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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Origins and traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins and traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-language_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 English-language comics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Belgian_and_European_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Belgian_and_European_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Franco-Belgian and European comics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Belgian_and_European_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Japanese comics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Korean comics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_and_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_and_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Forms and formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_and_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Comics studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-See_also_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 See also lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Academic journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Comics</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokiesverhaal" title="Strokiesverhaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strokiesverhaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉमिक्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="قصص مصورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصص مصورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mic" title="Cómic – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cómic" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda-d%C3%A8ssin%C3%A2" title="Benda-dèssinâ – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Benda-dèssinâ" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B" title="কমিক্‌ছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কমিক্‌ছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mic" title="Cómic – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cómic" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کومیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="কমিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumik" title="Kumik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kumik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang-%C3%A1-%C5%8De" title="Ang-á-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ang-á-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banno%C3%B9-treset" title="Bannoù-treset – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bannoù-treset" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2mic" title="Còmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuretta" title="Figuretta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Figuretta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneserie" title="Tegneserie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegneserie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koomiks" title="Koomiks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koomiks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%82" title="Κόμικς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμικς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historieta" title="Historieta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historieta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildliteraturo" title="Bildliteraturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bildliteraturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiki" title="Komiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کمیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknir%C3%B8%C3%B0" title="Teknirøð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teknirøð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bande dessinée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekenteltsje" title="Tekenteltsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tekenteltsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumut" title="Fumut – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fumut" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greann%C3%A1in" title="Greannáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Greannáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslys-skeeal" title="Caslys-skeeal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caslys-skeeal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear-%C3%A8ibhinn" title="Pàipear-èibhinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear-èibhinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_dese%C3%B1ada" title="Banda deseñada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banda deseñada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AA%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E7%95%AB" title="人骨子頭畫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人骨子頭畫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-fa" title="Man-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Man-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="만화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_dariya" title="Ban dariya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ban dariya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Կոմիքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉमिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegnita_rakonto" title="Desegnita rakonto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Desegnita rakonto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiknimyndasaga" title="Teiknimyndasaga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teiknimyndasaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetto" title="Fumetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fumetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קומיקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומיקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომიქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომიქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondys_delinys" title="Bondys delinys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bondys delinys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibonzo" title="Kibonzo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibonzo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bann_desin%C3%A9" title="Bann desiné – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bann desiné" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio_picta" title="Narratio picta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Narratio picta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komikss" title="Komikss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komikss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiksas" title="Komiksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komiksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripverhaol" title="Stripverhaol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stripverhaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjukoomiksu" title="Sarjukoomiksu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sarjukoomiksu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9preg%C3%A9ny" title="Képregény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képregény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Стрип – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стрип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5" title="ചിത്രകഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിത്രകഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომიქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომიქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="كوميكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوميكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ng-u%C3%A2" title="Mâng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mâng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuontas_an_zenhicos" title="Cuontas an zenhicos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cuontas an zenhicos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripverhaal" title="Stripverhaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stripverhaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कमिक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="कमिक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कमिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="漫画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漫画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilet%C3%A4%C3%A4le" title="Biletääle – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biletääle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneserie" title="Tegneserie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tegneserie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikneserie" title="Teikneserie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teikneserie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornette_en_portraits" title="Sornette en portraits – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sornette en portraits" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda_dessenhada" title="Benda dessenhada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benda dessenhada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੌਮਿਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کومکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کومکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamik" title="Kamik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindes_%C3%A0_dessin" title="Bindes à dessin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bindes à dessin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fum%C3%A8t" title="Fumèt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fumèt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_desenhada" title="Banda desenhada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banda desenhada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%C4%83_desenat%C4%83" title="Bandă desenată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bandă desenată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siq%27isqa_rikchasapa_willakuy" title="Siq'isqa rikchasapa willakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siq'isqa rikchasapa willakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetu" title="Fumetu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fumetu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieldet%C3%A4lster" title="Bieldetälster – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bieldetälster" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripi" title="Stripi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stripi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumettu" title="Fumettu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fumettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%81_%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ھاسيہ رس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھاسيہ رس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کۆمیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Стрип – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стрип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjakuva" title="Sarjakuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarjakuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecknad_serie" title="Tecknad serie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tecknad serie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="வரைகதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரைகதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesfift_n_wunu%C9%A3en" title="Tesfift n wunuɣen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tesfift n wunuɣen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బొమ్మల కథలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొమ్మల కథలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การ์ตูนช่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์ตูนช่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87izgi_roman" title="Çizgi roman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çizgi roman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%97" title="ᨀᨚᨆᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨚᨆᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کامکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کامکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumeto" title="Fumeto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fumeto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" title="Truyện tranh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyện tranh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binde_d%27_im%C3%A5djes" title="Binde d' imådjes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Binde d' imådjes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li 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href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קאמיקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמיקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="漫畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漫畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuom%C4%97ks%C4%81" title="Kuomėksā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuomėksā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comic (disambiguation)">Comic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Comic art" redirects here. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/120px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Comics is a <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">medium</a> used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically takes the form of a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Panel_(comics)" title="Panel (comics)">panels</a> of images. Textual devices such as <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology#Caption" title="Glossary of comics terminology">captions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> can indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. There is no consensus among theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a> are the most common means of image-making in comics. <a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a> is a form that uses photographic images. Common forms include <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">editorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">gag cartoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e#Formats" title="Bande dessinée">comic albums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a> have become increasingly common, along with <a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">webcomics</a> as well as scientific/medical comics.