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Detection</span></div></div></header><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-4739 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-charged-aerosol-detection category-liquid-chromatography tag-charged-aerosol-detection tag-liquid-chromatography entry" aria-label="Review of Analytical Methods for Quantifying, Profiling Polysorbates with Charged Aerosol Detection"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Review of Analytical Methods for Quantifying, Profiling Polysorbates with Charged Aerosol Detection</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/tf-author/susanne-fabel-2/" title="Posts by Dr. Susanne Fabel" rel="author">Dr. Susanne Fabel, Product Marketing Manager, Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry, Thermo Fisher Scientific</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 08.24.2022 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><div class="lia-message-body-content"> <p>Polysorbates (PS) are amphiphilic non-ionic surfactants used as emulsifiers, stabilizers and solubilizers in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical formulations, foods and even cosmetics.</p> <p><span class="lia-inline-image-display-wrapper lia-image-align-right" style="width: 500px"><img /><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-12116 alignright" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/17705-og-1-300x169.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="281" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/17705-og-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/17705-og-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/17705-og-1.jpg 998w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></span>Accurate measurement of PS is essential for the quality and safety of products. The problem is, most commercially available PS materials are complex heterogenous mixtures of hundreds of molecules, including low-level components such as impurities and degradants.</p> <p>Two analytical approaches for measuring PS by HPLC analysis are typically used: a single peak method for quantitation, and a profiling method capable of measuring and quantifying many components to determine quality.</p> <p>Published methods around these two approaches differ, with one variation tied to the type of detector. Common methods use mass spectrometry, charged aerosol detection (CAD), or evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD).</p> <p>This blog explores the chemistry behind why PS compounds are complex, compares the single peak and profiling methods, and highlights why CAD is superior to ELSD for PS analysis.</p> <p><span class="lia-inline-image-display-wrapper lia-image-align-right" style="width: 400px"><img /></span><strong>The chemistry behind why polysorbate compositions are complex and variable</strong></p> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-12721" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Polysorbate-uses-1-300x300.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="400" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Polysorbate-uses-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Polysorbate-uses-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Polysorbate-uses-1-80x80.jpg 80w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Polysorbate-uses-1.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />Characterizing the purity, stability and degradation products of PS compounds in a complex mixture often presents analytical challenges for a few reasons: (I) the <a href="https://www.pharmaexcipients.com/wp-content/uploads/attachments/White+Paper+-+Focus+on+eliminating+formulation+impurities+drives+introduction+of+Super+Refined+polysorbate+products+%281%29.pdf?t=1437586270" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">starting materials are impure mixtures</a>, (II) PS is prone to degradation, and (III) PS in the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20950816/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">final product</a> is present at only around 20% of the expected structure.</p> <p>Variations in chemical profiles can occur from lot-to-lot due <a href="https://academic.oup.com/chromsci/article/50/7/598/298661" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">to inconsistency of the synthetic process</a> and may influence the behavior of PS in liquid formulations.</p> <p>These differences can affect the solubility of free fatty acids impurities, leading to the formation of <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00310" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">unwanted particulates</a> in the final product.</p> <p>Regulatory requirements defined by the <a href="https://www.edqm.eu/en/news/european-pharmacopoeia-updates-testing-particulate-contamination-pharmaceutical-preparations" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">European Pharmacopeia</a> and <a href="https://www.usp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">US Pharmacopeia 790</a> are strict regarding the presence of particles in injectable drugs, as they are generally supposed to be “essentially/practically free of visible particles.”</p> <p>And particle formation in injectables is one of the leading causes of <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/particulate-matter-in-injectables-main-cause-for-recalls-2329-6887-3-e128.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">recalls</a>.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId-2041885944"><strong>Let’s take a deeper dive into the synthetic route</strong></h3> <p>Polysorbates are produced by the esterification of polyoxyethylene sorbitan with a fatty acid.