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<span>Counter-culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External 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dir="ltr"><p> The <b>culture of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></b> stems from the city's long <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">history</a> as a center for cultural <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>, as well as its rich ethnic traditions. In the 19th and 20th centuries, wealthy businessmen such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Heinz" title="Henry J. Heinz">Henry J. Heinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a>, and nonprofit organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Foundation</a> donated millions of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> to create educational and cultural institutions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg/250px-Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg/375px-Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg/500px-Cathedral_of_Learning_Pittsburgh_by_Jennifer_Yang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, May 14, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> is about an hour's drive from <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a>. The North Shore has an 1895 neogothic church, <a href="/wiki/Calvary_United_Methodist_Church" title="Calvary United Methodist Church">Calvary Methodist</a>, with an interior designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a>. The church's stained glass windows are some of the largest and most elaborate work Tiffany ever created. The <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary_in_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary in Pittsburgh">Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Pittsburgh</a>, an opulently decorated edifice with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> flourishes is one of the finest examples of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cathedral style">Polish Cathedral style</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PHCA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHCA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dominating the skyline over <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hill" title="Polish Hill">Polish Hill</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County_Courthouse" title="Allegheny County Courthouse">Allegheny County Courthouse</a> (1886), designed by <a href="/wiki/H.H._Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Richardson">H.H. Richardson</a>, is a unique and influential building. At 42 stories, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a> (1937) is the second tallest collegiate building in the world. The tallest skyscraper in Pittsburgh is the triangular <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel_Tower" title="U.S. Steel Tower">U.S. Steel Tower</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Field">Acrisure Stadium</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a> (2001) are designed to give fans a view of the city skyline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center,_Pittsburgh,_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg/250px-David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg/375px-David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg/500px-David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_from_a_bridge_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>David L. Lawrence Convention Center, as viewed from I-579 bridge.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center" title="David L. Lawrence Convention Center">David L. Lawrence Convention Center</a>, located on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a>, is able to accommodate all sizes of conventions, exhibitions and conferences. Certified with a Gold rating by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgbc.org/">U.S. Green Building Council's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401184623/http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> initiative, the building is considered the first ever "green" convention center and world's largest "green" building. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">List of films shot in Pittsburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh">List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>The region has hosted over 1,000 film and television works since the first production was filmed in the city in 1898. Since 1990 the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Film_Office" title="Pittsburgh Film Office">Pittsburgh Film Office</a> has marketed the greater southwestern Pennsylvania region as a great location for movie, television and commercial productions. The PFO has assisted more than 102 feature films and television productions to southwestern Pennsylvania to generate an economic impact of more than $575 million for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Filmmakers" title="Pittsburgh Filmmakers">Pittsburgh Filmmakers</a> teaches media arts and runs three "<a href="/wiki/Arthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthouse">arthouse</a>" movie theaters and since 1981 the <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Film_Festival" title="Three Rivers Film Festival">Three Rivers Film Festival</a> has brought national attention to local talent and artists of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Pittsburgh" title="Theatre in Pittsburgh">Theatre in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playhouse" title="Pittsburgh Playhouse">Pittsburgh Playhouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a> has four resident theatre companies. Other theater companies include <a href="/wiki/Bald_Theatre_Company" title="Bald Theatre Company">Bald Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barebones_productions" title="Barebones productions">barebones productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bricolage_Production_Company" title="Bricolage Production Company">Bricolage Production Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Theatre_(Pittsburgh)" title="City Theatre (Pittsburgh)">City Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh">Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Theatre" title="Quantum Theatre">Quantum Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_3_Productions" title="Phase 3 Productions">Phase 3 Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Stage_Theatre" title="Prime Stage Theatre">Prime Stage Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Public Theater">Pittsburgh Public Theater</a>, Attack Theater, <a href="/wiki/Unseam%27d_Shakespeare_Company" title="Unseam'd