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37980636-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">history of comics</a> has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">United States</a>, western Europe (especially <a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a>. The history of <a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a> is often traced to <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a>'s cartoon strips of the 1830s, while <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz" title="Max and Moritz">Max and Moritz</a> also had a global impact from 1865 on,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American comics</a> emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass medium</a> in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">comic books</a> followed in the 1930s, and the <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> genre became prominent after <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> appeared in 1938. <a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Japanese comics are generally held separate from the evolution of Euro-American comics, and Western comic art probably originated in 17th-century Italy.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Modern Japanese comic strips emerged in the early 20th century, and the output of comic magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era (1945)– with the popularity of cartoonists such as <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>. Comics has had a <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">lowbrow</a> reputation for much of their history, but towards the end of the 20th century, they began to find greater acceptance with the public and academics. The English term comics is used as a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">singular noun</a> when it refers to the medium itself (e.g. "Comics is a visual art form."), but becomes plural when referring to works collectively (e.g. "Comics are popular reading material.").<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> The comics may be further adapted to animations (anime), dramas, TV shows, movies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_traditions">Origins and traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and traditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History of comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">List of comics by country</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of early comics</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manga_Hokusai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manga Hokusai, early 19th century"><img alt="Manga Hokusai, early 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Manga_Hokusai.jpg/189px-Manga_Hokusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Manga_Hokusai.jpg/284px-Manga_Hokusai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Manga_Hokusai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="527" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">Manga</a> <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>, early 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 306.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 304.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Toepffer_Cryptogame_13.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame Rodolphe Töpffer, 1830"><img alt="Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame Rodolphe Töpffer, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Toepffer_Cryptogame_13.png/500px-Toepffer_Cryptogame_13.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Toepffer_Cryptogame_13.png/960px-Toepffer_Cryptogame_13.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="1982" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a>, 1830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_und_Moritz_tinted_21.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Max and Moritz Wilhelm Busch, 1865"><img alt="Max and Moritz Wilhelm Busch, 1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Max_und_Moritz_tinted_21.png/250px-Max_und_Moritz_tinted_21.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Max_und_Moritz_tinted_21.png/330px-Max_und_Moritz_tinted_21.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz" title="Max and Moritz">Max and Moritz</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a>, 1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AllySloper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ally Sloper in Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount Charles Henry Ross, 1867"><img alt="Ally Sloper in Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount Charles Henry Ross, 1867" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/AllySloper.jpg/250px-AllySloper.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/AllySloper.jpg/330px-AllySloper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="899" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ally_Sloper" title="Ally Sloper">Ally Sloper</a> in Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Ross" title="Charles Henry Ross">Charles Henry Ross</a>, 1867</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898"><img alt="The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg/391px-Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg/587px-Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg/783px-Yellow_Kid_1898-01-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="795" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">R. F. Outcault</a>, 1898</div> </li> </ul> The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouch2000-7">[7]</a> Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a> from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a>'s 1890s newspaper strip <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a>, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a> directly influenced <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Dirks" title="Rudolph Dirks">Rudolph Dirks</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Katzenjammer_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Katzenjammer Kids">Katzenjammer Kids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xivBeerbohm2003Sabin2005186Rowland199013-12">[12]</a> Japan has a long history of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a> popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201041Power200924Gravett20049-13">[13]</a> In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler" title="Harry "A" Chesler">Harry "A" Chesler</a> started a comics studio, which eventually at its height employed 40 artists working for 50 different publishers who helped make the comics medium flourish in "the Golden Age of Comics" after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> produced a prolific body of work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouch2000Petersen2010175-15">[15]</a> Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic album</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> in Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> in the English-speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouch2000-7">[7]</a> Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux cave paintings</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xivBarker19896Groensteen2014Grove201059Beaty2012Jobs201298-17">[16]</a> in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> in Rome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xiv-18">[17]</a> the 11th-century Norman <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xivBeaty201261Grove201016,_21,_59-19">[18]</a> the 1370 <a href="/wiki/Bois_Protat" title="Bois Protat">bois Protat</a> woodcut, the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Ars_moriendi" title="Ars moriendi">Ars moriendi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Block_book" title="Block book">block books</a>, Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a> in the Sistine Chapel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xiv-18">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s 18th-century sequential engravings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove201079-20">[19]</a> amongst others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xiv-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:8510px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theorists debate whether the Bayeux Tapestry is a precursor to comics."><img alt="An extremely long embroidered cloth depicting events leading to the Norman conquest of England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg/8500px-Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg" decoding="async" width="8500" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg/12750px-Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg/17000px-Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapisserie_de_Bayeux_31109.jpg" title="File:Tapisserie de Bayeux 31109.jpg"> </a></div>Theorists debate whether the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> is a precursor to comics.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language_comics">English-language comics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English-language comics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_(BM_1902,1011.9702).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg/300px-An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg/450px-An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg/600px-An_angry_snarl_between_friendly_relations_%28BM_1902%2C1011.9702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>"An angry snarl between friendly relations" - Satirical print on the politics around the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Affair">Caroline Affair</a> (1840–1841)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_(1904)_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg/180px-Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg/270px-Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg/360px-Ambigrams_by_Gustave_Verbeek_%281904%29_-_comics_The_Upside_Downs_of_Little_Lady_Lovekins_and_Old_Man_Muffaroo_-_At_the_house_of_the_writing_pig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1166" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">At the house of the writing pig.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo, comics by Gustave Verbeek containing <a href="/wiki/Reversible_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversible figure">reversible figures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">ambigram</a> sentences (March 1904).</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comic book</a></div> Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Looking_Glass" title="The Glasgow Looking Glass">The Glasgow Looking Glass</a> in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The most popular was <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkClark199117-24">[22]</a> which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200177-25">[23]</a> On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkClark199117-24">[22]</a> the character <a href="/wiki/Ally_Sloper" title="Ally Sloper">Ally Sloper</a> featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeskinCook2012xxii-26">[24]</a> American comics developed out of such magazines as <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/New_York_American" class="mw-redirect" title="New York American">New York American</a>, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday strips</a> were full-page<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordling1995123-27">[25]</a> and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200235-28">[26]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Verbeek" title="Gustave Verbeek">Gustave Verbeek</a>, who wrote his comic series "The UpsideDowns of Old Man Muffaroo and Little Lady Lovekins" between 1903 and 1905. These comics were made in such a way that one could read the 6-panel comic, flip the book and keep reading. He made 64 such comics in total. In 2012, a remake of a selection of the comics was made by Marcus Ivarsson in the book 'In Uppåner med Lilla Lisen & Gamle Muppen'. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7089-524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7089-524-1">978-91-7089-524-1</a>) <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff (1907–1982) was the first successful daily comic strip (1907)."><img alt="Five-panel comic strip." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg/960px-Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg/1200px-Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="544" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._A._Mutt_Starts_in_to_Play_the_Races_1907.jpg" title="File:Mr. A. Mutt Starts in to Play the Races 1907.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bud_Fisher" title="Bud Fisher">Bud Fisher</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff" title="Mutt and Jeff">Mutt and Jeff</a> (1907–1982) was the first successful daily comic strip (1907).</div></div></div> Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of <a href="/wiki/Bud_Fisher" title="Bud Fisher">Bud Fisher</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff" title="Mutt and Jeff">Mutt and Jeff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199411-29">[27]</a> In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Press" title="Amalgamated Press">Amalgamated Press</a> established a popular style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chips" title="Illustrated Chips">Illustrated Chips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comic_Cuts" title="Comic Cuts">Comic Cuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramlettCookMeskin201645-30">[28]</a> Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199411-29">[27]</a> Thin periodicals called <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">comic books</a> appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoades20082-31">[29]</a> The success in 1938 of <a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a> and its lead hero <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age of Comic Books</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">superhero genre</a> was prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoades2008x-32">[30]</a> In the UK and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DC_Thomson" title="DC Thomson">DC Thomson</a>-created <a href="/wiki/The_Dandy" title="The Dandy">Dandy</a> (1937) and <a href="/wiki/The_Beano" title="The Beano">Beano</a> (1938) became successful humor-based titles, with a combined circulation of over 2 million copies by the 1950s. Their characters, including "<a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis the Menace (UK)">Dennis the Menace</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Desperate_Dan" title="Desperate Dan">Desperate Dan</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Bash_Street_Kids" title="The Bash Street Kids">The Bash Street Kids</a>" have been read by generations of British children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChildsStorry2013532-33">[31]</a> The comics originally experimented with superheroes and action stories before settling on humorous strips featuring a mix of the Amalgamated Press and US comic book styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramlettCookMeskin201646-34">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WonderworldComics3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WonderworldComics3.jpg/250px-WonderworldComics3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WonderworldComics3.jpg/330px-WonderworldComics3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/WonderworldComics3.jpg/500px-WonderworldComics3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superheroes</a> have been a staple of <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comic books</a> (Wonderworld Comics <abbr title="Number">#</abbr>3, 1939; cover: <a href="/wiki/Flame_(comics)" title="Flame (comics)">The Flame</a> by <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>).