CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Irving Langmuir – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )plwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","styczeń","luty","marzec","kwiecień","maj","czerwiec","lipiec","sierpień","wrzesień","październik","listopad","grudzień"],"wgRequestId":"7fc39f18-42e5-42ce-afb0-7c3b35001ef4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Irving_Langmuir","wgTitle":"Irving Langmuir","wgCurRevisionId":74027716,"wgRevisionId":74027716,"wgArticleId":298374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń","Amerykańscy fizykochemicy","Laureaci Medalu Hughesa","Nobliści – chemia","Urodzeni w 1881","Zmarli w 1957","Amerykańscy nobliści","Ludzie urodzeni w Brooklynie"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Irving_Langmuir","wgRelevantArticleId":298374,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":74027716,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":6000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184286","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.wikiflex":"ready","ext.gadget.infobox":"ready","ext.gadget.hlist":"ready","ext.gadget.darkmode-overrides":"ready","ext.gadget.small-references":"ready","ext.gadget.citation-access-info":"ready","ext.gadget.sprawdz-problemy-szablony":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ll-script-loader","ext.gadget.veKeepParameters","ext.gadget.szablon-galeria","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.citoid-overrides","ext.gadget.maps","ext.gadget.padlock-indicators","ext.gadget.interwiki-langlist","ext.gadget.edit-summaries","ext.gadget.edit-first-section","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.map-toggler","ext.gadget.narrowFootnoteColumns","ext.gadget.WDsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.gadget.citation-access-info%2Cdarkmode-overrides%2Chlist%2Cinfobox%2Csmall-references%2Csprawdz-problemy-szablony%2Cwikiflex&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1587"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/800px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1058"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/640px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="846"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Irving Langmuir – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edytuj" href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (pl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Kanał Atom Wikipedii" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Irving_Langmuir rootpage-Irving_Langmuir skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Przejdź do zawartości</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu główne" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu główne</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu główne</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nawigacja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Przejdź na stronę główną [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Strona główna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Losowa_strona" title="Załaduj losową stronę [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Losuj artykuł</span></a></li><li id="n-Kategorie" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kategorie_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"><span>Kategorie artykułów</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wyr%C3%B3%C5%BCniona_zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_Wikipedii"><span>Najlepsze artykuły</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:FAQ"><span>Częste pytania (FAQ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-zmiany" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-zmiany" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla czytelników </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-czytelnicy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii"><span>O Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_z_wikipedystami"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-edytorzy" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-edytorzy" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla wikipedystów </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-pierwsze-kroki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Irving+Langmuir" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Irving+Langmuir" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Irving+Langmuir" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Irving+Langmuir" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dokonania_naukowe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dokonania_naukowe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dokonania naukowe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dokonania_naukowe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irving Langmuir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 67 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إرفينغ لانغموير – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرفينغ لانغموير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینق لانقمویر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایروینق لانقمویر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0" title="আর্ভিং ল্যাংমিউয়র – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্ভিং ল্যাংমিউয়র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ървинг Лангмюр – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ървинг Лангмюр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%81" title="Ίρβιν Λάνγκμουιρ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίρβιν Λάνγκμουιρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینگ لانگمویر – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایروینگ لانگمویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99_%EB%9E%AD%EB%AE%A4%EC%96%B4" title="어빙 랭뮤어 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어빙 랭뮤어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="ईविंग लैंगम्यूर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईविंग लैंगम्यूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אירווינג לאנגמיור – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירווינג לאנגמיור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ಲಾಂಗ್‌ಮುಯಿರ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ಲಾಂಗ್‌ಮುಯಿರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Lengm%C4%ABrs" title="Ērvings Lengmīrs – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvings Lengmīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ирвинг Лангмјур – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирвинг Лангмјур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ارفينج لانجموير – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارفينج لانجموير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینگ لانگمویر – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایروینگ لانگمویر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2" title="アーヴィング・ラングミュア – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーヴィング・ラングミュア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ارونگ لینگمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارونگ لینگمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ленгмюр, Ирвинг – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленгмюр, Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ирвинг