CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="rm" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Imperi roman – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rmwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","schaner","favrer","mars","avrigl","matg","zercladur","fanadur","avust","Settember","october","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"f155202e-20c2-40b7-bc55-ebc200605e2d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Imperi_roman","wgTitle":"Imperi roman","wgCurRevisionId":166901,"wgRevisionId":166901,"wgArticleId":11663,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artitgels recumandads (Istorgia mundiala)","Imperi Roman","Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Imperi_roman","wgRelevantArticleId":11663,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"rm","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"rm"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1747689","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready" ,"user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1141"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="760"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="608"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Imperi roman – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifitgar" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (rm)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//rm.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.rm"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom Feed da Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Imperi_roman rootpage-Imperi_roman skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Zum Inhalt springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hauptmenü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hauptmenü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hauptmenü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigaziun </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" title="Visitar la pagina principala [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principala</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:La_pinta" title="Infurmaziuns davart il project, tge che ti pos far, nua che ti chassas infurmaziuns"><span>Discutar en la pinta</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Chargiar ina pagina casuala. [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Artitgel casual</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa participar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Cuntegn" title="Qua chattas agid."><span>Agid</span></a></li><li id="n-Prims-pass" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Prims_pass"><span>Prims pass</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen" title="La glista da las ultimas midadas en la wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultimas midadas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-rm.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-rm.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spezial:Suche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tschertgar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tschertgar Wikipedia" aria-label="Tschertgar Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tschertgar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Utensils persunals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Änderung des Aussehens der Schriftgröße, -breite und -farbe der Seite" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Erscheinungsbild" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Erscheinungsbild</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm" class=""><span>Donaziuns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Imperi+roman" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Imperi+roman" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>T'annunziar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils persunals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils persunals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Benutzermenü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm"><span>Donaziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Imperi+roman" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Imperi+roman" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>T'annunziar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Seiten für abgemeldete Benutzer <a href="/wiki/Agid:Einf%C3%BChrung" aria-label="Erfahre mehr über das Bearbeiten"><span>Weitere Informationen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Discussiun davart modificaziuns che derivan da questa adressa dad IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pagina da discussiun da questa IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istorgia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reginavel_roman_e_republica_tempriva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reginavel_roman_e_republica_tempriva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reginavel roman e republica tempriva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reginavel_roman_e_republica_tempriva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansiun_en_l’Italia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansiun_en_l’Italia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansiun en l’Italia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansiun_en_l’Italia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Las_Guerras_punicas_e_l’expansiun_en_la_part_orientala_da_la_Mar_Mediterrana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Las_Guerras_punicas_e_l’expansiun_en_la_part_orientala_da_la_Mar_Mediterrana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Las Guerras punicas e l’expansiun en la part orientala da la Mar Mediterrana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Las_Guerras_punicas_e_l’expansiun_en_la_part_orientala_da_la_Mar_Mediterrana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_da_las_revoluziuns_e_da_las_guerras_burgaisas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_da_las_revoluziuns_e_da_las_guerras_burgaisas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Temp da las revoluziuns e da las guerras burgaisas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_da_las_revoluziuns_e_da_las_guerras_burgaisas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_dals_imperaturs_tempriv_(Principat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_dals_imperaturs_tempriv_(Principat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Temp dals imperaturs tempriv (Principat)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_dals_imperaturs_tempriv_(Principat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_dals_imperaturs_classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_dals_imperaturs_classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Temp dals imperaturs classic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_dals_imperaturs_classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_cumenzament_da_l’antica_tardiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_cumenzament_da_l’antica_tardiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Il cumenzament da l’antica tardiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_cumenzament_da_l’antica_tardiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declin_da_l’Imperi_dal_vest_e_cuntinuaziun_da_l’Imperi_da_l’ost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declin_da_l’Imperi_dal_vest_e_cuntinuaziun_da_l’Imperi_da_l’ost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Declin da l’Imperi dal vest e cuntinuaziun da l’Imperi da l’ost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declin_da_l’Imperi_dal_vest_e_cuntinuaziun_da_l’Imperi_da_l’ost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_fin_da_l’Imperi_antic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fin_da_l’Imperi_antic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>La fin da l’Imperi antic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fin_da_l’Imperi_antic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referiments_istorics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referiments_istorics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Referiments istorics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referiments_istorics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administraziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administraziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administraziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administraziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_e_cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_e_cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art e cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_e_cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Art e cultura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_e_cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pompei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pompei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pompei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pompei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lingua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dretg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dretg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dretg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dretg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Litteratura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survistas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survistas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Survistas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survistas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Republica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principat_ed_antica_tardiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principat_ed_antica_tardiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Principat ed antica tardiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principat_ed_antica_tardiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perscrutaziuns_spezialas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perscrutaziuns_spezialas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Perscrutaziuns spezialas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perscrutaziuns_spezialas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperi roman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 142 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke Rome" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_Reich" title="Römisches Reich – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሮሜ መንግሥት – amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮሜ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Roma" title="Antiga Roma – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antiga Roma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन रोम सभ्यता – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्राचीन रोम सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="روما القديمة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روما القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܪܗܘܡܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ – arameic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܗܘܡܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="روما القديمه – Ägyptisches Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روما القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Ägyptisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Roma" title="Antigua Roma – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigua Roma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Roma" title="Qədim Roma – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Roma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="قدیم روم – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم روم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Боронғо Рим – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо Рим" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remisches_Reich" title="Remisches Reich – Bairisch" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Remisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bairisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Старажытны Рым – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытны Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Старажытны Рым – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытны Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Древен Рим – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древен Рим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="প্রাচীন রোম – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন রোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henroma" title="Henroma – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henroma" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antički Rim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Roma" title="Antiga Roma – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiga Roma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81" title="Gū Lò̤-mā – Min Dong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Lò̤-mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Min Dong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaang_Roma" title="Karaang Roma – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karaang Roma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="ڕۆمای کۆن – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆمای کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antica" title="Roma antica – cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Roma antica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%BD_%C5%98%C3%ADm" title="Starověký Řím – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověký Řím" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Авалхи Рим – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Рим" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufain_hynafol" title="Rhufain hynafol – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhufain hynafol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_Reich" title="Römisches Reich – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Antike" title="Roma Antike – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roma Antike" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Αρχαία Ρώμη – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Ρώμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient Rome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romio" title="Romio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Roma" title="Antigua Roma – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_riik" title="Rooma riik – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Erroma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روم باستان – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روم باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_valtakunta" title="Rooman valtakunta – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Rooma" title="Vana-Rooma – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vana-Rooma" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_antique" title="Rome antique – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rome antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Rik" title="Röömsk Rik – fris dal nord" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röömsk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fris dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_antighe" title="Rome antighe – friulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rome antighe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-R%C3%B3imh" title="An tSean-Róimh – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Róimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_antik" title="Rom antik – Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rom antik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antiga" title="Roma antiga – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roma antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma_Ymaguare" title="Rróma Ymaguare – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma Ymaguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romawa_na_Da" title="Romawa na Da – haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Romawa na Da" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BA_L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2" title="Kú Lò-mâ – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kú Lò-mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="רומא העתיקה – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומא העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राचीन रोम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन रोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antički Rim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B2m_ansyen" title="Wòm ansyen – creol haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wòm ansyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creol haitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_R%C3%B3ma" title="Ókori Róma – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori Róma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Հին Հռոմ – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Հռոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antique" title="Roma antique – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roma antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Romawi Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancian_Roma" title="Ancian Roma – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ancian Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_Roma" title="Antiqua Roma – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antiqua Roma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3maveldi" title="Rómaveldi – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_romana" title="Civiltà romana – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="古代ローマ – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ローマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienshent_Ruom" title="Ienshent Ruom – Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ienshent Ruom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ძველი რომი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი რომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9b%C9%A9njaaz%C9%A9_Room" title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Room – Kabiyé" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Room" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiyé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_gbangbang" title="Rom gbangbang – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Rom gbangbang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ежелгі Рим – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Рим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E" title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូមបុរាណ – cambodschan" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូមបុរាណ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambodschan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88" title="고대 로마 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 로마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Важ Рим – Komi-Permjakisch" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Важ Рим" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaya_kevnare" title="Romaya kevnare – curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Romaya kevnare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Важ Рим – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ Рим" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Байыркы Рим – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байыркы Рим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_antiqui" title="Romani antiqui – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romani antiqui" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antica" title="Roma antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roma antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_romana" title="Storia romana – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Storia romana" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_Roma" title="Senovės Roma – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės Roma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Roma" title="Senā Roma – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Roma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4ma_Taloha" title="Rôma Taloha – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rôma Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Romawi Kuno" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Стар Рим – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стар Рим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രാചീന റോം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന റോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯔꯣꯝ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯔꯣꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राचीन रोम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राचीन रोम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_kuno" title="Rom kuno – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rom kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Antiga" title="Roma Antiga – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roma Antiga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch_Riek" title="Röömsch Riek – bass tudestg" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bass tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राचीन रोम – nepalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राचीन रोम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राचीन रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Rome" title="Oude Rome – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Rome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_i_antikken" title="Roma i antikken – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roma i antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_ya_kgale" title="Roma ya kgale – sotho dal nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Roma ya kgale" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho dal nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dine%CA%BC%C3%A9" title="Roman dineʼé – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Roman dineʼé" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antica" title="Roma antica – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roma antica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਰੋਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਰੋਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_antiguo" title="Roma antiguo – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Roma antiguo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_antike" title="Rome antike – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rome antike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Rom" title="Altes Rom – Pennsylvaniadeutsch" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Altes Rom" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvaniadeutsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Rzym" title="Starożytny Rzym – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytny Rzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilt%C3%A0_roman-a" title="Siviltà roman-a – Piemontesisch" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siviltà roman-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piemontesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="پرانا روم – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانا روم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Antiga" title="Roma Antiga – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roma Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Antic%C4%83" title="Roma Antică – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roma Antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Древний Рим – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древний Рим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Старовікый Рим – Russinisch" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Старовікый Рим" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Russinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tziviltade_romana" title="Tziviltade romana – sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tziviltade romana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_Roma" title="Antica Roma – sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antica Roma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%B3%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="آڳاٽو روم – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آڳاٽو روم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antički Rim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන රෝමය – singalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන රෝමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Rome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek%C3%BD_R%C3%ADm" title="Staroveký Rím – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroveký Rím" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="سلطنت روما – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سلطنت روما" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starorimska_civilizacija" title="Starorimska civilizacija – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starorimska civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_v%C3%A4ldikodde" title="Rooma väldikodde – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rooma väldikodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Roma e lashtë – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roma e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Стари Рим – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стари Рим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_riket" title="Romerska riket – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_ya_Kale" title="Roma ya Kale – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roma ya Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytny_Rzim" title="Starożytny Rzim – Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Starożytny Rzim" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பண்டைய உரோமை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய உரோமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Руми Бостон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Руми Бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="โรมโบราณ – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรมโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang Roma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C9%99_Imperij%C9%99" title="Romə Imperijə – Talisch" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Romə Imperijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Roma" title="Antik Roma – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Roma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Борынгы Рим – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы Рим" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Вашкала Рим – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вашкала Рим" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Стародавній Рим – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавній Рим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="قدیم روم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم روم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_Rim" title="Qadimgi Rim – usbec" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi Rim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_M%C3%A3_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="La Mã cổ đại – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="La Mã cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadton_Roma" title="Hadton Roma – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hadton Roma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古罗马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში რომი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში რომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אוראלט רוים – jiddic" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט רוים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B9_Ay%C3%A9ij%E1%BB%8D%CC%81un" title="Rómù Ayéijọ́un – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rómù Ayéijọ́un" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古罗马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬 – Klassisches Chinesisch" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古羅馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassisches Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1" title="Kó͘-tāi Lô-má – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tāi Lô-má" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古羅馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomani" title="Rhomani – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Rhomani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1747689#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Imperi_roman" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">rumantsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Questa pagina"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=history" title="Versiuns pli veglias da questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Imperi_roman" title="Glista da tut las paginas vichi che mussan sin questa pagina [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Colliaziuns sin questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Imperi_roman" rel="nofollow" title="Ultimas midadas sin paginas colliadas cun questa pagina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modificaziuns sin paginas colliadas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Spezialseiten" title="Glista da tut las paginas spezialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas spezialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&oldid=166901" title="Link permanent tar questa versiun da la pagina"><span>Colliaziun permanenta</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Infurmaziuns da la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Imperi_roman&id=166901&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Citar questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperi_roman"><span>Gekürzte URL abrufen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImperi_roman"><span>QR-Code runterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampar/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Buch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Imperi+roman"><span>Crear in cudesch</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Imperi_roman&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telechargiar sco PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&printable=yes" title="Versiun per stampar da questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiun per stampar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En auters projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Rome" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1747689" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata object</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ord Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint"><div id="homonymie" class="homonymie"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d'aide sur l'homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Write.svg/20px-Write.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Write.svg/30px-Write.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Write.svg/40px-Write.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> Questa pagina è scritta en rumantsch grischun. Igl exista er in <a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman_(sursilvan)" title="Imperi roman (sursilvan)">artitgel davart l'Imperi roman en sursilvan</a>.</div> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/310px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/465px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/620px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Svilup da l’Imperi roman da 510 a.C. enfin 530 s.C.</figcaption></figure></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Spqrstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spqrstone.jpg/220px-Spqrstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spqrstone.jpg/330px-Spqrstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spqrstone.jpg/440px-Spqrstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><i><b>S</b>enatus <b>P</b>opulus<b>q</b>ue <b>R</b>omanus</i> (‹Senat e pievel da Roma›), l’emblem da suveranitad da la Republica romana</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG/220px-RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG/330px-RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG/440px-RomaViaAppiaAntica03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Via Appia</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/220px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/330px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg/440px-Boscoreale_fresco_woman_kithara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Pictura murala romana d’ina villa a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boscoreale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boscoreale (n'exista betg)">Boscoreale</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Rom_(IT),_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg/220px-Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg/330px-Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg/440px-Rom_%28IT%29%2C_Kolosseum_--_2024_--_0610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5327" data-file-height="3551" /></a><figcaption>Il Colosseum a Roma</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Imperi roman</b> (latin <i>Imperium Romanum</i> u tenor la denominaziun da dretg public <i>Senatus Populusque Romanus</i> (S.P.Q.R.) [‹Il Senat ed il pievel da Roma›]) è il num per il territori che steva tranter il 8avel tschientaner a.C. ed il 7avel tschientaner s.C. sut il domini dals Romans. </p><p>L’istorgia da l’Imperi roman na sa lascha betg cunfinar precisamain envers l’epoca preromana resp. envers l’<a href="/wiki/Imperi_bizantin" title="Imperi bizantin">Imperi bizantin</a>. Il decurs dals bundant milli onns dal domini roman vegn dividì tradiziunalmain en quatter fasas: </p> <ol><li>Reginavel roman: 753 a.C. fin 509 a.C.