</figcaption></figure> The popularity of superhero comic books declined in the years following World War II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201051-35">[33]</a> while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as <a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">westerns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">horror</a>, and humour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201049-36">[34]</a> Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Juvenile_Delinquency" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency">Senate hearings</a> that led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a> self-censoring body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201049–50-37">[35]</a> The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201050-38">[36]</a> Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201052–55-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground comix</a> challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet201066-40">[38]</a> The underground gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">alternative comics</a> movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield200520,_26Lopes2009123Rhoades2008140-41">[39]</a> Comics in the US has had a <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">lowbrow</a> reputation stemming from its roots in <a href="/wiki/Mass_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass culture">mass culture</a>; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopes2009xx–xxi-42">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a>—book-length comics—began to gain attention after <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a> popularized the term with his book <a href="/wiki/A_Contract_with_God" title="A Contract with God">A Contract with God</a> (1978).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010222-43">[41]</a> The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of <a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a> in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2008172Sabin1993246Stringer1996262AhrensMeteling20101WilliamsLyons20107-44">[42]</a> In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010210–211-45">[43]</a> and libraries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopes2009151–152-46">[44]</a> and webcomics became common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorne2010209-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Belgian_and_European_comics">Franco-Belgian and European comics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Franco-Belgian and European comics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a></div> The francophone Swiss <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a> produced comic strips beginning in 1827,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabilliet2010xiv-18">[17]</a> and published theories behind the form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2010-48">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch" title="Wilhelm Busch">Wilhelm Busch</a> first published his <a href="/wiki/Max_and_Moritz" title="Max and Moritz">Max and Moritz</a> in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefèvre2010186-50">[48]</a> The success of <a href="/wiki/Zig_et_Puce" title="Zig et Puce">Zig et Puce</a> in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVessels201045Miller200717-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a>, with its signature <a href="/wiki/Ligne_claire" title="Ligne claire">clear line</a> style,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech200527Miller200718-52">[50]</a> was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200717-53">[51]</a> and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheobald200482Screech200548McKinney20113-54">[52]</a> Following the success of <a href="/wiki/Le_Journal_de_Mickey" title="Le Journal de Mickey">Le Journal de Mickey</a> (est. 1934),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove200576–78-55">[53]</a> dedicated comics magazines<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010214–215Lefèvre2010186-56">[54]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Spirou_(magazine)" title="Spirou (magazine)">Spirou</a> (est. 1938) and <a href="/wiki/Tintin_(magazine)" title="Tintin (magazine)">Tintin</a> (1946–1993), and full-colour comic albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010214–215-57">[55]</a> As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis",<a href="#cite_note-59">[c]</a> and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove200545–46-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[d]</a> In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove200551-62">[58]</a> Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998116Lefèvre2010186-63">[59]</a> and the term "Ninth Art"<a href="#cite_note-64">[e]</a> was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200723-65">[60]</a> A group including <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goscinny" title="René Goscinny">René Goscinny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Uderzo" title="Albert Uderzo">Albert Uderzo</a> founded the magazine <a href="/wiki/Pilote" title="Pilote">Pilote</a> in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">The Adventures of Asterix</a> appeared in it<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200721-66">[61]</a> and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScreech2005204-67">[62]</a> From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking <a href="/wiki/Hara-Kiri_(magazine)" title="Hara-Kiri (magazine)">Hara-Kiri</a> defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 events</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200722-68">[63]</a> Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_des_savanes" title="L'Écho des savanes">L'Écho des savanes</a> in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Mœbius</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_hurlant" class="mw-redirect" title="Métal hurlant">Métal hurlant</a>, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format <a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">adult comics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200725–28-69">[64]</a> From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200733–34-70">[65]</a> Smaller publishers such as <a href="/wiki/L%27Association" title="L'Association">L'Association</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaty20079-71">[66]</a> that published longer works<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefèvre2010189–190-72">[67]</a> in non-traditional formats<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove2005153-73">[68]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Auteur_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur theory">auteur</a>-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200749–53-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_comics">Japanese comics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese comics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History of manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/250px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/330px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg/500px-Tagosaku_to_Mokube_no_Tokyo_Kenbutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Kitazawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Kitazawa">Rakuten Kitazawa</a> created the first modern Japanese comic strip. (Tagosaku to Mokube no Tōkyō Kenbutsu,<a href="#cite_note-75">[f]</a> 1902)</figcaption></figure> Japanese comics and cartooning (<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>),<a href="#cite_note-79">[g]</a> have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga" title="Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga">Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga</a>, 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Toba-e" title="Toba-e">toba-e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiby%C5%8Dshi" title="Kibyōshi">kibyōshi</a> picture books,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199622-80">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock prints</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield2009253-81">[74]</a> and sound effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201042-82">[75]</a> Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods201021–22-83">[76]</a> as well as some American comic strips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199622-80">[73]</a> 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods201022-78">[72]</a> and where, in 1902, <a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Kitazawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Kitazawa">Rakuten Kitazawa</a> began the first modern Japanese comic strip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010128Gravett200421-84">[77]</a> By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199622Johnson-Woods201023–24-85">[78]</a> The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200424-86">[79]</a> and the comic strip <a href="/wiki/Sazae-san" title="Sazae-san">Sazae-san</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacWilliams20083HashimotoTraphagan200821Sugimoto2010255Gravett20048-87">[80]</a> Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may contain over a dozen stories;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199623Gravett200413–14-88">[81]</a> they are later compiled in <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a>-format books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200414-89">[82]</a> At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner200713Lopes2009152Raz1999162Jenkins2004121-90">[83]</a> Translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2010158-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_comics">Korean comics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Korean comics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></div> Manhwa ( 만화 ) refers to Korean comics and print cartoons, with the term often used internationally to designate comics originating in Korea. While manhwa shares cultural and linguistic roots with Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>, it has developed a unique identity influenced by Korea’s historical, cultural, and artistic landscape. Modern manhwa has gained global popularity, partly due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Webtoon_(platform)" title="Webtoon (platform)">webtoons</a>—digitally formatted comics designed for scrolling on mobile devices. This success has contributed to adaptations into movies, dramas, and television series. The concept of manhwa emerged under the influence of Japanese manga during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 20th century. Manga’s established presence in Japan during this period strongly shaped the foundational styles and formats of Korean comics. As <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> transitioned into independence, manhwa evolved into a distinct medium, balancing the artistic influences of its neighbors with traditional Korean aesthetics and storytelling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_and_formats">Forms and formats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forms and formats">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strips</a> are generally short, multipanel comics that have, since the early 20th century, most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday strips</a> have been given multiple tiers. Since the early 20th century, daily newspaper comic strips have typically been printed in black-and-white and Sunday comics have usually been printed in colour and have often occupied a full newspaper page.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker2014xxvi–xxvii-92">[85]</a> Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic books</a>, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200811Collins2010227-93">[86]</a> usually published in colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200810-94">[87]</a> European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods201022-78">[72]</a> and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199623Orr200810-95">[88]</a> Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchodt199623-96">[89]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A comparison of book formats for comics around the world. The left group is from Japan and shows the tankōbon and the smaller bunkobon formats. Those in the middle group of Franco-Belgian comics are in the standard A4-size comic album format. The right group of graphic novels is from English-speaking countries, where there is no standard format."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg/960px-Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg/1200px-Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="1004" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg" title="File:Comics volumes - international comparison.jpg"> </a></div>A comparison of book formats for comics around the world. The left group is from Japan and shows the <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a> and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Bunkobon" title="Bunkobon">bunkobon</a> formats. Those in the middle group of <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a> are in the standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_216#A4_series" title="ISO 216">A4-size</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic album</a> format. The right group of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a> is from English-speaking countries, where there is no standard format.</div></div></div> Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European <a href="/wiki/Comic_albums" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic albums">comic albums</a> are most commonly colour volumes printed at <a href="/wiki/ISO_216#A4_series" title="ISO 216">A4-size</a>, a larger page size than used in many other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove201024McKinney2011-97">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010214–215-57">[55]</a> In English-speaking countries, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperback</a> format originating from collected comic books have also been chosen for original material. Otherwise, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200516KarpKress20114–6-98">[91]</a> Japanese comics are collected in volumes called <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a> following magazine serialization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoitras200166–67-99">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200176-100">[93]</a> Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheets</a> published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"<a href="#cite_note-101">[h]</a> was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200177-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomics</a> are comics that are available on the internet, first being published the 1980s. They are able to potentially reach large audiences, and new readers can often access archives of previous installments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010234–236-102">[94]</a> Webcomics can make use of an <a href="/wiki/Infinite_canvas" title="Infinite canvas">infinite canvas</a>, meaning they are not constrained by the size or dimensions of a printed comics page.