Лангмјур – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирвинг Лангмјур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%9B%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ирвиң Ләңмьюр – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирвиң Ләңмьюр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เออร์วิง แลงมิวร์ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เออร์วิง แลงมิวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ارونگ لینگمر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارونگ لینگمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94" title="欧文·朗缪尔 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧文·朗缪尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE" title="歐文·朗繆爾 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐文·朗繆爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Irving_Langmuir" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Irving_Langmuir" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Irving_Langmuir" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&oldid=74027716" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Irving_Langmuir&id=74027716&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrving_Langmuir"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrving_Langmuir"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Irving+Langmuir"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Irving_Langmuir&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irving_Langmuir" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184286" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#629ed0; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Irving Langmuir</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Irving_Langmuir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/181px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/272px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/363px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Państwo działania </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stany Zjednoczone</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/31_stycznia" title="31 stycznia">31 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Jork" title="Nowy Jork">Nowy Jork</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/16_sierpnia" title="16 sierpnia">16 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole" title="Woods Hole">Woods Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue; color:black; text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:3px;">Specjalność: <a href="/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka">fizyka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia">chemia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater" title="Alma Mater">Alma Mater</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia">Columbia University</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Getyndze" title="Uniwersytet w Getyndze">Uniwersytet w Getyndze</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Nagrody</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_chemii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii">Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie chemii</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HughesMedal_%28round%29.png/30px-HughesMedal_%28round%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HughesMedal_%28round%29.png/45px-HughesMedal_%28round%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HughesMedal_%28round%29.png/60px-HughesMedal_%28round%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Medal Hughesa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irving_Langmuir" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irving_Langmuir" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Irving Langmuir">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Irving Langmuir</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/31_stycznia" title="31 stycznia">31 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> w <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Jork" title="Nowy Jork">Nowym Jorku</a><sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup>, zm. <a href="/wiki/16_sierpnia" title="16 sierpnia">16 sierpnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a> w <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole" title="Woods Hole">Woods Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">amerykański</a> fizykochemik, pionier badań nad <a href="/wiki/Wy%C5%82adowanie_elektrostatyczne" title="Wyładowanie elektrostatyczne">wyładowaniami elektrostatycznymi</a> w gazach i zjawiskami powierzchniowymi. Laureat <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_chemii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii">Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii</a> w 1932 roku za osiągnięcia w <a href="/wiki/Fizykochemia_powierzchni" title="Fizykochemia powierzchni">chemii powierzchni</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urodził się w <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklynie</a>. Do 1903 studiował <a href="/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia">metalurgię</a> na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia">Columbia University</a>, a następnie uzyskał doktorat z <a href="/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna">chemii fizycznej</a> na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Getyndze" title="Uniwersytet w Getyndze">Uniwersytecie w Getyndze</a> pod kierunkiem noblisty, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Waltera Nernsta</a>. Po powrocie do USA pracował jako nauczyciel chemii w <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a> w <a href="/wiki/Hoboken_(New_Jersey)" title="Hoboken (New Jersey)">Hoboken</a>. Praca ta nie satysfakcjonowała go, więc zatrudnił się w nowo powstałym General Electric Research Laboratory w <a href="/wiki/Schenectady" title="Schenectady">Schenectady</a>. Tam pracował nad przepływem prądu przez zjonizowane gazy, konstruując nowe przyrządy do badań<sup id="cite_ref-phys_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phys-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dokonania_naukowe">Dokonania naukowe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Dokonania naukowe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Dokonania naukowe"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jako pierwszy na świecie, prowadził systematyczne badania monowarstw <a href="/wiki/Adsorpcja" title="Adsorpcja">adsorpcyjnych</a> na powierzchni cieczy, które od jego nazwiska nazywa się <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warstwa_Langmuira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warstwa Langmuira (strona nie istnieje)">warstwami Langmuira</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. Warstwy te stanowią do dziś podstawowe narzędzie do badania rozmaitych własności fizykochemicznych „pojedynczych” <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%85steczka" title="Cząsteczka">cząsteczek</a>. Langmuir opracował także metodę przenoszenia takich monowarstw na podłoże stałe. Technika ta została później rozwinięta przez jego współpracowniczkę, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Burr_Blodgett" title="Katharine Burr Blodgett">Katharine Burr