</li> <li>Republica romana: 509 a.C. fin 27 a.C. (fin da la republica pervi da las guerras burgaisas a partir da 133 a.C.)</li> <li>Principat resp. temp dals imperaturs (tempriv ed aut/classic): 27 a.C. fin en il temp da la crisa imperiala dal terz tschientaner (235 fin 284/285; er numnà temp da l’anarchia militara u dals ‹imperaturs-schuldads›)</li> <li>Antica tardiva: A partir dal 284/285 fin en il 6avel/7avel tschientaner (numnà en la litteratura pli veglia ‹dominat›). En questa fasa croda la migraziun dals pievels (375 fin 568), la spartiziun da l’Imperi (395) e la fin da l’Imperi roman dal Vest (476/480) resp. la transfurmaziun da l’Imperi roman da l’Ost en l’Imperi bizantin (a l’entschatta dal 7avel tschientaner).</li></ol> <p>En il decurs dal temp è la structura da pussanza sa midada da la monarchia (supponida) a la republica e la finala a l’imperi. Dal temp da sia pli gronda extensiun sut l’imperatur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trajan (n'exista betg)">Trajan</a> tanscheva l’Imperi roman sur trais continents enturn l’entira <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana">Mar Mediterrana</a>: da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallia (n'exista betg)">Gallia</a> e grondas parts da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannia (n'exista betg)">Britannia</a> en il vest fin als territoris enturn la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira">Mar Naira</a> en l’ost. A partir da quel mument ch’ils Romans han cumenzà a conquistar regiuns ordaifer l’<a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, han els dividì il territori en provinzas (l’emprima è stada la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilia (n'exista betg)">Sicilia</a>). Las pitgas principalas da l’administraziun furmavan dentant las citads da l’Imperi. Quellas eran organisadas sco vischnancas burgaisas cun autonomia parziala ed eran surtut responsablas per incassar las taglias. Questa delegaziun d’incumbensas ha lubì als Romans da tegnair fitg pitschna l’administraziun centrala. </p><p>Durant il domini roman – en spezial sut ils imperaturs – duevan il commerzi, ils arts e la cultura cuntanscher en parts da l’Imperi ina culminaziun; en l’<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> ed en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_dal_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa dal Nord (n'exista betg)">Africa dal Nord</a> hai per part duvrà tschientaners per puspè arrivar a quest standard da viver ed a l’effectiv da la populaziun correspundent. </p><p>Il domini roman ha influenzà fermamain las provinzas dominadas ed ils territoris cunfinants ed ha laschà enavos fastizs restants er suenter la fin da l’Imperi. En l’ost è la cultura romana sa maschadada cun elements grecs/hellenistics resp. orientals; il vest percunter è vegnì latinisà. </p><p>Il latin è daventà la lingua uffiziala en l’entir Imperi (en l’ost per part cumplettà tras il grec vegl), cumbain ch’er autras linguas han pudì sa mantegnair. Questa ierta da l’<i>Imperium Romanum</i> ha perdurà ordvart ditg: fin en il temp dal baroc è il latin sa mantegnì en l’Europa dal Vest ed en l’Europa Centrala sco lingua dals scolads; la baselgia catolica dovra il latin fin oz sco lingua uffiziala; en bleras scienzas sco la biologia, la medischina u la giurisprudenza vegn duvrada fin oz ina terminologia tecnica latina. E la finala duevan sa sviluppar dal <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> las <a href="/wiki/Linguas_romanas" title="Linguas romanas">linguas ‹romanas›</a> modernas da l’Europa: il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franzosa" title="Lingua franzosa">franzos</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_taliana" title="Lingua taliana">talian</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola">spagnol</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_portugaisa" title="Lingua portugaisa">portugais</a> ed il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_rumena" title="Lingua rumena">rumen</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_catalana" title="Lingua catalana">catalan</a>, il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_galiciana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua galiciana (n'exista betg)">galician</a>, l’<a href="/wiki/Lingua_occitana" title="Lingua occitana">occitan</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_dal_Grischun" title="Rumantsch dal Grischun">retorumantsch</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_ladina" title="Lingua ladina">ladin</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_furlana" title="Lingua furlana">furlan</a> ed il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_sarda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua sarda (n'exista betg)">sard</a>. Blers pleds d’emprest latins han er chattà la via en las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_germanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas germanas (n'exista betg)">linguas germanas</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_slavas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas slavas (n'exista betg)">slavas</a>. </p><p>In ulteriur champ ch’è vegnì influenzà fermamain dal temp dals Romans furma l’urden da dretg e statal da l’Europa. Il dretg modern, surtut il dretg civil, sa basa fermamain sin il dretg roman. Quel cuntegneva prescripziuns da procedura fundamentalas ch’èn vegnidas surprendidas per ina gronda part en las normas da dretg vertentas. </p><p>L’Imperi roman cun ses blers pievels, sias numerusas linguas e diversas religiuns era a medem temp in stadi, ina furma da la societad e betg il davos in’idea universala da l’<i>imperium sine fine</i>, da l’Imperi senza fin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia">Istorgia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reginavel_roman_e_republica_tempriva">Reginavel roman e republica tempriva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Reginavel roman e republica tempriva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Reginavel roman e republica tempriva"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/300px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/400px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Il mitus da fundaziun da Roma: la luffa capitolina tezza Romulus e Remus (statua dal 13avel e 15avel tschientaner)</figcaption></figure><p><i> </i> </p><p>Tenor la tradiziun vegl romana è la citad da Roma vegnida fundada tranter 814 e 728 a.C. La cronologia romana da pli tard che parta da l’onn 753 a.C. sco onn da fundaziun (<i>ab urbe condita</i>) deriva dal scienzià <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Terentius_Varro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Terentius Varro (n'exista betg)">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> (116–27 a.C.). Cumbain ch’ins ha chattà fastizs archeologics che tanschan enavos fin en il 10avel tschientaner a.C. derivan ils emprims stabiliments cun caracter da citad probablamain dal davos terz dal 7avel tschientaner a.C. </p><p>Igl existan fitg paucas funtaunas che dattan scleriment davart ils emprims tschientaners da l’istorgia romana. La tradiziun scritta ha numnadamain cumenzà pir pli tard. Per tscherts scienziads n’èsi gnanc segirà scientificamain che la citad da Roma era propi suttamessa a l’entschatta a retgs. Tenor ils istoriografs romans classics era la nova citad-stadi en mintga cas vegnida regnada da <i>reges</i> ed era alura crudada sut domini etrusc; questa fasa dal svilup da Roma vegn numnada Reginavel roman. </p><p>Il territori da Roma consistiva da terren pauc fritgaivel e per part palidus e sablunus. In’agricultura profitaivla era uschia quasi exclusa. Tuttina ha Roma cuntanschì sut ils Etruscs ina muntada economica considerabla. Quai è d’attribuir a sia posiziun da clav a la cruschada da las duas vias da commerzi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Latina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Latina (n'exista betg)">Via Latina</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Salaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Salaria (n'exista betg)">Via Salaria</a>; plinavant ha er l’introducziun da la duana al port da Roma promovì l’avanzament economic da la citad. </p><p>Igl existan numerusas legendas ch’emprovan da colliar il Reginavel roman cun l’istorgia da <a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a>. Tenor quellas duain ils Trojans survivents esser vegnids manads dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeneas (n'exista betg)">Aeneas</a>, in figl dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anchises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anchises (n'exista betg)">Anchises</a> e da la dieua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus (n'exista betg)">Venus</a>, sin in viadi aventurus (cumparegliabel a l’‹<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odissea (n'exista betg)">Odissea</a>›) enfin a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latium (n'exista betg)">Latium</a>. La pli veglia furma da quest mitus ch’è enconuschenta deriva da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timaios_da_Tauromenion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timaios da Tauromenion (n'exista betg)">Timaios da Tauromenion</a> (ca. 345–250 a.C.). Dal temp dad <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> ha il poet roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergil (n'exista betg)">Vergil</a> alura scrit l’epos naziunal dals Romans, l’‹<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeneis (n'exista betg)">Aeneis</a>›. </p><p>Culturalmain èn ils Romans vegnids influenzads fermamain dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruscs (n'exista betg)">Etruscs</a>; en pli han elements grecs chattà la via en la citad. Exempels èn las cifras etruscas e la scrittira grecoetrusca, da la quala sa dueva sviluppar l’alfabet latin. Plinavant la religiun etrusca cun profezias a basa dal sgol dals utschels e dal gnirom d’animals d’unfrenda; ed il ritual funeral etrusc d’unfrir a valurus guerriers ch’eran crudads praschuniers ha chattà en ils cumbats dals gladiaturs ina fluriziun tardiva e defurmada. </p><p>L’onn 510/09 a.C. duai il pievel roman sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Iunius_Brutus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Iunius Brutus (n'exista betg)">Lucius Iunius Brutus</a> avair stgatschà il losch retg roman resp. etrusc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarquinius_Superbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarquinius Superbus (n'exista betg)">Tarquinius Superbus</a> or da la citad, apparentamain per quai ch’el aveva dischonurà ina Romana cun num <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucretia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucretia (n'exista betg)">Lucretia</a>. L’onn 509 para en mintga cas d’esser inventà (evtl. sa fundond sin la cupitga dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peisistratides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peisistratides (n'exista betg)">Peisistratides</a> ad <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a> enturn l’onn 510 a.C.). Probablamain è la monarchia supponida pir sa midada enturn l’onn 450 a.C. en la Republica romana (da <i>res publica</i>: la ‹chaussa publica›). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/220px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/330px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/440px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Represchentaziun d’ina sesida dal Senat roman (maletg dal 19avel tschientaner)</figcaption></figure> <p>En il decurs dals onns è il stadi roman creschì e sa transfurmà cuntinuadamain. Il scienzià grec Polybios al ha caracterisà pli tard sco maschaida d’elements monarchics (uffizis da magistrat sco il Consul), aristocrazia (Senat) e democrazia (Comitia). L’uffizi suprem era oriundamain probabel en ils mauns d’in praetor (<i>prae-ire</i> – quel che va ordavant a l’armada); dapi il temp ch’è cumprovà istoricamain stevan mintg’onn dus consuls a la testa dal stadi. Il Senat, la radunanza dals aristocrats romans, giugava ina rolla centrala ed è sa sviluppada baud al center da la pussanza per propi. Dasperas devi diversas radunanzas dal pievel, las Comitia, ch’eran de iure medemamain impurtantas, en spezial en dumondas da guerra e pasch sco er en la giurisdicziun. Sco in dals emprims puncts fixs entaifer l’istorgia romana vala la Lescha da las dudesch tavlas ch’è entrada en vigur enturn l’onn 450 a.C. Questa legislaziun è vegnida fatga palais sin il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_romanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum romanum (n'exista betg)">Forum romanum</a> en furma da tavlas da bronz. Il Forum romanum era il lieu da scuntrada politic, religius e social e valeva sco center da la Republica romana. </p><p>Da quel temp è er sa furmà l’urden social roman, il qual è be sa midà plaunsieu en il decurs dals tschientaners vegnints. A la testa stevan las veglias famiglias da Roma – vul dir ils patrizians cun possess da funs – ch’eran politicamain fitg pussantas. La gronda part da la populaziun furmava ils plebeians ch’eran be en possess da dretgs politics parzials. La relaziun tranter patrizians e plebeians vegniva reglada tras il sistem da clientella. Ils sclavs na vegnivan betg resguardads sco umans cun in agir autonom, mabain sco ‹utensils ch’èn abels da discurrer›; els n’avevan pia nagins dretgs, ma pudevan tut tenor cuntanscher la libertad. </p><p>Als uffizis ils pli auts en il stadi – ch’eran colliads cun prestige e renum – eran l’emprim admess be patrizians, entant che tut ils burgais libers avevan da prestar servetsch militar. Alura èn suandads ils cumbats dals stans ch’han cuzzà bunamain 150 onns. Durant quels duain ils plebeians er avair fatg diever da l’instrument da la <i>secessio plebis</i>, cumparegliabel cun ina chauma odierna. Il resultat da quests cumbats è stà ch’ils plebeians han quasi cuntanschì l’onn 367 a.C. l’egualitad dals dretgs politics. Malgrà quai èsi reussì be a paucas famiglias plebeianas da s’avanzar fin en la classa dirigenta. Quella vegniva uss furmada da las famiglias, da las qualas umens en uffizis publics eran sa fatgs meritaivels (ins discurra perquai er da ‹meritocratia›). Quests <i>nobiles</i> (‹umens enconuschents›) han furmà ina nova aristocrazia che vegn numnada <i>nobilitas</i> (‹noblezza›). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansiun_en_l’Italia"><span id="Expansiun_en_l.E2.80.99Italia"></span>Expansiun en l’Italia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Expansiun en l’Italia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Expansiun en l’Italia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Italy_400bC_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/180px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/270px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Italy_400bC_en.svg/360px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Situaziun en l’Italia enturn 400 a.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir dal 5avel tschientaner a.C. ha Roma lantschà in’expansiun rasanta en l’Italia Centrala (conquista da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veji (n'exista betg)">Veji</a> l’onn 396 a.C.), ha dentant er stuì parair attatgas d’ordaifer. L’‹assagl dals Gals› sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brennus (n'exista betg)">Brennus</a> ha laschà enavos fastizs profunds; la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglia_a_l%E2%80%99Allia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglia a l’Allia (n'exista betg)">Battaglia a l’Allia</a> (probablamain ils 18 da fanadur 387 a.C.) è entrada en l’istorgia da Roma sco <i>dies ater</i> (‹di nair›). Alura èn suandadas las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerras_dals_Samnits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerras dals Samnits (n'exista betg)">Guerras dals Samnits</a> (343–341 a.C.; 326–304 a.C.; 298–290 a.C.) e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_dals_Latins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra dals Latins (n'exista betg)">Guerra dals Latins</a> (ca. 340–338 a.C.). La finala ha Roma stgaffì ina vasta rait d’allianzas; tranter auter èn vegnidas erigidas colonias en lieus d’impurtanza strategica u stipulads contracts cun plirs pievels italics, ils quals n’han dentant betg obtegnì il dretg da burgais roman. </p><p>Da quest’epoca da si’istorgia è Roma resortì sco stadi bain organisà, equipà cun in’armada efficazia e segnà d’in ferm regl d’expansiun. Sin quest fundament ha gì lieu l’ulteriur avanzament dal stadi roman. </p><p>Sin la Peninsla italica devi da quel temp trais pussanzas rivalisantas: las citads-stadi dals Etruscs al nord da Roma, ils Celts en la Planira dal Po e las colonias grecas en l’Italia dal Sid. </p><p>En il decurs dal terz tschientaner a.C. è Roma sa fatg valair envers ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samnits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samnits (n'exista betg)">Samnits</a> ed auters pievels italics. Pass per pass è quasi l’entira Peninsla crudada en ils mauns dals Romans (cun excepziun da l’Italia dal Nord ch’è vegnida annectada pir pli tard). En il sid ha la Republica battì l’egemon hellenistic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhos_I_dad_Epiros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhos I dad Epiros (n'exista betg)">Pyrrhos I dad Epiros</a> ed incorporà l’onn 275 a.C. las citads-stadi grecas restantas. Tras quest’expansiun è Roma però vegnì en conflict cun la republica da commerzi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartago (n'exista betg)">Cartago</a> (en la <a href="/wiki/Tunesia" title="Tunesia">Tunesia</a> odierna). Fin lura aveva quella tgirà contacts amicabels cun Roma; ma uss è prorut in conflict che dueva ir a finir en las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerras_punicas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerras punicas (n'exista betg)">Guerras punicas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Las_Guerras_punicas_e_l’expansiun_en_la_part_orientala_da_la_Mar_Mediterrana"><span id="Las_Guerras_punicas_e_l.E2.80.99expansiun_en_la_part_orientala_da_la_Mar_Mediterrana"></span>Las Guerras punicas e l’expansiun en la part orientala da la Mar Mediterrana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Las Guerras punicas e l’expansiun en la part orientala da la Mar Mediterrana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Las Guerras punicas e l’expansiun en la part orientala da la Mar Mediterrana"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:CarthageMapDe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CarthageMapDe.png/250px-CarthageMapDe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CarthageMapDe.png/375px-CarthageMapDe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CarthageMapDe.png/500px-CarthageMapDe.