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2010234McCloud2000222-103">[95]</a> Some consider <a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboards</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoades200838-104">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wordless_novel" title="Wordless novel">wordless novels</a> to be comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeronä2008225-105">[97]</a> Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoades200838-104">[96]</a> Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1977181-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics_studies">Comics studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comics studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a>, 2001<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200176-100">[93]</a></cite></div> </div> Similar to the problems of defining literature and film,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012128–129-107">[99]</a> no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012124-108">[100]</a> and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012126-109">[101]</a> Theorists such as Töpffer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010158-110">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaty201265-111">[103]</a> David Carrier,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012126,_131-112">[104]</a> Alain Rey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012124-108">[100]</a> and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove201017–19-113">[105]</a> though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012126-109">[101]</a> Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove201017–19-113">[105]</a> and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2010157,_170-114">[106]</a> Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a112–113-115">[107]</a> European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2007101-116">[108]</a> Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a112-117">[109]</a> In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics page as a semantic unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a113-118">[110]</a> By the 1990s, theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Peeters" title="Benoît Peeters">Benoît Peeters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Groensteen" title="Thierry Groensteen">Thierry Groensteen</a> turned attention to artists' <a href="/wiki/Poiesis" title="Poiesis">poïetic</a> creative choices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a112-117">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Smolderen" title="Thierry Smolderen">Thierry Smolderen</a> and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a112–113-115">[107]</a> French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a113-118">[110]</a> In the mid-2000s, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Cohn" title="Neil Cohn">Neil Cohn</a> began analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn2013-119">[111]</a> Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrate deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart201428–29-120">[112]</a> The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi<a href="#cite_note-121">[i]</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods201023Stewart201429-122">[113]</a> Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication of Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,<a href="#cite_note-124">[j]</a> which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200096–97-123">[114]</a> Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",<a href="#cite_note-126">[k]</a> with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella2000100-125">[115]</a> Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:日本マンガ学会">ja</a>)<a href="#cite_note-127">[l]</a> was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorita201037–38-128">[116]</a> The publication of <a href="/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manga!_Manga!_The_World_of_Japanese_Comics" title="Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics">Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</a> in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart201430-129">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_Eisner_(San_Diego_Comic_Con,_2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elderly bald man wearing glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/250px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/330px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged man seated behind a table, facing the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG/134px-Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG/201px-Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG/268px-Scott_McCloud.Making_Comics_Tour.RISD.gk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Scott_McCloud" title="Scott McCloud">Scott McCloud</a> (right) have proposed influential and controversial definitions of comics.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Coulton_Waugh" title="Coulton Waugh">Coulton Waugh</a> attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInge1989214-130">[118]</a> Will Eisner's <a href="/wiki/Comics_and_Sequential_Art" title="Comics and Sequential Art">Comics and Sequential Art</a> (1985) and <a href="/wiki/Scott_McCloud" title="Scott McCloud">Scott McCloud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Understanding_Comics" title="Understanding Comics">Understanding Comics</a> (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeskinCook2012xxix-131">[119]</a> Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "<a href="/wiki/Sequential_art" title="Sequential art">sequential art</a>" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuan2011Eisner19855-132">[120]</a> Scott McCloud defined comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovacsMarshall201110Holbo201213Harvey20101Beaty20126McCloud19939-133">[121]</a> a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaty201267-134">[122]</a> R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChute20107Harvey200176-135">[123]</a> Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey20101-136">[124]</a> and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012a113-118">[110]</a> Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaty201265-111">[103]</a> Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorita201033-137">[125]</a> The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012130Morita201033-138">[126]</a> which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012130-139">[127]</a> The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods2010336-140">[128]</a> and caricature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorita201033-137">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div> The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an <a href="/wiki/Uncountable_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncountable noun">uncountable noun</a> and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman20128ChuteDeKoven2012175Fingeroth20084-141">[129]</a> Panels are individual images containing a segment of action,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-142">[130]</a> often surrounded by a border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198528,_45-143">[131]</a> Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200910-144">[132]</a> The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009316-145">[133]</a> The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198530-146">[134]</a> The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315KarpKress201112–13-147">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A comics panel. In the top left, a caption with a yellow background reads, "Suddenly the street is filled with angry people!" In the main panel, anthropomorphic characters crowd a sidewalk. A monkey, standing to the left on the road beside the curb, says, "Gosh! Where'd all these people come from?" An overweight male on the sidewalk in the middle facing right says to a police officer, "Hey! My watch disappeared from my parlor!" A female near the bottom right, says to a male in the bottom right corner, "My necklace! It's gone from the table!!"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/220px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/330px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/440px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A caption (the yellow box) gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue appears in <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloons</a>. The tail of the balloon indicates the speaker.</figcaption></figure> Text is frequently incorporated into comics via <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloons</a>, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Thought_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought balloon">thought balloons</a>), with tails pointing at their respective speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815Markstein2010Eisner1985157Dawson2010112Saraceni20039-148">[136]</a> Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815LygaLyga2004-149">[137]</a> or indicate place or time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraceni20039KarpKress201118-150">[138]</a> Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForcevilleVealeFeyaerts201056-151">[139]</a> Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> sound-words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009156,_318-152">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartooning">Cartooning</a> is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">dip pens</a> or ink brushes;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145Rhoades2008139-153">[141]</a> mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Motion_lines" title="Motion lines">motion lines</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramlett201225Guigar2010126Cates201098-154">[142]</a> and abstract symbols are often employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200521KarpKress201113–14-155">[143]</a> While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate <a href="/wiki/Comics_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics writer">writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">artists</a>, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Nale2010384-156">[144]</a> Particularly in American superhero comic books,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETondro201151-157">[145]</a> the art may be divided between a <a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">penciller</a>, who lays out the artwork in pencil;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161-158">[146]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">inker</a>, who finishes the artwork in ink;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145-159">[147]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">colourist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-160">[148]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">letterer</a>, who adds the captions and speech balloons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163-161">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The English-language term comics derives from the humorous (or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comic" class="extiw" title="wikt:comic">comic</a>") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, but usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The alternate spelling comix – coined by the <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> movement – is sometimes used to address such ambiguities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez_RomeroDahlman2012-162">[150]</a> The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history since they are most often not humorous and are periodicals, not regular books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroensteen2012p._131_(translator's_note)-163">[151]</a> It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinney2011xiii-164">[152]</a> Many cultures have taken their word for comics from English, including Russian (комикс, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_comics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian comics (page does not exist)">komiks</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaniz20107-165">[153]</a> and German (<a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Comic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2003-166">[154]</a> Similarly, the Chinese term <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200211Cooper-Chen2010177-167">[155]</a> and the Korean <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods2010301-168">[156]</a> derive from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> with which the Japanese term manga is written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2010177Thompson2007xiii-169">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">Picture book</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also_lists">See also lists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also lists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">List of best-selling comic series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">List of best-selling manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">List of comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">List of comics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">List of comics creators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">List of comics publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_strip_syndicates" title="List of comic strip syndicates">List of comic strip syndicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">List of Franco-Belgian comics series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">List of newspaper comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists of manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">List of manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">List of manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">List of manga publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">List of years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">List of manhwa</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> tankōbon (単行本, translation close to "independently appearing book") </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> David Kunzle has compiled extensive collections of these and other proto-comics in his The Early Comic Strip (1973) and The History of the Comic Strip (1990).