Blodgett</a>, która opracowała metodę tworzenia wielowarstw molekularnych, nazywanych <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warstwa_Langmuira-Blodgett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warstwa Langmuira-Blodgett (strona nie istnieje)">warstwami Langmuira-Blodgett</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. W ramach badań nad monowarstwami zaproponował koncepcję podstawowej <a href="/wiki/Izoterma_adsorpcji" title="Izoterma adsorpcji">izotermy adsorpcji</a> nazwaną później <a href="/wiki/Izoterma_Langmuira" title="Izoterma Langmuira">izotermą Langmuira</a> (1916). </p><p>Oprócz tego od jego nazwiska pochodzi <a href="/wiki/Palnik_Langmuira" title="Palnik Langmuira">palnik Langmuira</a>, który jest wysokowydajną, prostą konstrukcją palnika <a href="/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór">wodorowego</a> stosowanego do dzisiaj powszechnie w laboratoriach do obróbki szkła oraz <a href="/wiki/Sonda_Langmuira" title="Sonda Langmuira">sonda Langmuira</a> do badań <a href="/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma">plazmy</a>. Innym jego wynalazkiem jest <a href="/wiki/Pompa_dyfuzyjna" title="Pompa dyfuzyjna">pompa dyfuzyjna</a>, za pomocą której można uzyskiwać w laboratoriach tzw. wysoką <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia">próżnię</a> (rzędu 10<sup>−5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tor_(jednostka)" title="Tor (jednostka)">Tr</a>), będąca nadal w powszechnym użyciu jako element współczesnych <a href="/wiki/Linia_pr%C3%B3%C5%BCniowa" title="Linia próżniowa">linii próżniowych</a>. Udoskonalił też konstrukcję <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBar%C3%B3wka" title="Żarówka">żarówki</a> przez wprowadzenie do niej obojętnego gazu<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>. </p><p>W 1946 Langmuir pracował nad <a href="/wiki/Zasiewanie_chmur" title="Zasiewanie chmur">sztucznym wywoływaniem deszczu</a> wraz z meteorologiem Bernardem Vonnegutem, bratem pisarza, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurta</a>. Stał się pierwowzorem postaci Dr. Felixa Hoenikkera z powieści <a href="/wiki/Kocia_ko%C5%82yska" title="Kocia kołyska">Kocia kołyska</a>. Jest również autorem koncepcji substancji lód-9, grającej w tej powieści ważną rolę<sup id="cite_ref-phys_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phys-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3930491"><i>Langmuir Irving</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2023-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Langmuir+Irving&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3930491" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/">Laureaci: 1932</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phys-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-phys_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-phys_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/370/langmuir_probe.pdf">Langmuir’s Probe</a>. [dostęp 2014-10-17]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120227124853/http://www.lot-oriel.com:80/files/downloads/ksv/en/langmuirblodgett_en01.pdf">Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films. What and How?</a>. [dostęp 2011-06-15].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131105053518/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/319.html">Katharine Burr Blodgett</a>. www.invent.org. [dostęp 2011-06-15].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Szczepan_Szczeniowski" title="Szczepan Szczeniowski">Szczepan Szczeniowski</a>: <i>Fizyka doświadczalna</i>. Wyd. III. Cz. III. Elektryczność i magnetyzm. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1972, s. 183.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fizyka+do%C5%9Bwiadczalna&rft.aulast=Szczeniowski&rft.aufirst=Szczepan&rft.date=1972&rft.edition=III&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=183"></span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar{font-weight:normal;font-size:xx-small;white-space:nowrap;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.tnavbar{margin-left:1em;float:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>hr+.tnavbar{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>.tnavbar:before{content:"Ten szablon: "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:after{content:" · "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox hr{margin:0.2em 1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .title{background:#ddf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content:not(.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych){margin-top:2px;padding:0;font-size:smaller;overflow:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+.navbox-main-content,.mw-parser-output .navbox .below,.mw-parser-output .navbox .title+.grid{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below{background:#ddf;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.after{align-self:center;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.navbox-main-content{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .before{margin-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .after{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard{border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis{text-align:right;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis+.spis{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td:first-child{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-even{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>th+td{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns{table-layout:fixed}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-right:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:first-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:first-child{border-left:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:last-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:last-child{border-right:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>dl{text-align:left;column-width:24em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+table{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.opis,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.spis{padding:0.1em 1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.mw-collapsible-toggle{width:4em;text-align:right;margin-right:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.fakebar,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.fakebar{float:left;width:4em;height:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background:#ddf;padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .opis{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-even,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-odd{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-even{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox p{margin:0;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:gold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:silver}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#c96}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ol{column-width:24em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox ul{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox .references{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist li{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox .rok{display:inline-block;width:4em;padding-right:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-statistics{margin-top:2px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .navbox-summary>.title{font-weight:bold;font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.grupa-szablonów) .navbox{margin:0;border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.grupa-szablonów>.