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Sfera d’influenza da Cartago enturn 264 a.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>En il decurs da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emprima_Guerra_punica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emprima Guerra punica (n'exista betg)">Emprima Guerra punica</a> (264–241 a.C.) ha Roma rut la cunvegna cun Cartago areguard las zonas d’interess vicendaivlas sin l’insla Sicilia. Successivamain ha la Republica extendì sia sfera d’influenza fin al cunfin da la pussanza territoriala da Cartago. Provocà tras quest proceder ha Cartago attatgà e battì ils Romans sin la mar. Quai ha gì per consequenza che Roma ha da sia vart engrondì la flotta. Suenter pliras sconfittas èsi la finala reussì als Romans da fitgar pe a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicilia (n'exista betg)">Sicilia</a> e da batter pliras giadas la flotta da Cartago. En rom da las contractivas da pasch ha Cartago pers tut ses possess a Sicilia (pli tard er las inslas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardegna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardegna (n'exista betg)">Sardegna</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corsica (n'exista betg)">Corsica</a>). Sinaquai ha Cartago tschertgà pussaivladads per egualisar questa terrada. In’impurtanta pitga per acquistar novas resursas che pudevan vegnir duvradas en il cumbat cunter Roma ha furmà l’imperi colonial che la famiglia da Cartago pussanta dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcids (n'exista betg)">Barcids</a> aveva installà en la <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a> odierna. </p><p>Durant la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segunda_Guerra_punica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segunda Guerra punica (n'exista betg)">Segunda Guerra punica</a> (218–201 a.C.) èsi bunamain reussì al strateg da Cartago <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannibal (n'exista betg)">Hannibal</a> da surventscher ils Romans. Punct da partenza ha furmà l’assedi da l’anteriura colonia greca da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagunt (n'exista betg)">Sagunt</a> en Spagna tras Hannibal. Parts dals Celtoiberics sustegnevan Hannibal, entant che pievels iberics vulevan sa liberar da Cartago ed eran perquai s’alliads cun ils Romans. La finala èsi reussì a Hannibal da conquistar la citad. Damai che la regenza en l’Africa dal Nord ha refusà da surdar Hannibal als Romans, han quels declerà la guerra a Cartago. </p><p>Sinaquai è Hannibal avanzà tras la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallia (n'exista betg)">Gallia</a> dal sid ed ha traversà las <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> cun radund 50 000 schuldads, 9000 chavaliers e 37 elefants da guerra. En l’Italia dal Nord è l’armada plinavant vegnida sustegnida da pievels celtics. Roma ha sinaquai subì ina sconfitta suenter l’autra; spezialmain dolurusa è stada la terrada sper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cannae (n'exista betg)">Cannae</a> (216 a.C.) ch’ha furmà la pli gronda disfatga en l’istorgia romana. Tuttina n’èsi betg reussì a Hannibal da rumper la rait d’allianzas dals Romans en l’Italia, uschia che l’armada da Cartago è restada isolada, malgrà sias victorias. L’onn 204 a.C. è il chau d’armada roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scipio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scipio (n'exista betg)">Scipio</a> la finala sa confruntà cun Hannibal en l’Africa dal Nord ed al ha surventschì sper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zama (n'exista betg)">Zama</a> (202 a.C.). Sinaquai ha Cartago pers tut ses possess ordaifer l’Africa e sia flotta. Sco factur da pussanza n’era Cartago betg pli d’impurtanza a partir da quel mument; Roma percunter ha profità fermamain da la nova provinza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispania (n'exista betg)">Hispania</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png/450px-Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png/675px-Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png/900px-Diadochenreichen_nach_dem_Ende_der_Diadochenkriege.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Situaziun en l’ost (gronds imperis hellenistics) enturn 200 a.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Las victorias en las duas Guerras punicas han segirà a Roma l’egemonia en la part occidentala da la Mar Mediterrana. Sper sia nova rolla sco pussanza maritima han er las minas d’argient en Spagna ed ils immens custs da reparaziun da vart da Cartago contribuì ad augmentar la posiziun economica da la Republica. A partir da 200 a.C. ha Roma cumenzà a prender influenza en il cumbat da pussanza tranter ils reginavels hellenistics. En il conflict cun ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigonids (n'exista betg)">Antigonids</a> ha Roma intervegnì ils onns 200 fin 197 a.C. cunter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippos V (n'exista betg)">Philippos V</a>, cun la finamira da chatschar enavos l’influenza macedona en Grezia. </p><p>Sin dumonda d’agid da stadis en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Minura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Minura (n'exista betg)">Asia Minura</a> è prorutta la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_roman-siriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra roman-siriana (n'exista betg)">Guerra roman-siriana</a> ch’ha durà dal 192 al 188 a.C. Suenter sia sconfitta cunter ils Romans ha l’imperi hellenistic dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleucids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleucids (n'exista betg)">Seleucids</a> sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochos III (n'exista betg)">Antiochos III</a> stuì desister d’ina gronda part da ses possess en l’Asia Minura. Tras quai è Roma facticamain daventà la pussanza dominanta en la part orientala da la Mar Mediterrana. Suenter emprovas da vart dals Macedons da far reviver la veglia egemonia ha Roma destruì definitivamain lur reginavel che steva sut il retg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perseus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseus (n'exista betg)">Perseus</a>; l’onn 148 a.C. è quel vegnì transfurmà en ina provinza romana. Il medem è succedì cun la Grezia ch’ha appartegnì a partir dal 146 a.C. a la provinza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macedonia (n'exista betg)">Macedonia</a> (e ch’ha furmà a partir da l’onn 27 a.C. la provinza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaea (n'exista betg)">Achaea</a>). Quasi a medem temp ha gì lieu la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terza_Guerra_punica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terza Guerra punica (n'exista betg)">Terza Guerra punica</a> (149–146 a.C.). Entaifer l’Africa dal Nord aveva il vegl adversari da Roma puspè cuntanschì ina posiziun predominanta. Provocads tras attatgas cunter pievels vischins han ils Romans destruì Cartago dal tuttafatg ed integrà la regiun sco provinza Africa en la Republica romana. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Termas_de_Antonino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Termas_de_Antonino.JPG/200px-Termas_de_Antonino.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Termas_de_Antonino.JPG/300px-Termas_de_Antonino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Termas_de_Antonino.JPG/400px-Termas_de_Antonino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ruinas da Cartago</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergamon (n'exista betg)">Pergamon</a> è daventà il 133 a.C. ina provinza romana (tras contract d’ierta). Il medem è succedì ils onns 64/63 a.C. cun las restanzas dal reginavel dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleucids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleucids (n'exista betg)">Seleucids</a>. En rom d’ina restructuraziun da l’ost las ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompeius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompeius (n'exista betg)">Pompeius</a> transfurmà en la provinza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siria (n'exista betg)">Siria</a>. Be l’Egipta sut la dinastia ptolemaica (flaivlentada) ha anc pudì mantegnair si’independenza sco protectorat roman, avant che vegnir transfurmada l’onn 30 a.C. en ina provinza romana. Pir als cunfins da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partia (n'exista betg)">Partia</a> (che cumpigliava l’Iran odiern e grondas parts da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesopotamia (n'exista betg)">Mesopotamia</a>) ha l’expansiun romana chattà ina fin. Qua eran ils Romans fruntads sin in adversari adual ch’als dueva tegnair a mastrin en il decurs dals proxims tschientaners. </p><p>En las novas provinzas, ed en spezial en las regiuns da costa hellenisticas ordvart bainstantas, vegnivan las taglias incassadas da quel temp da societads privatas che sa cumponivan da chavaliers romans e da patrizians. Suenter avair consegnà al stadi ina contribuziun fixa pudevan els tegnair per sai eventualas entradas supplementaras. Quai ha savens provocà taglias exageradas, las qualas han flaivlentà las regiuns economicamain e manà a sullevaziuns. Davart la reputaziun dispitaivla da quests incassaders da taglia intervegn ins er en la <a href="/wiki/Bibla" title="Bibla">Bibla</a> (‹duaniers›). Entras ils success dals Romans è s’augmentada la quantitad da munaida ch’era en circulaziun, quai ch’ha da sia vart dà novs impuls economics. In’ulteriura rolla centrala entaifer l’economia da la Republica è d’attribuir a la sclavaria. Ils sclavs vegnivan duvrads per las pli differentas lavurs, avevan dentant er la pussaivladad d’obtegnair la libertad. </p><p>Malgrà – e per part er pervi – dals gronds success da Roma a l’exteriur è l’urden republican a l’intern plaunsieu ì en muschna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_da_las_revoluziuns_e_da_las_guerras_burgaisas">Temp da las revoluziuns e da las guerras burgaisas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp da las revoluziuns e da las guerras burgaisas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp da las revoluziuns e da las guerras burgaisas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg/200px-Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg/300px-Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg/400px-Roman_Villa_Rustica_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Model d’ina <i>villa rustica</i> romana</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir da la mesadad dal segund tschientaner a.C. ha la Republica subì a l’intern ina crisa che dueva culminar en las guerras burgaisas e manar a fin la furma statala da fin qua. Cumenzà ha tut cun il clom suenter refurmas, en spezial en il sectur agrar. Ils Romans avevan per disa da transfurmar ina part dal terren conquistà tras guerras en possess statal e d’al surlaschar per diever a burgais basegnus. Per evitar che singuls possessurs da terren s’enritgeschian memia fitg, era il possess da funs limità uffizialmain a 500 <i>iugera</i> (juhartas). I na dueva dentant betg reussir da far valair questa lescha: burgais pussants èn s’acquistads immensas proprietads funsilas. </p><p>Quai è sin il pli tard daventà in problem en quel mument che praticamain tut il possess en l’Italia era repartì; a medem temp vegnivan adina dapli sclavs enavos da las guerras victoriusas. Ils purs pitschens e mastergnants plebeians n’eran prest betg pli buns da concurrer cun il grond dumber da sclavs che steva a disposiziun. Ultra da quai eran els savens en servetsch militar en provinzas lontanas e na pudevan betg tgirar da tut temp lur bains. Ils gronds proprietaris da terren han profità supplementarmain da questa situaziun cun cumprar bains nunrentabels u er cun stgatschar residents cun la forza. Il resultat da quest circul vizius è stà la dapauperisaziun e la fugia da la champagna da vastas parts da la populaziun; la malcuntentientscha creschenta dueva bainbaud sa far vesair en furma da conflicts socials e politics. </p><p>Autras gruppas da plebeians ch’eran vegnidas a possess grazia al commerzi han medemamain cumenzà a far valair novs dretgs. La refurma agrara iniziada dals dus frars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Sempronius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Sempronius (n'exista betg)">Tiberius Sempronius</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus (n'exista betg)">Gaius Sempronius Gracchus</a> dueva refurmar las relaziuns da possess funsil e porscher a las classas bassas la pussaivladad d’arrivar a terren ed entradas. La refurma è dentant vegnida franada da vart da tschertgels conservativs entaifer il Senat, uschia ch’il conflict da basa ha durà vinavant: ils populars vesevan sasezs sco represchentants dals plebeians e purs pitschens, entant ch’ils optimats empruvavan da defender ils privilegis da l’aristocrazia. Tiberius Gracchus è vegnì assassinà, ses frar Gaius s’ha la finala prendì la vita. La vita da mintgadi a Roma vegniva dominada da cumbats sin via e d’assassinats politics. Ultra da quai hai dà tensiuns entaifer la rait d’allianzas ch’han manà a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_d%E2%80%99alliads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra d’alliads (n'exista betg)">Guerra d’alliads</a> (91 fin 89 a.C.). A la fin è il dretg da burgais roman vegnì concedì er als alliads. En connex cun la Guerra d’alliads stattan er las uschenumnadas Vespras asiaticas, in pogrom cunter dieschmillis colonisaturs romans en l’Asia Minura. Per prender vendetga ha Roma ordinà ina guerra cunter il retg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitridates_da_Pontos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitridates da Pontos (n'exista betg)">Mitridates da Pontos</a> ed al ha surventschì suenter cumbats da plirs onns. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Sullahead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sullahead.jpg/150px-Sullahead.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sullahead.jpg/225px-Sullahead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sullahead.jpg/300px-Sullahead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Purtret da Sulla sin in denar da 55 a.