Shakespeare Company">Unseam'd Shakespeare Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Theatre_Group" title="Terra Nova Theatre Group">Terra Nova Theatre Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cup-A-Jo_Productions" title="Cup-A-Jo Productions">Cup-A-Jo Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_Project" title="Hiawatha Project">Hiawatha Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_Peers_Theater" title="12 Peers Theater">12 Peers Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_Theater_Pittsburgh" title="Organic Theater Pittsburgh">Organic Theater Pittsburgh</a>, Three Rivers Theatre Company, <a href="/wiki/Carrnivale_Theatrics" title="Carrnivale Theatrics">Carrnivale Theatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Sans_Serif" title="Theatre Sans Serif">Theatre Sans Serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Summer_Company" title="The Summer Company">The Summer Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throughline_Theatre_Company" title="Throughline Theatre Company">Throughline Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Name_Players" title="No Name Players">No Name Players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Musical_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Musical Theater">Pittsburgh Musical Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh">Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Civic_Light_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera">Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playwrights_Theatre_Company" title="Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre Company">Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage Right (Pittsburgh)">Stage Right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Irish_and_Classical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre">Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_New_Works_Festival" title="Pittsburgh New Works Festival">Pittsburgh New Works Festival</a> utilizes local theatre companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Future_Ten" title="Future Ten">Future Ten</a> showcases new ten-minute plays. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Summer_Theatre" title="Saint Vincent Summer Theatre">Saint Vincent Summer Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Off_the_Wall_Productions" title="Off the Wall Productions">Off the Wall Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Playhouse" title="Mountain Playhouse">Mountain Playhouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right!" title="Stage Right!">Stage Right!</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">Latrobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie,_Pennsylvania" title="Carnegie, Pennsylvania">Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennerstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Jennerstown, Pennsylvania">Jennerstown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a>, respectively, employ Pittsburgh actors and contribute to the culture of the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a>, one of the best known playwrights of his generation, was a Pittsburgh native. The majority of his plays are set in the city as well including the two he won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a> for (<a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences (play)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Piano_Lesson" title="The Piano Lesson">The Piano Lesson</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friday_Nite_Improvs" title="Friday Nite Improvs">Friday Nite Improvs</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improv</a> show at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a>, is Pittsburgh's longest-running theatre show. It has produced a number of professional writers and actors. </p><p>Since 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly_Awards" title="Gene Kelly Awards">Gene Kelly Awards</a> have honored students in drama in the region, giving a platform to some who have gone on to both theater and film careers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/200px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/300px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg/400px-Motherhood_and_apple_pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regional cuisines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Northeastern</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Jersey" title="Cuisine of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Michigan" title="Cuisine of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Dakota" title="Cuisine of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ohio" title="Cuisine of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Omaha" title="Cuisine of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_St._Louis" title="Cuisine of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Wisconsin" title="Cuisine of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Baltimore#Food" title="Culture of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="List of foods of the Southern United States">list</a>)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Atlanta" title="Cuisine of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kentucky" title="Cuisine of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Houston" title="Cuisine of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Western</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">California fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Los_Angeles#Cuisine" title="Culture of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_cuisine" title="Rocky Mountain cuisine">Rocky Mountain</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Military rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_Revolution" title="Culinary Revolution">Culinary Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">Diner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog_cart" title="Hot dog cart">Hot dog cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream van</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ingredients and foods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_foods" title="List of American foods">List of American foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_highbush_blueberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern highbush blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">Collard greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">Okra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Styles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_the_United_States" title="Barbecue in the United States">Barbecue