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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Genetic defects of brain immunity in childhood herpes simplex encephalitis | Nature</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/nature.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if 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It is life-threatening and has a first peak of incidence in childhood, during primary infection. Children with HSE are not particularly prone to other infections, including HSV-1 infections of tissues other than the brain. About 8–10% of childhood cases are due to monogenic inborn errors of 19 genes, two-thirds of which are recessive, and most of which display incomplete clinical penetrance. Childhood HSE can therefore be sporadic but genetic, enabling new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine essential cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity in the brain that are disrupted in individuals with HSE. These mechanisms include both known (such as mutations in the TLR3 pathway) and previously unknown (such as the TMEFF1 restriction factor) antiviral pathways, which may be dependent (for example, IFNAR1) or independent (for example, through RIPK3) of type I interferons. They operate in cortical or brainstem neurons, and underlie forebrain and brainstem infections, respectively. Conversely, the most severe inborn errors of leukocytes, including a complete lack of myeloid and/or lymphoid blood cells, do not underlie HSE. Thus congenital defects in intrinsic immunity in brain-resident neurons that underlie HSE broaden natural host defences against HSV-1 from the leukocytes of the immune system to other cells in the organism. 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It is life-threatening and has a first peak of incidence in childhood, during primary infection. Children with HSE are not particularly prone to other infections, including HSV-1 infections of tissues other than the brain. About 8–10% of childhood cases are due to monogenic inborn errors of 19 genes, two-thirds of which are recessive, and most of which display incomplete clinical penetrance. Childhood HSE can therefore be sporadic but genetic, enabling new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine essential cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity in the brain that are disrupted in individuals with HSE. These mechanisms include both known (such as mutations in the TLR3 pathway) and previously unknown (such as the TMEFF1 restriction factor) antiviral pathways, which may be dependent (for example, IFNAR1) or independent (for example, through RIPK3) of type I interferons. They operate in cortical or brainstem neurons, and underlie forebrain and brainstem infections, respectively. Conversely, the most severe inborn errors of leukocytes, including a complete lack of myeloid and/or lymphoid blood cells, do not underlie HSE. Thus congenital defects in intrinsic immunity in brain-resident neurons that underlie HSE broaden natural host defences against HSV-1 from the leukocytes of the immune system to other cells in the organism. 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They operate in cortical or brainstem neurons, and underlie forebrain and brainstem infections, respectively. Conversely, the most severe inborn errors of leukocytes, including a complete lack of myeloid and/or lymphoid blood cells, do not underlie HSE. Thus congenital defects in intrinsic immunity in brain-resident neurons that underlie HSE broaden natural host defences against HSV-1 from the leukocytes of the immune system to other cells in the organism. This article reviews evidence that has emerged over&nbsp;the past two decades&nbsp;indicating that herpes simplex encephalitis in children can result from monogenic defects of brain immunity to herpes simplex virus 1."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhang, Shen-Ying"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Casanova, Jean-Laurent"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Infectious diseases"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Neuroimmunology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr. Infect. Dis. 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itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Review</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2024-11-20">20 November 2024</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Genetic defects of brain immunity in childhood herpes simplex encephalitis</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Shen_Ying-Zhang-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Shen_Ying-Zhang-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Zhang, Shen-Ying" data-corresp-id="c1">Shen-Ying Zhang<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-3672"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-3672</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jean_Laurent-Casanova-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Jean_Laurent-Casanova-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3-Aff4-Aff5" data-author-search="Casanova, Jean-Laurent" data-corresp-id="c2">Jean-Laurent Casanova<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-4169"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-4169</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 635</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>563–573 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2024</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1277 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">32 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41586-024-08119-z/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/infectious-diseases" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Infectious diseases</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/neuroimmunology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Neuroimmunology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis in humans. It is life-threatening and has a first peak of incidence in childhood, during primary infection. Children with HSE are not particularly prone to other infections, including HSV-1 infections of tissues other than the brain. About 8–10% of childhood cases are due to monogenic inborn errors of 19 genes, two-thirds of which are recessive, and most of which display incomplete clinical penetrance. Childhood HSE can therefore be sporadic but genetic, enabling new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine essential cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity in the brain that are disrupted in individuals with HSE. These mechanisms include both known (such as mutations in the TLR3 pathway) and previously unknown (such as the TMEFF1 restriction factor) antiviral pathways, which may be dependent (for example, IFNAR1) or independent (for example, through RIPK3) of type I interferons. They operate in cortical or brainstem neurons, and underlie forebrain and brainstem infections, respectively. Conversely, the most severe inborn errors of leukocytes, including a complete lack of myeloid and/or lymphoid blood cells, do not underlie HSE. 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class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1: Anatomical structure of the human brain and images of typical forebrain lesions in patients with genetically defined HSE.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="101"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: Monogenic IEIs disrupt type I interferon-dependent and -independent cell-intrinsic antiviral mechanisms, conferring a predisposition to childhood HSE.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="292" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3: IEIs and their autoimmune phenocopies underlie HSE and WNV encephalitis, respectively.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08119-z/MediaObjects/41586_2024_8119_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="143"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div 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Notarangelo, G. Smith and L. Studer for their collaboration in studies of the cellular basis of HSE; L. Abel, M. Tardieu, P. Lebon and F. Rozenberg, with whom we built and studied the French HSE cohort; past and present HSE team members, in particular E. Jouanguy, S. Plancoulaine, V. Sancho-Shimizu, R. P. de Diego, M. Herman, E. Pauwels, F. G. Lafaille, H. K. Lim, Y.-S. Lee, P. Bastard, D. Gao, Z. Liu and Y. H. Chan for their energy and enthusiasm; all members of both branches of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases for helpful discussions and technical assistance; and the administrative teams of both our laboratories, in particular Y. Nemirovskaya and L. Lorenzo, for their invaluable support. Our work on the human genetics of HSE was funded in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Program (UL1TR001866), NIH (R21NS084255, R21AI151663, R01AI088364 and R01NS072381), the Starr Foundation Tri-Institutional Stem Cell Initiative (2021-019), the French National Research Agency (ANR) (ANR-10-IAHU-01, ANR-21-RHUS-08, ANR-14-CE14-0008-01, AAPG2018-SEAeHostFactors, AAPG2019-CNSVIRGEN and ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU201903007798), the Square Foundation, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, William E. Ford, General Atlantic’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Gabriel Caillaux, General Atlantic’s Co-President, Managing Director and Head of Business in EMEA, and the General Atlantic Foundation, the Battersea and Bowery Advisory Group, the Elizabeth Hall Janeway Award from the Kellen Women’s Entrepreneurship Fund, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) as part of its grant to the SNF Institute for Global Infectious Disease Research at The Rockefeller University, the Thrasher Research Fund, the Rockefeller University, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University and the St Giles Foundation.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Shen-Ying Zhang & Jean-Laurent Casanova</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Shen-Ying Zhang & Jean-Laurent Casanova</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Shen-Ying Zhang & Jean-Laurent Casanova</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jean-Laurent Casanova</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jean-Laurent Casanova</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Shen_Ying-Zhang-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Shen-Ying Zhang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Shen-Ying%20Zhang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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