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class="navpanel-f"><a title="europium" href="../europium/geology.html">Eu</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f">Gd</th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="terbium" href="../terbium/geology.html">Tb</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="americium" href="../americium/geology.html">Am</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="curium" href="../curium/geology.html">Cm</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="berkelium" href="../berkelium/geology.html">Bk</a></th> </tr> </table> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div class="element_select_centre"><a class="imagelink" title="Switch to a different element from here" href="../index.html"><img class="" src="../_media/locs/Gd-loc.png" alt="Gadolinium location" /></a> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../actinium/geology.html">Actinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../aluminium/geology.html">Aluminium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a 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href="../titanium/geology.html">Titanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tungsten/geology.html">Tungsten</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../uranium/geology.html">Uranium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../vanadium/geology.html">Vanadium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../xenon/geology.html">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/geology.html">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/geology.html">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/geology.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/geology.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Gd.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Gadolinium - <sub>64</sub>Gd</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Gd.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button f_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Gadolinium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Гадоліній</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 釓</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Gadolinium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Gadolinium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Gadolinium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 גדוליניום</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Gadolinio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 ガドリニウム</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Gadolínio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Gadolinio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Gadolinium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Гадолиний</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="f">Gadolinium - <sub><small>64</small></sub>Gd: geological information</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a href="../gadolinium/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Gd Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gadolinium/contents.html">List all Gd properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p class="p_first">Gadolinium is never found in nature as the free element. Gadolinium is found in the ores monazite sand [(Ce, La, etc.)PO<sub>4</sub>] and bastn°site [(Ce, La, etc.)(CO<sub>3</sub>)F], ores containing small amounts of all the rare earth metals, as well as gadolinite. It is difficult to separate from other rare earth elements.</p> <h2 class="f">Abundances of gadolinium in various environments</h2> <p class="p_first">In this table of abundances, values are given in units of ppb (parts per billion; 1 billion = 10<sup>9</sup>), both in terms of weight and in terms of numbers of atoms. Values for abundances are difficult to determine with certainty, so all values should be treated with some caution, especially so for the less common elements. Local concentrations of any element can vary from those given here an orders of magnitude or so and values in various literature sources for less common elements do seem to vary considerably.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table"> <caption>Abundances for gadolinium in a number of different environments. Use the links in the location column for definitions, literature sources, and visual representations in many different styles (one of which is shown below)</caption> <thead><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>ppb by weight</th> <th>ppb by atoms</th></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_universe/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the universe">Universe</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>0.02</td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_sun/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the sun">Sun</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>0.01</td></tr> <tr class="pure-table-odd odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_met_stony/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in carbonaceous meteorites">Meteorite (carbonaceous)</a></td> <td>230</td> <td>30</td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_crust/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the earth's crust">Crustal rocks</a></td> <td>5200</td> <td>680</td></tr> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_seawater/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in seawater">Sea water</a></td> <td>0.0007</td> <td>0.000028</td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_stream/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in stream water">Stream</a></td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.0003</td></tr> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the human body">Human</a></td> <td>(no data)</td> <td>(no data)</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_heatscape_white/abund_crust_l_heat_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance in the earth's crust of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance in the earth's crust of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_heatscape_white/abund_sun_a_l_heat_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance (by atom rather than weight) in the sun of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance (by atom rather than weight) in the sun of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <p>The chart above shows the log of the abundance (on a parts per billion scale) of the elements by atom number in our sun. Notice the "sawtooth" effect where elements with even atomic numbers tend to be more strongly represented than those with odd atomic numbers. This shows up best using the "Bar chart" option on the chart.</p > <figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/periodicity/cartograms/cartogram_abund_crust_white.png" alt="cartogram depicting abundance of elements in the earth's crust" /><figcaption>A cartogram depicting the abundance of elements in the earth's crust. 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