</p> <p>The different types of PS compounds – like polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80) – are defined by the chain length of the parent acid.</p> <ul> <li>PS20 comes from <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lauric-acid" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">lauric acid</a></li> <li>PS80 comes from <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Oleic-acid" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">oleic acid</a></li> </ul> <p>The starting materials originate from naturally impure sources and contain numerous impurities such as other esterifiable fats, which is every chemist’s nightmare. For example, oleic acid is often contaminated with other fatty acids like palmitic, linoleic and stearic.</p> <p>Variations in chemical profiles can occur from lot-to-lot and may influence the behavior of PS in biotherapeutic formulations. These differences can affect the solubility of free fatty acids impurities, leading to the formation of <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00310" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">unwanted particulates</a> in the final product.</p> <p>The additional presence of the precursor and side product of sorbitan, sorbitol and isosorbide, along with different degrees of ethoxylation of the main and byproducts, can <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022354917301570" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">result in a mixture of >1,500 components</a>.</p> <p>So, do you see how the production of PS gets messy, quickly?</p> <p>That’s not including the degradation products, either!</p> <div id="attachment_13458" style="width: 696px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-13458" class="wp-image-13458" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Synthesis-of-PS80-2.png" alt="" width="686" height="210" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Synthesis-of-PS80-2.png 626w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/Synthesis-of-PS80-2-300x92.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px" /><p id="caption-attachment-13458" class="wp-caption-text">Synthesis of PS80 showing mixture of POE products. Figure modified from: Li et al., Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 5150-5157.</p></div> <p><strong style="color: revert;font-size: revert">What we know about the degradation of polysorbates in solution</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378517318307439" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">Studies show</a> PS degrade by autooxidation and hydrolysis pathways:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31449/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">Autooxidation</a> of PS tends to occur on the polyoxyethylene (POE) side via the formation chain propagating peroxides and leads to the formation of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354921004184" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">ketones, aldehydes, and peroxides</a> <ul class="lia-list-style-type-circle"> <li>Light, heat and redox active metals like copper and iron trigger oxidative degradation processes</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hydrolysis of PS happens by cleavage of the ester bond and yields free fatty acids that are prone to precipitation, plus oxidatively modified POE compounds <ul class="lia-list-style-type-circle"> <li>Increasing <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022354915322917" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">heat</a> and pH can accelerate cleavage reactions</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>So, thinking forward to product development, you most certainly need a dependable analytical method to separate and identify the complex mixture of PS components that come from synthetic and degradation pathways.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId--478073990"><strong>Established methods for quantifying and profiling polysorbates by HPLC analysis</strong></h3> <p>Quantification and profiling are two ways you can analyze PS in solution, but your results depend on the type of detection method and workflow.</p> <ul> <li>The single-peak method for quantifying PS involves the elution of all chemical components with a single column and detector. Established procedures use <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967318311816" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">HPLC-CAD</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7078541/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">HPLC-ELSD</a> analysis.</li> <li>Advanced methods include profiling and quantification for characterizing individual components in formulations, which is a must-do for any injectable formulations. Profiling methods may include a single column and detector or more advanced 2D-LC approaches.</li> </ul> <p>Here’s a breakdown of some common published methods:</p> <table style="background-color: #e71316;width: 100%" border="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20%"><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Method</strong></span></td> <td width="20%"><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Single peak </strong></span></p> <p><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>quantification</strong></span></td> <td width="20%"><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Profiling without </strong></span></p> <p><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>quantification</strong></span></td> <td width="20%"><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Profiling with </strong></span></p> <p><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Quantification</strong></span></td> <td width="20%"><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>Formulation </strong></span></p> <p><span style="color: #ffffff"><strong>analysis</strong></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="width: 100%" border="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="20%">Analytical</p> <p>workflow</td> <td width="20%">Single column &</p> <p>Single detector</td> <td width="20%">Single column &</p> <p>Single detector</td> <td width="20%">Single column &</p> <p>Single detector</td> <td width="20%">Two columns &</p> <p>Multi-detector</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%">Benefits</td> <td width="20%">Measures total concentration of PS in solution and can’t tell apart different esters</td> <td width="20%">Provides fingerprint ofPS subspecies and possible degradation pathways</td> <td width="20%">Shows what PS compounds and fatty acid chains are present and the abundance</td> <td width="20%">Gives insight on behavior of PS species in real-time stability samples</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%">Considerations</td> <td width="20%">Good sensitivity but also measures interferences leading to overestimation</td> <td width="20%">Shows differences in abundance of the PS esters across production batches</td> <td width="20%">May reveal the quality of raw materials and assess lot-to-lot variability</td> <td width="20%">Requires removal of protein interferences using off-line or on-line workflows</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%">Reference</td> <td width="20%"><a href="https://cdnmedia.eurofins.com/corporate-eurofins/media/12146633/9424_polysorbate-20-assay_web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">Development and Validation of a Polysorbate 20 Assay in a Therapeutic Antibody Formulation by RP-HPL…</a></td> <td width="20%"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022354921004184" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">Characterization of Polysorbate 80 by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Understand Its Susc…</a></td> <td width="20%"><a href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CMD/Application-Notes/an-73979-hplc-charged-aerosol-detection-polysorbate-an73979-en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Polysorbate 80 profiling by HPLC with mass and charged aerosol detection</a></td> <td width="20%"><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac5009628" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">Characterization and Stability Study of Polysorbate 20 in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Formulatio…</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="toc-hId-409429691"></h3> <h3 id="toc-hId-1296933372"><strong>Why is CAD better than ELSD for characterizing polysorbates?</strong></h3> <p><span class="lia-inline-image-display-wrapper lia-image-align-right" style="width: 400px"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-12723 alignright" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-300x300.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1-80x80.jpg 80w, https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/analyteguru/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2023/06/CAD-vs-ELSD-for-polysorbates-1.jpg 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><img /></span>When attempting to quantify a compound, liquid chromatographers typically turn to HPLC-UV methods. While this approach may work well for compounds that contain a chromophore, it is of little use when compounds don’t have light-absorbing structures.</p> <p>Because most PS lack a chromophore, you need to use a different analytical approach for quantification like CAD or ESLD.</p> <p>But which is the best detector, <a href="https://apps.thermoscientific.com/media/cmd/hypersite-events/HPLC-2014/posters/PN70990_HPLC_2014-CAD-vs-ELSD.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer">CAD or ELSD</a>?</p> <p>CAD is more sensitive than ESLD and less impacted by the optical properties of the analyte. CAD also has a better uniform response essential for standard free quantitation, wider dynamic range, less complex calibration curves, and is easier to use.</p> <h3 id="toc-hId--2110530243"><strong>Take your polysorbate analysis a step beyond with Charged Aerosol Detection</strong></h3> <p>I hope this information reviewed in this blog will help guide you on how improve your future PS analysis.</p> <p>No matter which workflow you choose – single dimension or multi-dimensional — you should most certainly opt for <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/chromatography/chromatography-learning-center/liquid-chromatography-information/hplc-system-components/how-hplc-detectors-work/charged-aerosol-detection.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Charged Aerosol Detection</a> to get the most out of your analysis in a single run.</p> <p>Time is your most valuable asset in life, so why not set yourself up for success from the start?</p> </div> </div></article><section class="author-box"><h4 class="author-box-title">Dr. Susanne Fabel</h4><div class="author-box-content" itemprop="description">Dr. Susanne Fabel is a Product Marketing Manager for the Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry group at Thermo Fisher Scientific, specializing in Charged Aerosol Detectors and other liquid chromatographic solutions. Susanne has over two decades of chromatography expertise and has a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the Technical University of Munich. She started her journey at the lab bench developing analytical workflows with cutting-edge products. For the last several years she has followed her passion to develop world-class HPLC instruments to take analytical science one step further. 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