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaty201262-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: "... aucune ne supporte une analyse un peu serieuse." – Jacqueline & Raoul Dubois in La Presse enfantine française (Midol, 1957)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove200546-58">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: "C'est le sabotage de tout art et de toute littérature." – Jean de Trignon in Histoires de la littérature enfantine de ma Mère l'Oye au Roi Babar (<a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>, 1950)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove200546-58">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: neuvième art </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Tagosaku and Mokube Sightseeing in Tokyo (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 田吾作と杢兵衛の東京見物, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "Manga" (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 漫画) can be <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossed</a> in many ways, amongst them "whimsical pictures", "disreputable pictures",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarpKress201119-76">[70]</a> "irresponsible pictures",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett20049-77">[71]</a> "derisory pictures", and "sketches made for or out of a sudden inspiration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods201022-78">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cartoon" class="extiw" title="wikt:cartoon">cartoon</a>": from the Italian cartone, meaning "card", which referred to the cardboard on which the cartoons were typically drawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200177-25">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosokibara1924" class="citation book cs1">Hosokibara, Seiki (1924). 日本漫画史 [Japanese Comics History]. Yuzankaku.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=Yuzankaku&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Hosokibara&rft.aufirst=Seiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKure1986" class="citation book cs1">Kure, Tomofusa (1986). 現代漫画の全体像 [Modern Manga: The Complete Picture]. Joho Center Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-575-71090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-575-71090-8"><bdi>978-4-575-71090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E5%83%8F&rft.pub=Joho+Center+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-4-575-71090-8&rft.aulast=Kure&rft.aufirst=Tomofusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella200096–97-123">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> "Manga expression theory" (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 漫画表現論, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: manga hyōgenron)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsella2000100-125">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 日本マンガ学会, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Nihon Manga Gakkai) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid37980636-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37980636_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLombardoNairzBoehm2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lombardo P, Nairz K, Boehm I (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10657911">"Why mild contrast medium-induced reactions are sometimes over-treated and moderate/severe reactions of internal organs are undertreated: a summary based on RadioComics"</a>. Insights Imaging. 14 (1): 196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13244-023-01554-y">10.1186/s13244-023-01554-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10657911">10657911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37980636">37980636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insights+Imaging&rft.atitle=Why+mild+contrast+medium-induced+reactions+are+sometimes+over-treated+and+moderate%2Fsevere+reactions+of+internal+organs+are+undertreated%3A+a+summary+based+on+RadioComics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=196&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10657911%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37980636&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13244-023-01554-y&rft.aulast=Lombardo&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Nairz%2C+K&rft.au=Boehm%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10657911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegermanprofessor.com/max-und-moritz/">"8 Things about Max und Moritz"</a>. 30 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Things+about+Max+und+Moritz&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegermanprofessor.com%2Fmax-und-moritz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/max-and-moritz-how-germanys-naughtiest-boys-rose-to-global-fame/a-18808584">"Max and Moritz: How Germany's naughtiest boys rose to fame – DW – 10/27/2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Max+and+Moritz%3A+How+Germany%27s+naughtiest+boys+rose+to+fame+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+10%2F27%2F2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmax-and-moritz-how-germanys-naughtiest-boys-rose-to-global-fame%2Fa-18808584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdooractive.com/en/story/harz/the-original-story-of-max-and-moritz/28754663/">"The original story of Max and Moritz"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+original+story+of+Max+and+Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooractive.com%2Fen%2Fstory%2Fharz%2Fthe-original-story-of-max-and-moritz%2F28754663%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toonsmag.com/max-and-moritz/">"Max and Moritz: A Tale of Mischief and Influence - 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<a href="#CITEREFCooper-Chen2010">Cooper-Chen 2010</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods2010301-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Woods2010301_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010">Johnson-Woods 2010</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2010177Thompson2007xiii-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper-Chen2010177Thompson2007xiii_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper-Chen2010">Cooper-Chen 2010</a>, p. 177; <a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. xiii. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhrensMeteling2010" class="citation book cs1">Ahrens, Jörn; Meteling, Arno (2010). Comics and the City: Urban Space in Print, Picture, and Sequence. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4019-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-4019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+and+the+City%3A+Urban+Space+in+Print%2C+Picture%2C+and+Sequence&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4019-8&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Meteling%2C+Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlaniz2010" class="citation book cs1">Alaniz, José (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9oq_c5M_gQC">Komiks: Comic Art in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-366-2"><bdi>978-1-60473-366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Komiks%3A+Comic+Art+in+Russia&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-366-2&rft.aulast=Alaniz&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9oq_c5M_gQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker1989" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Martin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DG8AAAAIAAJ">Comics: Ideology, Power, and the Critics</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2589-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-2589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics%3A+Ideology%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Critics&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2589-1&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DG8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaty2007" class="citation book cs1">Beaty, Bart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXgwiPyLEpkC">Unpopular Culture: Transforming the European Comic Book in The 1990s</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9412-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-9412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpopular+Culture%3A+Transforming+the+European+Comic+Book+in+The+1990s&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9412-4&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXgwiPyLEpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaty2012" class="citation book cs1">Beaty, Bart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuotcKAeM5YC">Comics Versus Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9627-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-9627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+Versus+Art&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9627-3&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuotcKAeM5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeronä2008" class="citation book cs1">Beronä, David A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVh2QgAACAAJ">Wordless Books: The Original Graphic Novels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-9469-0"><bdi>978-0-8109-9469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wordless+Books%3A+The+Original+Graphic+Novels&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-9469-0&rft.aulast=Beron%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVh2QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooker2014" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ">"Introduction"</a>. Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. xxv–xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39751-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39751-6"><bdi>978-0-313-39751-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Comics+through+Time%3A+A+History+of+Icons%2C+Idols%2C+and+Ideas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxvii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39751-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnuQBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Frank (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6MvTeifzWEC">Linguistics and the Study of Comics</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36282-6"><bdi>978-0-230-36282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+and+the+Study+of+Comics&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36282-6&rft.aulast=Bramlett&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6MvTeifzWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBramlettCookMeskin2016" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Frank; Cook, Roy; Meskin, Aaron, eds. (2016). The Routledge Companion to Comics. Routledge. pp. 45–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91538-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91538-6"><bdi>978-1-317-91538-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Comics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91538-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2007" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Robin E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uY8700WJy_gC">Understanding Manga and Anime</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-09448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-09448-4"><bdi>978-0-313-09448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Manga+and+Anime&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-09448-4&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Robin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuY8700WJy_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCates2010" class="citation book cs1">Cates, Isaac (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrFmPKlv61sC&pg=PA90">"Comic and the Grammar of Diagrams"</a>. In Ball, David M.; Kuhlman, Martha B. (eds.). The Comics of Chris Ware: Drawing Is a Way of Thinking. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. pp. 90–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-442-3"><bdi>978-1-60473-442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comic+and+the+Grammar+of+Diagrams&rft.btitle=The+Comics+of+Chris+Ware%3A+Drawing+Is+a+Way+of+Thinking&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-442-3&rft.aulast=Cates&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrFmPKlv61sC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Robyn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kEJeAbskloC">Drawing Comics Lab: 52 Exercises on Characters, Panels, Storytelling, Publishing & Professional Practices</a>. Quarry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-629-0"><bdi>978-1-61058-629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Comics+Lab%3A+52+Exercises+on+Characters%2C+Panels%2C+Storytelling%2C+Publishing+%26+Professional+Practices&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61058-629-0&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kEJeAbskloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChildsStorry2013" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (2013). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Routledge. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75555-4"><bdi>978-1-134-75555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+British+Culture&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75555-4&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Storry%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChute2010" class="citation book cs1">Chute, Hillary L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Xc6QdyrQLAC">Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15062-0"><bdi>978-0-231-15062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Women%3A+Life+Narrative+and+Contemporary+Comics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15062-0&rft.aulast=Chute&rft.aufirst=Hillary+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Xc6QdyrQLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChuteDeKoven2012" class="citation book cs1">Chute, Hillary; DeKoven, Marianne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBOgyekqWLwC&pg=PA175">"Comic books and graphic novels"</a>. In Glover, David; McCracken, Scott (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 175–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51337-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comic+books+and+graphic+novels&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Popular+Fiction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51337-1&rft.aulast=Chute&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft.au=DeKoven%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBOgyekqWLwC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkClark1991" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Alan; Clark, Laurel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pMiOdqPECQC">Comics: An Illustrated History</a>. Green Wood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872532-55-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872532-55-4"><bdi>978-1-872532-55-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Green+Wood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-872532-55-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Clark%2C+Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pMiOdqPECQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohn2013" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Neil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVABAQAAQBAJ&q=the+visual+language+of+comics">The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images</a>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8145-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-8145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Language+of+Comics%3A+Introduction+to+the+Structure+and+Cognition+of+Sequential+Images&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8145-9&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVABAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bvisual%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bcomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Rachel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo-QYdfL9DoC&pg=PA226">"Drawing Comics into Canadian Libraries"</a>. 