in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_Alabama" title="Barbecue in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City%E2%80%93style_barbecue" title="Kansas City–style barbecue">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_North_Carolina" title="Barbecue in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_South_Carolina" title="Barbecue in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria-style_barbecue" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria-style barbecue">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis-style_barbecue" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis-style barbecue">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_in_Texas" title="Barbecue in Texas">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_in_the_United_States" title="Pizza in the United States">Pizza in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic and cultural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino-American_cuisine" title="Filipino-American cuisine">Filipino-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine#United_States" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine#United_States" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_cuisine" title="Tlingit cuisine">Tlingit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holidays and festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)#Food_and_drinks" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes#United_States" title="List of Christmas dishes">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_cuisine" title="Template:American cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_cuisine" title="Template talk:American cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ruskie.jpg/250px-Ruskie.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ruskie.jpg/375px-Ruskie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ruskie.jpg/500px-Ruskie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Slavic-American communities introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> to Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Pittsburgh foods reflect the city's multicultural heritage, especially that of the European immigrants of the early 20th century. While these immigrant populations introduced dishes such as pierogis to the city, they are now enjoyed by Pittsburghers in general. Other Pittsburgh food specialties were developed in the city. In general, these dishes are still popular because for many years, they satisfied the hearty appetite of the archetypal Pittsburgher: the hard-working, <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> steelworker. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage rolls">Cabbage rolls</a> –(aka <i>Halupki</i>)– Beef, pork, rice, green pepper, wrapped in cabbage and baked with sauerkraut and tomato soup or juice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipped_Ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped Ham">Chipped Ham</a> – (aka Chipped Chopped Ham) thinly-sliced processed ham, from <a href="/wiki/Isaly%27s" title="Isaly's">Isaly's</a> since 1933.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="City Chicken">City Chicken</a> – cubes of pork and/or veal baked or fried on a wooden skewer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Bar" title="Clark Bar">Clark Bar</a> – chocolate candy bar; developed in the city in 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essie%27s_Original_Hot_Dog_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Essie's Original Hot Dog shop">Essie's Original Hot Dog shop</a> - an Oakland staple since 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halu%C5%A1ky" title="Halušky">Halušky</a> – noodles with fried cabbage (Polish), or cottage cheese (Slovak).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Brewing Company">Iron City Beer</a> – native brew; with a shot of whiskey, a <a href="/wiki/Boilermaker_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermaker (cocktail)">boilermaker</a>; with a shot of Imperial, an imp-n-arn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_sausage" title="Italian sausage">Italian sausage</a> – with grilled peppers and onions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">Kielbasa</a> – eastern European sausages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperoni_roll" title="Pepperoni roll">Pepperoni roll</a> - an Italian American snack made of soft white bread with pepperoni and cheese in the middle. Various shops in the <a href="/wiki/Strip_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Strip District, Pittsburgh">Strip District</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Giant_Eagle" title="Giant Eagle">Giant Eagle</a> sell this snack in Pittsburgh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a> – Polish dish, pasta dough filled with potato and cheese, onion or sauerkraut.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primanti_Brothers_Restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Primanti Brothers Restaurant">Primanti Brothers</a> – sandwich with <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">fries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a> in it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarris_Candies" title="Sarris Candies">Sarris Candies</a> - chocolates and ice cream originating in Canonsburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonia_Maennerchor_Hall" title="Teutonia Maennerchor Hall">Teutonia Männerchor</a> - Deutschtown (East Allegheny) <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German food</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholey%27s" title="Wholey's">Wholey's</a> – Founded in 1912 in Pittsburgh's market square and now located on Penn Ave; Wholey's serves a wide variety of seafood and a famous fish sandwich. The Wholey company has been the anchor and main attraction of the historic "strip District" for over 60 years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restaurants/nightlife"><span id="Restaurants.2Fnightlife"></span>Restaurants/nightlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restaurants/nightlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh is home to several night spots. </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711180710/http://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/Pittsburgh-Magazine/June-2014/Best-Restaurants-2014/index.php?cparticle=3&siarticle=2#artanc">2014 best restaurants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20030609&id=Q_VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1nADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5331,7545133&hl=en">2003 news feature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20030529&id=aPBRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z3ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6775,5555966&hl=en">2003 