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych>.navbox:first-child{margin-top:2px}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.after{display:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis img,.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis .flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Nobel_Chemia" title="Szablon:Nobel Chemia"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Nobel_Chemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Nobel Chemia (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nobel_Chemia&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_chemii" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii">Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%E2%80%99t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van ’t Hoff">van ’t Hoff</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Baeyer</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Buchner</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Wallach</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Grignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Sabatier</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Werner</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Richards</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Martin Willstätter">Willstätter</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Pregl</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Svedberg</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wieland" title="Heinrich Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Windaus</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Bergius</a></li> <li>1932: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langmuir</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Urey</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Norman_Haworth" title="Walter Norman Haworth">Haworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Ružička</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_von_Hevesy" title="György von Hevesy">de Hevesy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Virtanen" title="Artturi Virtanen">Virtanen</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/James_Sumner" title="James Sumner">Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Tiselius</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">Giauque</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Diels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mattison_McMillan" title="Edwin Mattison McMillan">McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/R.L.M._Synge" title="R.L.M. Synge">Synge</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">du Vigneaud</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Hinshelwood">Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko%C5%82aj_Siemionow" title="Nikołaj Siemionow">Siemionow</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Todd</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Heyrovský</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">Kendrew</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Ziegler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward" title="Robert Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Mulliken</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Norrish" title="Ronald Norrish">Norrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">Porter</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Leloir</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Herzberg</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Anfinsen" title="Christian Anfinsen">Anfinsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">Stein</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fischer" title="Ernst Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">Cornforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Prelog</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Ken%E2%80%99ichi_Fukui" title="Ken’ichi Fukui">Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Taube</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Merrifield</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hauptman" title="Herbert Hauptman">Hauptman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Karle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Robert_Herschbach" title="Dudley Robert Herschbach">Herschbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram">Cram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pedersen" title="Charles Pedersen">Pedersen</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Michel</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Corey" title="Elias Corey">Corey</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ernst" title="Richard Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus">Marcus</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemik)" title="Michael Smith (chemik)">Smith</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Olah" title="George Olah">Olah</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" title="Paul Crutzen">Crutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer" title="Paul Boyer">Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Walker" title="John Ernest Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Skou" title="Jens Skou">Skou</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">Pople</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Heeger" title="Alan Heeger">Heeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Knowles" title="William Knowles">Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Noyori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sharpless" title="Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fenn" title="John Fenn">Fenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Tanaka" title="Kōichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanower" title="Aaron Ciechanower">Ciechanower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awram_Herszko" title="Awram Herszko">Herszko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schrock" title="Richard Schrock">Schrock</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kornberg" title="Roger Kornberg">Kornberg</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" title="Roger Tsien">Tsien</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steitz" title="Thomas Steitz">Steitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Jonath" title="Ada Jonath">Jonath</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heck" title="Richard Heck">Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiichi_Negishi" title="Eiichi Negishi">Negishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Szechtman" title="Dan Szechtman">Szechtman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Moerner" title="William Moerner">Moerner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank"> Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_P._Smith" title="George