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Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 226–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5693-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drawing+Comics+into+Canadian+Libraries&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+and+Comics+in+Libraries+and+Archives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5693-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXo-QYdfL9DoC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper-Chen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cooper-Chen, Anne M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=duL8WZh9xjQC&pg=PA177">Cartoon Cultures: The Globalization of Japanese Popular Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0368-1"><bdi>978-1-4331-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartoon+Cultures%3A+The+Globalization+of+Japanese+Popular+Media&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0368-1&rft.aulast=Cooper-Chen&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduL8WZh9xjQC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrespi2020" class="citation book cs1">Crespi, John (2020). Manhua Modernity: Chinese Culture and the Pictorial Turn. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97386-2"><bdi>978-0-520-97386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhua+Modernity%3A+Chinese+Culture+and+the+Pictorial+Turn&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97386-2&rft.aulast=Crespi&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Willow (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lilaeccosdoityou0000daws">Lila & Ecco's Do-It-Yourself Comics Club</a>. Kids Can Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55453-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55453-438-8"><bdi>978-1-55453-438-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lila+%26+Ecco%27s+Do-It-Yourself+Comics+Club&rft.pub=Kids+Can+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55453-438-8&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Willow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flilaeccosdoityou0000daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncanSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J (2009). The Power of Comics. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-2936-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Comics&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2936-0&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matthew+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisner1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Eisner, Will</a> (1985). Comics and Sequential Art. Poorhouse Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9614728-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+and+Sequential+Art&rft.pub=Poorhouse+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-9614728-0-1&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFingeroth2008" class="citation book cs1">Fingeroth, Danny (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naIjAQAAIAAJ">The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-993-3"><bdi>978-1-84353-993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Graphic+Novels&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-993-3&rft.aulast=Fingeroth&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnaIjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForcevilleVealeFeyaerts2010" class="citation book cs1">Forceville, Charles; Veale, Tony; Feyaerts, Kurt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yXWG0efa_8C">"Balloonics: The Visuals of Balloons in Comics"</a>. 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The Rise and Reason of Comics and Graphic Literature: Critical Essays on the Form. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4294-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-4294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balloonics%3A+The+Visuals+of+Balloons+in+Comics&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Reason+of+Comics+and+Graphic+Literature%3A+Critical+Essays+on+the+Form&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4294-2&rft.aulast=Forceville&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Veale%2C+Tony&rft.au=Feyaerts%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yXWG0efa_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabilliet2010" class="citation book cs1">Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1t8g_yX1wcC">Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books</a>. translated from French by Bart Beaty and Nick Nguyen. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-267-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-267-2"><bdi>978-1-60473-267-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Comics+and+Men%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+American+Comic+Books&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-267-2&rft.aulast=Gabilliet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1t8g_yX1wcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Francisca (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsnow00fran">Graphic Novels Now: Building, Managing, And Marketing a Dynamic Collection</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0904-1"><bdi>978-0-8389-0904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+Now%3A+Building%2C+Managing%2C+And+Marketing+a+Dynamic+Collection&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-0904-1&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Francisca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicnovelsnow00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Ian (2002). Comic Strips and Consumer Culture. Smithsonian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-031-3"><bdi>978-1-58834-031-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comic+Strips+and+Consumer+Culture&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-031-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravett2004" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgdjrS-lYwQC">Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics</a>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-391-2"><bdi>978-1-85669-391-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+60+Years+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-391-2&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgdjrS-lYwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroensteen2012" class="citation book cs1">Groensteen, Thierry (2012) [Originally published in French in 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjzAZtoxfx8C">"The Impossible Definition"</a>. In Heer, Jeet; Worcester, Kent (eds.). A Comics Studies Reader. translated by Bart Beaty. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. pp. 124–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-109-5"><bdi>978-1-60473-109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impossible+Definition&rft.btitle=A+Comics+Studies+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-109-5&rft.aulast=Groensteen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjzAZtoxfx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroensteen2014" class="citation book cs1">Groensteen, Thierry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9yFBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">"Definitions"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller_(comics_scholar)" title="Ann Miller (comics scholar)">Miller, Ann</a>; Beaty, Bart (eds.). The French Comics Theory Reader. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. pp. 93–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-988-8"><bdi>978-90-5867-988-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions&rft.btitle=The+French+Comics+Theory+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-988-8&rft.aulast=Groensteen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9yFBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrove2005" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Laurence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQWmlJPHyeoC">Text/Image Mosaics in French Culture: Emblems and Comic Strips</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3488-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3488-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3488-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text%2FImage+Mosaics+in+French+Culture%3A+Emblems+and+Comic+Strips&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3488-1&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQWmlJPHyeoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrove2010" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Laurence (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0AzqTDBdHYC">Comics in French: The European Bande Dessinée in Context</a>. 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Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25406-2"><bdi>978-0-313-25406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25406-2&rft.aulast=Inge&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofameric01inge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Henry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FRbkkzsEC">"Pop Cosmopolitanism: Mapping Cultural Flows in an Age of Media Convergence"</a>. 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Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-443-4"><bdi>978-1-59213-443-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+Respect%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+American+Comic+Book&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-443-4&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYInVE6OLiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLefèvre2010" class="citation book cs1">Lefèvre, Pascal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkJ0QJrEZ8C">"European Comics"</a>. In Booker, M. Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels: [Two Volumes]. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 185–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35747-3"><bdi>978-0-313-35747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Comics&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Comic+Books+and+Graphic+Novels%3A+%5BTwo+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35747-3&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8vre&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbkJ0QJrEZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLygaLyga2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyson_Lyga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyson Lyga (page does not exist)">Lyga, Allyson A.W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyga" title="Barry Lyga">Lyga, Barry</a> (2004). 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Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-142-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-142-0"><bdi>978-1-59158-142-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+in+Your+Media+Center%3A+A+Definitive+Guide&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-142-0&rft.aulast=Lyga&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.W.&rft.au=Lyga%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">MacWilliams, Mark Wheeler (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eFnjcvxul4C">Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime</a>. M.E. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KLzSI5V5-h8C&pg=PA13">The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3464-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-3464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Comics%3A+A+Philosophical+Approach&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3464-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKLzSI5V5-h8C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller_(comics_scholar)" title="Ann Miller (comics scholar)">Miller, Ann</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=getDruRAaqgC&pg=PA116">"Comic Strips/Cartoonists"</a>. In Hughes, Alex; Reader, Keith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000unse_c6w0/page/116">Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000unse_c6w0/page/116">116–119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13186-5"><bdi>978-0-415-13186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comic+Strips%2FCartoonists&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+French+Culture&rft.pages=116-119&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13186-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgetDruRAaqgC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Ann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5KY_CdALWkC">Reading Bande Dessinée: Critical Approaches to French-language Comic Strip</a>. 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Comics worlds & the world of comics : towards scholarship on a global scale. Global Manga Studies. Vol. 1. International Manga Research Center, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Seika_University" title="Kyoto Seika University">Kyoto Seika University</a>. pp. 31–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-905187-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-905187-03-5"><bdi>978-4-905187-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Recognition+of+Comics+and+Comics+Studies%3A+Comments+on+Thierry+Groensteen%27s+Keynote+Lecture&rft.btitle=Comics+worlds+%26+the+world+of+comics+%3A+towards+scholarship+on+a+global+scale&rft.series=Global+Manga+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=International+Manga+Research+Center%2C+Kyoto+Seika+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-905187-03-5&rft.aulast=Morita&rft.aufirst=Naoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordling1995" class="citation book cs1">Nordling, Lee (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BPuqsfKBGoC">Your Career in the Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing" title="Andrews McMeel Publishing">Andrews McMeel Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8362-0748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8362-0748-4"><bdi>978-0-8362-0748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Career+in+the+Comics&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8362-0748-4&rft.aulast=Nordling&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BPuqsfKBGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Nale2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Nale, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkJ0QJrEZ8C">"Manga"</a>. 