news remembrance feature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19980626&id=JINIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aG8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3594,4418291&hl=en">1998 feature on seafood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19940715&id=bRBZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=528DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3270,7114552&hl=en">1994 news feature</a> and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2002&dat=19940419&id=Zr0iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fLUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4862,4543353&hl=en">chefs feature from 1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19991008&id=xi1iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=53YNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1622,2493430&hl=en">News feature on the "new" Hofbrau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19850308&id=FLRRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Rm4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3448,2327222&hl=en">1984-85 dining guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19781214&id=V8EdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B1kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3093,7445084&hl=en">Listing of nightspots from 1978</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19500905&id=rPYaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b00EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4075,1431883&hl=en">Listing of nightspots from 1950</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19500531&id=6FsbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3944,5995835&hl=en">May 1950</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19500711&id=k2MbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3797,3334305&hl=en">July 1950</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19490621&id=SzAbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QU0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4760,2083496&hl=en">Listing of nightspots from 1949</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19490615&id=XmYcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Kk4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2718,6062186&hl=en">another</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19370813&id=tkwbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2EsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1718,213140&hl=en">Listing of nightspots from 1937</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19370827&id=-soaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4084,256993&hl=en">August 1937</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19340629&id=qLVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2872,1187144&hl=en">Hofbrau feature from 1934</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens_and_parks">Gardens and parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gardens and parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Parks_Conservancy" title="Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy">Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phipps_conservatory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phipps_conservatory.JPG/250px-Phipps_conservatory.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phipps_conservatory.JPG/375px-Phipps_conservatory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Phipps_conservatory.JPG/500px-Phipps_conservatory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance to Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to numerous large and small neighborhood parks, Pittsburgh has five large city parks covering hundreds of acres: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park" title="Schenley Park">Schenley Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill" title="Squirrel Hill">Squirrel Hill</a> neighborhoods. This park contains <a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_and_Botanical_Gardens" title="Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frick_Park" title="Frick Park">Frick Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill" title="Squirrel Hill">Squirrel Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent_Square_(Pittsburgh)" title="Regent Square (Pittsburgh)">Regent Square</a> neighborhoods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park (Pittsburgh)">Highland Park</a> is in the neighborhood of the same name. This park contains the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_and_PPG_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium">Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Park_(Pittsburgh)" title="Riverview Park (Pittsburgh)">Riverview Park</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Northside_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northside (Pittsburgh)">Northside</a>, home to the historic <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Observatory" title="Allegheny Observatory">Allegheny Observatory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_View_Scenic_Byway_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand View Scenic Byway Park">Grand View Scenic Byway Park</a> circling the <a href="/wiki/Mt._Washington_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Washington (Pittsburgh)">Mt. Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Heights_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne Heights (Pittsburgh)">Duquesne Heights</a> neighborhoods.</li></ul> <p>Several other parks and gardens are in Pittsburgh: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phipps_Conservatory_%26_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens">Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_PPG_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium">Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libraries">Libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>'s University Library System. </p><p>Many local history materials are available on-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/pittsburgh">Historic Pittsburgh</a>, a collection that includes materials from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>'s University Library System, the Library & Archives of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghhistory.org/">Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art" title="Carnegie Museum of Art">Carnegie Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928084347/http://www.clpgh.org/locations/pennsylvania/history/">Pittsburgh History</a> is an on-line service maintained by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of