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>A quests eveniments è suandada l’entschatta da la Guerra civila romana, en la quala populars ed optimats cun lur manaders <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marius (n'exista betg)">Marius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinna (n'exista betg)">Cinna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulla (n'exista betg)">Sulla</a> e.a. èn sa cumbattids cun forza. Tranteren ha Sulla erigì ina dictatura che dueva restaurar la predominanza dal Senat; ma ils cumbats han cuntinuà. Cumbain che las violaziuns da las leschas han a lunga vista flaivlentà la Republica a l’intern, ha quella a medem temp cuntanschì a l’exteriur gronds success (en spezial l’annexiun dal Reginavel dals Seleucids e la reorganisaziun da l’Orient tras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (n'exista betg)">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>). </p><p>Quant profunda che la crisa entaifer il Senat era propi, è la finala vegnì evident en quel mument che trais manaders militars e politics han furmà l’emprim triumvirat. Igl eran quai il chau d’armada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (n'exista betg)">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> (al qual il Senat refusava la renconuschientscha per ses success militars), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Iulius_Caesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Iulius Caesar (n'exista betg)">Gaius Iulius Caesar</a> (che dueva suttametter tranter il 58 ed il 51 a.C. ils Gals fin al Rain) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Licinius_Crassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (n'exista betg)">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> ch’era en possess dals meds finanzials necessaris per far valair ils interess vicendaivels entaifer quest’allianza informala. Suenter la mort da Crassus en rom d’ina champagna militara cunter ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parts (n'exista betg)">Parts</a>, èsi vegnì al cumbat da pussanza tranter ils dus anteriurs amis Caesar e Pompeius (49–46 a.C.). Pompeius era sa mess sin la vart dal Senat. Ma Caesar ha dumagnà la part occidentala dal reginavel sut sia pussanza ed ha la finala victorisà Pompeius sper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharsalos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharsalos (n'exista betg)">Pharsalos</a> en Grezia (48 a.C.). Sin la fugia en Egipta è Pompeius vegnì assassinà. Ulteriuras campagnas militaras en <a href="/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta">Egipta</a>, en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Minura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Minura (n'exista betg)">Asia Minura</a>, en l’<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> ed en <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a> han manà natiers la fin da la republica. L’onn 46 a.C. ha Caesar introducì il chalender giulian ch’ha remplazzà il vegl chalender antiquà. Il favrer 45 a.C. è Caesar vegnì proclamà sco ‹dictatur per vita duranta›. Ma ils 15 da mars 44 (<i>idibus martiis</i>) è Caesar vegnì assassinà d’ina gruppa da conspiraturs sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Iunius_Brutus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Iunius Brutus (n'exista betg)">Marcus Iunius Brutus</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Cassius_Longinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus (n'exista betg)">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> cun la finamira da restabilir la republica. </p><p>Malgrà l’attentat n’èsi betg reussì da returnar a la veglia constituziun republicana; danovamain è prorutta la guerra civila. Suenter la furmaziun d’in segund triumvirat han <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octavian (n'exista betg)">Octavian</a> (l’imperatur <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> da pli tard) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Antonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Antonius (n'exista betg)">Marcus Antonius</a> battì <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brutus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutus (n'exista betg)">Brutus</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassius (n'exista betg)">Cassius</a> en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglia_sper_Philippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglia sper Philippi (n'exista betg)">Battaglia sper Philippi</a>. Ma suenter avair eliminà il davos concurrent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Pompeius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextus Pompeius (n'exista betg)">Sextus Pompeius</a> a Sicilia ed avair privà il terz triumvir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (n'exista betg)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> da la pussanza, èn Octavian e Marcus Antonius vegnids sezs en ils fiers in cun l’auter. En la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglia_sper_Actium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglia sper Actium (n'exista betg)">Battaglia sper Actium</a> (31 a.C.) ha Octavian battì Marcus Antonius e la regenta egipziana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleopatra (n'exista betg)">Cleopatra</a> ch’al sustegneva. Tras quai è er l’Egipta daventada ina provinza romana che dueva furmar sur tschientaners il ‹graner da l’Imperi›. </p><p>L’entir territori enturn la Mar Mediterrana sa chattava uss en ils mauns dals Romans; la Mar Mediterrana sezza è daventada, dal punct da vista dals Romans, il <i>mare nostrum</i> (‹nossa mar›). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_dals_imperaturs_tempriv_(Principat)"><span id="Temp_dals_imperaturs_tempriv_.28Principat.29"></span>Temp dals imperaturs tempriv (Principat)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp dals imperaturs tempriv (Principat)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp dals imperaturs tempriv (Principat)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuttina sco Caesar aveva er Octavian en mira da reger sulet. Ma auter che Caesar n’ha Octavian betg empruvà da cuntanscher questa finamira cun vulair chatschar tras ina dictatura extraordinaria. Il cuntrari ha el laschà en vigur la veglia constituziun republicana ed ha segirà sia posiziun cun exequir differents uffizis, tras la cessiun da plenipotenzas spezialas e surtut cun surpigliar sur plirs onns ils commando sur impurtantas provinzas cun numerusas legiuns. Igl è reussì ad Octavian d’obtegnair per ses reschim il consentiment da la veglia aristocrazia en il Senat, quai tant pli che las impurtantas famiglias republicanas eran gia eliminadas. Per il Senat era Octavian il <i>Princeps</i>, l’‹emprim burgais dal stadi›. Perquai vegn la structura da pussanza dad Octavian a basa d’ina constituziun (che sa differenziava essenzialmain da quella da la veglia republica) era numnada ‹principat›. L’onn 27 a.C. ha il Senat concedì ad Octavian il titel <i>Augustus</i> (‹il maiestus›). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/180px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/270px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/360px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Augustus, l’emprim imperatur roman</figcaption></figure> <p>Er durant il temp dals imperaturs èn sa mantegnidas bleras instituziuns e structuras da la <i>res publica</i>: per exempel il <i>cursus honorum</i> (Senat), l’administraziun da las provinzas ed ils sacerdozis (<i>Pontifex maximus</i> era dentant l’imperatur). En realitad èn quests uffizis però sa transfurmads pli e pli en autoritads administrativas, entant che las incumbensas da decisiun politica eran liadas a la persuna da l’<i>Augustus</i>. Er l’urden social è stà suttapost a midadas; dapi Augustus èn adina dapli commembers da novas classas che derivavan da l’Italia e da las provinzas avanzads a senaturs e surtut a chavaliers (<i>equites</i>). Ils imperaturs avevan il dretg da numnar chavaliers, quai ch’ha effectuà ina tscherta permeabladad da las classas socialas. En pli eri uss pli simpel per persunas d’ordaifer d’obtegnair il dretg da burgais da Roma. </p><p>Da quel temp dominava l’<i>Imperium Romanum</i> gia l’entir territori enturn la Mar Mediterrana. Er il vest ed il sid da la Germania faschevan part da l’Imperi roman; l’expansiun vers nord ch’era vegnida iniziada dad Augustus è pir vegnida franada l’onn 9 tras la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglia_da_Varus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglia da Varus (n'exista betg)">Battaglia da Varus</a>. Silsuenter è Augustus sa concentrà sin la defensiun dals cunfins existents; là eran staziunads bunamain tut ils 300 000 schuldads da professiun. Sias mesiras han gidà considerablamain a stabilir la <i>Pax romana</i> (‹Pasch romana›). En il temp dad Augustus crodan diversas impurtantas novaziuns. Uschia è per exempel vegnida realisada en l’entir Imperi ina dumbraziun da tut ils burgais romans; en tschertas provinzas èn schizunt vegnids dumbrads tut ils abitants (sco menziunà en la Bibla). Er la rait da vias è vegnida schlargiada e l’entira economia e cultura è stada segnada d’in temp da fluriziun, quasi d’ina classica romana. La cultura romana ha er cuntanschì las provinzas, da las qualas il dumber è anc creschì. </p><p>Malgrà las tentativas da mantegnair las veglias instituziuns, èn gia vegnids interprendids dal temp dad Augustus pass cun l’intenziun da transfurmar il stadi centrà sin la citad da Roma en in stadi cumplessiv. Uschia è Augustus sez sa trategnì durant trais onns en Gallia e na sa sentiva betg lià exclusivamain a Roma sco center da la pussanza. Ses successur <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> ha schizunt passentà la gronda part da ses temp d’uffizi a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capri (n'exista betg)">Capri</a>. L’instituziun dal <i>princeps</i> era damai segirada da l’entschatta ennà talmain bain ch’ils regents na duvravan betg controllar directamain las instituziuns da la citad da Roma (ed en spezial il Senat, dal qual derivavan anc ils attentaders da Caesar). </p><p>Tiberius, il figl adoptiv e successur dad Augustus, valeva sco grev caracter e sa sentiva en ses intern probablamain plitost sco republican. Durant ses temp d’uffizi è el per gronda part sa restrenschì a mesiras defensivas per segirar ils cunfins. Ses successur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caligula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caligula (n'exista betg)">Caligula</a> vala tradiziunalmain sco emprim exempel per in ‹Caesar obsessiv›. Oz ves’ins quest imperatur, ch’ha regì be trais onns, in pau pli differenzià, senza dentant pudair trair ina bilantscha positiva da ses temp d’uffizi. Suenter che Caligula è vegnì assassinà, è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudius (n'exista betg)">Claudius</a> daventà imperatur e quai plitost sco candidat d’embarass (tant pli che l’imperialitad n’era formalmain betg ertavla). Sut el è vegnida integrada la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannia (n'exista betg)">Britannia</a> en l’Imperi; pli tard è anc suandada la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thracia (n'exista betg)">Thracia</a> ch’era gia avant dependenta da Roma. Il nausch num da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nero (n'exista betg)">Nero</a>, il successur da Claudius, deriva oravant tut da funtaunas cristianas, damai ch’el ha instradà las emprimas grondas persecuziuns da cristians. Ma er autras funtaunas e la scienza moderna vegnan a la conclusiun ch’el haja negligì las fatschentas ed en spezial l’armada. La mort da Nero l’onn 68 s.C. ha terminà la predominanza da la dinastia giulian-claudiana che sa laschava manar enavos sin duas da las pli impurtantas famiglias romanas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_dals_imperaturs_classic">Temp dals imperaturs classic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp dals imperaturs classic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp dals imperaturs classic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png/300px-Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png/450px-Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png/600px-Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>L’Imperi roman dal temp da sia pli gronda extensiun sut l’imperatur Trajan ils onns 115-117</figcaption></figure> <p>Suenter in onn turbulent cun quatter imperaturs è vegnida a la pussanza la dinastia flaviana. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vespasian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vespasian (n'exista betg)">Vespasian</a> ha sanà las finanzas statalas e segirà il cunfin oriental cunter ils Parts. In’insurrecziun en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judea (n'exista betg)">Judea</a> l’onn 70 ha el fatg abatter tras ses figl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus (n'exista betg)">Titus</a>. Quel è daventà ses successur ed ha gì da batter durant ses curt temp d’uffizi cun pliras catastrofas (erupziun dal <a href="/wiki/Vesuv" title="Vesuv">Vesuv</a> ed epidemias). L’onn 81 è ses frar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domitian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domitian (n'exista betg)">Domitian</a> daventà imperatur. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueton (n'exista betg)">Sueton</a> al descrivan en colurs sombras e fan surtut menziun da sia relaziun disturbada tar il Senat. Tuttina ha el er gì success, sco per exempel cun la reorganisaziun da l’administraziun cun la finamira da render quella pli efficazia. L’onn 96 è el daventà l’unfrenda d’ina intriga a la curt. </p><p>Il temp dals imperaturs adoptivs che cumenza cun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerva (n'exista betg)">Nerva</a> vala en general sco punct culminant da l’Imperi roman, e quai tant culturalmain sco er areguard la posiziun da pussanza da Roma. Durant quest temp han ils imperaturs per regla prendì resguard sin l’opiniun dal Senat e suandà l’urden dal principat. Sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trajan (n'exista betg)">Trajan</a>, che valeva sco <i>optimus princeps</i> (‹meglier imperatur›), ha l’Imperi cuntanschì l’onn 117 sia pli gronda extensiun. Suenter campagnas militaras cunter ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dacs (n'exista betg)">Dacs</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parts (n'exista betg)">Parts</a> tanscheva quel da la <a href="/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia">Scozia</a> fin en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubia (n'exista betg)">Nubia</a> (extensiun nord-sid) e dal <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> fin en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesopotamia (n'exista betg)">Mesopotamia</a> (extensiun vest-ost). Sin las conquistas en l’ost da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eufrat (n'exista betg)">Eufrat</a> ha l’Imperi dentant stuì renunziar suenter curt temp, damai che quellas n’eran betg da tegnair. A medem temp è Trajan stà l’emprim imperatur che na derivava betg da l’Italia, mabain da la provinza (Hispania). </p><p>Ses successur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrian (n'exista betg)">Hadrian</a> valeva sco cultivà e hellenofil ed ha consolidà l’Imperi a l’intern. El ha pussibilità in temp da fluriziun civilisatoric, cultural e tecnologic che dueva er promover la derasaziun dal cristianissem. Enconuschentas èn daventadas surtut sias fortificaziuns dals cunfins, per exempel en la Britannia u en l’ost da l’Imperi. Tscherts istoriografs al reproschan dentant d’avair engrevgià memia ferm las finanzas statalas. E propi sa mussan da quel temp emprims indizis d’ina crisa economica, però betg anc en dimensiuns dramaticas. </p><p>Vers la mesadad dal segund tschientaner, al cumenzament da la dinastia antonina, pareva l’Imperi d’avair cuntanschì sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoninus Pius (n'exista betg)">Antoninus Pius</a> sia culminaziun. Ma gia sut l’‹imperatur filosof› <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Aurelius (n'exista betg)">Marcus Aurelius</a> (161 fin 180) èn sa mussads ils emprims problems. Igl èn proruts cumbats intensivs cun pievels germans, en spezial cun ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcomans (n'exista betg)">Marcomans</a>, ed en l’ost han attatgà l’onn 161 ils Parts. Ultra da quai han las truppas romanas ch’èn returnadas il 166 suenter lur victoria en l’ost importà in’epidemia (l’uschenumnada ‹pestilenza antonina›). Sper las smanatschas exteriuras ch’han absorbà las resursas da l’Imperi sin il piter pir, èn er sa mussads a l’intern sintoms da crisa. Marc Aurel aveva bain pudì segirar per il mument il cunfin al nord, aveva dentant manchentà d’instradar refurmas a l’intern. Suenter sia mort èsi vegnì ad ulteriurs eveniments da crisa, tant pli che ses figl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commodus (n'exista betg)">Commodus</a> n’è betg stà bun da garantir a l’Imperi la segirezza. Suenter ch’el è vegnì assassinà l’onn 192, è prorutta ina guerra civila. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/220px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/330px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/440px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Reconstrucziun da l’exercizi militar roman dal temp dals imperaturs</figcaption></figure> <p>A l’entschatta dal terz tschientaner èsi reussì als Severs da stabilisar la situaziun; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimius Severus (n'exista betg)">Septimius Severus</a>, ch’è sa fatg valair l’onn 193 en il cumbat da pussanza, è stà l’emprim imperatur che derivava da l’Africa. Ad el èsi reussì da rebatter ils Parts e d’endrizzar la provinza Mesopotamia; a l’intern è creschida a medem temp la pussanza dals militars. Sut <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> han tut ils libers en l’Imperi (cun excepziun dals <i>dediticii</i>, vul dir dals pievels suttamess cun la forza da las armas) obtegnì il dretg da burgais roman (<i>Constitutio Antoniniana</i>), quai ch’ha muntà ina cesura marcanta entaifer la structuraziun da l’Imperi. Caracalla era bainvis tant tar il pievel sco er tar l’armada; el aveva dentant inimis entaifer il Senat ed en l’atgna famiglia ed è la finala daventà l’unfrenda d’in attentat. Suenter in curt intermezzo è <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elagabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elagabal (n'exista betg)">Elagabal</a> daventà imperatur; ses temp d’uffizi è stà marcà da l’emprova d’introducir la divinitad orientala da medem num sco dieu statal. Suenter che quest imperatur nunpopular era vegnì assassinà l’onn 222 ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severus_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severus Alexander (n'exista betg)">Severus Alexander</a> empruvà adumbatten da sa cumprovar en l’ost cunter ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassanids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassanids (n'exista betg)">Sassanids</a> (cf. sutvart) ed al Rain cunter ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans (n'exista betg)">Germans</a>. L’onn 235 è el vegnì assassinà da schuldads malcuntents. </p><p>Suenter la fin pauc gloriusa dals Severs è suandada la crisa da l’Imperi dal terz tschientaner, durant la quala ils imperaturs-schuldads èn stads exposts a las attatgas dals Germans (en spezial dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemans (n'exista betg)">Alemans</a> e dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gots (n'exista betg)">Gots</a>) al <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> ed al <a href="/wiki/Danubi" title="Danubi">Danubi</a>. Ils onns 259/60 han ils Romans stuì ceder il limes autgerman-retic. Ordvart violents èn surtut stads ils cumbats en l’ost cunter il nov reginavel persian dals Sassanids (a partir dal 224), als quals igl era reussì d’eliminar il reginavel dals Parts. Ils Sassanids duevan sa mussar sco adversari anc pli privlus e stinà ch’ils Parts. Lur retg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schapur_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schapur I (n'exista betg)">Schapur I</a> è penetrà repetidamain en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siria (n'exista betg)">Siria</a> ed ha surventschì pliras armadas romanas. L’onn 260 è schizunt l’imperatur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerian (n'exista betg)">Valerian</a> crudà en ils mauns dals Sassanids ed è mort en praschunia – ina blamascha incumparegliabla per Roma. </p><p>Entant che l’Imperi empruvava en l’ost desperadamain da segirar las provinzas Siria ed Asia Minura, ha er il vest cumenzà ad erodar. En provinzas en las qualas il post dal guvernatur era collià cun il commando sur pliras legiuns faschevan ils uffiziants savens diever da la schuldada per arrivar a la pussanza. Quai ha adina puspè manà a cumbats cun ils usurpaturs e schizunt a secessiuns temporalas da singulas provinzas (p.ex. da la Gallia). Autras pussanzas empruvavan da profitar da la flaivlezza da Roma per far atgnas conquistas. Uschia è per exempel vegnì suttamess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmyra (n'exista betg)">Palmyra</a> ch’aveva furmà in allià dals Romans cunter ils Parts e pli tard cunter ils Sassanids, ma ch’aveva silsuenter conquistà sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenobia (n'exista betg)">Zenobia</a> parts da las provinzas romanas en l’ost. La crisa ha manà a numerusas midadas, ma n’ha betg pertutgà tuttina ferm tut las parts da l’Imperi. E la finala duevi tuttina anc reussir ina giada da tegnair davent il declin smanatschant da l’Imperi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_cumenzament_da_l’antica_tardiva"><span id="Il_cumenzament_da_l.E2.80.99antica_tardiva"></span>Il cumenzament da l’antica tardiva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Il cumenzament da l’antica tardiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Il cumenzament da l’antica tardiva"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/160px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/240px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/320px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Statua che simbolisescha la tetrarchia (Basilica da San Marco a Venezia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocletian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocletian (n'exista betg)">Diocletian</a> ha gì lieu a partir dal 284 la vieuta vers l’antica tardiva. En cumparegliaziun cun il temp precedent è quella stada segnada d’ina centralisaziun e birocratisaziun pli ferma sco er dal success dal cristianissem da pli tard. En l’istoriografia pli veglia (per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Gibbon (n'exista betg)">Edward Gibbon</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Seeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Seeck (n'exista betg)">Otto Seeck</a>) considerav’ins questa epoca be sco temp da decadenza; oz percunter la ves’ins sco in temp da vieuta e transfurmaziun dal mund mediterran da l’antica. </p><p>Diocletian ha refurmà l’administraziun ch’è vegnida dividida en in sectur civil ed en in militar. El ha era stgaffì l’urden da la tetrarchia, tenor il qual i dueva dar dus ‹imperaturs seniors› (<i>Augusti</i>) cun mintgamai in ‹imperatur junior› (<i>Caesar</i>). Per in imperatur sulet era l’Imperi numnadamain gia daditg daventà nunregibel, surtut perquai ch’il squitsch da l’autra vart dals cunfins creschiva d’in cuntin. La divisiun da las provinzas e l’introducziun da diocesas e prefecturas dueva render pli effizienta l’administraziun. </p><p>Cun prescriver pretschs maximals ha Diocletian empruvà da dumagnar l’inflaziun ed il declin economic. Per ch’ils abitants da l’Imperi s’orienteschian puspè vers il stadi e l’imperatur, ha el er empruvà da rinforzar l’atgna apoteosa, pia la pussanza religiusa imperiala, cun adoptar il surnum <i>Iovius</i> (tenor il dieu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jupiter (n'exista betg)">Jupiter</a>). Surtut ils cristians considerava Diocletian sco illoials envers il stadi. Durant ses temp d’uffizi han gì lieu las davosas (e pli violentas) persecuziuns da cristians. </p><p>L’idea da divider il territori da pussanza n’era betg dal tuttafatg nova, ma uss è ella vegnida applitgada a moda pli consequenta. L’unitad da l’Imperi na vulevan ins però tuttavia betg metter en dumonda. Roma è restà il center ideal da l’Imperi, era sch’ils imperaturs han dischlocà lur residenza en vischinanza dals cunfins, sco per exempel ad Augusta Treverorum (la citad da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trier (n'exista betg)">Trier</a> odierna). </p><p>Suenter l’abdicaziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocletian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocletian (n'exista betg)">Diocletian</a> e da ses cunregent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximian (n'exista betg)">Maximian</a> ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantius_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantius I (n'exista betg)">Constantius I</a> surpiglià en il vest l’uffizi dal <i>Senior Augustus</i>. L’onn 306 è ses figl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_il_Grond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin il Grond (n'exista betg)">Constantin il Grond</a> vegnì proclamà da ses schuldads sco imperatur. Cunter veglia ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galerius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galerius (n'exista betg)">Galerius</a>, ch’era da quel temp l’imperatur superiur, stuì renconuscher el sco cunregent. Ma Constantin n’è betg sa cuntentà cun quai. Pass per pass ha el allontanà ses rivals e la finala schlià la tetrarchia. A partir dal 312 regiva el sulet en il vest ed il 324 ha el surpiglià la pussanza sur l’entir Imperi. Ses temp d’uffizi è stà d’impurtanza surtut per dus motivs: per l’ina ha Constantin cumenzà a privilegiar il cristianissem (uschenumnada ‹vieuta constantina›); per l’autra ha el fundà Constantinopel (la citad dad <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> odierna) che serviva uss sco nova chapitala. Il focus da l’Imperi è pia sa spustà pli e pli vers l’ost. </p><p>La dinastia da Constantin n’è betg stada da lunga durada. Suenter cumbats tranter frars ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantius_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantius II (n'exista betg)">Constantius II</a> surpiglià il 353 la pussanza. Suenter sia mort il 361 ha Julian, il nevs da Constantin, empruvà da far reviver il pajanissem. El è dentant gia mort il 363 en rom d’ina champagna militara disgraziada cunter ils Persians. Cun el è ida a fin la dinastia constantina. </p><p>Per motivs administrativs ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentinian I (n'exista betg)">Valentinian I</a> dividì ad interim l’Imperi; suenter la mort da Theodosius I è questa divisiun lura stada definitiva. Sco imperatur en l’ost era Theodosius vegnì instituì tras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gratian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gratian (n'exista betg)">Gratian</a>, il figl da Valentinian. Suenter la sconfitta catastrofala ad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrianopel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrianopel (n'exista betg)">Adrianopel</a> al èsi reussì – almain per il mument – da liar tras contracts ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gots (n'exista betg)">Gots</a> ch’eran penetrads en l’Imperi. A partir da l’onn 394 ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thedosius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thedosius (n'exista betg)">Thedosius</a> alura regì sur l’entir Imperi, e quai suenter ch’igl aveva dà en il vest pliras usurpaziuns e revoltas. Theodosius è stà il davos regent che dueva reger sur l’entir Imperi. Durant ses temp d’uffizi è il cristianissem vegnì introducì sco religiun dal stadi. Suenter sia mort il 395 han ses figls surpiglià il vest (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorius (n'exista betg)">Honorius</a>) respectivamain l’ost (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcadius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcadius (n'exista betg)">Arcadius</a>). Questa divisiun dueva esser definitiva. Tuttina è sa mantegnida l’idea da l’unitad da l’Imperi: uschia entravan las leschas d’in imperatur normalmain er en vigur en la sfera d’influenza da l’auter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declin_da_l’Imperi_dal_vest_e_cuntinuaziun_da_l’Imperi_da_l’ost"><span id="Declin_da_l.E2.80.99Imperi_dal_vest_e_cuntinuaziun_da_l.E2.80.99Imperi_da_l.E2.80.99ost"></span>Declin da l’Imperi dal vest e cuntinuaziun da l’Imperi da l’ost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Declin da l’Imperi dal vest e cuntinuaziun da l’Imperi da l’ost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Declin da l’Imperi dal vest e cuntinuaziun da l’Imperi da l’ost"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/250px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/375px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/500px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Invasiuns dals Germans e Huns da 100 enfin 500 s.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuntrari a l’Imperi dal vest ha l’Imperi da l’ost survivì ils embrugls dat temp da la migraziun dals pievels. In dals motivs centrals è quel che l’Imperi da l’ost furmava la part ch’era populada il pli spess e ch’era economicamain la pli sauna. L’Imperi dal vest è percunter scrudà in pau a la giada en il decurs dal 5avel tschientaner. En spezial l’avanzada dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huns (n'exista betg)">Huns</a> ha gì in effect da domino che dueva midar a moda radicala la divisiun politica entaifer l’Europa. Suenter la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglia_dad_Adrianopel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglia dad Adrianopel (n'exista betg)">Battaglia dad Adrianopel</a> l’onn 378 aveva l’Imperi pers pli e pli la controlla sur da las provinzas dal vest. Grondas parts da la Gallia e da la Spagna èn idas a perder fin la mesadad dal 5avel tschientaner als Germans ch’eran penetradas en l’Imperi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vandals (n'exista betg)">Vandals</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francs (n'exista betg)">Francs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gots (n'exista betg)">Gots</a>). Ultra da quai ha muntà la perdita da l’Africa als Vandals l’onn 435 ina greva frida per l’Imperi dal vest. Gia vers la vieuta dal quart al 5avel tschientaner era la sedia da la regenza vegnida transferida da <a href="/wiki/Milaun" title="Milaun">Milaun</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna (n'exista betg)">Ravenna</a>. E propi è er l’Italia sezza vegnida pli e pli sut l’influenza dals Germans. L’onn 410 han ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visigots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visigots (n'exista betg)">Visigots</a> sblundregià la citad da Roma, il 455 han ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vandals (n'exista betg)">Vandals</a> fatg il medem.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per la decadenza e la fin da l’Imperi roman datti plirs motivs. I vegn dentant anc adina discutà davart ils process ch’èn stads decisivs per transfurmar l’Imperi dal vest en ina retscha da stadis germans (ils quals èn da resguardar sco suverans il pli tard dapi l’entschatta dal 7avel tschientaner). L’armada na consistiva per gronda part betg pli da burgais romans, mabain da mercenaris ‹barbars›; e la grondezza da l’armada na tanscheva betg pli per segirar ils cunfins. A l’intern era l’administraziun en in nausch stadi e l’economia sa chattava en ina fasa da recessiun (cumbain ch’il declin economic era main dramatic che quai ch’i vegniva supponì da l’istoriografia pli veglia). L’onn 476 ha il German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odoaker (n'exista betg)">Odoaker</a> destituì <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus_Augustulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romulus Augustulus (n'exista betg)">Romulus Augustulus</a> sco regent da l’Imperi dal vest (il davos imperatur renconuschì illimitadamain era percunter stà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Nepos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Nepos (n'exista betg)">Julius Nepos</a>). Tuttina veseva Odoaker sasez anc sco ‹German en servetsch roman› e ses reschim en l’Italia sco part da l’Imperi roman sut l’imperatur a Constantinopel; medemamain è ses successur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoderich_il_Grond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoderich il Grond (n'exista betg)">Theoderich il Grond</a> sa stentà da cuntanscher la renconuschientscha da sia posiziun tras l’imperatur en l’ost. </p><p>Tut auter sa preschentava la situaziun en l’ost. L’Imperi da l’ost era economicamain pli ferm, aveva dapli reservas strategicas e pratitgava en pli ina diplomazia inschignusa. Surtut l’auta planira da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolia (n'exista betg)">Anatolia</a> cun la muntogna dal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taurus (n'exista betg)">Taurus</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propontis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propontis (n'exista betg)">Propontis</a> furmavan barrieras natiralas cunter pievels esters. En pli n’eri mai reussì als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huns (n'exista betg)">Huns</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans (n'exista betg)">Germans</a> da traversar il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellespont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellespont (n'exista betg)">Hellespont</a>; perquai èn las ritgas provinzas da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Minura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Minura (n'exista betg)">Asia Minura</a>, da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siria (n'exista betg)">Siria</a> e da l’<a href="/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta">Egipta</a> stadas schanegiadas da lur sblundregiadas. Ils ‹elements barbars› en l’armada ch’avevan contribuì al declin da l’Imperi dal vest han ins reducì en il decurs dal 5avel tschientaner ed eliminà quasi dal tuttafatg en il 6avel tschientaner. </p><p>Cumbain ch’igl ha dà grevs cumbats cun Huns e Sassanids, è l’Imperi da l’ost restà pli u main intact. Sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justinian I (n'exista betg)">Justinian I</a>, il davos imperatur dal qual la lingua materna era il latin, e ses chau d’armada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belisar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belisar (n'exista betg)">Belisar</a> èsi reussì als Romans da l’ost da reconquistar grondas parts dal vest (Africa dal Nord, Italia, Spagna dal Sid) e da tegnair en l’ost ils cunfins cunter las attatgas vehementas dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persians (n'exista betg)">Persians</a>. Suenter che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chosraus_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chosraus I (n'exista betg)">Chosraus I</a> è vegnì a la pussanza, èn las attatgas da vart dals Sassanids vegnidas adina pli fermas; sia finamira era da conquistar l’entira part orientala che sa chattava en ils mauns dals Romans. Uschia è ida a fin la fasa da coexistenza tranter questas duas pussanzas grondas ed ha cumenzà ina seria da guerras ordvart desastrusas. </p><p>L’imperatur roman (da l’ost) è per il mument restà il regent il pli pussant en la regiun da la Mar Mediterrana, e l’Imperi da l’ost aveva puspè prendì possess da la gronda part da l’anteriur territori da l’Imperi (cun excepziun da la Britannia, da la Gallia e da la Spagna