P. Smith">Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_P._Winter" title="Gregory P. Winter">Winter</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">MacMillan</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morten_Meldal" title="Morten Meldal">Meldal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sharpless" title="Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" title="Louis Brus">Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksiej_Jekimow" title="Aleksiej Jekimow">Jekimow</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biolog)" title="David Baker (biolog)">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jumper" title="John Jumper">Jumper</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NobelP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel"><img alt="Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa" title="Szablon:Laureaci Medalu Hughesa"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Laureaci Medalu Hughesa (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Laureaci <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Medalu Hughesa</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan" title="Joseph Wilson Swan">Joseph Wilson Swan</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Marks_Ayrton" title="Hertha Marks Ayrton">Hertha Marks Ayrton</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Griffiths" title="Ernest Howard Griffiths">Ernest Griffiths</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Glazebrook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Glazebrook (strona nie istnieje)">Richard Glazebrook</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Duddell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Duddell (strona nie istnieje)">William Duddell</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sealy_Townsend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sealy Townsend (strona nie istnieje)">John S. Townsend</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Chree (strona nie istnieje)">Charles Chree</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels H.D. Bohr</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Edward_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Edward Smith (strona nie istnieje)">Frank Edward Smith</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Jackson (strona nie istnieje)">Henry Jackson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_David_Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William David Coolidge (strona nie istnieje)">William Coolidge</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Venkata Raman</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schottky" title="Walter Schottky">Walter Schottky</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson" title="George Thomson">George Thomson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ingle_Finch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ingle Finch (strona nie istnieje)">George Ingle Finch</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_F.J._Schonland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil F.J. Schonland (strona nie istnieje)">Basil F.J. Schonland</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Turton_Randall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Turton Randall (strona nie istnieje)">John Turton Randall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Jean Frederick Joliot</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Watson-Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Watson-Watt (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Watson-Watt</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers">Hendrik Anthony Kramers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Dee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Dee (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Ivor Dee</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie S.W. Massey</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Proudman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Proudman (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Proudman</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Andrade (strona nie istnieje)">Edward Andrade</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Brian_Pippard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Brian Pippard (strona nie istnieje)">Alfred Brian Pippard</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lade_Pawsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lade Pawsey (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Lade Pawsey</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Howard_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Howard Cottrell (strona nie istnieje)">Alan Howard Cottrell</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brebis_Bleaney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brebis Bleaney (strona nie istnieje)">Brebis Bleaney</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Calland_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Calland Williams (strona nie istnieje)">Frederic Calland Williams</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denys_Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denys Wilkinson (strona nie istnieje)">Denys Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kemmer (strona nie istnieje)">Nicholas Kemmer</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mendelssohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mendelssohn (strona nie istnieje)">Kurt Mendelssohn</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kurti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kurti (strona nie istnieje)">Nicholas Kurti</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/David_Robert_Bates" title="David Robert Bates">David Bates</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanbury_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hanbury Brown (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Hanbury Brown</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Hirsch (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Hirsch</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Fowler (strona nie istnieje)">Peter H. Fowler</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/William_Cochran" title="William Cochran">William Cochran</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J.P._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J.P. Williams (strona nie istnieje)">Robert J.P. Williams</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_James_Farley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis James Farley (strona nie istnieje)">Francis James Farley</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Ware Higgs</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Matthews" title="Drummond Matthews">Drummond Matthews</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vine" title="Frederick Vine">Frederick Vine</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clive_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clive Ward (strona nie istnieje)">John Clive Ward</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Roy_P._Kerr" title="Roy P. Kerr">Roy P. Kerr</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tony_Skyrme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tony Skyrme (strona nie istnieje)">Tony