialects+and+Ryukyuan+Languages&rft.inst=Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Makiyama&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Koji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.asu.edu%2Fattachments%2F150834%2Fcontent%2FMakiyama_asu_0010N_15124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2014" class="citation book cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7869241"><i>Out of Southern China?</i></a>. Paris: EHESS/CRLAO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Southern+China%3F&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=EHESS%2FCRLAO&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7869241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovinIshisaki-Vovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Vovin, Alexander; Ishisaki-Vovin, Sambi (2021). <i>The Eastern Old Japanese Corpus and Dictionary</i>. Leiden, Pays-Bas: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-47166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-47166-5"><bdi>978-9-004-47166-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-5239">0921-5239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Old+Japanese+Corpus+and+Dictionary&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Pays-Bas&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0921-5239&rft.isbn=978-9-004-47166-5&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Ishisaki-Vovin%2C+Sambi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrellesvig2010" class="citation book cs1">Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). <i>A History of the Japanese Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48880-8"><bdi>978-1-139-48880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48880-8&rft.aulast=Frellesvig&rft.aufirst=Bjarke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupchik2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Kupchik, John E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JohnKupchikFinal.pdf"><i>A grammar of the Eastern Old Japanese dialects</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Hawaii: University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+grammar+of+the+Eastern+Old+Japanese+dialects&rft.inst=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kupchik&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.hawaii.edu%2Fgraduate%2FDissertations%2FJohnKupchikFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupchik2013" class="citation book cs1">Kupchik, John E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10116417"><i>On the orthography and phonetics of the Azuma Old Japanese dialects</i></a>. Auckland: Department of Asian Studies Weekly Seminar Series<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+orthography+and+phonetics+of+the+Azuma+Old+Japanese+dialects&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Department+of+Asian+Studies+Weekly+Seminar+Series&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kupchik&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10116417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupchik2023" class="citation book cs1">Kupchik, John E. (2023). <i>Azuma Old Japanese: A Comparative Grammar and Reconstruction</i>. Auckland, Nouvelle-Zélande: De Gruyter Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azuma+Old+Japanese%3A+A+Comparative+Grammar+and+Reconstruction&rft.place=Auckland%2C+Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kupchik&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/358257/10.1515_lingty_2022_0017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Old Japanese in a panchronic perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistic Typology</i>. <b>26</b> (3). Helsinki: 683–691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flingty-2022-0017">10.1515/lingty-2022-0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F358257">10138/358257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249679997">249679997</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=Old+Japanese+in+a+panchronic+perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=683-691&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F358257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249679997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Flingty-2022-0017&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F358257%2F10.1515_lingty_2022_0017.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1983" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/JAPANESE/Thorpe_Ryukyuan_language_history.pdf"><i>Ryūkyūan language history</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Southern California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ry%C5%ABky%C5%ABan+language+history&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Maner+Lawton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faltaica.ru%2FLIBRARY%2FJAPANESE%2FThorpe_Ryukyuan_language_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorkmazDoğan2017" class="citation book cs1">Korkmaz, Ramazan; Doğan, Gürkan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compress-pdf.obar.info/?fileurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fcdownload%2Fendangered-languages-of-the-caucasus-and-beyond-9789004325647-9789004328693.html&title=Endangered+Languages+of+the+Caucasus+and+Beyond%0D%0A+9789004325647%2C++9789004328693"><i>Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond</i></a>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32564-7"><bdi>978-90-04-32564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+of+the+Caucasus+and+Beyond&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32564-7&rft.aulast=Korkmaz&rft.aufirst=Ramazan&rft.au=Do%C4%9Fan%2C+G%C3%BCrkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompress-pdf.obar.info%2F%3Ffileurl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fdokumen.pub%252Fcdownload%252Fendangered-languages-of-the-caucasus-and-beyond-9789004325647-9789004328693.html%26title%3DEndangered%2BLanguages%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCaucasus%2Band%2BBeyond%250D%250A%2B9789004325647%252C%2B%2B9789004328693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pellard, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-00373303/document">"Proto-Japonic *e and *o in Eastern Old Japanese"</a>. <i>Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale</i>. <b>37</b> (2). Paris: CRLAO-EHESS: v-158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1960602808X00055">10.1163/1960602808X00055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0153-3320">0153-3320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15508935">15508935</a>. <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a>: hal-00373303<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Proto-Japonic+%2Ae+and+%2Ao+in+Eastern+Old+Japanese&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=v-158&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15508935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0153-3320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1960602808X00055&rft.aulast=Pellard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-00373303%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellard2015" class="citation book cs1">Pellard, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01289257/document"><i>The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu Islands</i></a>. CRLAO. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511151.13">10.1515/9781614511151.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54004881">54004881</a>. <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a>: hal-01289257<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+linguistic+archeology+of+the+Ryukyu+Islands&rft.pub=CRLAO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614511151.13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54004881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pellard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01289257%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Old_Japanese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Old_Japanese">"Recent papers on Eastern Old Japanese"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Recent+papers+on+Eastern+Old+Japanese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2FDocuments%2Fin%2FEastern_Old_Japanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Old+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/160px-Japanese_dialects-en.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/240px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/320px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amami_languages" title="Amami languages">Amami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_dialect_cluster" title="Okinoerabu dialect cluster">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okinawan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miyakoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyakoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Yaeyama_languages" title="Macro-Yaeyama languages">Macro-Yaeyama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Japonic" title="Peninsular Japonic">Peninsular Japonic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamna#Language" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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