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Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-53-2"><bdi>978-1-880656-53-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Essentials%3A+Every+Thing+a+Fan+Needs+to+Know&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-53-2&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQ7JqkWjPNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPower2009" class="citation book cs1">Power, Natsu Onoda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC">God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-478-2"><bdi>978-1-60473-478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Comics%3A+Osamu+Tezuka+and+the+Creation+of+Post-World+War+II+Manga&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-478-2&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Natsu+Onoda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvaR1-9HE7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaz1999" class="citation book cs1">Raz, Aviad E. 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Adult Comics: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04419-6"><bdi>978-0-415-04419-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Comics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04419-6&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabin2005" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIdlzWpm7tQC">"Some Observations on BD in the US"</a>. In Forsdick, Charles; Grove, Laurence; McQuillan, Libbie (eds.). The Francophone Bande Dessinée. <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. pp. 175–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1776-4"><bdi>978-90-420-1776-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+BD+in+the+US&rft.btitle=The+Francophone+Bande+Dessin%C3%A9e&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1776-4&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIdlzWpm7tQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaraceni2003" class="citation book cs1">Saraceni, Mario (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/107985352">The Language of Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21422-3"><bdi>978-0-415-21422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Comics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21422-3&rft.aulast=Saraceni&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F107985352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1996" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. 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Routledge. pp. 27–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10283-9"><bdi>978-1-134-10283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manga+as+Schism%3A+Kitazawa+Rakuten%27s+Resistance+to+%22Old-Fashioned%22+Japan&rft.btitle=Manga%27s+Cultural+Crossroads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10283-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdwJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStringer1996" class="citation book cs1">Stringer, Jenny, ed. (1996). "Graphic novel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192122711/page/262">The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192122711/page/262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212271-1"><bdi>978-0-19-212271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graphic+novel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Twentieth-Century+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-212271-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192122711%2Fpage%2F262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugimoto2010" class="citation book cs1">Sugimoto, Yoshio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyaeipnFbvUC">An Introduction to Japanese Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87956-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Japanese+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87956-9&rft.aulast=Sugimoto&rft.aufirst=Yoshio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyaeipnFbvUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheobald2004" class="citation book cs1">Theobald, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MiUcn_6DNF4C">The Media and the Making of History</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3822-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3822-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-3822-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+the+Making+of+History&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3822-3&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMiUcn_6DNF4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/120791130">"10: Invisible Art, Invisible Planes, Invisible People"</a>. In Aldama, Frederick Luis (ed.). Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73743-3"><bdi>978-0-292-73743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Invisible+Art%2C+Invisible+Planes%2C+Invisible+People&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Comics%3A+From+Zap+to+Blue+Beetle&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73743-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F120791130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorne2010" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Amy (2010). "Part Eight: Metacomic/Webcomics". In Weiner, Robert G. (ed.). Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloging. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 209–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5693-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+Eight%3A+Metacomic%2FWebcomics&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+and+Comics+in+Libraries+and+Archives%3A+Essays+on+Readers%2C+Research%2C+History+and+Cataloging&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5693-2&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTondro2011" class="citation book cs1">Tondro, Jason (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QQD9ONH51UC">Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8876-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8876-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheroes+of+the+Round+Table%3A+Comics+Connections+to+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Literature&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8876-6&rft.aulast=Tondro&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QQD9ONH51UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC">Manga: The Complete Guide</a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8"><bdi>978-0-345-48590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-345-48590-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvEFDD4rdWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVessels2010" class="citation book cs1">Vessels, Joel E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gut56lkOOfgC">Drawing France: French Comics and the Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-444-7"><bdi>978-1-60473-444-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+France%3A+French+Comics+and+the+Republic&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-444-7&rft.aulast=Vessels&rft.aufirst=Joel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGut56lkOOfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsLyons2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul; Lyons, James (2010). The Rise of the American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-792-9"><bdi>978-1-60473-792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+American+Comics+Artist%3A+Creators+and+Contexts&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-792-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lyons%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWong2002" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNaQQxhcD-oC">Hong Kong Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press" title="Princeton Architectural Press">Princeton Architectural Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-269-4"><bdi>978-1-56898-269-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Comics&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-269-4&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Siuyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNaQQxhcD-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouch2000" class="citation journal cs1">Couch, Chris (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223730/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm">"The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon"</a>. Image & Narrative (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1780-678X">1780-678X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm">the original</a> on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Image+%26+Narrative&rft.atitle=The+Publication+and+Formats+of+Comics%2C+Graphic+Novels%2C+and+Tankobon&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-12&rft.issn=1780-678X&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imageandnarrative.be%2Finarchive%2Fnarratology%2Fchriscouch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frahm, Ole (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506155119/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/graphicnovel/olefrahm.htm">"Too much is too much. The never innocent laughter of the Comics"</a>. Image & Narrative (7). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1780-678X">1780-678X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/graphicnovel/olefrahm.htm">the original</a> on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2012-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Image+%26+Narrative&rft.atitle=Too+much+is+too+much.+The+never+innocent+laughter+of+the+Comics.&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2003-10&rft.issn=1780-678X&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imageandnarrative.be%2Finarchive%2Fgraphicnovel%2Folefrahm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGomez_RomeroDahlman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez Romero, Luis; Dahlman, Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol16/iss1/2">"Introduction - Justice framed: law in comics and graphic novels"</a>. Law Text Culture. 16 (1): 3–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Text+Culture&rft.atitle=Introduction+-+Justice+framed%3A+law+in+comics+and+graphic+novels&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gomez+Romero&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Dahlman%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fltc%2Fvol16%2Fiss1%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroensteen2012a" class="citation journal cs1">Groensteen, Thierry (Spring 2012a). "The Current State of French Comics Theory". Scandinavian Journal of Comic Art. 1 (1): 111–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Comic+Art&rft.atitle=The+Current+State+of+French+Comics+Theory&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Groensteen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1977" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Martin S. (April 1977). "The Novel in Woodcuts: A Handbook". Journal of Modern Literature. 6 (2): 171–195. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831165">3831165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Novel+in+Woodcuts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3831165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Martin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Ting (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411163409/http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-254482672">"From Ponyo to 'My Garfield Story': Using Digital Comics as an Alternative Pathway to Literary Composition"</a>. Childhood Education. 87 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-254482672">the original</a> on April 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Childhood+Education&rft.atitle=From+Ponyo+to+%27My+Garfield+Story%27%3A+Using+Digital+Comics+as+an+Alternative+Pathway+to+Literary+Composition&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-254482672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web">Web</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeerbohm2003" class="citation web cs1">Beerbohm, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004922/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=43536">"The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck Part III"</a>. The Search For Töpffer in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/Home/4/1/73/1017?articleID=43536">the original</a> on June 9, 2013. Retrieved 2012-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Search+For+T%C3%B6pffer+in+America&rft.atitle=The+Adventures+of+Obadiah+Oldbuck+Part+III&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Beerbohm&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscoop.diamondgalleries.com%2FHome%2F4%2F1%2F73%2F1017%3FarticleID%3D43536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">Harvey, R. C.</a> (2010-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914065411/http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/">"Defining Comics Again: Another in the Long List of Unnecessarily Complicated Definitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Comics_Journal" title="The Comics Journal">The Comics Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantagraphics Books">Fantagraphics Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/">the original</a> on 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2013-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Comics+Journal&rft.atitle=Defining+Comics+Again%3A+Another+in+the+Long+List+of+Unnecessarily+Complicated+Definitions&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.tcj.com%2Ftop-stories%2Fdefining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkstein2010" class="citation web cs1">Markstein, Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016112147/http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm">"Glossary of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia" title="Don Markstein's Toonopedia">Don Markstein's Toonopedia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm">the original</a> on 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2013-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Specialized+Cartoon-related+Words+and+Phrases+Used+in+Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Markstein&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carrier" title="David Carrier">Carrier, David</a> (2002). The Aesthetics of Comics. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02188-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02188-1"><bdi>978-0-271-02188-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Comics&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02188-1&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Neil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVABAQAAQBAJ&q=the+visual+language+of+comics">The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images</a>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8145-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-8145-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Language+of+Comics%3A+Introduction+to+the+Structure+and+Cognition+of+Sequential+Images&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8145-9&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVABAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bvisual%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bcomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Dowd, Douglas Bevan; Hignite, Todd (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjzlxyfWbxwC">Strips, Toons, And Bluesies: Essays in Comics And Culture</a>. Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-621-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-621-0"><bdi>978-1-56898-621-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strips%2C+Toons%2C+And+Bluesies%3A+Essays+in+Comics+And+Culture&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-621-0&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Bevan&rft.au=Hignite%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjzlxyfWbxwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Eisner, Will</a> (1995). Graphic Storytelling. Poorhouse Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9614728-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Storytelling&rft.pub=Poorhouse+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9614728-3-2&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Estren, Mark James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQb_q6DWle4C">A History of Underground Comics</a>. Ronin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914171-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914171-64-5"><bdi>978-0-914171-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Underground+Comics&rft.pub=Ronin+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-914171-64-5&rft.aulast=Estren&rft.aufirst=Mark+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQb_q6DWle4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Groensteen, Thierry (2007) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgNKwRM00w0C">The System of Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-925-5"><bdi>978-1-57806-925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+Comics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-925-5&rft.aulast=Groensteen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgNKwRM00w0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Groth" title="Gary Groth">Groth, Gary</a>; Fiore, R., eds. (1988). The New Comics. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-11366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-11366-0"><bdi>978-0-425-11366-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Comics&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-425-11366-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Heer, Jeet; Worcester, Kent, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjzAZtoxfx8C">A Comics Studies Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-109-5"><bdi>978-1-60473-109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comics+Studies+Reader&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-109-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjzAZtoxfx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Horn" title="Maurice Horn">Horn, Maurice</a>, ed. (1977). The World Encyclopedia of Comics. <a href="/wiki/Avon_(publisher)" title="Avon (publisher)">Avon</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-323-7"><bdi>978-0-87754-323-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Comics&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87754-323-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kunzle, David (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVY8PgAACAAJ">The Early Comic Strip: Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c. 1450 to 1825</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05775-3"><bdi>978-0-520-05775-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470776042">470776042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Comic+Strip%3A+Narrative+Strips+and+Picture+Stories+in+the+European+Broadsheet+from+c.+1450+to+1825&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470776042&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05775-3&rft.aulast=Kunzle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVY8PgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kunzle, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAhTJO_R7eoC">History of the Comic Strip: The Nineteenth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01865-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01865-5"><bdi>978-0-520-01865-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Comic+Strip%3A+The+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01865-5&rft.aulast=Kunzle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAhTJO_R7eoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">McCloud, Scott (2000). Reinventing Comics: How Tmagination and Technology are Revolutionizing an Art Form (1st Perennial ed.). Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060953500" title="Special:BookSources/0060953500"><bdi>0060953500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Comics%3A+How+Tmagination+and+Technology+are+Revolutionizing+an+Art+Form&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0060953500&rft.aulast=McCloud&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">McCloud, Scott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingcomicsstor0000mccl">Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels</a> (1st Perennial ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060780940" title="Special:BookSources/0060780940"><bdi>0060780940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Comics%3A+Storytelling+Secrets+of+Comics%2C+Manga+and+Graphic+Novels&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0060780940&rft.aulast=McCloud&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingcomicsstor0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sabin" title="Roger Sabin">Sabin, Roger</a> (1996). Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: A History of Comic Art. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3993-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-3993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics%2C+Comix+and+Graphic+Novels%3A+A+History+of+Comic+Art&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3993-6&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Stein, Daniel; Thon, Jan-Noël, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RisCAAAQBAJ&q=from+comic+strips+to+graphic+novels">From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels. Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042656-4"><bdi>978-3-11-042656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Comic+Strips+to+Graphic+Novels.+Contributions+to+the+Theory+and+History+of+Graphic+Narrative&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042656-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RisCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrom%2Bcomic%2Bstrips%2Bto%2Bgraphic%2Bnovels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Coulton_Waugh" title="Coulton Waugh">Waugh, Coulton</a> (1947). The Comics. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-499-2"><bdi>978-0-87805-499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0-87805-499-2&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Coulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Comics at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comics" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Comics">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Comics" class="extiw" title="c:Comics">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Comics" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Comics">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Comics" class="extiw" title="q:Comics">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comics" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Comics">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comics" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Comics">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Comics" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Comics">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> Academic journals <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicsgrid.com/">The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/">ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/">Image [&] Narrative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106235640/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/">Archived</a> 2020-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijoca.com/">International Journal of Comic Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcom20/current">Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics</a></li></ul> Archives <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoons.osu.edu/">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.lib.msu.edu/">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050622/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm">Comic Art Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartoonart.org/">Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823023710/http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_comics,00.shtml">Time Archives' Collection of Comics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104235741/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/features/comics/index.html">"Comics in the National Art Library"</a>. Prints & Books. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/features/comics/index.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2011-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prints+%26+Books&rft.atitle=Comics+in+the+National+Art+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fprints_books%2Ffeatures%2Fcomics%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Databases <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.org/">Grand Comics Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comics514" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a> and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/21px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/42px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-gtmrf","wgBackendResponseTime":279,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.031","walltime":"2.350","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21803,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":547075,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":68236,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":429078,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2045.385 1 -total"," 23.44% 479.411 22 Template:Transl"," 21.73% 444.399 104 Template:Cite_book"," 17.11% 349.930 22 Template:Redirect_category_shell"," 16.94% 346.514 22 Template:Mbox"," 14.85% 303.707 132 Template:Sfn"," 9.31% 190.368 22 Template:Pp-move"," 5.46% 111.666 12 Template:Efn"," 4.42% 90.418 1 Template:Comics_navbar"," 4.05% 82.802 2 Template:Reflist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.380","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19227433,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhrensMeteling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlaniz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaty2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeerbohm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeronä2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramlett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramlettCookMeskin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChildsStorry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChute2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuteDeKoven2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkClark1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper-Chen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrespi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncanSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisner1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwing1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFingeroth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForcevilleVealeFeyaerts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrahm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabilliet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez_RomeroDahlman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravett2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroensteen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroensteen2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroensteen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuigar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashimotoTraphagan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosokibara1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInge1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpKress2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovacsMarshall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKure1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefèvre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardoNairzBoehm2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLygaLyga2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloud1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloud2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeskinCook2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorita2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordling1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Nale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoitras2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhoades2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraceni2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchodt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScreech2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugimoto2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheobald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTondro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVessels2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsLyons2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 104,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Comics\"] = 1,\n [\"Comics navbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 5,\n [\"No.\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 132,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 38,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 22,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-zdnsg","timestamp":"20250405211033","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Comics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1004","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1004","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-09T14:18:22Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T14:06:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Little_Nemo_1906-08-19.jpg","headline":"creative work in which images and text convey information such as narratives"}</script> </body> </html>