Skyrme</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Woolfson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Woolfson (strona nie istnieje)">Michael Woolfson</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Pepper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Pepper (strona nie istnieje)">Michael Pepper</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Howie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Howie (strona nie istnieje)">Archibald Howie</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Whelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Whelan (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Whelan</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Burton_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Burton Moon (strona nie istnieje)">Philip Burton Moon</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Seaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Seaton (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Seaton</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/George_Isaak" title="George Isaak">George Isaak</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Chambers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Chambers (strona nie istnieje)">Robert G. Chambers</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Shoenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Shoenberg (strona nie istnieje)">David Shoenberg</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amyand_David_Buckingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amyand David Buckingham (strona nie istnieje)">Amyand David Buckingham</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_R._Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew R. Lang (strona nie istnieje)">Andrew R. Lang</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Hide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Hide (strona nie istnieje)">Raymond Hide</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Boksenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Boksenberg (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Boksenberg</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Chintamani_Nagesa_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao">Chintamani N.R. Rao</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pethica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pethica (strona nie istnieje)">John Pethica</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Dalgarno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Dalgarno (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Dalgarno</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Edwards (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Edwards</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clarke (strona nie istnieje)">John Clarke</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Moffatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Moffatt (strona nie istnieje)">Keith Moffatt</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Kelly (strona nie istnieje)">Michael J. Kelly</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Dougherty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Dougherty (strona nie istnieje)">Michele Dougherty</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andriej_Gejm" title="Andriej Gejm">Andriej Gejm</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Rosseinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Rosseinsky (strona nie istnieje)">Matthew Rosseinsky</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henning_Sirringhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henning Sirringhaus (strona nie istnieje)">Henning Sirringhaus</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Efstathiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Efstathiou (strona nie istnieje)">George Efstathiou</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bruce (strona nie istnieje)">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Durrant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Durrant (strona nie istnieje)">James Durrant</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Cooper_(naukowiec)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Cooper (naukowiec) (strona nie istnieje)">Andrew Cooper</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clare_Grey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clare Grey (strona nie istnieje)">Clare Grey</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Irvine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Irvine (strona nie istnieje)">John Irvine</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saiful_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saiful Islam (strona nie istnieje)">Saiful Islam</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:HughesMedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/100px-HughesMedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/150px-HughesMedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HughesMedal.jpg/200px-HughesMedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Modele_atom%C3%B3w" title="Szablon:Modele atomów"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_szablonu:Modele_atom%C3%B3w" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Modele atomów"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Modele_atom%C3%B3w&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Modele atomów</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist navbox-above above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%85dro_atomowe" title="Jądro atomowe">Jądro atomowe</a></li></ul> </div><div class="flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fizyka_klasyczna" title="Fizyka klasyczna">klasyczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_atomistyczna_Daltona" title="Teoria atomistyczna Daltona">model Daltona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Thomsona" title="Model atomu Thomsona">model Thomsona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Lewisa" title="Model atomu Lewisa">model Lewisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_atomu_Nagaoki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model atomu Nagaoki (strona nie istnieje)">model Nagaoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Rutherforda" title="Model atomu Rutherforda">model Rutherforda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Gryzi%C5%84skiego" title="Model atomu Gryzińskiego">model Gryzińskiego</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mechanika_kwantowa" title="Mechanika kwantowa">kwantowe</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_atomu_Bohra" title="Model atomu Bohra">model Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_atomu_Bohra-Sommerfelda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model atomu Bohra-Sommerfelda (strona nie istnieje)">model Bohra-Sommerfelda</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360686#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q360686">(inne języki)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">model Schrödingera</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Naukowiec" title="Naukowiec">uczeni</a> według<br />daty narodzin</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XVIII_wiek" title="XVIII wiek">XVIII wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XIX_wiek" title="XIX wiek">XIX wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantaro Nagaoka (strona nie istnieje)">Hantaro Nagaoka</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936356#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1936356">(inne języki)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis">Gilbert Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XX_wiek" title="XX wiek">XX wiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Gryzi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Gryziński">Michał Gryziński</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Atom_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/70px-Atom_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/105px-Atom_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Atom_symbol.svg/140px-Atom_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109605258">0000000109605258</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/25398504">25398504</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n83828424">n83828424</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118778706">118778706</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551404">00551404</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115039429">115039429</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/079989241">079989241</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ntk2010537801">ntk2010537801</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p070642435">070642435</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90098038">90098038</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0436320X">DA0436320X</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2248489A">OL2248489A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646351505606">9810646351505606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2097066182">n97066182</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277222205171">987007277222205171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000238043&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000238043</a></span></li><li><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONOR" class="extiw" title="sl:CONOR">CONOR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.si/opac7/conor/215281763">215281763</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000556648">000556648</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3930491.html">3930491</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Irving-Langmuir">biography/Irving-Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/irving-langmuir">irving-langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/irving-langmuir/">irving-langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/irving-langmuir">irving-langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Irving_Langmuir">Irving_Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/irving-langmuir/">irving-langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0036492.xml">0036492</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Irving_Langmuir">Irving_Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=35356">35356</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1153" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1153">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16051063700">16051063700</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&oldid=74027716">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&oldid=74027716</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ameryka%C5%84scy_fizykochemicy" title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy fizykochemicy">Amerykańscy fizykochemicy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Laureaci_Medalu_Hughesa" title="Kategoria:Laureaci Medalu Hughesa">Laureaci Medalu Hughesa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Nobli%C5%9Bci_%E2%80%93_chemia" title="Kategoria:Nobliści – chemia">Nobliści – chemia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Urodzeni_w_1881" title="Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1881">Urodzeni w 1881</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zmarli_w_1957" title="Kategoria:Zmarli w 1957">Zmarli w 1957</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ameryka%C5%84scy_nobli%C5%9Bci" title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy nobliści">Amerykańscy nobliści</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ludzie_urodzeni_w_Brooklynie" title="Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Brooklynie">Ludzie urodzeni w Brooklynie</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_z_propozycjami_t%C5%82umacze%C5%84" title="Kategoria:Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń">Artykuły z propozycjami tłumaczeń</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 17 cze 2024, 08:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. Zobacz szczegółowe informacje o <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/pl">warunkach korzystania</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polityka prywatności</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Korzystasz_z_Wikipedii_tylko_na_w%C5%82asn%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87">Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Powszechne Zasady Postępowania</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dla deweloperów</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pl.wikipedia.org">Statystyki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Oświadczenie o ciasteczkach</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Wersja mobilna</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f6w29","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.493","walltime":"0.695","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3245,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":73339,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6786,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":32519,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":12,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 588.752 1 -total"," 35.32% 207.973 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 25.53% 150.300 1 Szablon:Naukowiec_infobox"," 25.43% 149.697 4 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 21.37% 125.827 1 Szablon:Nobel_Chemia"," 12.34% 72.666 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 6.15% 36.229 1 Szablon:Infobox_tytuł"," 6.15% 36.186 2 Szablon:Infobox_grafika"," 5.72% 33.685 3 Szablon:Cytuj_stronę"," 4.23% 24.891 4 Szablon:Infobox_projekt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.284","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4313889,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"required = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-745f94f9f8-h7ljd","timestamp":"20241119222719","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Irving Langmuir","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irving_Langmuir","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184286","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184286","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-13T12:26:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Irving_Langmuir.jpg","headline":"fizykochemik ameryka\u0144ski, noblista"}</script> </body> </html>