dal Nord). Suenter la mort da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justinian (n'exista betg)">Justinian</a> (565) èsi dentant sa mussà ch’ils territoris reconquistads na sa laschavan betg tegnair a la lunga. La Spagna dal Sid è puspè crudada als Visigots ed a partir da l’onn 568 è l’Italia per gronda part vegnida en ils mauns dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langobards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langobards (n'exista betg)">Langobards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_fin_da_l’Imperi_antic"><span id="La_fin_da_l.E2.80.99Imperi_antic"></span>La fin da l’Imperi antic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: La fin da l’Imperi antic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: La fin da l’Imperi antic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/300px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/450px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/600px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Svilup territorial da l’Imperi bizantin</figcaption></figure></div> <p>En il decurs dal temp èsi vegnì a l’intern da l’Imperi roman oriental a dispitas religiusas tranter gruppas cristianas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monofisits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monofisits (n'exista betg)">monofisits</a> cunter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortodoxs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortodoxs (n'exista betg)">ortodoxs</a>); ultra da quai è la malcuntentientscha en parts da la populaziun creschida pervi da las autas taglias e las guerras cuntinuantas. Uschia è sa sminuì il senn da loialitad envers l’Imperi (per exempel en la Siria u en l’Egipta). </p><p>A l’entschatta dal 7avel tschientaner èn vastas parts da l’Imperi vegnidas conquistadas dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassanids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassanids (n'exista betg)">Sassanids</a>. Sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chosrau_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chosrau II (n'exista betg)">Chosrau II</a> èn las truppas persianas avanzadas duas giadas fin a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bizanz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bizanz (n'exista betg)">Bizanz</a>; e da <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> han els rapinà la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sontga_Crusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sontga Crusch (n'exista betg)">Sontga Crusch</a>, la quala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena (n'exista betg)">Helena</a>, la mamma da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin (n'exista betg)">Constantin</a>, duai avair chattà e che valeva sco ‹pli grond stgazi› da l’Imperi. Bain èsi la finala reussì a l’imperatur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herakleios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herakleios (n'exista betg)">Herakleios</a> da manar a fin victoriusamain questa lunga guerra; ma spussà da quai n’è l’Imperi betg stà bun da resister a l’expansiun dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabs (n'exista betg)">Arabs</a> islamics ed ha pers l’entira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siria (n'exista betg)">Siria</a> e l’<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Surtut la sperdita da la ritga <a href="/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta">Egipta</a>, la quala il patriarc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyros (n'exista betg)">Kyros</a> ha quasi tradì als Arabs senza cumbat, ha flaivlentà a moda substanziala l’Imperi da l’ost. Herakleios ha er rut cun la tradiziun romana supigliond el al lieu dal titel ‹imperatur› il vegl titel da retg grec ‹basileus› ed introducind el il grec sco lingua uffiziala. </p><p>L’Imperi ha pers pli e pli ses caracter roman-antic. Bain è l’Imperi da l’ost cun sia chapitala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinopel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantinopel (n'exista betg)">Constantinopel</a> sa mantegnì uffizialmain fin en il 15avel tschientaner – ma las structuras internas èn sa midadas a partir da ca. 640 uschè da rudent ch’i para giustifitgà da discurrer da qua davent da l’Imperi bizantin. Er en l’ost ha uschia cumenzà il temp medieval. </p><p>Da resguardar è dentant ch’il term ‹bizantin› è pir vegnì creà en il 19avel tschientaner e quai senza pudair sa basar sin ina tradiziun istorica. En il temp medieval preferiva il vest catolic la denominaziun ‹Imperi dals Grecs›, damai ch’ins na vuleva betg admetter als cristians ortodoxs en l’ost – ch’eran daventads malfidaivels al papa – da manar vinavant la ierta da l’Imperi roman. Il cuntrari pretendeva il vest questa cuntinuitad per sasez (cf. la denominaziun ‹Sontg Imperi roman da naziun tudestga›). Duvrava percunter in Bizantin il term ‹Grecs› (<i>Hellenoi</i>) sche manegiava els ils Grecs da l’antica precristiana; per denominar sasez è per part sa mantegnì fin oz il term <i>Rhomoi</i>, pia ‹Romans›. Er ils imperis muslims dal temp medieval duvravan adina il num ‹Imperi roman› (<i>Rum</i>) sch’els discurrivan da l’Imperi bizantin. Sco idea e punct da referenza è l’Imperi roman pia sa mantegnì lunsch sur la fin da l’antica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referiments_istorics">Referiments istorics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Referiments istorics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Referiments istorics"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’emprim imperatur occidental ch’è sa mess suenter il declin dal vegl Imperi roman dal vest en la tradiziun dals imperaturs romans è stà il retg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francon (n'exista betg)">francon</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_il_Grond" title="Carl il Grond">Carl il Grond</a> (uschenumnada <i>translatio imperii</i>). Sia curunaziun sco imperatur ils 25 da december 800 a Roma ha perquai manà ad ina cuntraversa diplomatica cun il basileus bizantin che veseva sasez sco sulet imperatur roman legitim. </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Sontg_Imperi_roman" title="Sontg Imperi roman">Sontg Imperi roman</a> (dapi il 15avel tschientaner cun l’agiunta ‹da naziun tudestga›) ha pli tard considerà sasez sco successur da l’Imperi roman (dal vest). Sco ‹Terza Roma› ha er il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zar_russ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zar russ (n'exista betg)">zar russ</a> deducì da l’ierta bizantina – suenter la conquista da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bizanz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bizanz (n'exista betg)">Bizanz</a> tras ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmans (n'exista betg)">Osmans</a> l’onn 1453 – il dretg sin la curuna imperiala romana. Ils titels <i>Kaiser</i> e <i>Zar</i> derivan tuts dus dal titel roman <i>Caesar</i>. </p><p>Cun la curunaziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleun_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleun I (n'exista betg)">Napoleun I</a> sco imperatur l’onn 1804 hai dà l’emprima giada dapli che in imperatur en l’Europa dal Vest. Dus onns pli tard ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz II (n'exista betg)">Franz II</a> remess la curuna imperiala roman-tudestga, quai ch’ha muntà la fin dal Sontg Imperi roman. </p><p>Il 1870 è ida a fin l’èra napoleonica en <a href="/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha">Frantscha</a> e cun quai er l’Imperi franzos ch’è vegnì substituì tras la Republica franzosa. Il titel d’imperatur è dentant vegnì duvrà vinavant da divers monarcs, enfin che l’istorgia dals imperaturs è ida a fin en l’Europa cun la fin da l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a>: 1917 ha la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revoluziun_russa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revoluziun russa (n'exista betg)">Revoluziun russa</a> manà a l’abdicaziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaus II (n'exista betg)">Nicolaus II</a> (fin da l’Imperi russ); ed ils onns 1918/1919 han abditgà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl I (n'exista betg)">Karl I</a> (Austria-Ungaria) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm II (n'exista betg)">Wilhelm II</a> (Imperi tudestg). </p><p>En il 20avel tschientaner è l’Italia faschista sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benito_Mussolini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benito Mussolini (n'exista betg)">Benito Mussolini</a> anc sa messa ina giada en la tradiziun da l’Imperi roman: Mussolini ha declerà publicamain d’avair en egl la restituziun da l’Imperi roman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administraziun">Administraziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Administraziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Administraziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Pont_du_gard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pont_du_gard.jpg/240px-Pont_du_gard.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pont_du_gard.jpg/360px-Pont_du_gard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pont_du_gard.jpg/480px-Pont_du_gard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_du_Gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pont du Gard (n'exista betg)">Pont du Gard</a> en la Frantscha dal Sid, in aquaduct construì dals Romans enturn 19 a.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fin en l’antica tardiva è l’Imperi roman stà dividì en provinzas. Cumenzà ha questa sutdivisiun territoriala en il terz tschientaner a.C., e quai en quel mument ch’ils Romans han expandì sur l’Italia ora (l’emprima provinza è stada la Sicilia). Durant il temp dals imperaturs è la structura da las provinzas vegnida adattada pliras giadas. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> las ha partì en provinzas imperialas e senatoricas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocletian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocletian (n'exista betg)">Diocletian</a> ha substituì las provinzas tradiziunalas tras ina sutdivisiun a dus nivels (diocesas e provinzas); per l’emprima giada è er vegnida integrada l’Italia en quest urden territorial. </p><p>Las pitgas principalas da l’administraziun furmavan dentant las citads, da las qualas l’Imperi ha enconuschì las furmas <i>colonia</i>, <i>municipium</i>, <i>civitas</i>, <i>urbs</i> ed <i>oppidum</i>. Las citads eran organisadas sco vischnancas burgaisas cun autonomia parziala ed eran en emprima lingia responsablas per incassar la taglia. Questa delegaziun da las incumbensas ha pussibilità a l’Imperi d’operar cun ina fitg pitschna administraziun centrala. </p><p>Dal temp da la republica n’èn ils abitants da las citads sur lung temp betg vegnids resguardads sco burgais romans cun dretgs equivalents; els stuevan servir en l’armada romana e pajar taglia, ma n’avevan nagin dretg da votar e d’eleger entaifer la communitad romana cumplessiva e n’eran er betg inscrits en las <i>tribus</i> (glistas da burgais). Cun las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Iulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Iulia (n'exista betg)">Lex Iulia</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Plautia_Papiria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Plautia Papiria (n'exista betg)">Lex Plautia Papiria</a> durant la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_dals_Confederads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra dals Confederads (n'exista betg)">Guerra dals Confederads</a> 90 ed 89 a.C. èn tut las citads da provinza da l’Italia vegnidas auzadas en il stadi da <i>municipium</i> cun dretgs da burgais cumplains. Dapi lura vegn quest term duvrà en general per designar tut las citads da provinza talianas. </p><p>Durant il temp dals imperaturs, cumenzond gia sut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Iulius_Caesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Iulius Caesar (n'exista betg)">Gaius Iulius Caesar</a>, han er citads en las provinzas ordaifer l’Italia obtegnì il dretg da municipis. Quai è dentant stà il cas praticamain be en il vest da l’Imperi. A partir dal prim e segund tschientaner hai lura era dà <i>municipa latina</i>; ils abitants da questas citads avevan dretgs in pau pli restrenschids che quels d’in municipi roman. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutio_Antoniniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutio Antoniniana (n'exista betg)">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> dal 212 s.C. ha la finala attribuì a tuttas citads da l’Imperi almain il status da municipi ed a tut ils libers burgais da l’Imperi è vegnì concedì il dretg da burgais roman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Economia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’Imperi roman ha procurà per diversas cundiziuns da basa ch’han pussibilità in’economia prosperanta. Da quellas fan part la pasch relativa (<i>Pax romana</i>) als cunfins, la stabilitad demografica, las vastas libertads concedidas a tut ils burgais sco er in sistem monetar derasà ed acceptà en l’entir Imperi. Cumbain che l’agricultura e l’economia da latifundias furmava la basa da l’economia romana, èn er il commerzi e l’artisanat stads da gronda muntada. In element constitutiv da l’economia romana ha plinavant furmà la lavur da sclavs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_e_cultura">Art e cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Art e cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Art e cultura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En vastas parts da l’Imperi han l’art e la cultura cuntanschì in temp da fluriziun, spezialmain dal temp dals imperaturs. Surtut en l’Europa ed en l’Africa dal Nord duevan la qualitad da viver e la situaziun demografica da quel temp pir puspè vegnir cuntanschidas suenter blers tschientaners. </p><p>La cultura e l’art roman èn sa sviluppads a basa da las furmas da viver simplas dals abitants da la part occidentala da la Mar Mediterrana, da la cultura plitost povra en art dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italichers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italichers (n'exista betg)">Italichers</a> (indogermans) ch’eran immigrads en il decurs dal segund millenni avant a.C. e la finala dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruscs (n'exista betg)">Etruscs</a>, dals quals ils Romans han quasi surpiglià cumplettamain lur cultura. Parts essenzialas da l’art roman èn vegnidas furmadas tenor il model da l’architectura, pictura e plastica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greca (n'exista betg)">greca</a>; medemamain èn vegnids adaptads motivs da la mitologia greca. Da metter a pèr dieus esters als agens (<i>interpretatio romana</i>) ha plinavant furmà in tratg caracteristic da la moda e maniera co ch’ils Romans han tractà culturas e religiuns suttamessas (p.ex. er en l’<a href="/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta">Egipta</a>). </p><p>Durant lur domini han ils Romans sezs influenzà l’art e la cultura surtut en il nord ed il vest dals territoris conquistads. En questas regiuns èn er culturas da l’autra vart dals cunfins (Germans) vegnidas influenzadas a moda persistenta tras traffic commerzial. En la part orientala da l’Imperi èn las influenzas romanas percunter sa maschadadas cun elements existents (grecs, hellenistics ed orientals). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pompei">Pompei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Pompei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Pompei"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/180px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/270px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/360px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Safo u ina da sias scolaras, maletg da paraid da Herculaneum</figcaption></figure> <p>In’invista cumplessiva en l’art, la cultura e la vita sociala en l’Imperi roman dal temp dals imperaturs porschan las exchavaziuns a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herculaneum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herculaneum (n'exista betg)">Herculaneum</a> ed en spezial a <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a> che furmava da quel temp in’impurtanta citad romana en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campania (n'exista betg)">Campania</a>. Tras la catastrofa da l’erupziun andetga dal <a href="/wiki/Vesuv" title="Vesuv">Vesuv</a> l’onn 79 s.C. èn ils abitadis vegnids cuverts cun ina stresa da tschendra e crap-spungia da ca. 20 meters e conservads uschia a moda natirala. </p><p>La citad era bain vegnida destruida parzialmain gia l’onn 62 s.C. tras in terratrembel; damai ch’ella vegniva gist reconstruida, èn ils palazs, ils tempels ornads cun relievs, ils teaters, las termas ed entirs quartiers d’abitar cun lur vias suladas tuttina vegnids a la glisch en in stadi relativamain bain mantegnì. L’equipament da las chasas mussa ch’ina part dals abitants viveva en gronda bainstanza. Ils lavuratoris artisanals eran medemamain fitg sviluppads. A l’intern dals edifizis han ils archeologs chattà numerusas picturas da paraid (frescos) e mosaics che laschan percorscher in aut nivel artistic e che dattan perditga d’ina vita pulsanta. </p><p>Las exchavaziuns a Pompei relatan dentant er dals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscs (n'exista betg)">Oscs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samnits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samnits (n'exista betg)">Samnits</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grecs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grecs (n'exista betg)">Grecs</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etrucs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etrucs (n'exista betg)">Etrucs</a> ch’han populà la regiun sur in temp bler pli lung ch’ils Romans e da blers sclavs e lavurers migrants ch’eran sesents en la citad dal temp da sia destrucziun. Sper Pompei e Herculaneum èn er ils lieus pli pitschens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabiae (n'exista betg)">Stabiae</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplontis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oplontis (n'exista betg)">Oplontis</a> vegnids destruids cumplettamain. <a href="/wiki/Plinius_il_Giuven" title="Plinius il Giuven">Plinius il Giuven</a> ha descrit detagliadamain l’erupziun dal Vesuv, durant la quala er ses aug, il scienzià e litterat <a href="/wiki/Plinius_il_Vegl" title="Plinius il Vegl">Plinius il Vegl</a>, era vegnì per la vita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lingua">Lingua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Lingua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Lingua"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il latin, la lingua da Roma, è sa derasada sco lingua uffiziala en l’entir Imperi. En l’ost da l’Imperi ed en l’Egipta furmava er il grec lingua uffiziala; en pli valeva il grec en tut l’intschess roman sco lingua da furmaziun. Er autras linguas han pudì sa far valair sco linguas regiunalas, pe exempel linguas germanas en las provinzas Germania inferior, Germania superior e Belgica. </p><p>La ierta da la lingua latina ha perdurà ditg suenter ses declin: durant l’entir temp medieval ed enfin en il temp dal baroc ha il latin furmà en l’Europa dal Vest ed en l’Europa Centrala la lingua dals scolads. Entaifer la baselgia catolic-romana è il latin sa mantegnì fin oz sco lingua uffiziala. Er en diversas scienzas sco la biologia, la medischina u la giurisprudenza vegn la terminologia latina duvrada vinavant e per part schizunt creada da nov. Dal latin èn ultra da quai naschidas las linguas romanas modernas da l’Europa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dretg">Dretg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Dretg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Dretg"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il dretg da la Roma antica cumpigliava prescripziuns da procedura fundamentalas dal dretg civil e dal dretg penal ch’èn per gronda part vegnidas integradas en las normas da dretg modernas. La scienza dal dretg aveva cuntanschì sia culminaziun durant ils emprims tschientaners dal temp dals imperaturs (emprim fin terz tschientaner). L’urden da dretg ed urden statal da l’Europa, surtut il dretg civil, èn influenzads fin oz a moda decisiva dal dretg roman. Impurtants puncts da referenza han furmà las collecziuns da l’antica tardiva sco il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Theodosianus (n'exista betg)">Codex Theodosianus</a> u il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Iustinianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codex Iustinianus (n'exista betg)">Codex Iustinianus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg/700px-Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg/1050px-Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Forum_Romanum_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Il Forum romanum sco ch’el sa preschenta oz</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quest artitgel na cumpiglia naginas annotaziuns en la versiun tudestga (che furma la basa per questa translaziun). Per infurmaziuns approfundantas veglian ins consultar l’apparat scientific fitg vast da la versiun englaisa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Rome">en: Ancient Rome</a> e la litteratura generala cuntegnida en la bibliografia qua sutvart. Sco ovras da standard vegnan ultra da quai cussegliadas: <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i>, <i>Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte</i> (toms 2–4) e surtut <i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Il term ‹vandalissem› che sa referescha a quest eveniment deriva percunter dal 18avel tschientaner e n’è betg giustifitgà istoricamain, damai ch’ils Vandals han plitost spoglià sistematicamain enstagl da destruir senza senn; en pli han els schanegià la populaziun da Roma, quai che na sa chapiva betg da sez da quel temp (er da vart dals Romans betg).</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survistas">Survistas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Survistas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Survistas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hermann Bengtson: <i>Grundriss der römischen Geschichte mit Quellenkunde. Republik und Kaiserzeit bis 284 n. Chr.</i> 3. ed. cumplettada, Beck, Minca 1982 (oriundamain 1967), <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406086179" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-08617-9</a> (<i>Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft</i> III. 5).</li> <li>Ada Gabucci: <i>Rom und sein Imperium</i>. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/380621932X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8062-1932-X</a>.</li> <li>Alfred Heuß: <i>Römische Geschichte.</i> 10. ediziun, tgirada da Jochen Bleicken, Werner Dahlheim, Hans-Joachim Gehrke. Schöningh, Paderborn 2007 (oriundamain 1960), <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783506739278" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-506-73927-8</a>.</li> <li>Karl-Joachim Hölkeskamp, Elke Stein-Hölkeskamp (ed.): <i>Erinnerungsorte der Antike. Die römische Welt</i>. Beck, Minca 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/340654682X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-54682-X</a>.</li> <li>Ulrich Huttner: <i>Römische Antike</i>. UTB, Stuttgart 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783825231224" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8252-3122-4</a>.</li> <li>Ingemar König: <i>Der römische Staat – Ein Handbuch</i>. Reclam, Stuttgart 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150106440" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-010644-0</a>.</li> <li>Theodor Mommsen: <i>Römische Geschichte.</i> Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Minca 2001 (oriundamain 1854–1856 e 1885), <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3423590556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-59055-6</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Schuller (ed.): <i>Das Römische Weltreich</i>. 2. ed. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3806217440" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8062-1744-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republica">Republica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: Republica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Republica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jochen Bleicken: <i>Geschichte der römischen Republik</i>. 6. ed. Oldenbourg, Minca 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783486496666" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-486-49666-6</a> (<i>Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte</i>, tom 2).</li> <li>Klaus Bringmann: <i>Geschichte der Römischen Republik. Von den Anfängen bis Augustus</i>. Beck, Minca 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406492924" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-49292-4</a>.</li> <li>Harriet I. Flower (ed.): <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge e.a. 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0521003903" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-00390-3</a>.</li> <li>Karl-Joachim Hölkeskamp, Elke Stein-Hölkeskamp (ed.): <i>Von Romulus zu Augustus. Große Gestalten der römischen Republik</i>. Beck, Minca 2000, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406466974" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-46697-4</a>.</li> <li>Martin Jehne: <i>Die römische Republik. Von der Gründung bis Caesar</i>. 2. ed. Beck, Minca 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406508622" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-50862-2</a> (<i>Beck’sche Reihe. Wissen</i>, 2008).</li> <li>Michael Sommer: <i>Rom und die antike Welt bis zum Ende der Republik</i>. Kröner, Stuttgart 2013 (<i>Römische Geschichte</i>, tom 1).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principat_ed_antica_tardiva">Principat ed antica tardiva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Principat ed antica tardiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Principat ed antica tardiva"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Manfred Clauss (ed.): <i>Die römischen Kaiser. 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian</i>. 3. ed. Beck, Minca 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406472885" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-47288-5</a>.</li> <li>Karl Christ: <i>Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Von Augustus bis zu Konstantin.</i> 6. ed. Beck, Minca 2009.</li> <li>Werner Dahlheim: <i>Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit</i>. 3. ediziun amplifitgada. Oldenbourg, Minca 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3486496735" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-486-49673-5</a> (<i>Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte</i>, tom 3).</li> <li>Alexander Demandt: <i>Die Spätantike. Römische Geschichte von Diocletian bis Justinian. 284–565 n. Chr.</i> 2. ediziun amplifitgada. Beck, Minca 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406559938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-55993-8</a>.</li> <li>Armin Eich: <i>Die römische Kaiserzeit.</i> C.H. Beck, Minca 2014.</li> <li>Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (ed.): <i>The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity.</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford e.a. 2012.</li> <li>Albino Garzetti: <i>L’Impero da Tiberio agli Antonini.</i> Cappelli, Bologna 1960 (<i>Storia di Roma</i>, tom 6).</li> <li>Klaus-Peter Johne (ed.): <i>Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser</i>. 2 toms. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783050045290" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-05-004529-0</a>.</li> <li>Rene Pfeilschifter: <i>Die Spätantike. Der eine Gott und die vielen Herrscher.</i> C.H. Beck, Minca 2014.</li> <li>David S. Potter: <i>The Roman Empire at bay. AD 180–395</i>. Routledge, Londra e.a. 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0415100585" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-10058-5</a>.</li> <li>Michael Sommer: <i>Rom und sein Imperium in der Kaiserzeit</i>. Kröner, Stuttgart 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783520458018" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-520-45801-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perscrutaziuns_spezialas">Perscrutaziuns spezialas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifitgar secziun: Perscrutaziuns spezialas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=23" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Perscrutaziuns spezialas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael von Albrecht: <i>Geschichte der römischen Literatur</i>. 2 toms, 3. ed. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Minca 2003.</li> <li>Nancy H. Ramage, Andrew Ramage: <i>Römische Kunst. Von Romulus zu Konstantin.</i> Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Cologna 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3829017200" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8290-1720-0</a>.</li> <li>Andrea Giardina (ed.): <i>Der Mensch der römischen Antike</i>. Magnus Verlag, Essen 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783884008010" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-88400-801-0</a>.</li> <li>Harald Küthmann e.a.: <i>Bauten Roms auf Münzen und Medaillen</i>. Beckenbauer, Minca 1973 (<i>Ausstellung der Staatlichen Münzsammlung München vom 16. Oktober bis 2. Dezember 1973</i>).</li> <li>Ludwig Wamser (ed.): <i>Die Römer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer. Zivilisatorisches Erbe einer europäischen Militärmacht. Katalog-Handbuch zur Landesausstellung des Freistaates Bayern</i>. Zabern, Mainz 2000, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3805326157" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8053-2615-7</a>.</li> <li>Hans-Joachim Drexhage, Heinrich Clemens Konen, Kai Ruffing: <i>Die Wirtschaft des Römischen Reiches</i>. Berlin 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3050034300" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-05-003430-0</a>.</li> <li>Ulrich Fellmeth: <i>Pecunia non olet. Die Wirtschaft der antiken Welt.</i> Darmstadt 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783534208401" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-534-20840-1</a>.</li> <li>Jan Dirk Harke: <i>Römisches Recht. Von der klassischen Zeit bis zu den modernen Kodifikationen</i>. Beck, Minca 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406574054" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-57405-4</a> (<i>Grundrisse des Rechts</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&action=edit&section=24" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Rome?uselang=rm">Commons: Imperi roman</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/impindex.htm">Link</a> a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Imperatoribus_Romanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis (n'exista betg)">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html">Infurmaziuns davart la Roma antica</a> tar <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=LacusCurtius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LacusCurtius (n'exista betg)">LacusCurtius</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125125023/http://www.gottwein.de/roge/rom_hist.php">Istorgia romana en survista</a></li></ul> <div style="right:30px; display:none;" class="topicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artitgels_che_mintga_Vichipedia_duai_aver" title="Artitgel dals 1000"><img alt="Artitgel dals 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1000HA.png/28px-1000HA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&oldid=166901">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&oldid=166901</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Kategorien" title="Spezial:Kategorien">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Artitgels_recumandads_(Istorgia_mundiala)" title="Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Istorgia mundiala)">Artitgels recumandads (Istorgia mundiala)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Imperi_Roman" title="Categoria:Imperi Roman">Imperi Roman</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Seiten,_die_magische_ISBN-Links_verwenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden (n'exista betg)">Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è vegnida modifitgada l'ultima giada ils 5. october 2024 a las 15:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/rm/latest30/Imperi_roman">Statistica d'access per questa pagina</a><br /><br /> Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Protecziun da datas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Davart">Davart Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Impressum">Impressum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Verhaltenskodex</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppaders</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/rm.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Stellungnahme zu Cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperi_roman&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiun mobila</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-6qv2g","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.147","walltime":"0.316","ppvisitednodes":{"value":436,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1035,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":90,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1477,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 22.738 1 -total"," 46.67% 10.612 1 Model:Idiom2a"," 15.48% 3.519 1 Model:Artitgel_1000"," 13.03% 2.963 1 Model:Commonscat"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-v9nsk","timestamp":"20241126134744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Imperi roman","url":"https:\/\/rm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_roman","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1747689","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1747689","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-10-30T21:04:57Z","dateModified":"2024-10-05T14:34:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif"}</script> </body> </html>