fiction set in Pittsburgh">List of fiction set in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>With the leadership of native <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hazo" title="Samuel Hazo">Samuel Hazo</a> the city hosted a poetry forum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pittsburgh is also renown for its deep and enduring literary culture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh literary history goes back to the early 20th century, with dozens of prominent authors, the city for a time was considered more closely identified with literature than with steel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Pittsburgh" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Pittsburgh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22">"Culture of Pittsburgh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Culture+of+Pittsburgh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg/220px-Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg/330px-Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Heinz_Hall_Grand_Lobby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Lobby of Heinz Hall.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a> performs in <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hall" title="Heinz Hall">Heinz Hall</a>, which also plays host to other events throughout the year. The <a href="/wiki/Benedum_Center" title="Benedum Center">Benedum Center</a> and Heinz Hall provide venues for numerous musicals, lectures, speeches, and other performances, including <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Opera">Pittsburgh Opera</a>. Pittsburgh is also home to one of the few professional brass bands in the world, the <a href="/wiki/River_City_Brass_Band" title="River City Brass Band">River City Brass Band</a>. Other musical arts groups include the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Youth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra</a> (<b>PYSO</b>) and the River City Youth Brass Band. The Mendelssohn Choir of Pittsburgh is an acclaimed semi-professional choir, with performances that are usually free to the public. The <a href="/wiki/Teutonia_Maennerchor_Hall" title="Teutonia Maennerchor Hall">Teutonia Männerchor</a>, founded in 1854 and based in <a href="/wiki/East_Allegheny_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Allegheny (Pittsburgh)">East Allegheny</a> (Deutschtown) furthers choral singing in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and folk dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_New_Music_Ensemble" title="Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble">Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble</a> (PNME) is an American ensemble dedicated to the performance of contemporary classical music. And the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_and_Baroque_Society_of_Pittsburgh" title="Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh">Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh</a> hosts early music concerts of artists from across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh became an important gateway between the north, south, east and west of the U.S., playing a strong role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Jazz came to the city's <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> neighborhoods after 1925. The <a href="/wiki/Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill District (Pittsburgh)">Hill District</a> became known as "Little Harlem" from the 1920s until the early 1950s. There were hundreds of jazz venues in the community, which later helped to promote the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, the most famous was probably the <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Grill" title="Crawford Grill">Crawford Grill</a> which nightly attracted top national talent.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghjazz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of influential musicians emerged from the city. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erroll_Garner" title="Erroll Garner">Erroll Garner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn" title="Billy Strayhorn">Billy Strayhorn</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>'s primary musical collaborator for 28 years, came from the city's East End regions of <a href="/wiki/Homewood_(Pittsburgh)" title="Homewood (Pittsburgh)">Homewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Liberty_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Liberty (Pittsburgh)">East Liberty</a>. A number of musicians came from communities outside the city, including: <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sullivan" title="Maxine Sullivan">Maxine Sullivan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Clark" title="Sonny Clark">Sonny Clark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herminie,_Pennsylvania" title="Herminie, Pennsylvania">Herminie</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl "Fatha" Hines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duquesne,_Pennsylvania" title="Duquesne, Pennsylvania">Duquesne</a>). Vocalist and bandleader <a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a> was one of the first musicians to be paid a $1 million recording contract.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghjazz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Roy_Eldridge" title="Roy Eldridge">Roy Eldridge</a>, drummer <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Clarke" title="Kenny Clarke">Kenneth Spearman "Klook" Clarke</a>, and influential bassist <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a> were born in the city; singer <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> was raised in Pittsburgh. Bassist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chambers" title="Paul Chambers">Paul Chambers</a>, also born in Pittsburgh, played on two of the most important albums in jazz history: <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i> (1959) and <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Giant_Steps" title="Giant Steps">Giant Steps</a></i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghjazz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other noted jazz musicians include: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kloss" title="Eric Kloss">Eric Kloss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodo_Marmarosa" title="Dodo Marmarosa">Dodo Marmarosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Harper" title="Walt Harper">Walt Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Turrentine" title="Tommy Turrentine">Tommy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Turrentine" title="Stanley Turrentine">Stanley Turrentine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Parlan" title="Horace Parlan">Horace Parlan</a>, pianist, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Davis_(saxophonist)" title="Nathan Davis (saxophonist)">Nathan Davis</a>, guitarist <a href="/wiki/George_Benson" title="George Benson">George Benson</a>, and drummers <a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Humphries" title="Roger Humphries">Roger Humphries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_%22Tain%22_Watts" title="Jeff "Tain" Watts">Jeff "Tain" Watts</a>. A young <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> also spent her formative years learning jazz and blues in the city's Hill District. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh's role in popular music began with native <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a> and his enduring classics of the 1800s. So influential was Foster's works that he has been called the "Father of American music", has had five films made of his life, has heavily influenced such talents as <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Gleason" title="Jackie Gleason">Jackie Gleason</a> and has had two of his songs chosen as state anthems (Kentucky and Florida) as well as the annual selections of <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Downs" title="Churchill Downs">Churchill Downs</a>. </p><p>Pittsburgh is perhaps most associated for the plethora of <a href="/wiki/Doo_Wop" class="mw-redirect" title="Doo Wop">Doo Wop</a> artists that were produced during the 1950s and 1960s, thanks in part to local legendary disc jockey <a href="/wiki/Porky_Chedwick" title="Porky Chedwick">Porky Chedwick</a> playing songs that in most other major markets wouldn't risk being played. Several groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Del-Vikings" class="mw-redirect" title="Del-Vikings">Del-Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marcels" title="The Marcels">The Marcels</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Vogues" title="The Vogues">The Vogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Skyliners" title="The Skyliners">The Skyliners</a> exemplify the regions doo-wop contributions. During this same era notable solo acts such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Vinton" title="Bobby Vinton">Bobby Vinton</a> came out of the region to reach world fame in the industry. A years long engagement at the city's <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="William Penn Hotel">William Penn Hotel</a> also launched the national career of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a>. </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s rock era Pittsburgh had a major role in the success of both <a href="/wiki/Wild_Cherry_(band)" title="Wild Cherry (band)">Wild Cherry</a> and their most popular song/album <i><a href="/wiki/Play_That_Funky_Music" title="Play That Funky Music">Play That Funky Music</a></i> (inspired by a fan's plea to them during a performance at the <a href="/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Side (Pittsburgh)">North Side's</a> 2001 Club in 1976), and being the home to <a href="/wiki/Bret_Michaels" title="Bret Michaels">Bret Michaels</a>, known for his fame in the band <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Joe_Grushecky" title="Joe Grushecky">Joe Grushecky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Iris" title="Donnie Iris">Donnie Iris</a> achieved one-hit wonder fame and lasting regional rock fame. </p><p>Several notable bands emerged from Pittsburgh in the 1990s, including <a href="/wiki/Rusted_Root" title="Rusted Root">Rusted Root</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clarks" title="The Clarks">The Clarks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Caballero" title="Don Caballero">Don Caballero</a>, and the punk rock bands <a href="/wiki/Anti-Flag" title="Anti-Flag">Anti-Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aus-Rotten" title="Aus-Rotten">Aus-Rotten</a>. Rusted Root and The Clarks appeared on the <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a></i>. Formed in 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Modey_Lemon" title="Modey Lemon">Modey Lemon</a> toured the U.S. and internationally, gaining favorable reviews. Singer <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>, a student at <a href="/wiki/North_Allegheny_Intermediate_High_School" title="North Allegheny Intermediate High School">North Allegheny Intermediate High School</a>, debuted locally at the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Lilith_Fair" title="Lilith Fair">Lilith Fair</a>, before going on to sell over 43 million albums worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-mervis2009-12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mervis2009-12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, Anti-Flag produced five albums, signed to <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> and appeared several times on the <a href="/wiki/Vans_Warped_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vans Warped Tour">Vans Warped Tour</a>. Rapper <a href="/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa" title="Wiz Khalifa">Wiz Khalifa</a>, who signed to <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a> but left without releasing an album, topped the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes</a> singles chart by the end of the decade. <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a>/laptop music artist <a href="/wiki/Girl_Talk_(musician)" title="Girl Talk (musician)">Girl Talk</a> (Gregg Gillis) found mainstream success. His 2006 album <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Ripper" title="Night Ripper">Night Ripper</a></i> gained favorable reviews and <i><a href="/wiki/Feed_the_Animals" title="Feed the Animals">Feed the Animals</a></i> (2008) topped year end album lists in national media.<sup id="cite_ref-mervis2009-12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mervis2009-12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, solo acts such as natives <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Evancho" title="Jackie Evancho">Jackie Evancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slimmie_Hendrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Slimmie Hendrix">Slimmie Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa" title="Wiz Khalifa">Wiz Khalifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_(singer)" title="Daya (singer)">Daya (singer)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mac_Miller" title="Mac Miller">Mac Miller</a> have achieved worldwide fame. <a href="/wiki/Josh_Groban" title="Josh Groban">Josh Groban</a> was trained in Pittsburgh, having attended <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>. </p><p>While it has historically been low-key, Pittsburgh's Hardcore/Metal scene has also gained international attention since the early 2010s, as witnessed by the critical success of the band <a href="/wiki/Code_Orange_(band)" title="Code Orange (band)">Code Orange</a>. Other extreme bands from Pittsburgh include Signs Of The Swarm and Those Who Fear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Dance_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Dance Council">Pittsburgh Dance Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Ballet_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Ballet Theater">Pittsburgh Ballet Theater</a> host a variety of dance events. Polka, folk, square and round dancing have a long history in the city and are celebrated by the internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University_Tamburitzans" class="mw-redirect" title="Duquesne University Tamburitzans">Duquesne University Tamburitzans</a>, a multicultural academy dedicated to the preservation and presentation of folk songs and dance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums_and_art">Museums and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Museums and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg/250px-Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg/375px-Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg/500px-Tyranosaurus_rex_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> skull, Carnegie Museum of Natural History.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pittsburgh has several visual arts museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol Museum">Andy Warhol Museum</a>, dedicated to the works of Pittsburgh native <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Art" title="Carnegie Museum of Art">Carnegie Museum of Art</a> is home to works by artists including <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, along with galleries of sculpture, modern art, the Heinz Architectural Center, a large film and video collection, and various traveling exhibits. Installation art is featured outdoors at ArtGardens of Pittsburgh. The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Pittsburgh Center for the Arts">Pittsburgh Center for the Arts</a> shows contemporary art and provides resources for <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> artists. </p><p>The town's history museum is the <a href="/wiki/Heinz_History_Center" title="Heinz History Center">Heinz History Center</a> with an annual attendance of 130,000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Carnegie Museum of Natural History">Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Oakland_(Pittsburgh)" title="Oakland (Pittsburgh)">Oakland</a>, has extensive dinosaur collections on display, including the most complete <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i> skeleton ever discovered, and an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> wing. The building may be distinguished by a life-size statue known as, "<a href="/wiki/Dippy_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dippy (Pittsburgh)">Dippy the Diplodocus</a>" to the right of the main entrance. Other dinosaur statues are visible around the Pittsburgh area, these were decorated by artists nationwide and sold as a benefit to the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Museums">Carnegie Museums</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Science_Center" title="Carnegie Science Center">Carnegie Science Center</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Northside_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northside (Pittsburgh)">North Side</a> near <a href="/wiki/PNC_Park" title="PNC Park">PNC Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Field">Heinz Field</a>, is more technology oriented. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Pittsburgh" title="Children's Museum of Pittsburgh">Children's Museum of Pittsburgh</a>, located on Pittsburgh's Northside, has a variety of interactive exhibits and programs for children and families including a multimedia art studio, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, water area and theater for performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">Sports in Pittsburgh</a></div> <p>Close by the Phipp's Conservatory is the <a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park_Golf_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenley Park Golf Course">Schenley Park Golf Course</a>, a public golf links. <a href="/wiki/Kennywood_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennywood Park">Kennywood Park</a> is widely regarded by rollercoaster enthusiasts to have some of the best rollercoasters in the world, including several early 20th century wooden coasters: the Racer, the Thunderbolt, and the Jackrabbit. A water park owned by Kennywood, <a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_Waterpark" title="Sandcastle Waterpark">Sandcastle</a>, is another local amusement park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter-culture">Counter-culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Counter-culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pittsburgh has recently gained attention as a burgeoning center for counter-culture, as well as punk music.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/Pennsic_War" title="Pennsic War">Pennsic War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">Society for Creative Anachronism</a>'s largest re-enactment of pre-17th-century Europe, is hosted nearby. <a href="/wiki/Anthrocon" title="Anthrocon">Anthrocon</a>, one the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">furry conventions</a>, returns every summer to the <a href="/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_Center" title="David L. Lawrence Convention Center">David L. Lawrence Convention Center</a>. The Pittsburgh <a href="/wiki/Cacophony_Society" title="Cacophony Society">Cacophony Society</a> is also very active,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2008, the Pittsburgh <a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a> community launched a winter regional burn event called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123174931/http://www.frostburnpgh.com/">Frostburn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_District,_Pittsburgh" title="Cultural District, Pittsburgh">Cultural District, Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Film_Office" title="Pittsburgh Film Office">Pittsburgh Film Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Cultural_Trust" title="Pittsburgh Cultural Trust">Pittsburgh Cultural Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Arts_Festival" title="Three Rivers Arts Festival">Three Rivers Arts Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonia_Maennerchor_Hall" title="Teutonia Maennerchor Hall">Teutonia Männerchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Three_Rivers_Regatta" title="Pittsburgh Three Rivers Regatta">Pittsburgh Three Rivers Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Center_for_the_Arts" title="Pittsburgh Center for the Arts">Pittsburgh Center for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Newspapers">Pittsburgh Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pittsburgh" title="Media in Pittsburgh">Media in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Pittsburgh">List of radio stations in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pittsburgh" title="Sports in Pittsburgh">Sports in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary_in_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary in Pittsburgh">Immaculate Heart of Mary in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Parking_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Parking Chair">Pittsburgh Parking Chair</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PHCA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHCA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNo_Author_Listed" class="citation web cs1">No Author Listed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phca.pghfree.net/history.html">"A History of Polish Hill and the PHCA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Polish+Hill+and+the+PHCA&rft.au=No+Author+Listed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphca.pghfree.net%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621102528/http://pghfilm.org/about.jsp">"Pittsburgh Film Office - About Us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghfilm.org/about.jsp">the original</a> on 2011-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh+Film+Office+-+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pghfilm.org%2Fabout.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_620058.html#axzz3JITlzIXw">Poetry forum to fall into silence | TribLIVE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141118074549/http://www.popcitymedia.com/features/0530literarypgh.aspx">Top 10 Reasons Why Pittsburgh is a Literary Star</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e0wbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nEsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1438%2C404799">The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220300/http://www.pghmannerchor.com/activities/">"Recurring Activities | Teutonia Männerchor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pghmannerchor.com/activities/">the original</a> on 2012-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recurring+Activities+%26%23124%3B+Teutonia+M%C3%A4nnerchor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pghmannerchor.com%2Factivities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span> "The Teutonia Männerchor is a private membership club with the purpose of furthering choral singing, German cultural traditions and good fellowship."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pittsburghjazz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghjazz_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2007" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, John M. (2007). <i>Pittsburgh Jazz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-4980-4"><bdi>978-0-7385-4980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh+Jazz&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-4980-4&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mervis2009-12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mervis2009-12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mervis2009-12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMervis2009" class="citation news cs1">Mervis, Scott (December 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09361/1023477-388.stm">"Pop Music: Radiohead tops a fractious music scene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Pop+Music%3A+Radiohead+tops+a+fractious+music+scene&rft.date=2009-12-27&rft.aulast=Mervis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F09361%2F1023477-388.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708215917/http://iheartpgh.com/?p=689">I Heart Pgh (blog) article</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.360.yahoo.com/pghcacophony">Pittsburgh Cacophony Society blog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509071142/http://blog.360.yahoo.com/pghcacophony">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToker,_Franklin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Toker" title="Franklin Toker">Toker, Franklin</a> (1994) [1986]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pittsburghurbanp00toke"><i>Pittsburgh: An Urban Portrait</i></a></span>. Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5434-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5434-6"><bdi>0-8229-5434-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh%3A+An+Urban+Portrait&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8229-5434-6&rft.au=Toker%2C+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpittsburghurbanp00toke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Pittsburgh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of Pittsburgh">Culture of Pittsburgh</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_McNulty2006" class="citation news cs1">Tim McNulty (2006-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06219/711637-42.stm">"Exhibit A: Local museums experience ups and downs attracting crowds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Exhibit+A%3A+Local+museums+experience+ups+and+downs+attracting+crowds&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.au=Tim+McNulty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F06219%2F711637-42.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991128231045/http://www.culturalguide.com/">Pittsburgh Cultural Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgharts.org/">The Pittsburgh Cultural Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616211424/http://www.pgharts.org/">Archived</a> 2006-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittpunk.org/">Pittpunk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pittsburghmusichistory/home/">Pittsburgh Music History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114052723/https://sites.google.com/site/pittsburghmusichistory/home">Archived</a> 2012-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323975004578501381841075400#articleTabs%3Darticle"><i>Wall St. Journal</i> feature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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